Chapter LI: Bella (36)

1. Arising by birth; having an origin; born. [Obs.] Anaximander's opinion is, that the gods are native, rising and vanishing again in long periods of times. Cudworth.

2. Of or pertaining to one's birth; natal; belonging to the place or the circumstances in which one is born; -- opposed to foreign; as, native land, language, color, etc.

3. Born in the region in which one lives; as, a native inhabitant, race; grown or originating in the region where used or sold; not foreign or imported; as, native oysters, or strawberries.

4. Original; constituting the original substance of anything; as, native dust. Milton.

5. Conferred by birth; derived from origin; born with one; inherent; inborn; not acquired; as, native genius, cheerfulness, simplicity, rights, etc. Courage is native to you. Jowett (Thucyd. ).

6. Naturally related; cognate; connected (with). [R.] the head is not more native to the heart, ... Than is the throne of Denmark to thy father. Shak.

7. (Min.) (a) Found in nature uncombined with other elements; as, native silver. (b) Found in nature; not artificial; as native sodium chloride. Native American party. See under American, a. -- Native bear (Zoöl.), the koala. -- Native bread (Bot.), a large underground fungus, of Australia (Mylitta australis), somewhat resembling a truffle, but much larger. -- Native devil. (Zoöl.) Same as Tasmanian devil, under Devil. -- Native hen (Zoöl.), an Australian rail (Tribonyx Mortierii). -- Native pheasant. (Zoöl.) See Leipoa. -- Native rabbit (Zoöl.), an Australian marsupial (Perameles lagotis) resembling a rabbit in size and form. -- Native sloth (Zoöl.), the koala. -- Native thrush (Zoöl.), an Australian singing bird (Pachycephala olivacea); -- called also thickhead. -- Native turkey (Zoöl.), the Australian bustard (Choriotis australis); -- called also bebilya.

Syn. -- Natural; natal; original; congential. -- Native, Natural, Natal. natural refers to the nature of a thing, or that which springs therefrom; native, to one's birth or origin; as, a native country, language, etc.; natal, to the circumstances of one's birth; as, a natal day, or star. Native talent is that which is inborn; natural talent is that which springs from the structure of the mind. Native eloquence is the result of strong innate emotion; natural eloquence is opposed to that which is studied or artifical.

NATIVE Na"tive, n.

1. One who, or that which, is born in a place or country referred to; a denizen by birth; an animal, a fruit, or vegetable, produced in a certain region; as, a native of France.

2. (Stock Breeding)

Defn: Any of the live stock found in a region, as distinguished from such as belong to pure and distinct imported breeds. [U.S.]

NATIVELY Na"tive*ly, adv.

Defn: By natural or original condition; naturally; originally.

NATIVENESS Na"tive*ness, n.

Defn: The quality or state of being native.

NATIVE STEEL Na"tive steel.

Defn: A sort of steel which has been found where a burning coal seam had reduced and carbonized adjacent iron ore.

NATIVISM Na"tiv*ism, n.

1. The disposition to favor the native inhabitants of a country, in preference to immigrants from foreign countries.

2. (Philos.)

Defn: The doctrine of innate ideas, or that the mind possesses forms of thought independent of sensation.

NATIVIST Na"tiv*ist, n.

Defn: An advocate of nativism.

NATIVISTIC Na`tiv*is"tic, a.

Defn: Relating to nativism.

NATIVITY Na*tiv"i*ty, n.; pl. Nativies. Etym: [F. nativité, L. nativitas. See Native, and cf. NaïvetÉ.]

1. The coming into life or into the world; birth; also, the circumstances attending birth, as time, place, manner, etc. Chaucer. I have served him from the hour of my nativity. Shak. Thou hast left ... the land of thy nativity. Ruth ii. 11. These in their dark nativity the deep Shall yield us, pregnant with infernal flame. Milton.

2. (Fine Arts)

Defn: A picture representing or symbolizing the early infancy of Christ. The simplest form is the babe in a rude cradle, and the heads of an ox and an ass to express the stable in which he was born.

3. (Astrol.)

Defn: A representation of the positions of the heavenly bodies as the moment of one's birth, supposed to indicate his future destinies; a horoscope. The Nativity, the birth or birthday of Christ; Christmas day. -- To cast, or calculate, one's nativity (Astrol.), to find out and represent the position of the heavenly bodies at the time of one's birth.

NATKA Nat"ka, a. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A species of shrike.

NATRIUM Na"tri*um, n. Etym: [NL. See Natron.] (Chem.)

Defn: The technical name for sodium.

NATROLITE Na"tro*lite, n. Etym: [Natron + -lite: cf. F. natrolithe.] (Min.)

Defn: A zeolite occuring in groups of glassy acicular crystals, and in masses which often have a radiated structure. It is a hydrous silicate of alumina and soda.

NATRON Na"tron, n. Etym: [F., fr. Sp. natron, Ar. natrun, nitrun. Cf. Niter, Anatron.] (Min.)

Defn: Native sodium carbonate. [Written also anatron.]

NATTER Nat"ter, v. i. Etym: [Cf. Icel. knetta to grumble.]

Defn: To find fault; to be peevish. [Prov. Eng. or Scot.]

NATTERJACK Nat"ter*jack`, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A European toad (Bufo calamita), having a yellow line along its back.

NATTY Nat"ty, a. Etym: [Cf. Neat clean.]

Defn: Neat; tidy; spruce. [Colloq.] -- Nat"ti*ly, adv. -- Nat"ti*ness, n.

NATURAL Nat"u*ral, a. Etym: [OE. naturel, F. naturel, fr. L. naturalis, fr. natura. See Nature.]

1. Fixed or determined by nature; pertaining to the constitution of a thing; belonging to native character; according to nature; essential; characteristic; not artifical, foreign, assumed, put on, or acquired; as, the natural growth of animals or plants; the natural motion of a gravitating body; natural strength or disposition; the natural heat of the body; natural color. With strong natural sense, and rare force of will. Macaulay.

2. Conformed to the order, laws, or actual facts, of nature; consonant to the methods of nature; according to the stated course of things, or in accordance with the laws which govern events, feelings, etc.; not exceptional or violent; legitimate; normal; regular; as, the natural consequence of crime; a natural death. What can be more natural than the circumstances in the behavior of those women who had lost their husbands on this fatal day Addison.

3. Having to do with existing system to things; dealing with, or derived from, the creation, or the world of matter and mind, as known by man; within the scope of human reason or experience; not supernatural; as, a natural law; natural science; history, theology. I call that natural religion which men might know ... by the mere principles of reason, improved by consideration and experience, without the help of revelation. Bp. Wilkins.

4. Conformed to truth or reality; as: (a) Springing from true sentiment; not artifical or exaggerated; -- said of action, delivery, etc.; as, a natural gesture, tone, etc. (b) Resembling the object imitated; true to nature; according to the life; -- said of anything copied or imitated; as, a portrait is natural.

5. Having the character or sentiments properly belonging to one's position; not unnatural in feelings. To leave his wife, to leave his babes, ... He wants the natural touch. Shak.

6. Connected by the ties of consanguinity. "Natural friends." J. H. Newman.

7. Begotten without the sanction of law; born out of wedlock; illegitimate; bastard; as, a natural child.

8. Of or pertaining to the lower or animal nature, as contrasted with the higher or moral powers, or that which is spiritual; being in a state of nature; unregenerate. The natural man receiveth not the things of the Spirit of God. 1 Cor. ii. 14.

9. (Math.)

Defn: Belonging to, to be taken in, or referred to, some system, in which the base is 1; -- said or certain functions or numbers; as, natural numbers, those commencing at 1; natural sines, cosines, etc., those taken in arcs whose radii are 1.

10. (Mus.) (a) Produced by natural organs, as those of the human throat, in distinction from instrumental music. (b) of or pertaining to a key which has neither a flat nor a sharp for its signature, as the key of C major. (c) Applied to an air or modulation of harmony which moves by easy and smooth transitions, digressing but little from the original key. Moore (Encyc. of Music). Natural day, the space of twenty-four hours. Chaucer. -- Natural fats, Natural gas, etc. See under Fat, Gas. etc. -- Natural Harmony (Mus.), the harmony of the triad or common chord. -- Natural history, in its broadest sense, a history or description of nature as a whole, incuding the sciences of botany, zoölogy, geology, mineralogy, paleontology, chemistry, and physics. In recent usage the term is often restricted to the sciences of botany and zoölogy collectively, and sometimes to the science of zoology alone. -- Natural law, that instinctive sense of justice and of right and wrong, which is native in mankind, as distinguished from specifically revealed divine law, and formulated human law. -- Natural modulation (Mus.), transition from one key to its relative keys. -- Natural order. (Nat. Hist.) See under order. -- Natural person. (Law) See under person, n. -- Natural philosophy, originally, the study of nature in general; in modern usage, that branch of physical science, commonly called physics, which treats of the phenomena and laws of matter and considers those effects only which are unaccompanied by any change of a chemical nature; -- contrasted with mental and moral philosophy. -- Natural scale (Mus.), a scale which is written without flats or sharps. Model would be a preferable term, as less likely to mislead, the so-called artificial scales (scales represented by the use of flats and sharps) being equally natural with the so-called natural scale -- Natural science, natural history, in its broadest sense; -- used especially in contradistinction to mental or moral science. -- Natural selection (Biol.), a supposed operation of natural laws analogous, in its operation and results, to designed selection in breeding plants and animals, and resulting in the survival of the fittest. The theory of natural selection supposes that this has been brought about mainly by gradual changes of environment which have led to corresponding changes of structure, and that those forms which have become so modified as to be best adapted to the changed environment have tended to survive and leave similarly adapted descendants, while those less perfectly adapted have tended to die out though lack of fitness for the environment, thus resulting in the survival of the fittest. See Darwinism. -- Natural system (Bot. & Zoöl.), a classification based upon real affinities, as shown in the structure of all parts of the organisms, and by their embryology. It should be borne in mind that the natural system of botany is natural only in the constitution of its genera, tribes, orders, etc., and in its grand divisions. Gray. -- Natural theology, or Natural religion, that part of theological science which treats of those evidences of the existence and attributes of the Supreme Being which are exhibited in nature; -- distinguished from revealed religion. See Quotation under Natural, a., 3. -- Natural vowel, the vowel sound heard in urn, furl, sir, her, etc.; -- so called as being uttered in the easiest open position of the mouth organs. See Neutral vowel, under Neutral and Guide to Pronunciation, § 17.

Syn. -- See Native.

NATURAL Nat"u*ral, n.

1. A native; an aboriginal. [Obs.] Sir W. Raleigh.

2. pl.

Defn: Natural gifts, impulses, etc. [Obs.] Fuller.

3. One born without the usual powers of reason or understanding; an idiot. "The minds of naturals." Locke.

4. (Mus.)

Defn: A character [] used to contradict, or to remove the effect of, a sharp or flat which has preceded it, and to restore the unaltered note.

NATURALISM Nat"u*ral*ism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. naturalisme.]

1. A state of nature; conformity to nature.

2. (Metaph.)

Defn: The doctrine of those who deny a supernatural agency in the miracles and revelations recorded in the Bible, and in spiritual influences; also, any system of philosophy which refers the phenomena of nature to a blind force or forces acting necessarily or according to fixed laws, excluding origination or direction by one intelligent will.

NATURALIST Nat"u*ral*ist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. naturaliste.]

1. One versed in natural science; a student of natural history, esp. of the natural history of animals.

2. One who holds or maintains the doctrine of naturalism in religion. H. Bushnell.

NATURALISTIC Nat`u*ral*is"tic, a.

1. Belonging to the doctrines of naturalism.

2. Closely resembling nature; realistic. "Naturalistic bit of pantomime." W. D. Howells.

NATURALITY Nat`u*ral"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. naturalitas: cf. F. naturalité.]

Defn: Nature; naturalness. [R.]

NATURALIZATION Nat`u*ral*i*za"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. naturalisation.]

Defn: The act or process of naturalizing, esp. of investing an alien with the rights and privileges of a native or citizen; also, the state of being naturalized.

NATURALIZE Nat"u*ral*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Naturalized; p. pr. & vb. n. Naturalizing.] Etym: [Cf. F. naturaliser. See Natural.]

1. To make natural; as, custom naturalizes labor or study.

2. To confer the rights and privileges of a native subject or citizen on; to make as if native; to adopt, as a foreigner into a nation or state, and place in the condition of a native subject.

3. To receive or adopt as native, natural, or vernacular; to make one's own; as, to naturalize foreign words.

4. To adapt; to accustom; to habituate; to acclimate; to cause to grow as under natural conditions. Its wearer suggested that pears and peaches might yet be naturalized in the New England climate. Hawthorne.

NATURALIZE Nat"u*ral*ize, v. i.

1. To become as if native.

2. To explain phenomena by natural agencies or laws, to the exclusion of the supernatural. Infected by this naturalizing tendency. H. Bushnell.

NATURALLY Nat"u*ral*ly, adv.

Defn: In a natural manner or way; according to the usual course of things; spontaneously.

NATURALNESS Nat"u*ral*ness, n.

Defn: The state or quality of being natural; conformity to nature.

NATURAL STEEL Nat"u*ral steel.

Defn: Steel made by the direct refining of cast iron in a finery, or, as wootz, by a direct process from the ore.

NATURE Na"ture, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. natura, fr. natus born, produced, p.p. of nasci to be born. See Nation.]

1. The existing system of things; the world of matter, or of matter and mind; the creation; the universe. But looks through nature up to nature's God. Pope. Nature has caprices which art can not imitate. Macaulay.

2. The personified sum and order of causes and effects; the powers which produce existing phenomena, whether in the total or in detail; the agencies which carry on the processes of creation or of being; -- often conceived of as a single and separate entity, embodying the total of all finite agencies and forces as disconnected from a creating or ordering intelligence. I oft admire How Nature, wise and frugal, could commit Such disproportions. Milton.

3. The established or regular course of things; usual order of events; connection of cause and effect.

4. Conformity to that which is natural, as distinguished from that which is artifical, or forced, or remote from actual experience. One touch of nature makes the whole world kin. Shak.

5. The sum of qualities and attributes which make a person or thing what it is, as distinct from others; native character; inherent or essential qualities or attributes; peculiar constitution or quality of being. Thou, therefore, whom thou only canst redeem, Their nature also to thy nature join, And be thyself man among men on earth. Milton.

6. Hence: Kind, sort; character; quality. A dispute of this nature caused mischief. Dryden.

7. Physical constitution or existence; the vital powers; the natural life. "My days of nature." Shak. Oppressed nature sleeps. Shak.

8. Natural affection or reverence. Have we not seen The murdering son ascend his parent's bed, Through violated nature foce his way Pope.

9. Constitution or quality of mind or character. A born devil, on whose nature Nurture can never stick. Shak. That reverence which is due to a superior nature. Addison. Good nature, Ill nature. see under Good and Ill. -- In a state of nature. (a) Naked as when born; nude. (b) In a condition of sin; unregenerate. (c) Untamed; uncvilized. -- Nature printng, a process of printing from metallic or other plates which have received an impression, as by heavy pressure, of an object such as a leaf, lace, or the like. -- Nature worship, the worship of the personified powers of nature. -- To pay the debt of nature, to die.

NATURE Na"ture, v. t.

Defn: To endow with natural qualities. [Obs.] He [God] which natureth every kind. Gower.

NATURED Na"tured, a.

Defn: Having (such) a nature, temper, or disposition; disposed; -- used in composition; as, good-natured, ill-natured, etc.

NATURELESS Na"ture*less, a.

Defn: Not in accordance with nature; unnatural. [Obs.] Milton.

NATURISM Na"tur*ism, n. (Med.)

Defn: The belief or doctrine that attributes everything to nature as a sanative agent.

NATURIST Na"tur*ist, n.

Defn: One who believes in, or conforms to, the theory of naturism. Boyle.

NATURITY Na*tu"ri*ty, n.

Defn: The quality or state of being produced by nature. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

NATURIZE Na"tur*ize, v. t.

Defn: To endow with a nature or qualities; to refer to nature. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

NAUFRAGE Nau"frage (; 48), n. Etym: [F., fr. L. naufragium; navis + frangere.]

Defn: Shipwreck; ruin. [Obs.] acon.

NAUFRAGOUS Nau"fra*gous, a. Etym: [L. naufragus. See Naufrage.]

Defn: causing shipwreck. [Obs.] r. Taylor.

NAUGHT Naught, n. Etym: [OE. naught, nought, naht, nawiht, AS. n, n, n; ne not + wiht thing, whit; hence, not ever a whit. See No, adv. Whit, and cf. Aught, Not.]

1. Nothing. [Written also nought.] Doth Job fear God for naught Job i. 9.

2. The arithmetical character 0; a cipher. See Cipher. To set at naught, to treat as of no account; to disregard; to despise; to defy; to treat with ignominy. "Ye have set at naught all my counsel." Prov. i. 25.

NAUGHT Naught, adv.

Defn: In no degree; not at all. Chaucer. To wealth or sovereign power he naught applied. Fairfax.

NAUGHT Naught, a.

1. Of no value or account; worthless; bad; useless. It is naught, it is naught, saith the buyer. Prov. xx. 14. Go, get you to your house; begone, away! All will be naught else. Shak. Things naught and things indifferent. Hooker.

2. Hence, vile; base; naughty. [Obs.] No man can be stark naught at once. Fuller.

NAUGHTILY Naugh"ti*ly, adv.

Defn: In a naughty manner; wickedly; perversely. Shak.

NAUGHTINESS Naugh"ti*ness, n.

Defn: The quality or state of being naughty; perverseness; badness; wickedness. I know thy pride, and the naughtiness of thine heart. 1 Sam. xvii. 28.

NAUGHTLY Naught"ly, adv.

Defn: Naughtily; wrongly. [Obs.] because my parents naughtly brought me up. Mir. for Mag.

NAUGHTY Naugh"ty, a. [Compar. Naughtier; superl. Naughtiest.]

1. Having little or nothing. [Obs.] [Men] that needy be and naughty, help them with thy goods. Piers Plowman.

2. Worthless; bad; good for nothing. [Obs.] The other basket had very naughty figs. Jer. xxiv. 2.

3. hence, corrupt; wicked. [Archaic] So shines a good deed in a naughty world. Shak.

4. Mischievous; perverse; froward; guilty of disobedient or improper conduct; as, a naughty child.

Note: This word is now seldom used except in the latter sense, as applied to children, or in sportive censure.

NAUHEIM TREATMENT; NAUHEIM BATH Nau"heim treat`ment. (Med.)

Defn: Orig., a method of therapeutic treatment administered, esp. for chronic diseases of the curculatory system, at Bad Nauheim, Germany, by G. Schott, consisting in baths in the natural mineral waters of that place, which are charged with carbonic acid, and the use of a graduated course of rest, physical exercises, massage, etc.; hence, any similar treatment using waters artificially charged with the essential ingredients of the natural mineral waters of Bad Nauheim. Hence, Nauheim bath, etc.

NAUMACHY Nau"ma*chy, n. Etym: [L. naumachia, Gr.

1. A naval battle; esp., a mock sea fight.

2. (Rom. Antiq.)

Defn: A show or spectacle representing a sea fight; also, a place for such exhibitions.

NAUPLIUS Nau"pli*us, n.; pl. Nauplii. Etym: [L., a kind of shellfish, fr. Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A crustacean larva having three pairs of locomotive organs (corresponding to the antennules, antennæ, and mandibles), a median eye, and little or no segmentation of the body.

NAUROPOMETER Nau`ro*pom"e*ter, n. Etym: [Gr. -meter.] (Naut.)

Defn: An instrument for measuring the amount which a ship heels at sea.

NAUSCOPY Naus"co*py, n. Etym: [Gr. -scopy: cf. F. nauscopie.] (Naut.)

Defn: The power or act of discovering ships or land at considerable distances.

NAUSEA Nau"se*a ( or , n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. Nave of a church, and cf. Noise.]

Defn: Seasickness; hence, any similar sickness of the stomach accompanied with a propensity to vomit; qualm; squeamishness of the stomach; loathing.

NAUSEANT Nau"se*ant, n. Etym: [L. nauseans, p.pr. Of nauseare.] (Med.)

Defn: A substance which produces nausea.

NAUSEATE Nau"se*ate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Nauseated; p. pr. & vb. n. Nauseating.] Etym: [L. nauseare, nauseatum, fr. nausea. See Nausea.]

Defn: To become squeamish; to feel nausea; to turn away with disgust.

NAUSEATE Nau"se*ate, v. t.

1. To affect with nausea; to sicken; to cause to feel loathing or disgust.

2. To sicken at; to reject with disgust; to loathe. The patient nauseates and loathes wholesome foods. Blackmore.

NAUSEATION Nau`se*a"tion, n.

Defn: The act of nauseating, or the state of being nauseated.

NAUSEATIVE Nau"se*a*tive ( or , a.

Defn: Causing nausea; nauseous.

NAUSEOUS Nau"seous, a. Etym: [L. nauseosus.]

Defn: Causing, or fitted to cause, nausea; sickening; loathsome; disgusting; exciting abhorrence; as, a nauseous drug or medicine. -- Nau"seous*ly, adv. -- Nau"seous*ness, n. The nauseousness of such company disgusts a reasonable man. Dryden.

NAUTCH Nautch, n. Etym: [Hind. nach, fr. Skr. n dance.]

Defn: An entertainment consisting chiefly of dancing by professional dancing (or Nautch) girls. [India]

NAUTIC Nau"tic, a. Etym: [See Nautical.]

Defn: Nautical.

NAUTICAL Nau"tic*al, a. Etym: [L. nauticus, Gr. nautique. See Nave of a church.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to seamen, to the art of navigation, or to ships; as, nautical skill.

Syn. -- Naval; marine; maritime. See Naval. Nautical almanac. See under Almanac. -- Nautical distance, the length in nautical miles of the rhumb line joining any two places on the earth's surface. -- nautical mile. see under Mile.

NAUTICALLY Nau"tic*al*ly, adv.

Defn: In a nautical manner; with reference to nautical affais.

NAUTIFORM Nau"ti*form, a. Etym: [Gr. -form.]

Defn: Shaped like the hull of a ship.

NAUTILITE Nau"ti*lite, n. (paleon.)

Defn: A fossil nautilus.

NAUTILOID Nau"ti*loid, a. Etym: [Nautilus + -oid: cf. F. nautiloïde.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: Like or pertaining to the nautilus; shaped like a nautilus shell. -- n.

Defn: A mollusk, or shell, of the genus Nautilus or family Nautilidæ.

NAUTILUS Nau"ti*lus, n.; pl. E. Nautiluses, L. Nautili. Etym: [L., fr. gr. Nave of a church.]

1. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The only existing genus of tetrabranchiate cephalopods. About four species are found living in the tropical Pacific, but many other species are found fossil. The shell is spiral, symmetrical, and chambered, or divided into several cavities by simple curved partitions, which are traversed and connected together by a continuous and nearly central tube or siphuncle. See Tetrabranchiata.

Note: The head of the animal bears numerous simple tapered arms, or tentacles, arranged in groups, but not furnished with suckers. The siphon, unlike, that of ordinary cephalopods, is not a closed tube, and is not used as a locomotive organ, but merely serves to conduct water to and from the gill cavity, which contains two pairs of gills. The animal occupies only the outer chamber of the shell; the others are filled with gas. It creeps over the bottom of the sea, not coming to the surface to swim or sail, as was formerly imagined.

2. The argonaut; -- also called paper nautilus. See Argonauta, and Paper nautilus, under Paper.

3. A variety of diving bell, the lateral as well as vertical motions of which are controlled, by the occupants.

NAVAJOES Na"va*joes, n. pl.; sing. Navajo (. (Ethnol.)

Defn: A tribe of Indians inhabiting New Mexico and Arizona, allied to the Apaches. They are now largely engaged in agriculture.

NAVAL Na"val, a. Etym: [L. navalis, fr. navis ship: cf. F. naval. See Nave of a church.]

Defn: Having to do with shipping; of or pertaining to ships or a navy; consisting of ships; as, naval forces, successes, stores, etc.

Naval brigade, a body of seamen or marines organized for military service on land. -- Naval officer. (a) An officer in the navy. (b) A high officer in some United States customhouses. -- Naval tactics, the science of managing or maneuvering vessels sailing in squadrons or fleets.

Syn. -- Nautical; marine; maritime. -- Naval, Nautical. Naval is applied to vessels, or a navy, or the things which pertain to them or in which they participate; nautical, to seamen and the art of navigation. Hence we speak of a naval, as opposed to a military, engagement; naval equipments or stores, a naval triumph, a naval officer, etc., and of nautical pursuits or instruction, nautical calculations, a nautical almanac, etc.

NAVALS Na"vals, n.pl.

Defn: Naval affairs. [Obs.]

NAVARCH Na"varch, n. Etym: [L. navarchus, gr. (Gr. Antiq.)

Defn: The commander of a fleet. Mitford.

NAVARCHY Na"varch*y, n. Etym: [Gr.

Defn: Nautical skill or experience. [Obs.] ir W. Petty.

NAVARRESE Na`var*rese" ( or , a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to Navarre. -- n. sing. & pl.

Defn: A native or inhabitant of Navarre; the people of Navarre.

NAVE Nave, n. Etym: [AS. nafu; akin to D. naaf, G. nabe, OHG. naba, Icel. nöf, Dan. nav, Sw. naf, Skr. nabhi nave and navel: cf. L. umbo boss of a shield. *260. Cf. Navel.]

1. The block in the center of a wheel, from which the spokes radiate, and through which the axle passes; -- called also hub or hob.

2. The navel. [Obs.] hak.

NAVE Nave, n. Etym: [F. nef, fr. L. navis ship, to which the church was often likened; akin to Gr. naca boat, G. nachen, Icel. nökkvi; cf. L. nare to swim, float. Cf. Nausea, Nautical, Naval.] (Arch.)

Defn: The middle or body of a church, extending from the transepts to the principal entrances, or, if there are no transepts, from the choir to the principal entrance, but not including the aisles.

NAVEL Na"vel, n. Etym: [AS. nafela, fr. nafu nave; akin to D. navel, G. nabel, OHG. nabolo, Icel. nafli, Dan. navle, Sw. nafle, L. umbilicus, Gr. n. *260. See Nave hub, and cf. Omphalic, Nombril, Umbilical.]

1. (Anat.)

Defn: A mark or depression in the middle of the abdomen; the umbilicus. See Umbilicus, belly button in humans

2. The central part or point of anything; the middle. Within the navel of this hideous wood, Immured in cypress shades, a sorcerer dwells. Milton.

3. (Gun.)

Defn: An eye on the under side of a carronade for securing it to a carriage. Navel gall, a bruise on the top of the chine of the back of a horse, behind the saddle. Johnson. -- Navel point. (Her.) Same as Nombril.

NAVEL ORANGE Na"vel or"ange.

Defn: A type of orange in which the fruit incloses a small secondary fruit, the rind showing on the exterior a navel-like pit or depression at the apex. There are several varieties; they are usually seedless, or nearly so, and are much grown in California.

NAVEL-STRING Na"vel-string`, n.

Defn: The umbilical cord.

NAVELWORT Na"vel*wort`, n. (Bot.)

Defn: A European perennial succulent herb (Cotyledon umbilicus), having round, peltate leaves with a central depression; -- also called pennywort, and kidneywort.

NAVEW Na"vew, n. Etym: [OE. navel, naveau, a dim. fr. L. napus navew. Cf. Napiform.] (Bot.)

Defn: A kind of small turnip, a variety of Brassica campestris. See Brassica. [Writen also naphew.]

NAVICULAR Na*vic"u*lar, a. Etym: [L. navicularius, fr. navicula, dim. of navis ship: cf. F. naviculaire.]

1. Of, pertaining to, or resembling, a boat or ship.

2. Shaped like a boat; cymbiform; scaphoid; as, the navicular glumes of most grasses; the navicular bone. Navicular bone. (Anat.) (a) One of the middle bones of the tarsus, corresponding to the centrale; -- called also scaphoid. (b) A proximal bone on the radial side of the carpus; the scaphoid. -- Navicular disease (Far.), a disease affecting the navicular bone, or the adjacent parts, in a horse's foot.

NAVICULAR Na*vic"u*lar, n. (Anat.)

Defn: The navicular bone.

NAVIGABILITY Nav`i*ga*bil"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. navigabilité.]

Defn: The quality or condition of being navigable; navigableness.

NAVIGABLE Nav"i*ga*ble, a. Etym: [L. navigabilis: cf. F. navigable. See Navigate.]

Defn: Capable of being navigated; deep enough and wide enough to afford passage to vessels; as, a navigable river.

Note: By the comon law, a river is considered as navigable only so far as the tide ebbs and flows in it. This is also the doctrine in several of the United tates. In other States, the doctrine of thje civil law prevails, which is, that a navigable river is a river capable of being navigated, in the common sense of the term. Kent. Burrill. -- Nav"i*ga*ble*ness, n. -- Nav"i*ga*bly, adv.

NAVIGATE Nav"i*gate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Navigated; p. pr. & vb. n. Navigating.] Etym: [L. navigatus, p.p. of navigare, v.t. & i.; navis ship + agere to move, direct. See Nave, and Agent.]

Defn: To joirney by water; to go in a vessel or ship; to perform the duties of a navigator; to use the waters as a highway or channel for commerce or communication; to sail. The Phenicians navigated to the extremities of the Western Ocean. Arbuthnot.

NAVIGATE Nav"i*gate, v. t.

1. To pass over in ships; to sail over or on; as, to navigate the Atlantic.

2. To steer, direct, or manage in sailing; to conduct (ships) upon the water by the art or skill of seamen; as, to navigate a ship.

NAVIGATION Nav`i*ga"tion, n. Etym: [L. navigatio: cf. F. navigation.]

1. The act of navigating; the act of passing on water in ships or other vessels; the state of being navigable.

2. (a) the science or art of conducting ships or vessels from one place to another, including, more especially, the method of determining a ship's position, course, distance passed over, etc., on the surface of the globe, by the principles of geometry and astronomy. (b) The management of sails, rudder, etc.; the mechanics of traveling by water; seamanship.

3. Ships in general. [Poetic] Shak. Aërial navigation, the act or art of sailing or floating in the air, as by means of ballons; aëronautic. -- Inland navigation, Internal navigation, navigation on rivers, inland lakes, etc.

NAVIGATOR Nav"i*ga`tor, n.

Defn: One who navigates or sails; esp., one who direct the course of a ship, or one who is skillful in the art of navigation; also, a book which teaches the art of navigation; as, Bowditch's Navigator.

NAVIGEROUS Na*vig"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. naviger; navis ship + gerere to bear.]

Defn: Bearing ships; capable of floating vessels. [R.] Blount.

NAVVY Nav"vy, n.; pl. Navies. Etym: [Abbreviated fr. navigator.]

Defn: Originally, a laborer on canals for internal navigation; hence, a laborer on other public works, as in building railroads, embankments, etc. [Eng.]

NAVY Na"vy; n.; pl. Navies. Etym: [ OF. navie, fr. L. navis ship. See Nave of a church.]

1. A fleet of ships; an assemblage of merchantmen, or so many as sail in company. "The navy also of Hiram, that brought gold from Ophir." 1 kings x. 11.

2. The whole of the war vessels belonging to a nation or ruler, considered collectively; as, the navy of Italy.

3. The officers and men attached to the war vessels of a nation; as, he belongs to the navy. Navy bean. see Bean. -- Navy yard, a place set apart as a shore station for the use of the navy. It often contains all the mechanical and other appliences for building and equipping war vessels and training their crews.

NAVY BLUE Na"vy blue`.

Defn: Prussian blue.

NAWAB Na*wab", n. Etym: [See Nabob.]

Defn: A deputy ruler or viceroy in India; also, a title given by courtesy to other persons of high rank in the East.

NAWL Nawl, n. Etym: [See Nall.]

Defn: An awl. [Obs.] usser.

NAY Nay, adv. Etym: [Icel. nei; akin to E. no. See No, adv.]

1. No; -- a negative answer to a question asked, or a request made, now superseded by no. See Yes. And eke when I say "ye," ne say not "nay." Chaucer. I tell you nay; but except ye repent, ye shall all likewisr perish. Luke xiii. 3. And now do they thrust us out privily nay, verily; but let them come themselves and fetch us out. Acts xvi. 37. He that will not when he may, When he would he shall have nay. Old Prov.

Note: Before the time of Henry VIII. nay was used to answer simple questions, and no was used when the form of the question involved a negative expression; nay was the simple form, no the emphatic. Skeat.

2. Not this merely, but also; not only so, but; -- used to mark the addition or substitution of a more explicit or more emphatic phrase.

Note: Nay in this sense may be interchanged with yea. "Were he my brother, nay, my kingdom's heir." Shak.

NAY Nay, n.; pl. Nays (.

1. Denial; refusal.

2. a negative vote; one who votes in the negative. It is no nay, there is no denying it. [Obs.] haucer.

NAY Nay, v. t. & i.

Defn: To refuse. [Obs.] Holinshed.

NAYAUR Na*yaur", n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A specied of wild sheep (Ovis Hodgsonii), native of Nepaul and Thibet. It has a dorsal mane and a white ruff beneath the neck.

NAYT Nayt, v. t. Etym: [Icel. neita.]

Defn: To refuse; to deny. [Obs.] "He shall not nayt ne deny his sin." Chaucer.

NAYWARD Nay"ward, n.

Defn: The negative side. [R.] Howe'er you lean to the nayward. Shak.

NAYWORD Nay"word`, n.

Defn: A byword; a proverb; also, a watchword. [Obs.] hak.

NAZARENE Naz`a*rene", n. Etym: [L. Nazarenus, Gr.

1. A native or inhabitant of Nazareth; -- a term of contempt applied to Christ and the early Christians.

2. (Eccl. Hist.)

Defn: One of a sect of Judaizing Christians in the first and second centuries, who observed the laws of Moses, and held to certain heresies.

NAZARITE Naz"a*rite, n.

Defn: A Jew bound by a vow to lave the hair uncut, to abstain from wine and strong drink, and to practice extraordinary purity of life and devotion, the obligation being for life, or for a certain time. The word is also used adjectively.

NAZARITESHIP Naz"a*rite*ship, n.

Defn: The state of a Nazarite.

NAZARITIC Naz`a*rit"ic, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to a Nazarite, or to Nazarites.

NAZARITISM Naz"a*ri*tism, n.

Defn: The vow and practice of a Nazarite.

NAZE Naze, n. Etym: [See Ness.]

Defn: A promotory or headland.

NAZIRITE Naz"i*rite, n.

Defn: A Nazarite.

NE Ne, adv. Etym: [AS. ne. See No.]

Defn: Not; never. [Obs.] He never yet no villany ne said. Chaucer.

Note: Ne was formerly used as the universal adverb of negation, and survives in certain compounds, as never (= ne ever) and none (= ne one). Other combinations, now obsolete, will be found in the Vocabulary, as nad, nam, nil. See Negative, 2.

NE Ne, conj. Etym: [See Ne, adv.]

Defn: Nor. [Obs.] Shak. No niggard ne no fool. Chaucer. Ne . . . ne, neither . . . nor. [Obs.] Chaucer.

NEAF Neaf, n.

Defn: See 2d Neif. Shak.

NEAL Neal, v. t.

Defn: To anneal. [R.] Chaucer.

NEAL Neal, v. i.

Defn: To be tempered by heat. [R.] Bacon.

NEANDERTHAL; NEANDERTHAL RACE; NEANDERTHAL MAN Ne*an"der*thal`, a. (Anthropol.)

Defn: Of, pertaining to, or named from, the Neanderthal, a valley in the Rhine Province, in which were found parts of a skeleton of an early type of man. The skull is characterized by extreme dolichocephaly, flat, retreating forehead, with closed frontal sutures, and enormous superciliary ridges. The cranial capacity is estimated at about 1,220 cubic centimeters, being about midway between that of the Pithecanthropus and modern man. Hence, designating the Neanderthal race, or man, a species supposed to have been widespread in paleolithic Europe.

NEANDERTHALOID Ne*an`der*thal"oid, a. [Neanderthal + -oid.] (Anthropol.)

Defn: Like, or pertaining to, the Neanderthal skull, or the type of man it represents.

NEAP Neap, n. Etym: [Cf. Neb, Nape.]

Defn: The tongue or pole of a cart or other vehicle drawn by two animals. [U.S.]

NEAP Neap, a. Etym: [As. nepflod neap flood; cf. hnipian to bend, incline.]

Defn: Low. Neap tides, the lowest tides of the lunar month, which occur in the second and fourth quarters of the moon; -- opposed to spring tides.

NEAP Neap, n.

Defn: A neap tide. High springs and dead neaps. Harkwill.

NEAPED Neaped, a. (Naut.)

Defn: Left aground on the height of a spring tide, so that it will not float till the next spring tide; -- called also beneaped.

NEAPOLITAN Ne`a*pol"i*tan, a. Etym: [L. Neapolitanus, fr. Neapolis Naples, Gr.

Defn: Of of pertaining to Maples in Italy. -- n.

Defn: A native or citizen of Naples.

NEAPOLITAN ICE; NEAPOLITAN ICE CREAM Ne`a*pol"i*tan ice, Neapolitan ice cream. (a) An ice or ice cream containing eggs as well as cream. (b) An ice or ice cream prepared in layers, as vanilla, strawberry, and chocolate ice cream, and orange or lemon water ice.

NEAR Near, adv. Etym: [AS. neár, compar. of neáh nigh. See Nigh.]

1. At a little distance, in place, time, manner, or degree; not remote; nigh. My wife! my traitress! let her not come near me. Milton.

2. Nearly; almost; well-nigh. "Near twenty years ago." Shak. "Near a fortnight ago." Addison. Near about the yearly value of the land. Locke.

3. Closely; intimately. Shak. Far and near, at a distance and close by; throughout a whole region. -- To come near to, to want but little of; to approximate to. "Such a sum he found would go near to ruin him." Addison. -- Near the wind (Naut.), close to the wind; closehauled.

NEAR Near, a. [Compar. Nearer; superl. Nearest.] Etym: [See Near, adv.]

1. Not far distant in time, place, or degree; not remote; close at hand; adjacent; neighboring; nigh. "As one near death." Shak. He served great Hector, and was ever near, Not with his trumpet only, but his spear. Dryden.

2. Closely connected or related. She is thy father's near kinswoman. Lev. xviii. 12.

3. Close to one's interests, affection, etc.; touching, or affecting intimately; intimate; dear; as, a near friend.

4. Close to anything followed or imitated; not free, loose, or rambling; as, a version near to the original.

5. So as barely to avoid or pass injury or loss; close; narrow; as, a near escape.

6. Next to the driver, when he is on foot; in the Unted States, on the left of an animal or a team; as, the near ox; the near leg. See Off side, under Off, a.

7. Immediate; direct; close; short. "The nearest way." Milton.

8. Close-fisted; parsimonious. [Obs. or Low, Eng.]

Note: Near may properly be followed by to before the thing approached'; but more frequently to is omitted, and the adjective or the adverb is regarded as a preposition. The same is also true of the word nigh.

Syn. -- Nigh; close; adjacent; proximate; contiguous; present; ready; intimate; dear.

NEAR Near, prep.

Defn: Adjacent to; close by; not far from; nigh; as, the ship sailed near the land. See the Note under near, a.

NEAR Near, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Neared; p. pr. & vb. n Nearing.] Etym: [See Near, adv.]

Defn: To approach; to come nearer; as, the ship neared the land.

NEAR Near, v. i.

Defn: To draw near; to approach. A speck, a mist, a shape, I wist! And still it neared, and neared. Coleridge.

NEAR BEER Near beer.

Defn: Any of various malt liquors (see Citation).

Near beer is a term of common currency used to designate all that class of malt liquors which contain so little alcohol that they will not produce intoxication, though drunk to excess, and includes in its meaning all malt liquors which are not within the purview of the general prohibition law. Cambell v. City of Thomasville, Georgia Appeal Records, 6 212.

NEARCTIC Ne*arc"tic, a. Etym: [Neo + arctic.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to a region of the earth's surface including all of temperate and arctic North America and Greenland. In the geographical distribution of animals, this region is marked off as the habitat certain species.

NEARHAND Near"hand`, a. & adv.

Defn: Near; near at hand; closely. [Obs. or Scot.] Bacon.

NEAR-LEGGED Near"-legged`, a.

Defn: Having the feet so near together that they interfere in traveling. Shak.

NEARLY Near"ly, adv.

Defn: In a near manner; not remotely; closely; intimately; almost.

NEARNESS Near"ness, n.

Defn: The state or quality of being near; -- used in the various senses of the adjective.

NEARSIGHTED; NEARSIGHTEDNESS Near"sight`ed, a.

Defn: Seeing distinctly at short distances only; shortsighted. -- Near"sight`ed*ness, n.

Defn: See Myopic, and Myopia.

NEAT Neat, n. sing. & pl. Etym: [AS. neát; akin to OHG. n, Icel. naut, Sw. nöt, Dan. nöd, and to AS. neótan to make use of, G. geniessen, Goth. niutan to have a share in, have joy of, Lith. nauda use, profit.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: Cattle of the genus Bos, as distinguished from horses, sheep, and goats; an animal of the genus Bos; as, a neat's tongue; a neat's foot. Chaucer. Wherein the herds[men] were keeping of their neat. Spenser. The steer, the heifer, and the calf Are all called neat. Shak. A neat and a sheep of his own. Tusser. Neat's-foot, an oil obtained by boiling the feet of neat cattle. It is used to render leather soft and pliable.

NEAT Neat, a. Etym: [See neat, n.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to the genus Bos, or to cattle of that genus; as, neat cattle.

NEAT Neat, a. [Compar. Neater; superl. Neatest.] Etym: [OE. nett, F. nett, fr. L. nitidus, fr. nitere to shine. Cf. Nitid, Net, a., Natty.]

1. Free from that which soils, defiles, or disorders; clean; cleanly; tidy. If you were to see her, you would wonder what poor body it was that was so surprisingly neat and clean. Law.

2. Free from what is unbecoming, inappropriate, or tawdry; simple and becoming; pleasing with simplicity; tasteful; chaste; as, a neat style; a neat dress.

3. Free from admixture or adulteration; good of its kind; as, neat brandy. "Our old wine neat." Chapman.

4. Excellent in character, skill, or performance, etc.; nice; finished; adroit; as, a neat design; a neat thief.

5. With all deductions or allowances made; net.

Note: [In this sense usually written net. See Net, a., 3.] neat line (Civil Engin.), a line to which work is to be built or formed. -- Neat work, work built or formed to neat lines.

Syn. -- Nice; pure; cleanly; tidy; trim; spruce.

'NEATH 'Neath ( or , prep. & adv.

Defn: An abbreviation of Beneath. [Poetic]

NEATHERD Neat"herd`, n.

Defn: A person who has the care of neat cattle; a cowherd. Dryden.

NEATHOUSE Neat"house`, n.

Defn: A building for the shelter of neat cattle. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Massinger.

NEATIFY Neat"i*fy, v. t. Etym: [Neat, a. + -fy.]

Defn: To make neat. [Obs.] olland.

NEATLY Neat"ly, adv.

Defn: In a neat manner; tidily; tastefully.

NEATNESS neat"ness, n.

Defn: The state or quality of being neat.

NEATRESS Neat"ress, n. Etym: [From neat cattle.]

Defn: A woman who takes care of cattle. [R.] Warner.

NEB Neb, n. Etym: [AS. nebb head, face; akin to D. neb, Icel. nef, beak of a bird, nose, Dan. næb beak, bill, Sw. näbb, näf, and prob. also to D. sneb, snavel, bill, beak, G. schnabel, Dan. & Sw. snabel, and E. snap. Cf. Nib, Snap, Snaffle.]

Defn: The nose; the snout; the mouth; the beak of a bird; a nib, as of a pen. [Also written nib.] Shak.

NEBALIA Ne*ba"li*a, n. Etym: [NL., of uncertain origin.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A genus of small marine Crustacea, considered the type of a distinct order (Nebaloidea, or Phyllocarida.)

NEB-NEB Neb"-neb`, n.

Defn: Same as Bablh.

NEBULA Neb"u*la, n.; pl. Nebulæ. Etym: [L., mist, cloud; akin to Gr. nebel mist, OHG. nebul, D. nevel, Skr. nabhas cloud, mist. Cf. Nebule.]

1. (Astron.)

Defn: A faint, cloudlike, self-luminous mass of matter situated beyond the solar system among the stars. True nebulæ are gaseous; but very distant star clusters often appear like them in the telescope.

2. (Med.) (a) A white spot or a slight opacity of the cornea. (b) A cloudy appearance in the urine. [Obs.]

NEBULAR Neb"u*lar, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to nebulæ; of the nature of, or resembling, a nebula. Nebular hypothesis, an hypothesis to explain the process of formation of the stars and planets, presented in various forms by Kant, Herschel, Laplace, and others. As formed by Laplace, it supposed the matter of the solar system to have existed originally in the form of a vast, diffused, revolving nebula, which, gradually cooling and contracting, threw off, in obedience to mechanical and physical laws, succesive rings of matter, from which subsequently, by the same laws, were produced the several planets, satellites, and other bodies of the system. The phrase may indicate any hypothesis according to which the stars or the bodies of the solar system have been evolved from a widely diffused nebulous form of matter.

NEBULATED Neb"u*la`ted, a.

Defn: Clouded with indistinct color markings, as an animal.

NEBULATION neb`u*la"tion, n.

Defn: The condition of being nebulated; also, a clouded, or ill- defined, color mark.

NEBULE Neb"ule, n. Etym: [Cf. F. nébule. See nebula.]

Defn: A little cloud; a cloud. [Obs.] O light without nebule. Old Ballad.

NEBULE; NEBULY Né`bu`lé", Neb"u*ly, a. Etym: [F. nébulé.] (Her.)

Defn: Composed of successive short curves supposed to resemble a cloud; -- said of a heraldic line by which an ordinary or subordinary may be bounded.

NEBULIZATION Neb`u*li*za"tion, n. (Med.)

Defn: The act or process of nebulizing; atomization.

NEBULIZE Neb"u*lize, v. t. Etym: [See Nebula.]

Defn: To reduce (as a liquid) to a fine spray or vapor; to atomize.

NEBULIZER Neb"u*li`zer, n.

Defn: An atomizer.

NEBULOSE Neb"u*lose`, a.

Defn: Nebulous; cloudy. Derham.

NEBULOSITY Neb`u*los"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. nebulositas: cf. F. nébulosité]

1. The state or quality of being nebulous; cloudiness; hazeness; mistiness; nebulousness. The nebulosity ... of the mother idiom. I. Disraeli.

2. (Astron.) (a) The stuff of which a nebula is formed. (b) A nebula.

NEBULOUS Neb"u*lous, a. Etym: [L. nebulosus: cf. F. nébuleux. See Nebula.]

1. Cloudy; hazy; misty.

2. (Astron.)

Defn: Of, pertaining to, or having the appearance of, a nebula; nebular; cloudlike. -- Neb"u*lous*ly, adv. -- Neb"u*lous*ness, n.

NEBULY Neb"u*ly, n. (Her. & Arch.)

Defn: A line or a direction composed of successive short curves or waves supposed to resembe a cloud. See NÉbulÉ

NECESSARIAN Nec`es*sa"ri*an, n. Etym: [Cf. F. nécessarien. See Mecessary.]

Defn: An advocate of the doctrine of philosophical necessity; a nacessitarian.

NECESSARIAN Nec`es*sa"ri*an, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to necessarianism.

NECESSARIANISM Nec`es*sa"ri*an*ism, n.

Defn: The doctrine of philosophical necessity; necessitarianism. Hixley.

NECESSARILY Nec"es*sa*ri*ly, adv.

Defn: In a necessary manner; by necessity; unavoidably; indispensably.

NECESSARINESS Nec"es*sa*ri*ness, n.

Defn: The quality of being necessary.

NECESSARY Nec"es*sa*ry, a. Etym: [L. necessarius, from necesse unavoidable, necessary; of uncertain origin: cf. F. nécessaire.]

1. Such as must be; impossible to be otherwise; not to be avoided; inevitable. Death, a necessary end, Will come when it will come. Shak.

2. Impossible to be otherwise, or to be dispensed with, without preventing the attainment of a desired result; indispensable; requiste; essential. "'T is necessary he should die." Shak. A certain kind of temper is necessary to the pleasure and quiet of our minds. Tillotson.

3. Acting from necessity or compulsion; involuntary; -- opposed to free; as, whether man is a necessary or a free agent is a question much discussed.

NECESSARY Nec"es*sa*ry, n.; pl. Necessaries (.

1. A thing that is necessary or indispensable to some purpose; something that one can not do without; a requisite; an essential; -- used chiefly in the plural; as, the necessaries of life.

2. A privy; a water-closet.

3. pl. (Law)

Defn: Such things, in respect to infants, lunatics, and married women, as are requisite for support suitable to station.

NECESSITARIAN Ne*ces`si*ta"ri*an, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to the doctrine of philosophical necessity in regard to the origin and existence of things, especially as applied to the actings or choices of the will; -- opposed to libertarian.

NECESSITARIAN Ne*ces`si*ta"ri*an, n.

Defn: One who holds to the doctrine of necessitarianism.

NECESSITARIANISM Ne*ces`si*ta"ri*an*ism, n.

Defn: The doctrine of philosophical necessity; the doctrine that results follow by invariable sequence from causes, and esp. that the will is not free, but that human actions and choices result inevitably from motives; deteminism. M. Arnold.

NECESSITATE Ne*ces"si*tate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Necessitated; p. pr. & vb. n. Necessitating.] Etym: [Cf. L. necessitatus, p.p. of necessitare, and F. nécessiter. See Necessity.]

1. To make necessary or indispensable; to render unaviolable. Sickness [might] necessitate his removal from the court. South. This fact necessitates a second line. J. Peile.

2. To reduce to the necessity of; to force; to compel. The Marquis of Newcastle, being pressed on both sides, was necessitated to draw all his army into York. Clarendon.

NECESSITATTION Ne*ces`si*tat"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. nécessitation.]

Defn: The act of making necessary, or the state of being made necessary; compulsion. [R.] bp. Bramhall.

NECESSITIED Ne*ces"si*tied, a.

Defn: In a state of want; necessitous. [Obs.] Shak.

NECESSITOUS Ne*ces"si*tous, a. Etym: [Cf. F. nécessiteux.]

1. Very needy or indigent; pressed with poverty. Necessitous heirs and penurious parents. Arbuthnot.

2. Narrow; destitute; pinching; pinched; as, necessitous circumstances. -- Ne*ces"si*tous*ly, adv. -- Ne*ces"si*tous*ness, n.

NECESSITUDE Ne*ces"si*tude, n. Etym: [L. necessitudo, fr. necesse. See Necessray.]

1. Necessitousness; want. Sir M. Hale.

2. Necessary connection or relation. Between kings and their people, parents and their children, there is so great a necessitude, propriety, and intercourse of nature. Jer. Taylor.

NECESSITY Ne*ces"si*ty, n.; pl. Necessities. Etym: [OE. necessite, F. nécessité, L. necessitas, fr. necesse. See Necessary.]

1. The quality or state of being necessary, unavoidable, or absolutely requisite; inevitableness; indispensableness.

2. The condition of being needy or necessitous; pressing need; indigence; want. Urge the necessity and state of times. Shak. The extreme poverty and necessity his majesty was in. Clarendon.

3. That which is necessary; a necessary; a requisite; something indispensable; -- often in the plural. These should be hours for necessities, Not for delights. Shak. What was once to me Mere matter of the fancy, now has grown The vast necessity of heart and life. Tennyson.

4. That which makes an act or an event unavoidable; irresistible force; overruling power; compulsion, physical or moral; fate; fatality. So spake the fiend, and with necessity, The tyrant's plea, excused his devilish deeds. Milton.

5. (Metaph.)

Defn: The negation of freedom in voluntary action; the subjection of all phenomena, whether material or spiritual, to inevitable causation; necessitarianism. Of necessity, by necessary consequence; by compulsion, or irresistible power; perforce.

Syn. -- See Need.

NECK Neck, n. Etym: [OE. necke, AS. hnecca; akin to D. nek the nape of the neck, G. nacken, OHG. nacch, hnacch, Icel. hnakki, Sw. nacke, Dan. nakke.]

1. The part of an animal which connects the head and the trunk, and which, in man and many other animals, is more slender than the trunk.

2. Any part of an inanimate object corresponding to or resembling the neck of an animal; as: (a) The long slender part of a vessel, as a retort, or of a fruit, as a gourd. (b) A long narrow tract of land projecting from the main body, or a narrow tract connecting two larger tracts. (c) (Mus.) That part of a violin, guitar, or similar instrument, which extends from the head to the body, and on which is the finger board or fret board.

3. (Mech.)

Defn: A reduction in size near the end of an object, formed by a groove around it; as, a neck forming the journal of a shaft.

4. (Bot.)

Defn: the point where the base of the stem of a plant arises from the root. Neck and crop, completely; wholly; altogether; roughly and at once. [Colloq.] -- Neck and neck (Racing), so nearly equal that one cannot be said to be before the other; very close; even; side by side. -- Neck of a capital. (Arch.) See Gorgerin. -- Neck of a cascabel (Gun.), the part joining the knob to the base of the breech. -- Neck of a gun, the small part of the piece between the chase and the swell of the muzzle. -- Neck of a tooth (Anat.), the constriction between the root and the crown. -- Neck or nothing (Fig.), at all risks. -- Neck verse. (a) The verse formerly read to entitle a party to the benefit of clergy, said to be the first verse of the fifty-first Psalm, "Miserere mei," etc. Sir W. Scott. (b) Hence, a verse or saying, the utterance of which decides one's fate; a shibboleth. These words, "bread and cheese," were their neck verse or shibboleth to distinguish them; all pronouncing "broad and cause," being presently put to death. Fuller. -- Neck yoke. (a) A bar by which the end of the tongue of a wagon or carriage is suspended from the collars of the harnesses. (b) A device with projecting arms for carrying things (as buckets of water or sap) suspended from one's shoulders. -- On the neck of, immediately after; following closely. "Commiting one sin on the neck of another." W. Perkins. -- Stiff neck, obstinacy in evil or wrong; inflexible obstinacy; contumacy. "I know thy rebellion, and thy stiff neck." Deut. xxxi. 27. -- To break the neck of, to destroy the main force of. "What they presume to borrow from her sage and virtuous rules... breaks the neck of their own cause." Milton. -- To harden the neck, to grow obstinate; to be more and more perverse and rebellious. Neh. ix. 17. -- To tread on the neck of, to oppress; to tyrannize over.