Chapter CDXXXIX: Prologue (90)

SUBSTANCE Sub"stance, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. substantia, fr. substare to be under or present, to stand firm; sub under + stare to stand. See Stand.]

1. That which underlies all outward manifestations; substratum; the permanent subject or cause of phenomena, whether material or spiritual; that in which properties inhere; that which is real, in distinction from that which is apparent; the abiding part of any existence, in distinction from any accident; that which constitutes anything what it is; real or existing essence. These cooks, how they stamp, and strain, and grind, And turn substance into accident! Chaucer. Heroic virtue did his actions guide, And he the substance, not the appearance, chose. Dryden.

2. The most important element in any existence; the characteristic and essential components of anything; the main part; essential import; purport. This edition is the same in substance with the Latin. Bp. Burnet. It is insolent in words, in manner; but in substance it is not only insulting, but alarming. Burke.

3. Body; matter; material of which a thing is made; hence, substantiality; solidity; firmness; as, the substance of which a garment is made; some textile fabrics have little substance.

4. Material possessions; estate; property; resources. And there wasted his substance with riotous living. Luke xv. 13. Thy substance, valued at the highest rate, Can not amount unto a hundred marks. Shak. We are destroying many thousand lives, and exhausting our substance, but not for our own interest. Swift.

5. (Theol.)

Defn: Same as Hypostasis, 2.

SUBSTANCE Sub"stance, v. t.

Defn: To furnish or endow with substance; to supply property to; to make rich. [Obs.]

SUBSTANCELESS Sub"stance*less, a.

Defn: Having no substance; unsubstantial. [R.] Coleridge.

SUBSTANT Sub"stant, a. Etym: [L. substans, -antis, p.pr. of substare to be firm.]

Defn: Substantial; firm. [R.] "[The glacier's] substant ice." The Century.

SUBSTANTIAL Sub*stan"tial, a. Etym: [F. substantiel, L. substantialis.]

1. Belonging to substance; actually existing; real; as, substantial life. Milton. If this atheist would have his chance to be real and substantial agent, he is more stupid than the vulgar. Bentley.

2. Not seeming or imaginary; not illusive; real; solid; true; veritable. If happinessbe a substantial good. Denham. The substantial ornaments of virtue. L'Estrange.

3. Corporeal; material; firm. "Most ponderous and substantial things." Shak. The rainbow [appears to be] a large substantial arch. I. Watts.

4. Having good substance; strong; stout; solid; firm; as, substantial cloth; a substantial fence or wall.

5. Possessed of goods or an estate; moderately wealthy; responsible; as, a substantial freeholder. "Substantial yeomen and burghers." Sir W. Scott.

SUBSTANTIALITY Sub*stan`ti*al"i*ty, n.

Defn: The quality or state of being substantial; corporiety; materiality. The soul is a stranger to such gross substantiality. Glanvill.

SUBSTANTIALIZE Sub*stan"tial*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Substantialized; p. pr. & vb. n. Substantializing.]

Defn: To make substantial.

SUBSTANTIALLY Sub*stan"tial*ly, adv.

Defn: In a substantial manner; in substance; essentially. In him all his Father shone, Substantially expressed. Milton. The laws of this religion would make men, if they would truly observe them, substantially religious toward God, chastle, and temperate. Tillotson.

SUBSTANTIALNESS Sub*stan"tial*ness, n.

Defn: The quality or state of being substantial; as, the substantialness of a wall or column.

SUBSTANTIALS Sub*stan"tials, n. pl.

Defn: Essential parts. Ayliffe.

SUBSTANTIATE Sub*stan"ti*ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Substantiated; p. pr. & vb. n. Substantiating.]

1. To make to exist; to make real. Ayliffe.

2. To establish the existence or truth of by proof or competent evidence; to verify; as, to substantiate a charge or allegation; to substantiate a declaration. Observation is, in turn, wanted to direct and substantiate the course of experiment. Coleridge.

SUBSTANTIATION Sub*stan`ti*a"tion, n.

Defn: The act of substantiating or proving; evidence; proof.

SUBSTANTIVAL Sub`stan*ti"val, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to a substantive; of the nature of substantive. -- Sub`stan*ti"val*ly, adv.

SUBSTANTIVE Sub"stan*tive, a. Etym: [L. substantivus: cf. F. substantif.]

1. Betokening or expressing existence; as, the substantive verb, that is, the verb to be.

2. Depending on itself; independent. He considered how sufficient and substantive this land was to maintain itself without any aid of the foreigner. Bacon.

3. Enduring; solid; firm; substantial. Strength and magnitude are qualities which impress the imagination in a powerful and substantive manner. Hazlitt.

4. Pertaining to, or constituting, the essential part or principles; as, the law substantive. Noun substantive (Gram.), a noun which designates an object, material or immaterial; a substantive. -- Substantive color, one which communicates its color without the aid of a mordant or base; -- opposed to adjective color.

SUBSTANTIVE Sub"stan*tive, n. Etym: [Cf. F. substantif.] (Gram.)

Defn: A noun or name; the part of speech which designates something that exists, or some object of thought, either material or immaterial; as, the words man, horse, city, goodness, excellence, are substantives.

SUBSTANTIVE Sub"stan*tive, v. t.

Defn: To substantivize. [R.] Cudworth.

SUBSTANTIVELY Sub"stan*tive*ly, adv.

1. In a substantive manner; in substance; essentially.

2. (Gram.)

Defn: As a substantive, name, or noun; as, an adjective may be used substantively.

SUBSTANTIVENESS Sub"stan*tive*ness, n.

Defn: The quality or state of being substantive.

SUBSTANTIVIZE Sub"stan*tiv*ize, v. t.

Defn: To convert into a substantive; as, to substantivize an adjective. Fitzed. Hall.

SUBSTILE Sub"stile`, n. (Dialing)

Defn: See Substyle.

SUBSTITUENT Sub*stit"u*ent, n. Etym: [L. substituens, p.pr. See Substitute.] (Chem.)

Defn: Any atom, group, or radical substituted for another, or entering a molecule in place of some other part which is removed.

SUBSTITUTE Sub"stit"ute, n. Etym: [L. substitutus, p.p. of substituere to put under, put in the place of; sub under + statuere to put, place: cf. F. substitut. See Statute.]

Defn: One who, or that which, is substituted or put in the place of another; one who acts for another; that which stands in lieu of something else; specifically (Mil.),

Defn: a person who enlists for military service in the place of a conscript or drafted man. Hast thou not made me here thy substitute Milton. Ladies [in Shakespeare's age] . . . wore masks as the sole substitute known to our ancestors for the modern parasol. De Quincey.

SUBSTITUTE Sub"stit"ute, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Substituted; p. pr. & vb. n. Substituting.] Etym: [See Substitute, n.]

Defn: To put in the place of another person or thing; to exchange. Some few verses are inserted or substituted in the room of others. Congreve.

SUBSTITUTED Sub"stit"uted, a.

1. Exchanged; put in the place of another.

2. (Chem.)

Defn: Containing substitutions or replacements; having been subjected to the process of substitution, or having some of its parts replaced; as, alcohol is a substituted water; methyl amine is a substituted ammonia. Substituted executor (Law), an executor appointed to act in place of one removed or resigned.

SUBSTITUTION Sub`sti*tu"tion, n. Etym: [L. substitutio: cf. F. substitution.]

1. The act of substituting or putting one person or thing in the place of another; as, the substitution of an agent, attorney, or representative to act for one in his absense; the substitution of bank notes for gold and silver as a circulating medium.

2. The state of being substituted for another.

3. The office or authority of one acting for another; delegated authority. [R.] Shak.

4. (Civil Law)

Defn: The designation of a person in a will to take a devise or legacy, either on failure of a former devisee or legatee by incapacity or unwillingness to accept, or after him. Burrill.

5. (Theol.)

Defn: The doctrine that Christ suffered vicariously, being substituted for the sinner, and that his sufferings were expiatory.

6. (Chem.)

Defn: The act or process of substituting an atom or radical for another atom or radical; metethesis; also, the state of being so substituted. See Metathesis.

SUBSTITUTIONAL Sub`sti*tu"tion*al, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to substitution; standing in the place of another; substituted. -- Sub`sti*tu"tion*al*ly, adv.

SUBSTITUTIONARY Sub`sti*tu"tion*a*ry, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to substitution; substitutional.

SUBSTITUTIVE Sub"sti*tu`tive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. substitutif, L. substitutivus conditional.]

Defn: Tending to afford or furnish a substitute; making substitution; capable of being substituted. Bp. Wilkins.

SUBSTRACT Sub*stract", v. t. Etym: [F. suostraire; L. subtus below (from sub under) + trahere to draw. See Substract.]

Defn: To subtract; to withdraw. [Obs.] Barrow.

SUBSTRACTION Sub*strac"tion, n. Etym: [OF. substraction, F. soustraction. See Subtract.]

1. Subtraction; deduction. [Obs.]

2. (Law)

Defn: See Subtraction, 3.

SUBSTRACTOR Sub*stract"or, n.

1. One who subtracts.

2. A detractor; a slanderer. [Obs.] Shak.

SUBSTRATE Sub"strate, n.

Defn: A substratum. [R.]

SUBSTRATE Sub"strate, a.

Defn: Having very slight furrows. [R.]

SUBSTRATE Sub*strate", v. t. Etym: [L. substratus, p.p. of substrahere. See Substratum.]

Defn: To strew or lay under anything. [Obs.] The melted glass being supported by the substrated sand. Boyle.

SUBSTRATUM Sub*stra"tum, n.; pl. Substrata. Etym: [L. substratus, p.p. of substernere to strew under; sub under + sternere to strew. See Stratum.]

1. That which is laid or spread under; that which underlies something, as a layer of earth lying under another; specifically (Agric.), the subsoil.

2. (Metaph.)

Defn: The permanent subject of qualities or cause of phenomena; substance.

SUBSTRUCT Sub*struct", v. t. Etym: [See Substruction.]

Defn: To build beneath something; to lay as the foundation. [R.] He substructs the religion of Asia as the base. Emerson.

SUBSTRUCTION Sub*struc"tion, n. Etym: [L. substructio, fr. substruere, substructum, to build beneath; sub under + struere to build.] (Arch.)

Defn: Underbuilding; the foundation, or any preliminary structure intended to raise the lower floor or basement of a building above the natural level of the ground. It is a magnificent strong building, with a substruction very remarkable. Evelyn.

SUBSTRUCTURE Sub*struc"ture, n. Etym: [Pref. sub- + structure.]

1. (Arch.)

Defn: Same as Substruction.

2. An under structure; a foundation; groundwork.

SUBSTYLAR Sub*sty"lar, a.

Defn: Pertaining to the substyle.

SUBSTYLE Sub"style`, n. (Dialing)

Defn: A right line on which the style, or gnomon, of a dial is erected; being the common section of the face of the dial and a plane perpendicular to it passing through the style. [Written also substile.] Hutton.

SUBSULPHATE Sub*sul"phate, n. (Chem.)

Defn: A sulphate with an excess of the base.

SUBSULPHIDE Sub*sul"phide, n. (Chem.)

Defn: A nonacid compound consisting of one equivalent of sulphur and more than one equivalent of some other body, as a metal.

SUBSULTIVE Sub*sul"tive, a.

Defn: Subsultory. [R.] Berkley.

SUBSULTORY Sub*sul"to*ry, a. Etym: [L. subsilire, subsultum, to spring up; sub under + salire to leap.]

Defn: Bounding; leaping; moving by sudden leaps or starts. [R.] -- Sub*sul"to*ri*ly, adv. [R.] Flippancy opposed to solemnity, the subsultory to the continuous, -- these are the two frequent extremities to which the French manner betrays men. De Quincey.

SUBSULTUS Sub*sul"tus, n. Etym: [NL. See Subsultory.] (Med.)

Defn: A starting, twitching, or convulsive motion.

SUBSUMABLE Sub*sum"a*ble, a.

Defn: Capable of being subsumed. J. B. Stallo.

SUBSUME Sub*sume", v. t. Etym: [Pref. sub- + L. sumere to take.]

Defn: To take up into or under, as individual under species, species under genus, or particular under universal; to place (any one cognition) under another as belonging to it; to include under something else. To subsume one proposition under another. De Quincey. A principle under which one might subsume men's most strenuous efforts after righteousness. W. Pater.

SUBSUMPTION Sub*sump"tion, n.

1. The act of subsuming, or of including under another. The first act of consciousness was a subsumption of that of which we were conscious under this notion. Sir W. Hamilton.

2. That which is subsumed, as the minor clause or premise of a syllogism. But whether you see cause to go against the rule, or the subsumption under the rule. De Quincey.

SUBSUMPTIVE Sub*sump"tive, a.

Defn: Relating to, or containing, a subsumption. Coleridge.

SUBTANGENT Sub*tan"gent, n. (Geom.)

Defn: The part of the axis contained between the ordinate and tangent drawn to the same point in a curve.

SUBTARTAREAN Sub`tar*ta"re*an, a.

Defn: Being or living under Tartarus; infernal. "Subtartarean powers." Pope.

SUBTECTACLE Sub*tec"ta*cle, n. Etym: [Pref. sub- + L. tectum a roof.]

Defn: A space under a roof; a tabernacle; a dwelling. [Obs.] Davies (Holy Roode).

SUBTEGULANEOUS Sub*teg`u*la"ne*ous, a. Etym: [L. subtegulaneus; sub under + tegulare tiles for a roof.]

Defn: Under the roof or eaves; within doors. [R.]

SUBTENANT Sub*ten"ant, n. (Law)

Defn: One who rents a tenement, or land, etc., of one who is also a tenant; an undertenant.

SUBTEND Sub*tend", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Subtended; p. pr. & vb. n. Subtending.] Etym: [L. subtendere; sub under + tendere to stretch, extend. See Tend.]

Defn: To extend under, or be opposed to; as, the line of a triangle which subtends the right angle; the chord subtends an arc.

SUBTENSE Sub*tense", n. Etym: [L. subtendere, subtentum. See Subtend, Tense, a.] (Geom.)

Defn: A line subtending, or stretching across; a chord; as, the subtense of an arc.

SUBTEPID Sub*tep"id, a.

Defn: Slightly tepid.

SUBTERETE Sub`te*rete", a.

Defn: Somewhat terete.

SUBTERFLUENT; SUBTERFLUOUS Sub*ter"flu*ent, Sub*ter"flu*ous, a. Etym: [L. subterfluens, p.pr. of subterfluere to flow beneath; subter under + fluere to flow.]

Defn: Running under or beneath. [R.]

SUBTERFUGE Sub"ter*fuge, n. Etym: [F., from LL. subterfugium, fr. L. subterfugere to flee secretly, to escape; subter under + fugere to flee. See Fugitive.]

Defn: That to which one resorts for escape or concealment; an artifice employed to escape censure or the force of an argument, or to justify opinions or conduct; a shift; an evasion. Affect not little shifts and subterfuges, to avoid the force of an argument. I. Watts. By a miserable subterfuge, they hope to render this position safe by rendering it nugatory. Burke.

SUBTERRANE Sub"ter*rane, n. Etym: [Cf. L. subterraneum, F. souterrain. See Subterranean.]

Defn: A cave or room under ground. [R.] J. Bryant.

SUBTERRANEAL Sub`ter*ra"ne*al, a.

Defn: Subterranean. [Obs.]

SUBTERRANEAN; SUBTERRANEOUS Sub`ter*ra"ne*an, Sub`ter*ra"ne*ous, a. Etym: [L. subterraneus; sub under + terra earth. See Terrace.]

Defn: Being or lying under the surface of the earth; situated within the earth, or under ground; as, subterranean springs; a subterraneous passage. -- Sub`ter*ra"ne*ous*ly, adv.

SUBTERRANITY Sub`ter*ran"i*ty, n.

Defn: A place under ground; a subterrany. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

SUBTERRANY Sub"ter*ra*ny, a.

Defn: Subterranean. [Obs.] Bacon. -- n.

Defn: A subterranean place. [Obs.]

SUBTERRENE Sub`ter*rene", a. Etym: [L. subterrenus, equiv. to subterraneus.]

Defn: Subterraneous. [Obs.]

SUBTERRESTRIAL Sub`ter*res"tri*al, a.

Defn: Subterranean.

SUBTHALAMIC Sub`tha*lam"ic, a. (Anat.)

Defn: Situated under the optic thalamus.

SUBTILE Sub"tile, a. Etym: [L. subtilis. See Subtile.]

1. Thin; not dense or gross; rare; as, subtile air; subtile vapor; a subtile medium.

2. Delicately constituted or constructed; nice; fine; delicate; tenuous; finely woven. "A sotil [subtile] twine's thread." Chaucer. More subtile web Arachne can not spin. Spenser. I do distinguish plain Each subtile line of her immortal face. Sir J. Davies.

3. Acute; piercing; searching. The slow disease and subtile pain. Prior.

5. Characterized by nicety of discrimination; discerning; delicate; refined; subtle. [In this sense now commonly written subtle.] The genius of the Spanish people is exquisitely subtile, without being at all acute; hence there is so much humor and so little wit in their literature. The genius of the Italians, on the contrary, is acute, profound, and sensual, but not subtile; hence what they think to be humorous, is merely witty. Coleridge. The subtile influence of an intellect like Emerson's. Hawthorne.

5. Sly; artful; cunning; crafty; subtle; as, a subtile person; a subtile adversary; a subtile scheme. [In this sense now commonly written subtle.]

Syn. -- Subtile, Acute. In acute the image is that of a needle's point; in subtile that of a thread spun out to fineness. The acute intellect pierces to its aim; the subtile (or subtle) intellect winds its way through obstacles. -- Sub"tile*ly, adv. -- Sub"tile*ness, n.

SUBTILIATE Sub*til"i*ate, v. t. Etym: [LL. subtiliare.]

Defn: To make thin or rare. [Obs.] Harvey. -- Sub`til*i*a"tion, n. [Obs.] Boyle.

SUBTILISM Sub"til*ism, n.

Defn: The quality or state of being subtile; subtility; subtlety. The high orthodox subtilism of Duns Scotus. Milman.

SUBTILITY Sub*til"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. subtilitas: cf. F. subtilité. See Subtle.]

Defn: Subtilty. [R.]

SUBTILIZATION Sub`til*i*za"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. subtilization.]

1. The act of making subtile.

2. (Old Chem.)

Defn: The operation of making so volatile as to rise in steam or vapor.

3. Refinement; subtlety; extreme attenuation.

SUBTILIZE Sub"til*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Subtilized; p. pr. & vb. n. Subtilizing.] Etym: [L. subtiliser.]

1. To make thin or fine; to make less gross or coarse.

2. To refine; to spin into niceties; as, to subtilize arguments. Nor as yet have we subtilized ourselves into savages. Burke.

SUBTILIZE Sub"til*ize, v. i.

Defn: To refine in argument; to make very nice distinctions. Milner.

SUBTILIZER Sub"til*i`zer, n.

Defn: One who subtilizes.

SUBTILTY Sub"til*ty, n. Etym: [Contr. fr. subtility.]

1. The quality or state of being subtile; thinness; fineness; as, the subtility of air or light.

2. Refinement; extreme acuteness; subtlety. Intelligible discourses are spoiled by too much subtility in nice divisions. Locke.

3. Cunning; skill; craft. [Obs.] To learn a lewd man this subtility. Chaucer.

4. Slyness in design; artifice; guile; a cunning design or artifice; a trick; subtlety. O full of all subtility and all mischief. Acts xiii. 10.

Note: In senses 2, 3, and 4 the word is more commonly written subtlety.

SUBTLE Sub"tle, a. [Compar. Subtler; superl. Subtlest.] Etym: [OE. sotil, subtil, OF. soutil, later subtil, F. subtil, L. subtilis; probably, originally, woven fine, and fr. sub under + tela a web, fr. texere to weave. See Text, and cf. Subtile.]

1. Sly in design; artful; cunning; insinuating; subtile; -- applied to persons; as, a subtle foe. "A subtle traitor." Shak.

2. Cunningly devised; crafty; treacherous; as, a subtle stratagem.

3. Characterized by refinement and niceness in drawing distinctions; nicely discriminating; -- said of persons; as, a subtle logician; refined; tenuous; sinuous; insinuating; hence, penetrative or pervasive; -- said of the mind; its faculties, or its operations; as, a subtle intellect; a subtle imagination; a subtle process of thought; also, difficult of apprehension; elusive. Things remote from use, obscure and subtle. Milton.

4. Smooth and deceptive. [Obs.] Like to a bowl upon a subtle ground [bowling ground]. Shak.

Syn. -- Artful; crafty; cunning; shrewd; sly; wily. Subtle is the most comprehensive of these epithets and implies the finest intellectual quality. See Shrewd, and Cunning.

SUBTLENESS Sub"tle*ness, n.

Defn: The quality or state of being subtle; subtlety.

SUBTLETY Sub"tle*ty, n.; pl. Subtleties. Etym: [OE. sotelte, sutilte, OF. sotillete, L. subtilitas. See Subtle, and cf. Subtility.]

1. The quality or state of being subtle, or sly; cunning; craftiness; artfulness. The fox which lives by subtlety. Shak.

2. Nice discernment with delicacy of mental action; nicety of discrimination.

3. Something that is sly, crafty, or delusive. Unlearned in the world's false subtleties. Shak.

SUBTLY Sub"tly, adv.

Defn: In a subtle manner; slyly; artfully; cunningly. Thou seest how subtly to detain thee I devise. Milton.

2. Nicely; delicately. In the nice bee what sense so subtly true. Pope. Subtly communicating itself to my sensibilities, but evading the analysis of my mind. Hawthorne.

3. Deceitfully; delusively. [Obs.] Shak.

SUBTONIC Sub*ton"ic, a. (Phonetics)

Defn: Applied to, or distinguishing, a speech element consisting of tone, or proper vocal sound, not pure as in the vowels, but dimmed and otherwise modified by some kind of obstruction in the oral or the nasal passage, and in some cases with a mixture of breath sound; -- a term introduced by Dr. James Rush in 1833. See Guide to Pronunciation, §§155, 199-202.

SUBTONIC Sub*ton"ic, n.

1. (Phonetics)

Defn: A subtonic sound or element; a vocal consonant, as b, d, g, n, etc.; a subvocal.

2. (Mus.)

Defn: The seventh tone of the scale, or that immediately below the tonic; -- called also subsemitone.

SUBTORRID Sub*tor"rid, a.

Defn: Nearly torrid.

SUBTRACT Sub*tract", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Subtracted; p. pr. & vb. n. Subtracting.] Etym: [L. subtractus, p.p. of subtrahere to draw from beneath, withdraw, remove; sub under + trahere to draw. See Trace, v. t., and cf. Substract.]

Defn: To withdraw, or take away, as a part from the whole; to deduct; as, subtract 5 from 9, and the remainder is 4.

SUBTRACTER Sub*tract"er, n.

1. One who subtracts.

2. The subtrahend. [Obs.]

SUBTRACTION Sub*trac"tion, n. Etym: [L. subtractio a drawing back. See Subtract, and cf. Substraction.]

1. The act or operation of subtracting or taking away a part.

2. (Math.)

Defn: The taking of a lesser number or quantity from a greater of the same kind or denomination; an operation for finding the difference between two numbers or quantities.

3. (Law)

Defn: The withdrawing or withholding from a person of some right to which he is entitled by law.

Note: Thus the subtraction of conjugal rights is when either the husband or wife withdraws from the other and lives separate without sufficient reason. The subtraction of a legacy is the withholding or detailing of it from the legatee by the executor. In like manner, the withholding of any service, rent, duty, or custom, is a subtraction, for which the law gives a remedy. Blackstone.

SUBTRACTIVE Sub*trac"tive, a.

1. Tending, or having power, to subtract.

2. (Math.)

Defn: Having the negative sign, or sign minus.

SUBTRAHEND Sub"tra*hend`, n. Etym: [L. subtrahendus that is to be subtracted, p.fut.pess. of subtrahere. See Subtract.] (Math.)

Defn: The sum or number to be subtracted, or taken from another.

SUBTRANSLUCENT Sub`trans*lu"cent, a.

Defn: Not perfectly translucent.

SUBTRANSPARENT Sub`trans*pa"rent, a.

Defn: Not perfectly transparent.

SUBTREASURER Sub*treas"ur*er, n.

Defn: The public officer who has charge of a subtreasury. [U. S.]

SUBTREASURY Sub*treas"ur*y, n.; pl. Subtreasuries (.

Defn: A subordinate treasury, or place of deposit; as, the United States subtreasury at New York. [U. S.]

SUBTRIANGULAR Sub`tri*an"gu*lar, a.

Defn: Nearly, but not perfectly, triangular. Darwin.

SUBTRIBE Sub"tribe`, n. (Bot. & Zoöl.)

Defn: A division of a tribe; a group of genera of a little lower rank than a tribe.

SUBTRIHEDRAL Sub`tri*he"dral, a.

Defn: Approaching the form of a three-sided pyramid; as, the subtrihedral crown of a tooth. Owen.

SUBTRIPLE Sub*tri"ple, a. (Math.)

Defn: Containing a third, or one part to three. Bp. Wilkins.

SUBTRIPLICATE Sub*trip"li*cate, a. (Math.)

Defn: Expressed by the cube root; -- said especially of ratios. Subtriplicate ratio, the ratio of the cube root; thus, the subtriplicate ratio of a to b is cube roota to cube rootb, or cube roota/b.

SUBTROPICAL Sub*trop"ic*al, a.

Defn: Nearly tropical.

SUBTRUDE Sub*trude", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Subtruded; p. pr. & vb. n. Subtruding.] Etym: [Pref. sub- + L. trudere to thrust.]

Defn: To place under; to insert. [R.]

SUBTURRICULATE Sub`tur*ric"u*late, a. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Somewhat turriculate.

SUBTUTOR Sub*tu"tor, n.

Defn: An under tutor.

SUBTYPICAL Sub*typ"ic*al, a. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Deviating somewhat from the type of a species, genus, or other group; slightly aberrant.

SUBULATE; SUBULATED Su"bu*late, Su"bu*la`ted, a. Etym: [NL. subulatus, fr. L. subula an awl.]

Defn: Very narrow, and tapering gradually to a fine point from a broadish base; awl-shaped; linear.

SUBULICORNES Su`bu*li*cor"nes, n. pl. Etym: [NL., from L. subula an awl + cornu horn.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A division of insects having slender or subulate antennæ. The dragon flies and May flies are examples.

SUBULIFORM Su"bu*li*form, a.

Defn: Subulate.

SUBULIPALP Su"bu*li*palp`, n. Etym: [L. subula an awl + E. palp.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: One of a group of carabid beetles having slender palpi.

SUBUMBONAL Sub`um*bo"nal, a. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Beneath or forward of the umbos of a bivalve shell.

SUBUMBRELLA Sub`um*brel"la, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The integument of the under surface of the bell, or disk-shaped body, of a jellyfish.

SUBUNDATION Sub`un*da"tion, n. Etym: [Pref. sub- + L. unda a wave.]

Defn: A flood; a deluge. [Obs.] Huloet.

SUBUNGUAL Sub*un"gual, a.

Defn: Under the nail or hoof.

SUBURB Sub"urb, n. Etym: [L. suburbium; sub under, below, near + urbs a city. See Urban.]

1. An outlying part of a city or town; a smaller place immediately adjacent to a city; in the plural, the region which is on the confines of any city or large town; as, a house stands in the suburbs; a garden situated in the suburbs of Paris. "In the suburbs of a town." Chaucer. [London] could hardly have contained less than thirty or forty thousand souls within its walls; and the suburbs were very populous. Hallam.

2. Hence, the confines; the outer part; the environment. "The suburbs . . . of sorrow." Jer. Taylor. The suburb of their straw-built citadel. Milton. Suburb roister, a rowdy; a loafer. [Obs.] Milton.

SUBURBAN Sub*ur"ban, a. Etym: [L. suburbanus.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to suburbs; inhabiting, or being in, the suburbs of a city. "Suburban taverns." Longfellow. Suburban villas, highway-side retreats, . . . Delight the citizen. Cowper.

SUBURBAN Sub*ur"ban, n.

Defn: One who dwells in the suburbs.

SUBURBED Sub"urbed, a.

Defn: Having a suburb or suburbs on its outer part.

SUBURBIAL; SUBURBIAN Sub*ur"bi*al, Sub*ur"bi*an, a.

Defn: Suburban. [Obs.] "Suburbial fields." Warton. "Suburbian muse." Dryden.

SUBURBICARIAN; SUBURBICARY Sub*ur`bi*ca"ri*an, Sub*ur"bi*ca*ry, a. Etym: [LL. suburbicarius, equiv. to L. suburbanus: cf. F. suburbicaire. See Suburban.]

Defn: Being in the suburbs; -- applied to the six dioceses in the suburbs of Rome subject to the pope as bishop of Rome. The pope having stretched his authority beyond the bounds of his suburbicarian precincts. Barrow.

SUBURETHRAL Sub`u*re"thral, a. (Anat.)

Defn: Situated under the urethra, or under its orifice.

SUBVAGINAL Sub*vag"i*nal, a. (Anat.)

Defn: Situated under or inside a sheath or vaginal membrane; as, the subvaginal, or subdural, spaces about the optic nerve.

SUBVARIETY Sub`va*ri"e*ty, n.; pl. -ties (.

Defn: A subordinate variety, or a division of a variety.

SUBVENE Sub*vene", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Subvened; p. pr. & vb. n. Subvening.] Etym: [Pref. sub- + L. venire to come. See Subvention.]

Defn: To come under, as a support or stay; to happen. A future state must needs subvene to prevent the whole edifice from falling into ruin. Bp. Warburton.

SUBVENTANEOUS Sub`ven*ta"ne*ous, a. Etym: [Pref. sub- + L. ventus wind.]

Defn: Produced by the wind. [Obs.]

SUBVENTION Sub*ven"tion, n. Etym: [F., fr. LL. subventio, fr. L. subvenire to come up to one's assistance, to assist. See Souvenir, and cf. Subvene.]

1. The act of coming under. "The subvention of a cloud." Stackhouse.

2. The act of relieving, as of a burden; support; aid; assistance; help.

3. A government aid or bounty.

SUBVENTION Sub*ven"tion, v. t.

Defn: To subventionize.

SUBVENTIONIZE Sub*ven"tion*ize, v. t.

Defn: To come to the aid of; to subsidize; to support.

SUBVENTITIOUS Sub`ven*ti"tious, a.

Defn: Helping; aiding; supporting. Urquhart.

SUBVERSE Sub*verse", v. t. Etym: [L. subversus, p.p. of subvertere. See Subvert.]

Defn: To subvert. [Obs.] Spenser.

SUBVERSION Sub*ver"sion, n. Etym: [L. subversio: cf. F. subversion. See Subvert.]

Defn: The act of overturning, or the state of being overturned; entire overthrow; an overthrow from the foundation; utter ruin; destruction; as, the subversion of a government; the subversion of despotic power; the subversion of the constitution. The subversion [by a storm] of woods and timber . . . through my whole estate. Evelyn. Laws have been often abused to the oppression and subversion of that order they were intended to preserve. Rogers.

SUBVERSIONARY Sub*ver"sion*a*ry, a.

Defn: Promoting destruction.

SUBVERSIVE Sub*ver"sive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. subversif.]

Defn: Tending to subvert; having a tendency to overthrow and ruin. Lying is a vice subversive of the very ends and design of conversation. Rogers.

SUBVERT Sub*vert", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Subverted; p. pr. & vb. n. Subverting.] Etym: [L. subvertere, subversum; sub under + vertere to turn: cf. F. subvertir. See Verse.]

1. To overturn from the foundation; to overthrow; to ruin utterly. These are his substance, sinews, arms, and strength, With which he yoketh your rebellious necks, Razeth your cities, and subverts your towns. Shak. This would subvert the principles of all knowledge. Locke.

2. To pervert, as the mind, and turn it from the truth; to corrupt; to confound. 2 Tim. iii. 14.

Syn. -- To overturn; overthrow; destroy; invert; reverse; extinguish.

SUBVERT Sub*vert", v. i.

Defn: To overthrow anything from the foundation; to be subversive. They have a power given to them like that of the evil principle, to subvert and destroy.

SUBVERTANT Sub*vert"ant, a. (Her.)

Defn: Reserved. [R.]

SUBVERTEBRAL Sub*ver"te*bral, a. (Anat.)

Defn: Situated beneath, or on the ventral side of, the vertebral column; situated beneath, or inside of, the endoskeleton; hypaxial; hyposkeletal.

SUBVERTER Sub*vert"er, n.

Defn: One who, or that which, subverts; an overthrower. Sir T. More.

SUBVERTIBLE Sub*vert"i*ble, a.

Defn: That may be subverted.

SUBVITALIZED Sub*vi"tal*ized, a.

Defn: Imperfectly vitalized; having naturally but little vital power or energy.

SUBVOCAL Sub*vo"cal, a. & n.

Defn: Same as Subtonic.

SUBWAY Sub"way`, n.

Defn: An underground way or gallery; especially, a passage under a street, in which water mains, gas mains, telegraph wires, etc., are conducted.

SUBWORKER Sub*work"er, n.

Defn: A subordinate worker or helper. South.

SUBZONAL Sub*zon"al, a. (Anat.)

Defn: Situated under a zone, or zona; -- applied to a membrane between the zona radiata and the umbilical vesicle in the mammal embryo.

SUBZYGOMATIC Sub*zyg`o*mat"ic, a. (Anat.)

Defn: Situated under the zygoma or zygomatic process.

SUCCADE Suc"cade, n. Etym: [L. succus, sucus, juice: cf. F. succade a sugarbox. Cf. Sucket.]

1. A sweetmeat. [Obs.] Holland.

2. pl. (Com.)

Defn: Sweetmeats, or preserves in sugar, whether fruit, vegetables, or confections. Blakely. Succade gourd. (Bot.) Same as Vegetable marrow, under Vegetable.

SUCCEDANE Suc"ce*dane, n.

Defn: A succedaneum. [Obs.]

SUCCEDANEOUS Suc`ce*da"ne*ous, a. Etym: [L. succedaneus. See Succeed.]

Defn: Pertaining to, or acting as, a succedaneum; supplying the place of something else; being, or employed as, a substitute for another. Sir T. Browne.

SUCCEDANEUM Suc`ce*da"ne*um, n.; pl. Succedanea. Etym: [NL. See Succedaneous.]

Defn: One who, or that which, succeeds to the place of another; that which is used for something else; a substitute; specifically (Med.),

Defn: a remedy used as a substitute for another. In lieu of me, you will have a very charming succedaneum, Lady Harriet Stanhope. Walpole.

SUCCEED Suc*ceed", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Succeeded; p. pr. & vb. n. Succeeding.] Etym: [L. succedere, successum; sub under + cedere to go, to go along, approach, follow, succeed: cf. F. succéder. See Cede, and cf. Success.]

1. To follow in order; to come next after; hence, to take the place of; as, the king's eldest son succeeds his father on the throne; autumn succeeds summer. As he saw him nigh succeed. Spenser.

2. To fall heir to; to inherit. [Obs. & R.] Shak.

3. To come after; to be subsequent or consequent to; to follow; to pursue. Destructive effects . . . succeeded the curse. Sir T. Browne.

4. To support; to prosper; to promote. [R.] Succeed my wish and second my design. Dryden.

SUCCEED Suc*ceed", v. i.

1. To come in the place of another person, thing, or event; to come next in the usual, natural, or prescribed course of things; to follow; hence, to come next in the possession of anything; -- often with to. If the father left only daughters, they equally succeeded to him in copartnership. Sir M. Hale. Enjoy till I return Short pleasures; for long woes are to succeed! Milton.

2. Specifically: To ascend the throne after the removal the death of the occupant. No woman shall succeed in Salique land. Shak.

3. To descend, as an estate or an heirloom, in the same family; to devolve. Shak.

4. To obtain the object desired; to accomplish what is attempted or intended; to have a prosperous issue or termination; to be successful; as, he succeeded in his plans; his plans succeeded. It is almost impossible for poets to succeed without ambition. Dryden. Spenser endeavored it in Shepherd's Kalendar; but neither will it succeed in English. Dryden.

5. To go under cover. [A latinism. Obs.] Will you to the cooler cave succeed! Dryden.

Syn. -- To follow; pursue. See Follow.

SUCCEEDANT Suc*ceed"ant, a. (Her.)

Defn: Succeeding one another; following.

SUCCEEDER Suc*ceed"er, n.

Defn: A successor. Shak. Tennyson.

SUCCEEDING Suc*ceed"ing, n.

Defn: The act of one who, or that which, succeeds; also, that which succeeds, or follows after; consequence. Shak.

SUCCENTOR Suc"cen*tor, n. Etym: [LL., an accompanier in singing, fr. succinere to sing, to accompany; sub under, after + canere to sing.] (Eccl.)

Defn: A subchanter.

SUCCESS Suc*cess", n. Etym: [L. successus: cf. F. succès. See Succeed.]

1. Act of succeeding; succession. [Obs.] Then all the sons of these five brethren reigned By due success. Spenser.

2. That which comes after; hence, consequence, issue, or result, of an endeavor or undertaking, whether good or bad; the outcome of effort. Men . . . that are like to do that, that is committed to them, and to report back again faithfully the success. Bacon. Perplexed and troubled at his bad success The tempter stood. Milton.

3. The favorable or prosperous termination of anything attempted; the attainment of a proposed object; prosperous issue. Dream of success and happy victory! Shak. Or teach with more success her son The vices of the time to shun. Waller. Military successes, above all others, elevate the minds of a people. Atterbury.

4. That which meets with, or one who accomplishes, favorable results, as a play or a player. [Colloq.]

SUCCESSARY Suc"ces*sa*ry, n.

Defn: Succession. [Obs.] My peculiar honors, not derived From successary, but purchased with my blood. Beau. & Fl.

SUCCESSFUL Suc*cess"ful, a.

Defn: Resulting in success; assuring, or promotive of, success; accomplishing what was proposed; having the desired effect; hence, prosperous; fortunate; happy; as, a successful use of medicine; a successful experiment; a successful enterprise. Welcome, nephews, from successful wars. Shak.

Syn. -- Happy; prosperous; fortunate; auspicious; lucky. See Fortunate. -- Suc*cess"ful*ly, adv. -- Suc*cess"ful*ness, n.

SUCCESSION Suc*ces"sion, n. Etym: [L. successio: cf. F. succession. See Succeed.]

1. The act of succeeding, or following after; a following of things in order of time or place, or a series of things so following; sequence; as, a succession of good crops; a succession of disasters.

2. A series of persons or things according to some established rule of precedence; as, a succession of kings, or of bishops; a succession of events in chronology. He was in the succession to an earldom. Macaulay.

3. An order or series of descendants; lineage; race; descent. "A long succession must ensue." Milton.

4. The power or right of succeeding to the station or title of a father or other predecessor; the right to enter upon the office, rank, position, etc., held ny another; also, the entrance into the office, station, or rank of a predecessor; specifically, the succeeding, or right of succeeding, to a throne. You have the voice of the king himself for your succession in Denmark. Shak. The animosity of these factions did not really arise from the dispute about the succession. Macaulay.

5. The right to enter upon the possession of the property of an ancestor, or one near of kin, or one preceding in an established order.

6. The person succeeding to rank or office; a successor or heir. [R.] Milton. Apostolical succession. (Theol.) See under Apostolical. -- Succession duty, a tax imposed on every succession to property, according to its value and the relation of the person who succeeds to the previous owner. [Eng.] -- Succession of crops. (Agric.) See Rotation of crops, under Rotation.

SUCCESSIONAL Suc*ces"sion*al, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to a succession; existing in a regular order; consecutive. "Successional teeth." Flower. -- Suc*ces"sion*al*ly, adv.

SUCCESSIONIST Suc*ces"sion*ist, n.

Defn: A person who insists on the importance of a regular succession of events, offices, etc.; especially (Eccl.), one who insists that apostolic succession alone is valid.

SUCCESSIVE Suc*ces"sive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. successif. See Succeed.]

1. Following in order or in uninterrupted course; coming after without interruption or interval; following one after another in a line or series; consecutive; as, the successive revolution of years; the successive kings of Egypt; successive strokes of a hammer. Send the successive ills through ages down. Prior.

2. Having or giving the right of succeeding to an inheritance; inherited by succession; hereditary; as, a successive title; a successive empire. [Obs.] Shak. Successive induction. (Math.) See Induction, 5.

SUCCESSIVELY Suc*ces"sive*ly, adv.

Defn: In a successive manner. The whiteness, at length, changed successively into blue, indigo, and violet. Sir I. Newton.

SUCCESSIVENESS Suc*ces"sive*ness, n.

Defn: The quality or state of being successive.

SUCCESSLESS Suc*cess"less, a.

Defn: Having no success. Successless all her soft caresses prove. Pope. -- Suc*cess"less*ly, adv. -- Suc*cess"less*ness, n.

SUCCESSOR Suc*ces"sor, n. Etym: [OE. successour, OF. successur, successor, F. successeur, L. successor. See Succeed.]

Defn: One who succeeds or follows; one who takes the place which another has left, and sustains the like part or character; -- correlative to predecessor; as, the successor of a deceased king. Chaucer. A gift to a corporation, either of lands or of chattels, without naming their successors, vests an absolute property in them so lond as the corporation subsists. Blackstone.

SUCCIDUOUS Suc*cid"u*ous, a. Etym: [L. succiduus, fr. succidere to fall under.]

Defn: Ready to fall; falling. [R.]

SUCCIFEROUS Suc*cif"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. succus, sucus, juice, sap + -ferous.]

Defn: Producing or conveying sap.

SUCCINAMATE Suc`cin*am"ate, n. (Chem.)

Defn: A salt of succinamic acid.

SUCCINAMIC Suc`cin*am"ic, a. (Chem.)

Defn: Of, pertaining to, or designating, an acid amide derivative of succinic acid, obtained as a white crystalline substance, and forming a series of salts.

SUCCINATE Suc"ci*nate, n. Etym: [L. succinum, sucinum, amber, from succus, sucus, juice, sap: cf. F. succinate.] (Chem.)

Defn: A salt of succinic acid.

SUCCINCT Suc*cinct", a. Etym: [L. succinctus, p.p. of succingere to gird below or from below, to tuck up; sub + cingere to gird. Cf. Cincture.]

1. Girded or tucked up; bound; drawn tightly together. His habit fit for speed succinct. Milton.

2. Compressed into a narrow compass; brief; concise. Let all your precepts be succinct and clear. Roscommon. The shortest and most succinct model that ever grasped all the needs and necessities of mankind. South.

Syn. -- Short; brief; concise; summary; compendious; laconic; terse. -- Suc*cinct"ly, adv. -- Suc*cinct"ness, n.

SUCCINIC Suc*cin"ic, a. Etym: [Cf. F. succinique. See Succinate.] (Chem.)

Defn: Pertaining to, or derived from, amber; specif., designating a dibasic acid, C

SUCCINIMIDE Suc`cin*im"ide, n. (Chem.)

Defn: A white crystalline nitrogenous substance, C2H4.(CO)2.NH, obtained by treating succinic anhydride with ammonia gas. It is a typical imido acid, and forms a series of salts. See Imido acid, under Imido.

SUCCINITE Suc"ci*nite, n. Etym: [Cf. F. succinite.] (Min.) (a) Amber. (b) A garnet of an amber color.

SUCCINOUS Suc"ci*nous, a. Etym: [From L. succinum amber.]

Defn: Succinic. [R.]

SUCCINURATE Suc`cin*u"rate, n. (Chem.)

Defn: A salt of succinuric acid.

SUCCINURIC Suc`cin*u"ric, a. (Chem.)

Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, an acid amide, analogous to succinamic acid, which is obtained as a white crystalline substance by heating urea with succinic anhydride. It is known also in its salts.

SUCCINYL Suc"cin*yl, n. Etym: [Succinic + -yl.] (Chem.)

Defn: A hypothetical radical characteristic of succinic acid and certain of its derivatives.

SUCCISE Suc*cise", a. Etym: [See Succision.] (Bot.)

Defn: Appearing as if a part were cut off at the extremity.

SUCCISION Suc*ci"sion, n. Etym: [L. succisio, fr. succidere, succisum, to cut away below, sub under + caedere to cut.]

Defn: The act of cutting down, as of trees; the act of cutting off. [R.]

SUCCOR Suc"cor, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Succored; p. pr. & vb. n. Succoring.] Etym: [OE. socouren, OF. sucurre, soucourre, secorre, F. secourir, L. succurrere, succursum, to run under, run to the aid of, help, succor; sub under + currere to run. See Current.]

Defn: tiono run to, or run to support; hence, to help or relieve when in difficulty, want, or distress; to assist and deliver from suffering; to relieve; as, to succor a besieged city. [Written also succour.] He is able to succor them that are tempted. Heb. ii. 18.

Syn. -- To aid; assist; relieve; deliver; help; comfort.

SUCCOR Suc"cor, n. Etym: [OE. socours, sucurs, OF. sucurs, socors, secors, F. secours, L. succursus, fr. L. succurrere. See Succor, v. t.]

1. Aid; help; assistance; esp., assistance that relieves and delivers from difficulty, want, or distress. "We beseech mercy and succor." Chaucer. My noble father . . . Flying for succor to his servant Bannister. Shak.

2. The person or thing that brings relief. This mighty succor, which made glad the foe. Dryden.

SUCCORABLE Suc"cor*a*ble, a.

Defn: Capable of being succored or assisted; admitting of relief.

SUCCORER Suc"cor*er, n.

Defn: One who affords succor; a helper.

SUCCORLESS Suc"cor*less, a.

Defn: Destitute of succor. Thomson.

SUCCORY Suc"co*ry, n. Etym: [Corrupted from chicory.] (Bot.)

Defn: A plant of the genus Cichorium. See Chicory.

SUCCOTASH Suc"co*tash, n. Etym: [Narragansett Indian m'sickquatash corn boiled whole.]

Defn: Green maize and beans boiled together. The dish is borrowed from the native Indians. [Written also suckatash.]

SUCCOTEAGUE Suc`co*teague", n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The squeteague.

SUCCUBA Suc"cu*ba, n.; pl. Succubæ. Etym: [NL., fr. L. succubare to lie under; sub under + cubare to lie down; cf. L. succuba, succubo, one who lies under another.]

Defn: A female demon or fiend. See Succubus. Though seeming in shape a woman natural Was a fiend of the kind that succubæ some call. Mir. for Mag.

SUCCUBINE Suc"cu*bine, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to succuba.

SUCCUBOUS Suc"cu*bous, a. Etym: [See Succuba.] (Bot.)

Defn: Having the leaves so placed that the upper part of each one is covered by the base of the next higher leaf, as in hepatic mosses of the genus Plagiochila.

SUCCUBUS Suc"cu*bus, n.; pl. Succubi. Etym: [See Succuba.]

1. A demon or fiend; especially, a lascivious spirit supposed to have sexual intercourse with the men by night; a succuba. Cf. Incubus.

2. (Med.)

Defn: The nightmare. See Nightmare, 2.

SUCCULA Suc"cu*la, n. Etym: [L. sucula a winch, windlass, capstan.] (Mach.)

Defn: A bare axis or cylinder with staves or levers in it to turn it round, but without any drum.

SUCCULENCE; SUCCULENCY Suc"cu*lence, Suc"cu*len*cy, n. Etym: [See Succulent.]

Defn: The quality or condition of being succulent; juiciness; as, the succulence of a peach.

SUCCULENT Suc"cu*lent, a. Etym: [L. succulentus, suculentus, fr. succus, sucus, juice; perhaps akin to E. suck: cf. F. succulent.]

Defn: Full of juice; juicy. Succulent plants (Bot.), plants which have soft and juicy leaves or stems, as the houseleek, the live forever, and the species of Mesembryanthemum.

SUCCULENTLY Suc"cu*lent*ly, adv.

Defn: In a succulent manner.

SUCCULOUS Suc"cu*lous, a.

Defn: Succulent; juicy. [R.]

SUCCUMB Suc*cumb", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Succumbed; p. pr. & vb. n. Succumbing.] Etym: [L. succumbere; sub under + cumbere (in comp.), akin to cubare to lie down. See Incumbent, Cubit.]

Defn: To yield; to submit; to give up unresistingly; as, to succumb under calamities; to succumb to disease.

SUCCUMBENT Suc*cum"bent, a. Etym: [L. succumbens, p.pr.]

Defn: Submissive; yielding. [R.] Howell.

SUCCURSAL Suc*cur"sal, a. Etym: [Cf. F. succursale. See Succor, n. & v. t.]

Defn: Serving to aid or help; serving as a chapel of ease; tributary. [R.] Not a city was without its cathedral, surrounded by its succursal churches, its monasteries, and convents. Milman.

SUCCUS Suc"cus, n.; pl. Succi (. (Med.)

Defn: The expressed juice of a plant, for medicinal use. Succus entericus (. Etym: [NL., literally, juice of the intestines.] (Physiol.) A fluid secreted in small by certain glands (probably the glands of Lieberkühn) of the small intestines. Its exact action is somewhat doubtful.

SUCCUSSATION Suc`cus*sa"tion, n. Etym: [L. succussare to jolt, v. intens. fr. succutere, succussum, to fling up from below, to toss up; sub under + quatere to shake.]

1. A trot or trotting. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

2. A shaking; succussion.

SUCCUSSION Suc*cus"sion, n. Etym: [L. succussio, from succutere: cf. F. succussion. See Succussation.]

Defn: The act of shaking; a shake; esp. (Med.), a shaking of the body to ascertain if there be a liquid in the thorax.

SUCCUSSIVE Suc*cus"sive, a.

Defn: Characterized by a shaking motion, especially an up and down movement, and not merely tremulous oscillation; as, the succussive motion in earthquakes.

SUCH Such, a. Etym: [OE. such, sich, sech, sik, swich, swilch, swulch, swilc, swulc, AS. swelc, swilc, swylc; akin to OFries. selik, D. zulk, OS. sulic, OHG. sulih, solih, G. solch, Icel. slikr, OSw. salik, Sw. slik, Dan. slig, Goth. swaleiks; originally meaning, so shaped. *192. See So, Like, a., and cf. Which.]

1. Of that kind; of the like kind; like; resembling; similar; as, we never saw such a day; -- followed by that or as introducing the word or proposition which defines the similarity, or the standard of comparison; as, the books are not such that I can recommend them, or, not such as I can recommend; these apples are not such as those we saw yesterday; give your children such precepts as tend to make them better. And in his time such a conqueror That greater was there none under the sun. Chaucer. His misery was such that none of the bystanders could refrain from weeping. Macaulay.

Note: The indefinite article a or an never precedes such, but is placed between it and the noun to which it refers; as, such a man; such an honor. The indefinite adjective some, several, one, few, many, all, etc., precede such; as, one such book is enough; all such people ought to be avoided; few such ideas were then held.

2. Having the particular quality or character specified. That thou art happy, owe to God; That thou continuest such, owe to thyself. Milton.

3. The same that; -- with as; as, this was the state of the kingdom at such time as the enemy landed. "[It] hath such senses as we have." Shak.

4. Certain; -- representing the object as already particularized in terms which are not mentioned. In rushed one and tells him such a knight Is new arrived. Daniel. To-day or to-morrow we will go into such a city, and continue there a year. James iv. 13.

Note: Such is used pronominally. "He was the father of such as dwell in tents." Gen. iv. 20. "Such as I are free in spirit when our limbs are chained." Sir W. Scott. Such is also used before adjectives joined to substantives; as, the fleet encountered such a terrible storm that it put back. "Everything was managed with so much care, and such excellent order was observed." De Foe. Temple sprung from a family which . . . long after his death produced so many eminent men, and formed such distinguished alliances, that, etc. Macaulay. Such is used emphatically, without the correlative. Now will he be mocking: I shall have such a life. Shak. Such was formerly used with numerals in the sense of times as much or as many; as, such ten, or ten times as many. Such and such, or Such or such, certain; some; -- used to represent the object indefinitely, as already particularized in one way or another, or as being of one kind or another. "In such and such a place shall be my camp." 2 Kings vi. 8. "Sovereign authority may enact a law commanding such and such an action." South. -- Such like or character, of the like kind. And many other such like things ye do. Mark vii. 8.

SUCHOSPONDYLOUS Su`cho*spon"dy*lous, a. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Having dorsal vertebræ with long and divided transverse processes; -- applied to certain reptiles.

SUCHWISE Such"wise`, adv.

Defn: In a such a manner; so.

SUCK Suck, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sucked; p. pr. & vb. n. Sucking.] Etym: [OE. suken, souken, AS. s, s; akin to D. zuigen, G. saugen, OHG. s, Icel. s, sj, Sw. suga, Dan. suge, L. sugere. Cf. Honeysuckle, Soak, Succulent, Suction.]

1. To draw, as a liquid, by the action of the mouth and tongue, which tends to produce a vacuum, and causes the liquid to rush in by atmospheric pressure; to draw, or apply force to, by exhausting the air.

2. To draw liquid from by the action of the mouth; as, to suck an orange; specifically, to draw milk from (the mother, the breast, etc.) with the mouth; as, the young of an animal sucks the mother, or dam; an infant sucks the breast.

3. To draw in, or imbibe, by any process resembles sucking; to inhale; to absorb; as, to suck in air; the roots of plants suck water from the ground.

4. To draw or drain. Old ocean, sucked through the porous globe. Thomson.

5. To draw in, as a whirlpool; to swallow up. As waters are by whirlpools sucked and drawn. Dryden. To suck in, to draw into the mouth; to imbibe; to absorb. -- To suck out, to draw out with the mouth; to empty by suction. -- To suck up, to draw into the mouth; to draw up by suction absorption.

SUCK Suck, v. i.

1. To draw, or attempt to draw, something by suction, as with the mouth, or through a tube. Where the bee sucks, there suck I. Shak.

2. To draw milk from the breast or udder; as, a child, or the young of an animal, is first nourished by sucking.

3. To draw in; to imbibe; to partake. The crown had sucked too hard, and now, being full, was like to draw less. Bacon.

SUCK Suck, n.

1. The act of drawing with the mouth.

2. That which is drawn into the mouth by sucking; specifically, mikl drawn from the breast. Shak.

3. A small draught. [Colloq.] Massinger.

4. Juice; succulence. [Obs.]

SUCKANHOCK Suck"an*hock, n. Etym: [Of American Indian origin.]

Defn: A kind of seawan. See Note under Seawan.

SUCKATASH Suck"a*tash, n.

Defn: See Succotash. Bartlett.

SUCKEN Suck"en, n. Etym: [See Socome, Soc.] (Scots Law)

Defn: The jurisdiction of a mill, or that extent of ground astricted to it, the tenants of which are bound to bring their grain thither to be ground.

SUCKER Suck"er, n.

1. One who, or that which, sucks; esp., one of the organs by which certain animals, as the octopus and remora, adhere to other bodies.

2. A suckling; a sucking animal. Beau. & Fl.

3. The embolus, or bucket, of a pump; also, the valve of a pump basket. Boyle.

4. A pipe through which anything is drawn.

5. A small piece of leather, usually round, having a string attached to the center, which, when saturated with water and pressed upon a stone or other body having a smooth surface, adheres, by reason of the atmospheric pressure, with such force as to enable a considerable weight to be thus lifted by the string; -- used by children as a plaything.

6. (Bot.)

Defn: A shoot from the roots or lower part of the stem of a plant; -- so called, perhaps, from diverting nourishment from the body of the plant.

7. (Zoöl.) (a) Any one of numerous species of North American fresh-water cyprinoid fishes of the family Catostomidæ; so called because the lips are protrusile. The flesh is coarse, and they are of little value as food. The most common species of the Eastern United States are the northern sucker (Catostomus Commersoni), the white sucker (C. teres), the hog sucker (C. nigricans), and the chub, or sweet sucker (Erimyzon sucetta). Some of the large Western species are called buffalo fish, red horse, black horse, and suckerel. (b) The remora. (c) The lumpfish. (d) The hagfish, or myxine. (e) A California food fish (Menticirrus undulatus) closely allied to the kingfish (a); -- called also bagre.

8. A parasite; a sponger. See def. 6, above. They who constantly converse with men far above their estates shall reap shame and loss thereby; if thou payest nothing, they will count thee a sucker, no branch. Fuller.

9. A hard drinker; a soaker. [Slang]

10. A greenhorn; one easily gulled. [Slang, U.S.]

11. A nickname applied to a native of Illinois. [U. S.] Carp sucker, Cherry sucker, etc. See under Carp, Cherry, etc. -- Sucker fish. See Sucking fish, under Sucking. -- Sucker rod, a pump rod. See under Pump. -- Sucker tube (Zoöl.), one of the external ambulacral tubes of an echinoderm, -- usually terminated by a sucker and used for locomotion. Called also sucker foot. See Spatangoid.

SUCKER Suck"er, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Suckered; p. pr. & vb. n. Suckering.]

Defn: To strip off the suckers or shoots from; to deprive of suckers; as, to sucker maize.

SUCKER Suck"er, v. i.

Defn: To form suckers; as, corn suckers abundantly.

SUCKER STATE Suck"er State.

Defn: Illinois; -- a nickname.

SUCKET Suck"et, n. Etym: [Cf. Suck, v. t., Succades.]

Defn: A sweetmeat; a dainty morsel. Jer. Taylor.

SUCKFISH Suck"fish`, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A sucker fish.

SUCKING Suck"ing, a.

Defn: Drawing milk from the mother or dam; hence, colloquially, young, inexperienced, as, a sucking infant; a sucking calf. I suppose you are a young barrister, sucking lawyer, or that sort of thing. Thackeray. Sucking bottle, a feeding bottle. See under Bottle. -- Sucking fish (Zoöl.), the remora. See Remora. Baird. -- Sucking pump, a suction pump. See under Suction. -- Sucking stomach (Zoöl.), the muscular first stomach of certain insects and other invertebrates which suck liquid food.

SUCKLE Suc"kle, n.

Defn: A teat. [Obs.] Sir T. Herbert.

SUCKLE Suc"kle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Suckled; p. pr. & vb. n. Suckling.] Etym: [Freq. of suck.]

Defn: To give suck to; to nurse at the breast. Addison. The breasts of Hecuba When she did suckle Hector, looked not lovelier. Shak. They are not weak, suckled by Wisdom. Landor.

SUCKLE Suc"kle, v. i.

Defn: To nurse; to suck. [R.]

SUCKLER Suc"kler, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: An animal that suckles its young; a mammal.

SUCKLING Suck"ling, n. Etym: [OE. sokeling. See Suck, v. t.]

1. A young child or animal nursed at the breast.

2. A small kind of yellow clover (Trifolium filiforme) common in Southern Europe.

SUCRATE Su"crate, n. (Chem.)

Defn: A compound of sucrose (or of some related carbohydrate) with some base, after the analogy of a salt; as, sodium sucrate.

SUCRE Su"cre, n.

Defn: A silver coin of Ecuador, worth 68 cents.

SUCROSE Su"crose`, n. Etym: [F. sucre sugar. See Sugar.] (Chem.)