Chapter LI: Bella (70)

1. (Physics) An instrument for recording minute intervals of time. The record is made by the power of a magnetic field, due to an electric signaling current, to turn the plane of polarization of light. A flash, coinciding in time and duration with the signal, is thus produced and is photographed on a moving plate.

2. (Astron.) An instrument for the photographic recording of star transits.

PHOTOCHRONOGRAPHY Pho`to*chro*nog"ra*phy, n.

Defn: Art of recording or measuring intervals of time by the photochronograph. -- Pho`to*chron`o*graph"ic (#), -graph"ic*al (#), a. -- -graph"ic*al*ly, adv.

PHOTODROME Pho"to*drome, n. Etym: [Photo- + Gr. (Physics)

Defn: An apparatus consisting of a large wheel with spokes, which when turning very rapidly is illuminated by momentary flashes of light passing through slits in a rotating disk. By properly timing the succession of flashes the wheel is made to appear to be motionless, or to rotate more or less slowly in either direction.

PHOTODYNAMICS Pho`to*dy*nam"ics, n. [Photo-+ dynamics.] (Plant Physiol.)

Defn: The relation of light to the movements of plants and their organs; the study of the phenomena of curvatures induced by the stimulus of light. --Pho`to*dy*nam"ic (#), Pho`to*dy*nam"ic*al (#), a.

PHOTO-ELECTRIC Pho`to-e*lec"tric, a. Etym: [Photo- + electric.]

Defn: Acting by the operation of both light and electricity; -- said of apparatus for producing pictures by electric light.

PHOTO-ELECTRIC; PHOTO-ELECTRICAL Pho`to-e*lec"tric, Pho`to-e*lec"tric*al, a.

Defn: Pert. to, or capable of developing, photo-electricity.

PHOTO-ELECTRIC CELL Photo-electric cell.

Defn: A cell (as one of two electrodes embedded in selenium) which by exposure to light generates an electric current.

PHOTO-ELECTRICITY Pho`to-e*lec*tric"i*ty, n. [Photo-+ electricity.]

Defn: Electricity produced by light.

PHOTO-ELECTROGRAPH Pho`to-e*lec"tro*graph, n. [See Photo-; Electrograph.] (Meteor.)

Defn: An electrometer registering by photography.

PHOTO-ELECTROTYPE Pho`to-e*lec"tro*type, n. (Print.)

Defn: An electrotype plate formed in a mold made by photographing on prepared gelatine, etc.

PHOTO-ENGRAVE Pho`to-en*grave", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Photo-engraved; p. pr. & vb. n. Photo-engraving.] [Photo- + engrave.]

Defn: To engrave by a photomechanical process; to make a photo- engraving of. -- Pho`to-en*grav"er (#), n.

PHOTO-ENGRAVING Pho`to-en*grav"ing, n. Etym: [Photo- + engraving.]

Defn: The process of obtaining an etched or engraved plate from the photographic image, to be used in printing; also, a picture produced by such a process.

PHOTO-EPINASTY Pho`to-ep"i*nas`ty, n. Etym: [See Photo-, and Epinastic.] (Bot.)

Defn: A disproportionately rapid growth of the upper surface of dorsiventral organs, such as leaves, through the stimulus of exposure to light. Encyc. Brit.

PHOTO-ETCH Pho`to-etch", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Photo-etched; p. pr. & vb. n. Photo-etching.] [Photo- + etch.]

Defn: To engrave, or make an engraving of, by any photomechanical process involving etching of the plate.

PHOTO-ETCHING Pho`to-etch"ing, n.

Defn: A photo-engraving produced by any process involving the etching of the plate.

PHOTOGALVANOGRAPHY Pho`to*gal`va*nog"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Photo- + galvanography.]

Defn: The art or process of making photo-electrotypes. Sir D. Brewster.

PHOTOGEN Pho"to*gen, n. Etym: [Photo- + -gen.] (Chem.)

Defn: A light hydrocarbon oil resembling kerosene. It is obtained by distilling coal, paraffin, etc., and is used as a lubricant, illuminant, etc. [Written also photogene.]

PHOTOGENE Pho"to*gene, n. Etym: [See Photogen.]

1. A photograph. [Obsoles.]

2. A more or less continued impression or image on the retina. H. Spencer.

PHOTOGENIC Pho`to*gen"ic, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to photogeny; producing or generating light.

PHOTOGENY Pho*tog"e*ny, n. Etym: [See Photogen.]

Defn: See Photography. [Obsoles.]

PHOTOGLYPHIC Pho`to*glyph"ic, a. Etym: [Photo- + Gr.

Defn: Pertaining to the art of engraving by the action of light. [Written also photoglyptic.] Photoglyphic engraving, a process of etching on copper, steel, or zinc, by means of the action of light and certain chemicals, so that from the plate impressions may be taken. Sir D. Brewster.

PHOTOGLYPHY Pho*tog"ly*phy, n.

Defn: Photoglyphic engraving. See under Photoglyphic.

PHOTOGLYPTIC Pho`to*glyp"tic, a.

Defn: Same as Photoglyphic.

PHOTOGRAM Pho"to*gram, n. Etym: [Photo- + -gram.]

Defn: A photograph. [R.]

PHOTOGRAMMETER Pho`to*gram"me*ter, n. [See Photogram; -meter.]

Defn: A phototheodolite, or a camera designed for use in photogrammetry. --Pho`to*gram*met"ric (#), Pho`to*gram*met"ric*al (#), a.

PHOTOGRAMMETRY Pho`to*gram"me*try, n. [Photogram + metry.]

Defn: A method of surveying or map making by photography, used also in determining the height and motions of clouds, sea waves, and the like.

PHOTOGRAPH Pho"to*graph, n. Etym: [Photo- + -graph.]

Defn: A picture or likeness obtained by photography.

PHOTOGRAPH Pho"to*graph, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Photographed; p. pr. & vb. n. Photographing.]

Defn: To take a picture or likeness of by means of photography; as, to photograph a view; to photograph a group. He makes his pen drawing on white paper, and they are afterwards photographed on wood. Hamerton.

Note: Also used figuratively. He is photographed on my mind. Lady D. Hardy.

PHOTOGRAPH Pho"to*graph, v. i.

Defn: To practice photography; to take photographs.

PHOTOGRAPHER Pho*tog"ra*pher, n.

Defn: One who practices, or is skilled in, photography.

PHOTOGRAPHIC; PHOTOGRAPHICAL Pho`to*graph"ic, Pho`to*graph"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. photographique.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to photography; obtained by photography; used ib photography; as a photographic picture; a photographic camera. -- Pho`to*graph"ic*al*ly, adv. Photographic printing, the process of obtaining pictures, as on chemically prepared paper, from photographic negatives, by exposure to light.

PHOTOGRAPHIST Pho*tog"ra*phist, n.

Defn: A photographer.

PHOTOGRAPHOMETER Pho*tog"ra*phom"e*ter, n. Etym: [Photograph + -meter.] (Photog.)

Defn: An instrument for determining the sensibility of the plates employed in photographic processes to luminous rays.

PHOTOGRAPHONE Pho*tog"ra*phone, n. [See Photograph; -phone.]

Defn: A device, consisting essentially of an electric arc and a camera, by which a series of photographs of the variations of the arc due to sound waves are obtained for reproduction by means of a selenium cell and a telephone.

PHOTOGRAPHY Pho*tog"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Photo- + -graphy: cf. F. photographie.]

1. The science which relates to the action of light on sensitive bodies in the production of pictures, the fixation of images, and the like.

2. The art or process of producing pictures by this action of light.

Note: The well-focused optical image is thrown on a surface of metal, glass, paper, or other suitable substance, coated with collodion or gelatin, and sensitized with the chlorides, bromides, or iodides of silver, or other salts sensitive to light. The exposed plate is then treated with reducing agents, as pyrogallic acid, ferrous sulphate, etc., to develop the latent image. The image is then fixed by washing off the excess of unchanged sensitive salt with sodium hyposulphite (thiosulphate) or other suitable reagents.

PHOTOGRAVURE Pho`to*grav"ure, n. Etym: [F.]

Defn: A photoengraving; also, the process by which such a picture is produced.

PHOTOHELIOGRAPH Pho`to*he"li*o*graph, n. Etym: [Photo- + heliograph.] (Physics)

Defn: A modified kind of telescope adapted to taking photographs of the sun.

PHOTOHELIOMETER Pho`to*he`li*om"e*ter, n. [Photo- + heliometer.] (Astron.)

Defn: A double-lens instrument for measuring slight variations of the sun's diameter by photography, utilizing the common chord of two overlapping images.

PHOTOLITHOGRAPH Pho`to*lith"o*graph, n. Etym: [Photo- + lithograph.]

Defn: A lithographic picture or copy from a stone prepared by the aid of photography.

PHOTOLITHOGRAPH Pho`to*lith"o*graph, v. t.

Defn: To produce (a picture, a copy) by the process of photolithography.

PHOTOLITHOGRAPHER Pho`to*li*thog"ra*pher, n.

Defn: One who practices, or one who employs, photolithography.

PHOTOLITHOGRAPHIC Pho`to*lith`o*graph"ic, n.

Defn: Of or pertaining to photolithography; produced by photolithography.

PHOTOLITHOGRAPHY Pho`to*li*thog"ra*phy, n.

Defn: The art or process of producing photolithographs.

PHOTOLOGIC; PHOTOLOGICAL Pho`to*log"ic, Pho`to*log"ic*al, a.

Defn: Pertaining to photology, or the doctrine of light.

PHOTOLOGIST Pho*tol"o*gist, n.

Defn: One who studies or expounds the laws of light.

PHOTOLOGY Pho*tol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Photo- + -logy: cf. F. photologie.]

Defn: The doctrine or science of light, explaining its nature and phenomena; optics.

PHOTOLUMINESCENT Pho`to*lu`mi*nes"cent, a. [Photo- + luminescent.] (Physics)

Defn: Luminescent by exposure to light waves. -- Pho`to*lu`mi*nes"cence (#), n.

PHOTOMAGNETIC Pho`to*mag*net"ic, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to photomagnetism.

PHOTOMAGNETISM Pho`to*mag"net*ism, n.

Defn: The branch of science which treats of the relation of magnetism to light.

PHOTOMECHANICAL Pho`to*me*chan"ic*al, a.

Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, any photographic process in which a printing surface is obtained without the intervention of hand engraving.

PHOTOMETER Pho*tom"e*ter, n. Etym: [Photo- + -meter: cf. F. photomètre.] (Physics)

Defn: An instrument for measuring the intensity of light, or, more especially, for comparing the relative intensities of different lights, or their relative illuminating power.

PHOTOMETRIC; PHOTOMETRICAL Pho`to*met"ric, Pho`to*met"ric*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. photométrique.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to photometry, or to a photometer.

PHOTOMETRICIAN Pho*tom`e*tri"cian, n.

Defn: One engaged in the scientific measurement of light.

PHOTOMETRICIAN; PHOTOMETRIST Pho*tom`e*tri"cian, Pho*tom"e*trist, n.

Defn: A specialist in photometry.

PHOTOMETRY Pho*tom"e*try, n. Etym: [Cf. F. photométrie.]

Defn: That branch of science which treats of the measurement of the intensity of light.

PHOTOMEZZOTYPE Pho`to*mez"zo*type, n. [Photo-+ It. mezzo middle, half + -type.]

Defn: A photomechanical process similar to collotype.

PHOTOMICROGRAPH Pho`to*mi"cro*graph, n. Etym: [Photo- + micro + -graph.]

1. An enlarged or macroscopic photograph of a microscopic object. See Microphotograph.

2. A microscopically small photograph of an object.

PHOTOMICROGRAPHY Pho`to*mi*crog"ra*phy, n.

Defn: The art of producing photomicrographs.

PHOTONEPHOGRAPH Pho`to*neph"o*graph (-nef"o*graf), n. [Photo- + Gr. ne`fos a cloud + -graph.] (Meteor.)

Defn: A nephoscope registering by photography, commonly consisting of a pair of cameras used simultaneously.

PHOTOPHILOUS Pho*toph"i*lous, n. [Photo-+ Gr. loving.] (Phytogeog.)

Defn: Light-loving; growing in strong light, as many plants.

PHOTOPHOBIA Pho`to*pho"bi*a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.)

Defn: A dread or intolerance of light. Sir T. Watson.

PHOTOPHONE Pho"to*phone, n. Etym: [Photo- + Gr. (Physics)

Defn: An apparatus for the production of sound by the action of rays of light. A. G. Bell.

PHOTOPHONIC Pho`to*phon"ic, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to photophone.

PHOTOPHONY Pho*toph"o*ny, n.

Defn: The art or practice of using the photophone.

PHOTOPHORE Pho"to*phore, n. [Photo- + Gr. to bear.]

1. (Med.) A form of endoscope using an electric light.

2. (Zoöl.) A light-emitting organ; specif., one of the luminous spots on certain marine (mostly deep-sea) fishes.

PHOTOPLAY Pho"to*play`, n.

Defn: A play for representation or exhibition by moving pictures; also, the moving-picture representation of a play.

PHOTOPRINT Pho"to*print`, n.

Defn: Any print made by a photomechanical process.

PHOTOPSIA Pho*top"si*a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.)

Defn: An affection of the eye, in which the patient perceives luminous rays, flashes, coruscations, etc. See phosphene.

PHOTOPSY Pho*top"sy, n.

Defn: Same as Photopsia.

PHOTORELIEF Pho`to*re*lief", n.

Defn: A printing surface in relief, obtained by photographic means and subsequent manipulations. Knight.

PHOTOSCOPE Pho"to*scope, n. Etym: [Photo- + -scope.] (Physics)

Defn: Anything employed for the observation of light or luminous effects.

PHOTOSCOPIC Pho`to*scop"ic, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to the photoscope or its uses.

PHOTOSCULPTURE Pho`to*sculp"ture, n. Etym: [Photo- + sculpture.]

Defn: A process in which, by means of a number of photographs simultaneously taken from different points of view on the same level, rough models of the figure or bust of a person or animal may be made with great expedition.

PHOTOSPHERE Pho"to*sphere, n. Etym: [Photo- + sphere.]

Defn: A sphere of light; esp., the luminous envelope of the sun.

PHOTOSPHERIC Pho`to*spher"ic, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to the photosphere.

PHOTOSYNTHESIS Pho`to*syn"the*sis, n. (Plant Physiol.)

Defn: The process of constructive metabolism by which carbohydrates are formed from water vapor and the carbon dioxide of the air in the chlorophyll-containing tissues of plants exposed to the action of light. It was formerly called assimilation, but this is now commonly used as in animal physiology. The details of the process are not yet clearly known. Baeyer's theory is that the carbon dioxide is reduced to carbon monoxide, which, uniting with the hydrogen of the water in the cell, produces formaldehyde, the latter forming various sugars through polymerization. Vines suggests that the carbohydrates are secretion products of the chloroplasts, derived from decomposition of previously formed proteids. The food substances are usually quickly translocated, those that accumulate being changed to starch, which appears in the cells almost simultaneously with the sugars. The chloroplasts perform photosynthesis only in light and within a certain range of temperature, varying according to climate. This is the only way in which a plant is able to organize carbohydrates. All plants without a chlorophyll apparatus, as the fungi, must be parasitic or saprophytic. --Pho`to*syn*thet"ic (#), a. -- Pho`to*syn*thet"ic*al*ly (#), adv.

PHOTOTAXIS; PHOTOTAXY Pho`to*tax"is, Pho"to*tax`y, n. [NL. phototaxis; photo- + Gr. an arranging.] (Biol.)

Defn: The influence of light on the movements of low organisms, as various infusorians, the zoöspores of certain algæ, etc.; also, the tendency to follow definite directions of motion or assume definite positions under such influence. If the migration is toward the source of light, it is termed positive phototaxis; if away from the light, negative phototaxis. --Pho`to*tac"tic (#), a. --Pho`to*tac"tic*al*ly, adv.

PHOTOTELEGRAPHY Pho`to*te*leg"ra*phy, n.

Defn: Telegraphy by means of light, as by the heliograph or the photophone. Also, less properly, telephotography. -- Pho`to*tel"e*graph (#), n. --Pho`to*tel`e*graph"ic (#), a.

PHOTOTELESCOPE Pho`to*tel"e*scope, n. (Astron.)

Defn: A telescope adapted for taking photographs of the heavenly bodies.

PHOTOTHEODOLITE Pho`to*the*od"o*lite, n.

Defn: An arrangement of two photographic cameras, the plates of which may be brought into exactly the same plane, used in surveying and map making. From the differences between two pictures taken at the same moment, measurements in all dimensions of the region may be obtained.

PHOTOTHERAPY Pho`to*ther"a*py, n. (Med.)

Defn: The application of light for therapeutic purposes, esp. for treating diseases of the skin. -- Pho`to*the*rap"ic (#), Pho`to*ther`a*peu"tic (#), a.

PHOTOTHERMIC Pho`to*ther"mic, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to both light and heat.

PHOTOTONUS Pho*tot"o*nus, n. Etym: [NL. See Photo-, and Tone.] (Bot.)

Defn: A motile condition in plants resulting from exposure to light. -- Pho`to*ton"ic, a.

PHOTOTOPOGRAPHY Pho`to*to*pog"ra*phy, n.

Defn: Photogrammetry. -- Pho`to*top`o*graph"ic (#), Pho`to*top`o*graph"ic*al (#), a.

PHOTOTRICHROMATIC Pho`to*tri`chro*mat"ic, a. [Photo- + tri- + chromatic.]

Defn: Designating a photomechanical process for making reproductions in natural colors by three printings.

PHOTOTROPIC Pho`to*trop"ic, a. Etym: [Photo- + Gr. (Bot.)

Defn: Same as Heliotropic.

PHOTOTROPISM Pho*tot"ro*pism, n. [Photo-+ Gr. to turn.] (Plant Physiol.)

Defn: The tendency of growing plant organs to move or curve under the influence of light. In ordinary use the term is practically synonymous with heliotropism.

PHOTOTYPE Pho"to*type, n. Etym: [Photo- + -type.]

Defn: A plate or block with a printing surface (usually in relief) obtained from a photograph; also, any one of the many methods of processes by which such a printing surface is obtained.

PHOTOTYPIC Pho`to*typ"ic, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to a phototype or phototypy.

PHOTOTYPOGRAPHY Pho`to*ty*pog"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Photo- + typography.]

Defn: Same as Phototypy.

PHOTOTYPY Pho*tot"y*py, n.

Defn: The art or process of producing phototypes.

PHOTOVISUAL Pho`to*vis"u*al, a. (Optics)

Defn: Of certain achromatic lenses, having the same focus for the actinic and for the brightest of the visual rays.

PHOTOXYLOGRAPHY Pho`to*xy*log"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Photo- + xylography.]

Defn: The process of producing a representation of an object on wood, by photography, for the use of the wood engraver.

PHOTOZINCOGRAPH Pho`to*zin"co*graph, n.

Defn: A print made by photozincography. -- Pho`to*zin`co*graph"ic, a.

PHOTOZINCOGRAPHY Pho`to*zin*cog"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Photo- + zincography.]

Defn: A process, analogous to photolithography, for reproducing photographed impressions transferred to zinc plate.

PHRAGMOCONE Phrag"mo*cone, n. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The thin chambered shell attached to the anterior end of a belemnite. [Written also phragmacone.]

PHRAGMOSIPHON Phrag`mo*si"phon, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The siphon of a phragmocone.

PHRASAL Phras"al, a.

Defn: Of the nature of a phrase; consisting of a phrase; as, a phrasal adverb. Earlc.

PHRASE Phrase, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. phrasis diction, phraseology, Gr.

1. A brief expression, sometimes a single word, but usually two or more words forming an expression by themselves, or being a portion of a sentence; as, an adverbial phrase. "Convey" the wise it call. "Steal!" foh! a fico for the phrase. Shak.

2. A short, pithy expression; especially, one which is often employed; a peculiar or idiomatic turn of speech; as, to err is human.

3. A mode or form of speech; the manner or style in which any one expreses himself; diction; expression. "Phrases of the hearth." Tennyson. Thou speak'st In better phrase and matter than thou didst. Shak.

4. (Mus.)

Defn: A short clause or portion of a period.

Note: A composition consists first of sentences, or periods; these are subdivided into sections, and these into phrases. Phrase book, a book of idiomatic phrases. J. S. Blackie.

PHRASE Phrase, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Phrased; p. pr. & vb. n. Phrasing.] Etym: [Cf. F. phraser.]

Defn: To express in words, or in peculiar words; to call; to style. "These suns -- for so they phrase 'em." Shak.

PHRASE Phrase, v. i.

1. To use proper or fine phrases. [R.]

2. (Mus.)

Defn: To group notes into phrases; as, he phrases well. See Phrase, n., 4.

PHRASELESS Phrase"less, a.

Defn: Indescribable. Shak.

PHRASEOGRAM Phra"se*o*gram, n. Etym: [Gr. -gram.] (Phonography)

Defn: A symbol for a phrase.

PHRASEOLOGIC; PHRASEOLOGICAL Phra`se*o*log"ic, Phra`se*o*log"ic*al, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to phraseology; consisting of a peculiar form of words. "This verbal or phraseological answer." Bp. Pearson.

PHRASEOLOGIST Phra`se*ol"o*gist, n.

Defn: A collector or coiner of phrases.

PHRASEOLOGY Phra`se*ol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy: cf. F. phraséologie.]

1. Manner of expression; peculiarity of diction; style. Most completely national in his . . . phraseology. I. Taylor.

2. A collection of phrases; a phrase book. [R.]

Syn. -- Diction; style. See Diction.

PHRASING Phras"ing, n.

1. Method of expression; association of words.

2. (Mus.)

Defn: The act or method of grouping the notes so as to form distinct musical phrases.

PHRATRY Phra"try, n.; pl. Phratries. Etym: [Gr. (Gr. Antiq.)

Defn: A subdivision of a phyle, or tribe, in Athens.

PHREATIC Phre*at"ic, a. Etym: [F. phréatique, from Gr. (Geol.)

Defn: Subterranean; -- applied to sources supplying wells.

PHRENETIC; PHRENETICAL Phre*net"ic, Phre*net"ic*al, a. Etym: [L. phreneticus, Gr. phrénétique. See Frantic, and cf. Frenetic.]

Defn: Relating to phrenitis; suffering from frenzy; delirious; mad; frantic; frenetic. -- Phre*net"ic*al*ly, adv.

PHRENETIC Phre*net"ic, n.

Defn: One who is phrenetic. Harvey.

PHRENIC Phren"ic, a.Etym: [Gr. phrénique.] (Anat.)

Defn: Of or pertaining to the diaphragm; diaphragmatic; as, the phrenic nerve.

PHRENICS Phren"ics, n.

Defn: That branch of science which relates to the mind; mental philosophy. [R.]

PHRENISM Phre"nism, n. Etym: [See Phrenic.] (Biol.)

Defn: See Vital force, under Vital.

PHRENITIS Phre*ni"tis, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr.

1. (Med.)

Defn: Inflammation of the brain, or of the meninges of the brain, attended with acute fever and delirium; -- called also cephalitis.

2. See Frenzy.

PHRENOGRAPH Phre"no*graph, n. Etym: [Gr. -graph.] (Physiol.)

Defn: An instrument for registering the movements of the diaphragm, or midriff, in respiration.

PHRENOLOGER Phre*nol"o*ger, n.

Defn: A phrenologist.

PHRENOLOGIC Phren`o*log"ic, a. Etym: [Cf. F. phrénologique.]

Defn: Phrenological.

PHRENOLOGICAL Phren`o*log"ic*al, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to phrenology. -- Phren`o*log"ic*al*ly, adv.

PHRENOLOGIST Phre*nol"o*gist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. phrénologiste.]

Defn: One versed in phrenology; a craniologist.

PHRENOLOGY Phre*nol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy: cf. F. phrénologie.]

1. The science of the special functions of the several parts of the brain, or of the supposed connection between the various faculties of the mind and particular organs in the brain.

2. In popular usage, the physiological hypothesis of Gall, that the mental faculties, and traits of character, are shown on the surface of the head or skull; craniology.

Note: Gall marked out on his model of the head the places of twenty- six organs, as round inclosures with vacant interspaces. Spurzheim and Combe divided the whole scalp into oblong and conterminous patches. Encyc. Brit.

PHRENOMAGNETISM Phre`no*mag"net*ism, n. Etym: [Gr. magnetism.]

Defn: The power of exciting the organs of the brain by magnetic or mesmeric influence.

PHRENOSIN Phre"no*sin, n. Etym: [See Phrenic.] (Physiol. Chem.)

Defn: A nitrogenous body, related to cerebrin, supposed to exist in the brain.

PHRENSIED Phren"sied, p. p. & a.

Defn: See Frenzied.

PHRENSY Phren"sy, n.

Defn: Violent and irrational excitement; delirium. See Frenzy.

PHRENSY Phren"sy, v. t.

Defn: To render frantic.

PHRENTIC Phren"tic, n. & a.

Defn: See Phrenetic. [Obs.]

PHRYGANEID Phry*ga"ne*id, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Any insect belonging to the Phryganeides.

PHRYGANEIDES Phryg`a*ne"i*des, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Phryganea, the typical genus, fr. Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A tribe of neuropterous insects which includes the caddice flies; -- called also Trichoptera. See Trichoptera. [Written also Phryganides.]

PHRYGIAN Phryg"i*an, a. Etym: [L. Phrygius, Gr.

Defn: Of or pertaining to Phrygia, or to its inhabitants. Phrygian mode (Mus.), one of the ancient Greek modes, very bold and vehement in style; -- so called because fabled to have been invented by the Phrygian Marsyas. Moore (Encyc. of Music). -- Phrygian stone, a light, spongy stone, resembling a pumice, -- used by the ancients in dyeing, and said to be drying and astringent.

PHRYGIAN Phryg"i*an, n.

1. A native or inhabitant of Phrygia.

2. (Eccl. Hist.)

Defn: A Montanist.

PHRYGIAN CAP Phryg"i*an cap`.

Defn: A close-fitting cap represented in Greek art as worn by Orientals, assumed to have been conical in shape. It has been adopted in modern art as the so-called liberty cap, or cap of liberty.

PHTHALATE Phthal"ate, n. (Chem.)

Defn: A salt of phthalic acid.

PHTHALEIN Phthal"e*in, n. Etym: [See Phthalic.] (Chem.)

Defn: One of a series of artificial organic dyes made as condensation products of the phenols with phthalic acid, and well represented by phenol phthaleïn. Their alkaline solutions are fluorescent. Phenol phthalein, a white or yellowish white crystalline substance made from phthalic acid and phenol. Its solution in alkalies is brilliant red, but is decolorized by acids, and as this reaction is exceedingly delicate it is used as an indicator.

PHTHALIC Phthal"ic, a. Etym: [Naphthalene + -ic.] (Chem.)

Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, a dibasic acid obtained by the oxidation of naphthalene and allied substances. Phthalic acid (Chem.), a white crystalline substance, C6H4.(CO2H)2, analogous to benzoic acid, and employed in the brilliant dyestuffs called the phthaleins.

PHTHALIDE Phthal"ide, n. Etym: [Phthalyl + anhydride.] (Chem.)

Defn: A lactone obtained by reduction of phthalyl chloride, as a white crystalline substance; hence, by extension, any one of the series of which phthalide proper is the type. [Written also phthalid.]

PHTHALIMIDE Phthal"i*mide, n. Etym: [Phthalic + imide.] (Chem.)

Defn: An imido derivative of phthalic acid, obtained as a white crystalline substance, C6H4.(CO)2NH, which has itself (like succinimide) acid properties, and forms a series of salts. Cf. Imido acid, under Imido.

PHTHALIN Phthal"in, n. (Chem.)

Defn: A colorless crystalline substance obtained by reduction from phthaleïn, into which it is easily converted by oxidation; hence, any one of the series of which phthalin proper is the type.

PHTHALYL Phthal"yl, n. Etym: [Phthalic + -yl.] (Chem.)

Defn: The hypothetical radical of phthalic acid.

PHTHIRIASIS Phthi*ri"a*sis, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Med.)

Defn: A disease (morbus pediculous) consisting in the excessive multiplication of lice on the human body.

PHTHISIC Phthis"ic, n.

Defn: Same as Phthisis.

PHTHISICAL Phthis"ic*al, a. Etym: [L. phthisicus, Gr. phthisique. See Phthisis.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to phthisis; affected with phthisis; wasting; consumptive.

PHTHISICKY Phthis"ick*y, a.

Defn: Having phthisis, or some symptom of it, as difficulty in breathing.

PHTHISIOLOGY Phthis`i*ol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Phthisis + -logy.] (Med.)

Defn: A treatise on phthisis. Dunglison.

PHTHISIPNEUMONIA; PHTHISIPNEUMONY Phthis`ip*neu*mo"ni*a, Phthis`ip*neu"mo*ny, n. Etym: [NL. See Phthisis, Pneumonia.] (Med.)

Defn: Pulmonary consumption.

PHTHISIS Phthi"sis, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. phthisie.] (Med.)

Defn: A wasting or consumption of the tissues. The term was formerly applied to many wasting diseases, but is now usually restricted to pulmonary phthisis, or consumption. See Consumption. Fibroid phthisis. See under Fibroid.

PHTHONGAL Phthon"gal, a. Etym: [Gr.

Defn: Formed into, or characterized by, voice; vocalized; -- said of all the vowels and the semivowels, also of the vocal or sonant consonants g, d, b, l, r, v, z, etc.

PHTHONGAL Phthon"gal, n.

Defn: A vocalized element or letter.

PHTHONGOMETER Phthon*gom"e*ter, n. Etym: [Gr. -meter.]

Defn: An instrument for measuring vocal sounds. Whewell.

PHTHOR Phthor, n. Etym: [F. phthore, Gr. (Old Chem.)

Defn: Fluorine. [Written also phthor.]

PHYCITE Phy"cite, n. Etym: [Gr. (Chem.)

Defn: See Erythrite, 1.

PHYCOCHROME Phy"co*chrome, n. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.)

Defn: A bluish green coloring matter of certain algæ.

PHYCOCYANIN; PHYCOCYANINE Phy`co*cy"a*nin, Phy`co*cy"a*nine, n. Etym: [Gr. cyanin.]

Defn: A blue coloring matter found in certain algæ.

PHYCOERYTHRIN; PHYCOERYTHRINE Phy`co*e*ryth"rin, Phy`co*e*ryth"rine, n. Etym: [Gr. erythrin, -ine.]

Defn: A red coloring matter found in algæ of the subclass Florideæ.

PHYCOGRAPHY Phy*cog"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Gr. -graphy.]

Defn: A description of seaweeds.

PHYCOLOGY Phy*col"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy.]

Defn: The science of algæ, or seaweeds; algology.

PHYCOMATER Phy`co*ma"ter, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. mater mother.] (Bot.)

Defn: A gelatin in which the algæ spores have been supposed to vegetate.

PHYCOMYCETES Phy`co*my*ce"tes, n. pl. [NL.; Gr. seaweed + mycetes.] (Bot.)

Defn: A large, important class of parasitic or saprophytic fungi, the algal or algalike fungi. The plant body ranges from an undifferentiated mass of protoplasm to a well-developed and much- branched mycelium. Reproduction is mainly sexual, by the formation of conidia or sporangia; but the group shows every form of transition from this method through simple conjugation to perfect sexual reproduction by egg and sperm in the higher forms. -- Phy`co*my*ce"tous (#), a.

PHYCOPHAEINE Phy`co*phæ"ine, n. Etym: [Gr.

Defn: A brown coloring matter found in certain algæ.

PHYCOXANTHIN; PHYCOXANTHINE Phy`co*xan"thin, Phy`co*xan"thine, n. Etym: [Gr.

Defn: A yellowish coloring matter found in certain algæ.

PHYLACTER Phy*lac"ter, n.

Defn: A phylactery. Sandys.

PHYLACTERED Phy*lac"tered, a.

Defn: Wearing a phylactery.

PHYLACTERIC; PHYLACTERICAL Phyl`ac*ter"ic, Phyl`ac*ter"ic*al, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to phylacteries.

PHYLACTERY Phy*lac"ter*y, n.; pl. Phylacteries. Etym: [OE. filateri, OF. filatire, filatiere, F. phylactère, L. phylacterium, Gr. Philatory.]

1. Any charm or amulet worn as a preservative from danger or disease.

2. A small square box, made either of parchment or of black calfskin, containing slips of parchment or vellum on which are written the scriptural passages Exodus xiii. 2-10, and 11-17, Deut. vi. 4-9, 13- 22. They are worn by Jews on the head and left arm, on week-day mornings, during the time of prayer. Schaff-Herzog Encyc.

3. Among the primitive Christians, a case in which the relics of the dead were inclosed.

PHYLACTOCARP Phy*lac"to*carp, n. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A branch of a plumularian hydroid specially modified in structure for the protection of the gonothecæ.

PHYLACTOLAEMA; PHYLACTOLAEMATA Phy*lac`to*læ"ma, Phy*lac`to*læ"ma*ta, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: An order of fresh-water Bryozoa in which the tentacles are arranged on a horseshoe-shaped lophophore, and the mouth is covered by an epistome. Called also Lophopoda, and hippocrepians.

PHYLACTOLAEMATOUS Phy*lac`to*læ"ma*tous, a. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Of or pertaining to the Phylactolæma.

PHYLACTOLEMA; PHYLACTOLEMATA Phy*lac`to*le"ma, Phy*lac`to*le"ma*ta, n. pl. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: Same as Phylactolæma.

PHYLARCH Phy"larch, n. Etym: [L. phylarchus, Gr. Phyle, and -arch.] (Gr. Antiq.)

Defn: The chief of a phyle, or tribe.

PHYLARCHY Phy"larch*y, n. Etym: [Gr.

Defn: The office of a phylarch; government of a class or tribe.

PHYLE Phy"le, n.; pl. Phylæ. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr.

Defn: A local division of the people in ancient Athens; a clan; a tribe.

PHYLLITE Phyl"lite, n. Etym: [See Phylo-.] (Min.) (a) A mineral related to ottrelite. (b) Clay slate; argillaceous schist.

PHYLLO- Phyl"lo-.

Defn: A combining form from Gr. a leaf; as, phyllopod, phyllotaxy.

PHYLLOBRANCHIA Phyl`lo*bran"chi*a, n.; pl. Phyllobranciæ. Etym: [NL. See Phyllo-, and Branchia.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A crustacean gill composed of lamellæ.

PHYLLOCLADIUM Phyl`lo*cla"di*um, n.; pl. Phyllocladia. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Bot.)

Defn: A flattened stem or branch which more or less resembles a leaf, and performs the function of a leaf as regards respiration and assimilation.

PHYLLOCYANIN Phyl`lo*cy"a*nin, n. Etym: [Phyllo- + cyanin.] (Chem.)

Defn: A blue coloring matter extracted from chlorophyll. [Written also phyllocyanine.]

PHYLLOCYST Phyl"lo*cyst, n. Etym: [Phyllo- + cyst.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: The cavity of a hydrophyllium.

PHYLLODE Phyl"lode, n. (Bot.)

Defn: Same as Phyllodium.

PHYLLODINEOUS Phyl`lo*din"eous, a. (Bot.)

Defn: Having phyllodia; relating to phyllodia.

PHYLLODIUM Phyl*lo"di*um, n.; pl. Phyllodia. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Bot.)

Defn: A petiole dilated into the form of a blade, and usually with vertical edges, as in the Australian acacias.

PHYLLODY Phyl"lo*dy, n. Etym: [See Phyllodium.] (Bot.)

Defn: A retrograde metamorphosis of the floral organs to the condition of leaves.

PHYLLOID Phyl"loid, a. Etym: [Phyllo- + -oid.]

Defn: Resembling a leaf.

PHYLLOMANIA Phyl`lo*ma"ni*a, n. Etym: [Phyllo- + mania.] (Bot.)

Defn: An abnormal or excessive production of leaves.

PHYLLOME Phyl"lome, n. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.)

Defn: A foliar part of a plant; any organ homologous with a leaf, or produced by metamorphosis of a leaf.

PHYLLOMORPHOSIS Phyl`lo*mor*pho"sis, n. Etym: [NL. See Phyllo-, Morphosis.] (Bot.)

Defn: The succession and variation of leaves during different seasons. R. Brown.

PHYLLOPHAGAN Phyl*loph"a*gan, n. Etym: [Phyllo- + Gr. (Zoöl.) (a) One of a group of marsupials including the phalangists. (b) One of a tribe of beetles which feed upon the leaves of plants, as the chafers.

PHYLLOPHAGOUS Phyl*loph"a*gous, a. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Substituting on leaves; leaf-eating.

PHYLLOPHOROUS Phyl*loph"o*rous, a. Etym: [Phyllo- + Gr. (Bot.)

Defn: Leaf-bearing; producing leaves.

PHYLLOPOD Phyl"lo*pod, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: One of the Phyllopoda.

Note: [Also used adjectively.]

PHYLLOPODA Phyl*lop"o*da, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. -poda.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: An order of Entomostraca including a large number of species, most of which live in fresh water. They have flattened or leaflike legs, often very numerous, which they use in swimming. Called also Branchiopoda.

Note: In some, the body is covered with a bivalve shell (Holostraca); in others, as Apus, by a shield-shaped carapace (Monostraca); in others, like Artemia, there is no carapace, and the body is regularly segmented. Sometimes the group is made to include also the Cladocera.

PHYLLOPODOUS Phyl*lop"o*dous, a. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Of or pertaining to the Phyllopoda.

PHYLLORHINE Phyl"lo*rhine, a. Etym: [Phyllo- + Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Of or pertaining to Phyllorhina and other related genera of bats that have a leaflike membrane around the nostrils.

PHYLLOSOMA Phyl`lo*so"ma, n. Etym: [NL. See Phyllo-, and -some body.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: The larva of the spiny lobsters (Palinurus and allied genera). Its body is remarkably thin, flat, and transparent; the legs are very long. Called also glass-crab, and glass-shrimp.

PHYLLOSTOME Phyl"lo*stome, n. Etym: [Phyllo- + Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Any bat of the genus Phyllostoma, or allied genera, having large membranes around the mouth and nose; a nose-leaf bat.

PHYLLOSTOMID Phyl*los"to*mid, n.

Defn: A phyllostome.

PHYLLOTACTIC Phyl`lo*tac"tic, a. (Bot.)

Defn: Of or pertaining to phyllotaxy.

PHYLLOTAXY; PHYLLOTAXIS Phyl"lo*tax`y, Phyl"lo*tax`is, n. Etym: [Phyllo- + Gr. (Bot.)

Defn: The order or arrangement of leaves on the stem; the science of the relative position of leaves.

PHYLLOUS Phyl"lous, a. (Bot.)

Defn: Homologous with a leaf; as, the sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils are phyllous organs.

PHYLLOXANTHIN Phyl`lo*xan"thin, n. Etym: [Phyllo- + Gr. (Bot.)

Defn: A yellow coloring matter extracted from chlorophyll.

PHYLLOXERA Phyl`lox*e"ra, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr.

1. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A small hemipterous insect (Phylloxera vastatrix) allied to the aphids. It attacks the roots and leaves of the grapevine, doing great damage, especially in Europe.

Note: It exists in several forms, some of which are winged, other wingless. One form produces galls on the leaves and twigs, another affects the roots, causing galls or swellings, and often killing the vine.

2. The diseased condition of a vine caused by the insect just described.

PHYLOGENESIS; PHYLOGENY Phy`lo*gen"e*sis, Phy*log"e*ny, n. Etym: [Gr. genesis, or root of Gr.

Defn: The history of genealogical development; the race history of an animal or vegetable type; the historic exolution of the phylon or tribe, in distinction from ontogeny, or the development of the individual organism, and from biogenesis, or life development generally.

PHYLOGENETIC Phy*lo*ge*net"ic, a.

Defn: Relating to phylogenesis, or the race history of a type of organism. -- Phy*lo*ge*net"ic*al*ly, adv.

PHYLON Phy"lon, n.; pl. Phyla. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Biol.)

Defn: A tribe.

PHYLUM Phy"lum, n.; pl. Phyla. Etym: [NL. See Phylon.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: One of the larger divisions of the animal kingdom; a branch; a grand division.

PHYMA Phy"ma, n.; pl. Phymata. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.)

Defn: A tubercle on any external part of the body.

PHYSA Phy"sa, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A genus of fresh-water Pulmonifera, having reversed spiral shells. See Pond snail, under Pond.

PHYSALIA Phy*sa"li*a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A genus of large oceanic Siphonophora which includes the Portuguese man-of-war.

Note: It has a large air sac, or float, with a sail-like crest on its upper side. Numerous zooids of different kinds are attached to the under side of the float. Some of the zooids have very long tentacles; some have a mouth and digest food; others produce gonophores. The American species (Physalia arethusa) is brilliantly colored, the float being pink or purple, and bright blue; the zooids blue. It is noted for its virulent stinging powers, as well as for its beautiful colors, graceful motions, and its ability to sail to windward.

PHYSALIAE Phy*sa"li*æ, n. pl. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: An order of Siphonophora which includes Physalia.

PHYSEMARIA Phys`e*ma"ri*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A group of simple marine organisms, usually classed as the lowest of the sponges. They have inflated hollow bodies.

PHYSETER Phy*se"ter, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. physétère.]

1. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The genus that includes the sperm whale.

2. A filtering machine operated by air pressure.

PHYSIANTHROPY Phys`i*an"thro*py, n. Etym: [Gr.

Defn: The philosophy of human life, or the doctrine of the constitution and diseases of man, and their remedies.

PHYSIC Phys"ic, n. Etym: [OE. phisike, fisike, OF. phisique, F. physique knowledge of nature, physics, L. physica, physice, fr. Gr. be. See Be, and cf. Physics, Physique.]

1. The art of healing diseases; the science of medicine; the theory or practice of medicine. "A doctor of physik." Chaucer.

2. A specific internal application for the cure or relief of sickness; a remedy for disease; a medicine.

3. Specifically, a medicine that purges; a cathartic.

4. A physician. [R.] Shak. Physic nut (Bot.), a small tropical American euphorbiaceous tree (Jatropha Curcas), and its seeds, which are well flavored, but contain a drastic oil which renders them dangerous if eaten in large quantities.

PHYSIC Phys"ic, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Physiced; p. pr. & vb. n. Physicking.]

1. To treat with physic or medicine; to administer medicine to, esp. a cathartic; to operate on as a cathartic; to purge.

2. To work on as a remedy; to heal; to cure. The labor we delight in physics pain. Shak. A mind diseased no remedy can physic. Byron.

PHYSICAL Phys"ic*al, a.

1. Of or pertaining to nature (as including all created existences); in accordance with the laws of nature; also, of or relating to natural or material things, or to the bodily structure, as opposed to things mental, moral, spiritual, or imaginary; material; natural; as, armies and navies are the physical force of a nation; the body is the physical part of man. Labor, in the physical world, is . . . employed in putting objects in motion. J. S. Mill. A society sunk in ignorance, and ruled by mere physical force. Macaulay.

2. Of or pertaining to physics, or natural philosophy; treating of, or relating to, the causes and connections of natural phenomena; as, physical science; physical laws. "Physical philosophy." Pope.

3. Perceptible through a bodily or material organization; cognizable by the senses; external; as, the physical, opposed to chemical, characters of a mineral.

4. Of or pertaining to physic, or the art of medicine; medicinal; curative; healing; also, cathartic; purgative. [Obs.] "Physical herbs." Sir T. North. Is Brutus sick and is it physical To walk unbraced, and suck up the humors Of the dank morning Shak. Physical astronomy, that part of astronomy which treats of the causes of the celestial motions; specifically, that which treats of the motions resulting from universal gravitation. -- Physical education, training of the bodily organs and powers with a view to the promotion of health and vigor. -- Physical examination (Med.), an examination of the bodily condition of a person. -- Physical geography. See under Geography. -- Physical point, an indefinitely small portion of matter; a point conceived as being without extension, yet having physical properties, as weight, inertia, momentum, etc.; a material point. -- Physical signs (Med.), the objective signs of the bodily state afforded by a physical examination.

PHYSICALLY Phys"ic*al*ly, adv.

Defn: In a physical manner; according to the laws of nature or physics; by physical force; not morally. I am not now treating physically of light or colors. Locke.

2. According to the rules of medicine. [Obs.] He that lives physically must live miserably. Cheyne.

PHYSICIAN Phy*si"cian, n. Etym: [OE. fisician, fisicien, OF. physucien, a physician, in F., a natural philosopher, an experimentalist in physics. See Physic.]

1. A person skilled in physic, or the art of healing; one duty authorized to prescribe remedies for, and treat, diseases; a doctor of medicine.

2. Hence, figuratively, one who ministers to moral diseases; as, a physician of the soul.

PHYSICIANED Phy*si"cianed, a.

Defn: Licensed as a physician. [Obs.] "A physicianed apothecary." Walpole.

PHYSICISM Phys"i*cism, n.

Defn: The tendency of the mind toward, or its preoccupation with, physical phenomena; materialism in philosophy and religion. Anthropomorphism grows into theology, while physicism (if I may so call it) develops into science. Huxley.

PHYSICIST Phys"i*cist, n.

Defn: One versed in physics.

2. (Biol.)

Defn: A believer in the theory that the fundamental phenomena of life are to be explained upon purely chemical and physical principles; -- opposed to vitalist.

PHYSICKING Phys"ick*ing,

Defn: p. pr. & vb. n. fr. Physic, v. t.

PHYSICO- Phys"i*co-. Etym: [Fr. Gr.

Defn: A combining form, denoting relation to, or dependence upon, natural causes, or the science of physics.

PHYSICOCHEMICAL Phys`i*co*chem"ic*al, a. Etym: [Physico- + chemical.]

Defn: Involving the principles of both physics and chemistry; dependent on, or produced by, the joint action of physical and chemical agencies. Huxley.

PHYSICOLOGIC Phys`i*co*log"ic, n. Etym: [Physico- + logic.]

Defn: Logic illustrated by physics.

PHYSICOLOGICAL Phys`i*co*log"ic*al, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to physicologic. Swift.

PHYSICOLOGY Phys`i*col"o*gy, n. Etym: [Physico- + -logy.]

Defn: Physics. [R.] -- Phys`i*col"o*gist, n. [R.]

PHYSICO-MATHEMATICS Phys`i*co-math`e*mat"ics, n. Etym: [Physico- + mathematics.]

Defn: Mixed mathematics.

PHYSICO-PHILOSOPHY Phys`i*co-phi*los"o*phy, n. Etym: [Physico- + philosophy.]

Defn: The philosophy of nature.

PHYSICO-THEOLOGY Phys`i*co-the*ol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Physico- + theology.]

Defn: Theology or divinity illustrated or enforced by physics or natural philosophy.

PHYSICS Phys"ics, n. Etym: [See Physic.]

Defn: The science of nature, or of natural objects; that branch of science which treats of the laws and properties of matter, and the forces acting upon it; especially, that department of natural science which treats of the causes (as gravitation, heat, light, magnetism, electricity, etc.) that modify the general properties of bodies; natural philosophy.

Note: Chemistry, though a branch of general physics, is commonly treated as a science by itself, and the application of physical principles which it involves constitute a branch called chemical physics, which treats more especially of those physical properties of matter which are used by chemists in defining and distinguishing substances.

PHYSIOCRAT Phys"i*o*crat, n. Etym: [Gr.

Defn: One of the followers of Quesnay of France, who, in the 18th century, founded a system of political economy based upon the supremacy of natural order. F. A. Walker. -- Phys`i*o*crat"ic, a.

PHYSIOGENY Phys`i*og"e*ny, n. Etym: [Gr. (Biol.)

Defn: The germ history of the functions, or the history of the development of vital activities, in the individual, being one of the branches of ontogeny. See Morphogeny. Haeckel.

PHYSIOGNOMER Phys`i*og"no*mer, n.

Defn: Physiognomist.

PHYSIOGNOMIC; PHYSIOGNOMICAL Phys`i*og*nom"ic, Phys`i*og*nom"ic*al, a. Etym: [Gr. physiognomonique.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to physiognomy; according with the principles of physiognomy. -- Phys`i*og*nom"ic*al*ly, adv.

PHYSIOGNOMIST Phys`i*og*nom"ist, n.

Defn: Same as Physiognomy, 1.

PHYSIOGNOMIST Phys`i*og"no*mist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. physiognomiste.]

1. One skilled in physiognomy. Dryden.

2. One who tells fortunes by physiognomy. Holland.

PHYSIOGNOMIZE Phys`i*og"no*mize, v. t.

Defn: To observe and study the physiognomy of. [R.] Southey.

PHYSIOGNOMMONIC Phys`i*og`no*mmon"ic, a.

Defn: Physiognomic.

PHYSIOGNOMY Phys`i*og"no*my, n.; pl. Physiognomies. Etym: [OE. fisonomie, phisonomie, fisnamie, OF. phisonomie, F. physiognomie, physiognomonie, from Gr. Physic, and Know, and cf. Phiz.]

1. The art and science of discovering the predominant temper, and other characteristic qualities of the mind, by the outward appearance, especially by the features of the face.

2. The face or countenance, with respect to the temper of the mind; particular configuration, cast, or expression of countenance, as denoting character.

3. The art telling fortunes by inspection of the features. [Obs.] Bale.

4. The general appearance or aspect of a thing, without reference to its scientific characteristics; as, the physiognomy of a plant, or of a meteor.

PHYSIOGONY Phys`i*og"o*ny, n. Etym: [Gr.

Defn: The birth of nature. [R.] Coleridge.

PHYSIOGRAPHIC; PHYSIOGRAPHICAL Phys`i*o*graph"ic, Phys`i*o*graph"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. physiographique.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to physiography.

PHYSIOGRAPHY Phys`i*og"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Gr. -graphy: cf. F. physiographie.]

Defn: The science which treats of the earth's exterior physical features, climate, life, etc., and of the physical movements or changes on the earth's surface, as the currents of the atmosphere and ocean, the secular variations in heat, moisture, magnetism, etc.; physical geography.

PHYSIOLATRY Phys`i*ol"a*try, n. Etym: [Gr.

Defn: The worship of the powers or agencies of nature; materialism in religion; nature worship. "The physiolatry of the Vedas." M. Williams.

PHYSIOLOGER Phys`i*ol"o*ger, n.

Defn: A physiologist.

PHYSIOLOGIC Phys`i*o*log"ic, a. Etym: [L. physiologicus, Gr. physiologique.]

Defn: Physiological.

PHYSIOLOGICAL Phys`i*o*log"ic*al, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to physiology; relating to the science of the functions of living organism; as, physiological botany or chemistry.

PHYSIOLOGICALLY Phys`i*o*log"ic*al*ly, adv.

Defn: In a physiological manner.

PHYSIOLOGIST Phys`i*ol"o*gist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. physiologiste.]

Defn: One who is versed in the science of physiology; a student of the properties and functions of animal and vegetable organs and tissues.

PHYSIOLOGIZE Phys`i*ol"o*gize, v. i.

Defn: To speculate in physiology; to make physiological investigations. Cudworth.

PHYSIOLOGY Phys`i*ol"o*gy, n.; pl. Physiologies. Etym: [L. physiologia, Gr. physiologie.]

1. The science which treats of the phenomena of living organisms; the study of the processes incidental to, and characteristic of, life.

Note: It is divided into animal and vegetable physiology, dealing with animal and vegetable life respectively. When applied especially to a study of the functions of the organs and tissues in man, it is called human physiology.

2. A treatise on physiology. Mental physiology, the science of the functions and phenomena of the mind, as distinguished from a philosophical explanation of the same.

PHYSIOPHYLY Phys`i*oph"y*ly, n. Etym: [Gr. (Biol.)

Defn: The tribal history of the functions, or the history of the paleontological development of vital activities, -- being a branch of phylogeny. See Morphophyly. Haeckel.

PHYSIQUE Phy*sique", n. Etym: [F. See Physic.]

Defn: The natural constitution, or physical structure, of a person. With his white hair and splendid physique. Mrs. Stowe.

PHYSNOMY Phys"no*my, n.

Defn: Physiogmony. [Obs.]

PHYSOCLIST Phys"o*clist, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: One of the Physoclisti.

PHYSOCLISTI Phys`o*clis"ti, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: An order of teleost in which the air bladder has no opening.

PHYSOGRADE Phys"o*grade, n. Etym: [Gr. gradi to walk, go.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: Any siphonophore which has an air sac for a float, as the Physalia.

PHYSOPHORAE Phy*soph"o*ræ, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: An order of Siphonophora, furnished with an air sac, or float, and a series of nectocalyces. See Illust. under Nectocalyx.

PHYSOPOD Phy"so*pod, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: One of the Physopoda; a thrips.

PHYSOPODA Phy*sop"o*da, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. -poda.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: Same as Thysanoptera.

PHYSOSTIGMINE Phy`so*stig"mine, n. (Chem.)

Defn: An alkaloid found in the Calabar bean (the seed of Physostigma venenosum), and extracted as a white, tasteless, substance, amorphous or crystalline; -- formerly called eserine, with which it was regarded as identical.

PHYSOSTOMI Phy*sos"to*mi, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: An order of fishes in which the air bladder is provided with a duct, and the ventral fins, when present, are abdominal. It includes the salmons, herrings, carps, catfishes, and others.

PHYSOSTOMOUS Phy*sos"to*mous, a. (Zoöl.) (a) Having a duct to the air bladder. (b) Pertaining to the Physostomi.

PHYTELEPHAS Phy*tel"e*phas, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Bot.)

Defn: A genus of South American palm trees, the seeds of which furnish the substance called vegetable ivory.

PHYTIVOROUS Phy*tiv"o*rous, a. Etym: [Phyto- + L. vorare to eat greedily.]

Defn: Feeding on plants or herbage; phytophagous; as, phytivorous animals. Ray.

PHYTO- Phy"to-. Etym: [See Physic.]

Defn: A combining form from Gr. fyto`n a plant; as, phytochemistry, phytography.

PHYTOCHEMICAL Phy`to*chem"ic*al, a.

Defn: Relating to phytochemistry. R. Hunt.

PHYTOCHEMISTRY Phy"to*chem"is*try, n. Etym: [Phyto- + chemistry.]

Defn: Chemistry in its relation to vegetable bodies; vegetable chemistry. R. Hunt.

PHYTOCHIMY Phy*toch"i*my, n. Etym: [F. phytochimie; Gr. chimie chemistry.]

Defn: Phytochemistry. [Obsoles.]

PHYTOGENESIS; PHYTOGENY Phy`to*gen"e*sis, Phy*tog"e*ny, n. Etym: [Phyto- + genesis, or root of Gr.

Defn: The doctrine of the generation of plants.

PHYTOGEOGRAPHICAL Phy`to*ge"o*graph"ic*al, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to phytogeography.

PHYTOGEOGRAPHY Phy`to*ge*og"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Phyto- + geography.]

Defn: The geographical distribution of plants.

PHYTOGLYPHIC Phy`to*glyph"ic, a.

Defn: Relating to phytoglyphy.

PHYTOGLYPHY Phy*tog"ly*phy, n. Etym: [Phyto- + Gr.

Defn: See Nature printing, under Nature.

PHYTOGRAPHICAL Phy`to*graph"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. phytographique.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to phytography.

PHYTOGRAPHY Phy*tog"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Phyto- + -graphy: cf. F. phytographie.]

Defn: The science of describing plants in a systematic manner; also, a description of plants.

PHYTOID Phy"toid, a. Etym: [Phyto- + -oid.]

Defn: Resembling a plant; plantlike.

PHYTOLACCA Phy`to*lac"ca, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. lacca lac.] (Bot.)

Defn: A genus of herbaceous plants, some of them having berries which abound in intensely red juice; poke, or pokeweed.

PHYTOLITE Phy"to*lite, n. Etym: [Phyto- + -lite: cf. F. phytolithe.]

Defn: An old name for a fossil plant.

PHYTOLITHOLOGIST Phy`to*li*thol"o*gist, n.

Defn: One versed in phytolithology; a paleobotanist.

PHYTOLITHOLOGY Phy`to*li*thol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Phyto- + lithology.]

Defn: The branch of science which treats of fossil plants; -- usually called paleobotany, sometimes paleophytology.

PHYTOLOGICAL Phy`to*log"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. phytologique.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to phytology; botanical.

PHYTOLOGIST Phy*tol"o*gist, n.

Defn: One skilled in phytology; a writer on plants; a botanist. Evelyn.

PHYTOLOGY Phy*tol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Phyto- + -logy: cf. F. phytologie.]

Defn: The science of plants; a description of the kinds and properties of plants; botany. Sir T. Browne.

PHYTOMER; PHYTOMERON Phy"to*mer, Phy*tom"e*ron, n. Etym: [NL. phytomeron, fr. Gr. (Bot.)

Defn: An organic element of a flowering plant; a phyton.

PHYTON Phy"ton, n.; pl. Phytons. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Bot.)

Defn: One of the parts which by their repetition make up a flowering plant, each being a single joint of a stem with its leaf or leaves; a phytomer.

PHYTONOMY Phy*ton"o*my, n. Etym: [Phyto- + Gr. phytonomie.]

Defn: The science of the origin and growth of plants.

PHYTOPATHOLOGIST Phy`to*pa*thol"o*gist, n.

Defn: One skilled in diseases of plants.

PHYTOPATHOLOGY Phy`to*pa*thol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Phyto- + pathology.]

Defn: The science of diseases to which plants are liable.

PHYTOPHAGA Phy*toph"a*ga, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A division of Hymenoptera; the sawflies.

PHYTOPHAGIC Phy`to*phag"ic, a. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Phytophagous.

PHYTOPHAGOUS Phy*toph"a*gous, a. Etym: [Phyto- + Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Feeding on plants; herbivorous; as, a phytophagous animal.

PHYTOPHAGY Phy*toph"a*gy, n.

Defn: The eating of plants.

PHYTOPHYSIOLOGY Phy`to*phys`i*ol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Phyto- + physiology.]

Defn: Vegetable physiology.

PHYTOTOMIST Phy*tot"o*mist, n.

Defn: One versed in phytotomy.

PHYTOTOMY Phy*tot"o*my, n. Etym: [Phyto- + Gr.

Defn: The dissection of plants; vegetable anatomy.

PHYTOZOARIA Phy`to*zo*a"ri*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Phytozoön.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: Same as Infusoria.

PHYTOZOON; PHYTOZOOEN Phy`to*zo"ön, n.; pl. Phytozoa. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A plantlike animal. The term is sometimes applied to zoöphytes.

PHYZ Phyz, n.

Defn: See Phiz.

PI Pi, n. Etym: [See Pica, Pie magpie, service-book.] (Print.)

Defn: A mass of type confusedly mixed or unsorted. [Written also pie.]

PI Pi, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pied; p. pr. & vb. n. Pieing.] (Print.)

Defn: To put into a mixed and disordered condition, as type; to mix and disarrange the type of; as, to pi a form. [Written also pie.]

PIACABA Pi*aç"a*ba, n.

Defn: See Piassava.

PIACLE Pi"a*cle, n. Etym: [L. piaculum a propitiatory sacrifice, that which requires expiation, a wicked action, fr. piare to appease, to expiate, pius pious.]

Defn: A heinous offense which requires expiation. [R.] Howell.

PIACULAR Pi*ac"u*lar, a. Etym: [L. piacularis: cf. F. piaculaire.]

1. Expiatory; atoning. Sir G. C. Lewis.

2. Requiring expiation; criminal; atrociously bad. "Piacular pollution." De Quincey.

PIACULARITY Pi*ac`u*lar"i*ty, n.

Defn: The quality or state of being piacular; criminality; wickedness. De Quincey.

PIACULOUS Pi*ac"u*lous, a.

Defn: Same as Piacular.

PIAL Pi"al, a. (Anat.)

Defn: Pertaining to the pia mater.

PIA MATER Pi"a ma"ter. Etym: [NL., fr. L. pia (fem. of pius tender, kind) + mater mother.] (Anat.)

Defn: The delicate and highly vascular membrane immediately investing the brain and spinal cord.

PIAN Pian, n. Etym: [Pg. pian, epian, or. Sp. pian; from the native name in South America: cf. F. pian.] (Med.)

Defn: The yaws. See Yaws.

PIANET Pi"a*net`, n. Etym: [Cf. Pie magpie.] (Zoöl.) (a) The magpie. [Written also pianate, and pyenate.] (b) The lesser woodpecker. [Obs.] Bailey.

PIANETTE Pi*a*nette", n. Etym: [Dim. of piano.] (Mus.)

Defn: A small piano; a pianino.

PIANINO Pi`a*ni"no, n. Etym: [It., dim. of piano, adj. See Piano.] (Mus.)

Defn: A pianette, or small piano.

PIANISSIMO Pi`a*nis"si*mo, a.Etym: [It., superl. of piano.] (Mus.)

Defn: Very soft; -- a direction to execute a passage as softly as possible. (Abbrev. pp.)

PIANIST Pi*an"ist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. pianiste, It. pianista.]

Defn: A performer, esp. a skilled performer, on the piano.

PIANO Pi*a"no, a. & adv. Etym: [It., even, smooth, soft, fr. L. planus even, level.] (Mus.)

Defn: Soft; -- a direction to the performer to execute a certain passage softly, and with diminished volume of tone. (Abbrev. p.)

PIANO; PIANOFORTE Pi*an"o, Pi*an"o*for`te, n. Etym: [It. piano soft (fr. L. planus even, smooth; see Plain, a.) + It. forte strong, fr. L. fortis (see Fort).] (Mus.)

Defn: A well-known musical instrument somewhat resembling the harpsichord, and consisting of a sreies of wires of graduated length, thickness, and tension, struck by hammers moved by keys. Dumb piano. See Digitorium. -- Grand piano. See under Grand. -- Square piano, one with a horizontal frame and an oblong case. -- Upright piano, one with an upright frame and vertical wires.

PIANOGRAPH Pi*an"o*graph, n. Etym: [Piano + -graph.] (Mus.)

Defn: A form of melodiograph applied to a piano.

PIAPEC Pi"a*pec, n. Etym: [Cf. Pie a magpie.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A West African pie (Ptilostomus Senegalensis).

PIARIST Pi"a*rist, n. Etym: [L. pius pious.] (R. C. Ch.)

Defn: One of a religious order who are the regular clerks of the Scuole Pie (religious schools), an institute of secondary education, founded at Rome in the last years of the 16th century. Addis & Arnold.

PIASSAVA Pi*as"sa*va, n. Etym: [Pg. piasaba.]

Defn: A fibrous product of two Brazilian palm trees (Attalea funifera and Leopoldinia Piassaba), -- used in making brooms, and for other purposes. Called also piaçaba and piasaba.

PIASTER Pi*as"ter, n. Etym: [F. piastre, It. piastra a thin plate of metal, a dollar, LL. piastra, fr. L. emplastrum. See Plaster.]

Defn: A silver coin of Spain and various other countries. See Peso. The Spanish piaster (commonly called peso, or peso duro) is of about the value of the American dollar. The Italian piaster, or scudo, was worth from 80 to 100 cents. The Turkish and Egyptian piasters are now worth about four and a half cents.

PIASTRE Pi*as"tre, n.

Defn: See Piaster.

PIATION Pi*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. piatio. See Piacle.]

Defn: The act of making atonement; expiation. [Obs.]

PIATTI Pi*at"ti, n. pl. Etym: [It., prop., plates.] (Mus.)

Defn: Cymbals. [Written also pyatti.]

PIAZZA Pi*az"za, n.; pl. Piazzas. Etym: [It., place, square, market place, L. platea street, courtyard. See Place.]

Defn: An open square in a European town, especially an Italian town; hence (Arch.), an arcaded and roofed gallery; a portico. In the United States the word is popularly applied to a veranda. We walk by the obelisk, and meditate in piazzas. Jer. Taylor.

PIBCORN Pib"corn`, n. Etym: [W. pib pipe + corn horn.] (Mus.)

Defn: A wind instrument or pipe, with a horn at each end, -- used in Wales.

PIBROCH Pi"broch, n. Etym: [Gael. piobaireachd pipe music, fr. piobair a piper, fr. pioba pipe, bagpipe, from English. See Pipe, n.]

Defn: A Highland air, suited to the particular passion which the musician would either excite or assuage; generally applied to those airs that are played on the bagpipe before the Highlanders when they go out to battle. Jamieson.

PIC Pic, n. Etym: [Cf. F. pic.]

Defn: A Turkish cloth measure, varying from 18 to 28 inches.

PICA Pi"ca, n. Etym: [L. pica a pie, magpie; in sense 3 prob. named from some resemblance to the colors of the magpie. Cf. Pie magpie.]

1. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The genus that includes the magpies.

2. (Med.)

Defn: A vitiated appetite that craves what is unfit for food, as chalk, ashes, coal, etc.; chthonophagia.

3. (R. C. Ch.)

Defn: A service-book. See Pie. [Obs.]

4. (Print.)

Defn: A size of type next larger than small pica, and smaller than English.

Note: This line is printed in pica

Note: Pica is twice the size of nonpareil, and is used as a standard of measurement in casting leads, cutting rules, etc., and also as a standard by which to designate several larger kinds of type, as double pica, two-line pica, four-line pica, and the like. Small pica (Print.), a size of type next larger than long primer, and smaller than pica.

Note: This line is printed in small pica

PICADOR Pic`a*dor", n. Etym: [Sp.]

Defn: A horseman armed with a lance, who in a bullfight receives the first attack of the bull, and excites him by picking him without attempting to kill him.

PICAMAR Pic"a*mar`, n. Etym: [L. pix, picis, pitch + amarus bitter.] (Chem.)

Defn: An oily liquid hydrocarbon extracted from the creosote of beechwood tar. It consists essentially of certain derivatives of pyrogallol.

PICAPARE Pic"a*pare, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The finfoot.

PICARD Pic"ard, n. (Eccl. Hist.)

Defn: One of a sect of Adamites in the fifteenth century; -- so called from one Picard of Flanders. See Adamite.

PICARESQUE Pic`a*resque", a. Etym: [F., fr. Sp. picaro rogue.]

Defn: Applied to that class of literature in which the principal personage is the Spanish picaro, meaning a rascal, a knave, a rogue, an adventurer.

PICARIAE Pi*ca"ri*æ, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. L. picus a woodpecker.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: An extensive division of birds which includes the woodpeckers, toucans, trogons, hornbills, kingfishers, motmots, rollers, and goatsuckers. By some writers it is made to include also the cuckoos, swifts, and humming birds.

PICARIAN Pi*ca"ri*an, a. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Of or pertaining to Picariæ. -- n.

Defn: One of the Picariæ.

PICAROON Pic`a*roon", n. Etym: [Sp. picaron, aug. of picaro roguish, n., a rogue.]

Defn: One who plunders; especially, a plunderer of wrecks; a pirate; a corsair; a marauder; a sharper. Sir W. Temple.

PICAYUNE Pic`a*yune", n. Etym: [From the language of the Caribs.]