Chapter X: Preface: To the Original Edition (9)

=Antiŏchus=, surnamed _Soter_, was son of Seleucus, and king of Syria
in Asia. He made a treaty of alliance with Ptolemy Philadelphus
king of Egypt. He fell into a lingering disease, which none of his
father’s physicians could cure for some time, till it was discovered
that his pulse was more irregular than usual when Stratonice his
stepmother entered his room, and that love for her was the cause
of his illness. This was told to the father, who willingly gave
Stratonice to his son, that his immoderate love might not cause
his death. He died 291 B.C., after a reign of 19 years. _Justin_,
bk. 17, ch. 2, &c.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 5.――_Polybius_, bk. 4.
――_Appian._――――The second of that name, surnamed _Theos_ (_God_)
by the Milesians, because he put to death their tyrant Timarchus,
was son and successor to Antiochus Soter. He put an end to the war
which had been begun with Ptolemy; and, to strengthen the peace,
he married Berenice, the daughter of the Ægyptian king. This so
offended his former wife Laodice, by whom he had two sons, that she
poisoned him, and suborned Artemon, whose features were similar to
his, to represent him as king. Artemon, subservient to her will,
pretended to be indisposed, and as king, called all the ministers,
and recommended to them Seleucus, surnamed Callinicus, son of
Laodice, as his successor. After this ridiculous imposture, it was
made public that the king had died a natural death, and Laodice
placed her son on the throne, and despatched Berenice and her son,
246 years before the christian era. _Appian._――――The third of that
name, surnamed the _Great_, brother to Seleucus Ceraunus, was king
of Syria and Asia, and reigned 36 years. He was defeated by Ptolemy
Philopater at Rapeia, after which he made war against Persia, and
took Sardes. After the death of Philopater, he endeavoured to crush
his infant son Epiphanes: but his guardians solicited the aid of
the Romans, and Antiochus was compelled to resign his pretensions.
He conquered the greatest part of Greece, of which some cities
implored the aid of Rome; and Annibal, who had taken refuge at his
court, encouraged him to make war against Italy. He was glad to
find himself supported by the abilities of such a general; but his
measures were dilatory, and not agreeable to the advice of Annibal,
and he was conquered and obliged to retire beyond mount Taurus, and
pay a yearly fine of 2000 talents to the Romans. His revenues being
unable to pay the fine, he attempted to plunder the temple of Belus
in Susiana, which so incensed the inhabitants, that they killed
him with his followers, 187 years before the christian era. In his
character of king, Antiochus was humane and liberal, the patron
of learning, and the friend of merit; and he published an edict,
ordering his subjects never to obey except his commands were
consistent with the laws of the country. He had three sons, Seleucus
Philopater, Antiochus Epiphanes, and Demetrius. The first succeeded
him, and the two others were kept as hostages by the Romans.
_Justin_, bks. 31 & 32.――_Strabo_, bk. 16.――_Livy_, bk. 34, ch. 59.
――_Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 1.――_Appian_, _Syrian Wars_.――――The fourth
Antiochus, surnamed _Epiphanes_ or _Illustrious_, was king of Syria,
after the death of his brother Seleucus, and reigned 11 years. He
destroyed Jerusalem, and was so cruel to the Jews, that they called
him _Epimanes_, or _Furious_, and not _Epiphanes_. He attempted to
plunder Persepolis without effect. He was of a voracious appetite,
and fond of childish diversions; he used for his pleasure to empty
bags of money into the streets, to see the people’s eagerness to
gather it; he bathed in the public baths with the populace, and was
fond of perfuming himself to excess. He invited all the Greeks he
could at Antioch, and waited upon them as a servant, and danced with
such indecency among the stage players, that even the most dissipate
and shameless blushed at the sight. _Polybius._――_Justin_, bk. 34,
ch. 3.――――The fifth, surnamed _Eupator_, succeeded his father
Epiphanes on the throne of Syria, 164 B.C. He made a peace with
the Jews, and in the second year of his reign was assassinated
by his uncle Demetrius, who said that the crown was lawfully his
own, and that it had been seized from his father. _Justin_, bk. 34.
――_Josephus_, bk. 12.――――The sixth king of Syria was surnamed
_Entheus_ or _Noble_. His father, Alexander Bala, entrusted him
to the care of Malcus, an Arabian; and he received the crown from
Tryphon, in opposition to his brother Demetrius, whom the people
hated. Before he had been a year on the throne, Tryphon murdered
him, 143 B.C., and reigned in his place for three years. _Josephus_,
bk. 13.――――The seventh, called _Sidetes_, reigned nine years. In
the beginning of his reign he was afraid of Tryphon, and concealed
himself, but he soon obtained the means of destroying his enemy. He
made war against Phraates king of Parthia, and he fell in the battle
which was soon after fought, about 130 years before the christian
era. _Justin_, bk. 36, ch. 1.――_Appian_, _Syrian Wars_.――――The
eighth, surnamed _Grypus_, from his _aquiline_ nose, was son of
Demetrius Nicanor by Cleopatra. His brother Seleucus was destroyed
by Cleopatra, and he himself would have shared the same fate, had he
not discovered his mother’s artifice, and compelled her to drink the
poison which was prepared for himself. He killed Alexander Zebina,
whom Ptolemy had set to oppose him on the throne of Syria, and
was at last assassinated, B.C. 112, after a reign of 11 years.
_Justin_, bk. 39, &c.――_Josephus._――_Appian._――――The ninth, surnamed
_Cyzenicus_, from the city of Cyzicus, where he received his
education, was son of Antiochus Sidetes by Cleopatra. He disputed
the kingdom with his brother Grypus, who ceded to him Cœlosyria,
part of his patrimony, He was at last conquered by his nephew
Seleucus near Antioch, and rather than to continue longer in his
hands, he killed himself, B.C. 93. While a private man, he seemed
worthy to reign; but when on the throne, he was dissolute and
tyrannical. He was fond of mechanics, and invented some useful
military engines. _Appian._――_Josephus._――――The tenth was ironically
surnamed _Pius_, because he married Selena, the wife of his father
and of his uncle. He was the son of Antiochus IX., and he expelled
Seleucus the son of Grypus from Syria, and was killed in a battle
which he fought against the Parthians, in the cause of the Galatians.
_Josephus._――_Appian._ After his death the kingdom of Syria was
torn to pieces by the faction of the royal family, or usurpers,
who, under a good or false title, under the name of Antiochus or his
relations, established themselves for a little time as sovereigns
either of Syria, or Damascus, or other dependent provinces. At
last Antiochus, surnamed _Asiaticus_, the son of Antiochus IX.,
was restored to his paternal throne by the influence of Lucullus
the Roman general, on the expulsion of Tigranes king of Armenia
from the Syrian dominions; but four years after, Pompey deposed him,
and observed, that he who had hid himself while a usurper sat upon
his throne, ought not to be a king. From that time, B.C. 65, Syria
became a Roman province, and the race of Antiochus was extinguished.
_Justin_, bk. 40.――――A philosopher of Ascalon, famous for his
writings, and the respect with which he was treated by his pupils,
Lucullus, Cicero, and Brutus.――_Plutarch_, _Lucullus_.――――An
historian of Syracuse, son of Xenophanes, who wrote, besides other
works, a history of Sicily, in nine books, in which he began at
the age of king Cocalus. _Strabo._――_Diodorus_, bk. 12.――――A rich
king, tributary to the Romans in the age of Vespasian. _Tacitus_,
_Histories_, bk. 2, ch. 81.――――A sophist who refused to take upon
himself the government of a state, on account of the vehemence of
his passions.――――A king conquered by Antony, &c. _Cæsar_, bk. 3,
_Civil War_, bk. 4.――――A king of Messenia. _Pausanias_, bk. 4.――――A
commander of the Athenian fleet, under Alcibiades, conquered by
Lysander. _Xenophon_, _Hellenica_.――――A writer of Alexandria, who
published a treatise on comic poets. _Athenæus._――――A sceptic of
Laodicea. _Diogenes Laërtius_, _Pyrrhus_.――――A learned sophist.
_Philostratus._――――A servant of Atticus. _Cicero_, _Letters to
Atticus_, bk. 3, ltr. 33.――――A hair-dresser mentioned by _Martial_,
bk. 11, ltr. 85.――――A son of Hercules by Medea. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2,
ch. 7.――――A stage player. _Juvenal_, satire 3, li. 98.――――A sculptor,
said to have made the famous statue of Pallas, preserved in the
Ludovisi gardens at Rome.

=Antiŏpe=, a daughter of Nycteus king of Thebes by Polyxo, was beloved
by Jupiter, who, to deceive her, changed himself into a satyr.
She became pregnant, and, to avoid the resentment of her father,
she fled to mount Cithæron, where she brought forth twins, Amphion
and Zethus. She exposed them, to prevent discovery, but they were
preserved. After this she fled to Epopeus king of Sicyon, who
married her. Some say that Epopeus carried her away, for which
action Nycteus made war against him, and at his death left his crown
to his brother Lycus, entreating him to continue the war, and punish
the ravisher of his daughter. Lycus obeyed his injunctions, killed
Epopeus, and recovered Antiope, whom he loved and married, though
his niece. His first wife, Dirce, was jealous of his new connection;
she prevailed upon her husband, and Antiope was delivered into her
hands, and confined in a prison, where she was daily tormented.
Antiope, after many years’ imprisonment, obtained means to escape,
and went after her sons, who undertook to avenge her wrongs upon
Lycus and his wife Dirce. They took Thebes, put the king to death,
and tied Dirce to the tail of a wild bull, which dragged her till
she died. Bacchus changed her into a fountain, and deprived Antiope
of the use of her senses. In this forlorn situation she wandered all
over Greece, and at last found relief from Phocus son of Ornytion,
who cured her of her disorder, and married her. Hyginus, fable 7,
says that Antiope was divorced by Lycus, because she had been
ravished by Epopeus, whom he calls Epaphus, and that after her
repudiation she became pregnant by Jupiter. Meanwhile Lycus married
Dirce, who suspected that her husband still kept the company of
Antiope, upon which she imprisoned her. Antiope, however, escaped
from her confinement, and brought forth on mount Cithæron. Some
authors have called her daughter of Asopus, because she was born on
the banks of that river. The _Scholiast_ on _Apollonius_, bk. 1,
li. 735, maintains that there were two persons of the name, one the
daughter of Nycteus, and the other of Asopus and mother of Amphion
and Zethus. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 6; bk. 9, ch. 17.――_Ovid_, bk. 6,
_Metamorphoses_, li. 110.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 5.――_Propertius_,
bk. 3, poem 15.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 11, li. 259.――_Hyginus_,
fables 7, 8, & 155.――――A daughter of Thespius or Thestius, mother of
Alopius by Hercules. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――――A daughter of
Mars, queen of the Amazons, taken prisoner by Hercules, and given in
marriage to Theseus. She is also called Hippolyte. _See:_ Hippolyte.
――――A daughter of Æolus, mother of Bœotus and Hellen by Neptune.
_Hyginus_, fable 157.――――A daughter of Pilon, who married Eurytus.
_Hippolyte_, fable 14.

=Antiōrus=, a son of Lycurgus. _Plutarch_, _Lycurgus_.

=Antipăros=, a small island in the Ægean sea, opposite Paros, from
which it is about six miles distant.

=Antipăter=, son of Iolaus, was soldier under king Philip, and raised
to the rank of a general under Alexander the Great. When Alexander
went to invade Asia, he left Antipater supreme governor of Macedonia,
and of all Greece. Antipater exerted himself in the cause of his
king; he made war against Sparta, and was soon after called into
Persia with a reinforcement by Alexander. He has been suspected
of giving poison to Alexander, to raise himself to power. After
Alexander’s death his generals divided the empire among themselves,
and Macedonia was allotted to Antipater. The wars which Greece, and
chiefly Athens, meditated under Alexander’s life, now burst forth
with uncommon fury as soon as the news of his death was received.
The Athenians levied an army of 30,000 men, and equipped 200 ships
against Antipater, who was master of Macedonia. Their expedition was
attended with much success; Antipater was routed in Thessaly, and
even besieged in the town of Lamia. But when Leosthenes the Athenian
general was mortally wounded under the walls of Lamia, the fortune
of the war was changed. Antipater obliged the enemy to raise the
siege, and soon after received a reinforcement from Craterus, from
Asia, with which he conquered the Athenians at Cranon in Thessaly.
After this defeat Antipater and Craterus marched into Bœotia, and
conquered the Ætolians, and granted peace to the Athenians, on the
conditions which Leosthenes had proposed to Antipater when besieged
in Lamia, _i.e._ that he should be absolute master over them.
Besides this, he demanded from their ambassadors, Demades, Phocion,
and Xenocrates, that they should deliver into his hands the orators
Demosthenes and Hyperides, whose eloquence had inflamed the minds
of their countrymen, and had been the primary causes of the war.
The conditions were accepted, a Macedonian garrison was stationed
in Athens, but the inhabitants still were permitted the free use
of their laws and privileges. Antipater and Craterus were the first
who made hostile preparations against Perdiccas; and during that
time Polyperchon was appointed over Macedonia. Polyperchon defeated
the Ætolians, who made an invasion upon Macedonia. Antipater gave
assistance to Eumenes in Asia against Antigonus, according to
_Justin_, bk. 14, ch. 2. At his death, B.C. 319, Antipater appointed
Polyperchon master of all his possessions; and as he was the oldest
of all the generals and successors of Alexander, he recommended that
he might be the supreme ruler in their councils, that everything
might be done according to his judgment. As for his son Cassander,
he left him in a subordinate station under Polyperchon. But
Cassander was of too aspiring a disposition tamely to obey his
father’s injunctions. He recovered Macedonia, and made himself
absolute. _Curtius_, bks. 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, & 10.――_Justin_, bks. 11,
12, 13, &c.――_Diodorus_, bks. 17, 18, &c.――_Cornelius Nepos_,
_Phocion_ & _Eumenes_.――_Plutarch_, _Eumenes_, _Alexander_, &c.――――A
son of Cassander king of Macedonia, and son-in-law of Lysimachus.
He killed his mother, because she wished his brother Alexander to
succeed to the throne. Alexander, to revenge the death of his mother,
solicited the assistance of Demetrius; but peace was re-established
between the two brothers by the advice of Lysimachus, and soon after
Demetrius killed Antipater, and made himself king of Macedonia, 294
B.C. _Justin_, bk. 26, ch. 1.――――A king of Macedonia, who reigned
only 45 days, 277 B.C.――――A king of Cilicia.――――A powerful prince,
father to Herod. He was appointed governor of Judæa by Cæsar, whom
he had assisted in the Alexandrine war. _Josephus._――――An Athenian
archon.――――One of Alexander’s soldiers, who conspired against
his life with Hermolaus. _Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 6.――――A celebrated
sophist of Hieropolis, preceptor to the children of the emperor
Severus.――――A Stoic philosopher of Tarsus, 144 years B.C.――――A poet
of Sidon, who could compose a number of verses extempore, upon any
subject. He ranked Sappho among the Muses, in one of his epigrams.
He had a fever every year on the day of his birth, of which at last
he died. He flourished about 80 years B.C. Some of his epigrams
are preserved in the Anthologia. _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 51.――_Valerius
Maximus_, bk. 1, ch. 10.――_Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 3; _de
Officiis_, bk. 3; _De Quæstiones Academicæ_, bk. 4.――――A philosopher
of Phœnicia, preceptor to Cato of Utica. _Plutarch_, _Cato_.――――A
Stoic philosopher, disciple of Diogenes of Babylon. He wrote two
books on divination, and died at Athens. _Cicero_, _de Divinatione_,
bk. 1, ch. 3; _Quæstiones Academicæ_, bk. 4, ch. 6; _de Officiis_,
bk. 3, ch. 12.――――A disciple of Aristotle, who wrote two books of
letters.――――A poet of Thessalonica, in the age of Augustus.

=Antipatria=, a city of Macedonia. _Livy_, bk. 31, ch. 27.

=Antipatrĭdas=, a governor of Telmessus. _Polyænus_, bk. 5.

=Antipătris=, a city of Palestine.

=Antiphănes=, an ingenious statuary of Argos. _Pausanias_, bk. 5,
ch. 17.――――A comic poet of Rhodes, or rather of Smyrna, who wrote
above 90 comedies, and died in the 74th year of his age, by the fall
of an apple upon his head.――――A physician of Delos, who used to say
that diseases originated from the variety of food that was eaten.
_Clement of Alexandria._――_Athenæus._

=Antiphătes=, a king of the Læstrygones, descended from Lamus, who
founded Formiæ. Ulysses returning from Troy, came upon his coasts,
and sent three men to examine the country. Antiphates devoured one
of them, and pursued the others, and sunk the fleet of Ulysses with
stones, except the ship in which Ulysses was. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
bk. 14, li. 232.――――A son of Sarpedon. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9,
li. 696.――――The grandfather of Amphiaraus. _Homer_, _Odyssey_.――――A
man killed in the Trojan war by Leonteus. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 12,
li. 191.

=Antiphĭli Portus=, a harbour on the African side of the Red sea.
_Strabo_, bk. 16.

=Antiphĭlus=, an Athenian who succeeded Leosthenes at the siege of
Lamia against Antipater. _Diodorus_, bk. 18.――――A noble painter who
represented a youth leaning over a fire and blowing it, from which
the whole house seemed to be illuminated. He was an Egyptian by
birth; he imitated Apelles, and was disciple to Ctesidemus. _Pliny_,
bk. 35, ch. 10.

=Antĭphon=, a poet.――――A native of Rhamnusia, called Nestor, from his
eloquence and prudence. The 16 orations that are extant under his
name, are supposititious.――――An orator who promised Philip king of
Macedonia that he would set on fire the citadel of Athens, for which
he was put to death, at the instigation of Demosthenes. _Cicero_,
_de Divinatione_, bk. 2.――_Plutarch_, _Alcibiades_ & _Demosthenes_.
――――A poet who wrote on agriculture. _Athenæus._――――An author who
wrote a treatise on peacocks.――――A rich man introduced by Xenophon
as disputing with Socrates.――――An Athenian who interpreted dreams,
and wrote a history of his art. _Cicero_, _de Divinatione_, bks.
1 & 2.――――A foolish rhetorician.――――A poet of Attica, who wrote
tragedies, epic poems, and orations. Dionysius put him to death
because he refused to praise his compositions. Being once asked by
the tyrant what brass was the best, he answered, “That with which
the statues of Harmodius and Aristogiton are made.” _Plutarch._
――_Aristotle._

=Antiphŏnus=, a son of Priam, who went with his father to the tent of
Achilles to redeem Hector. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 24.

=Antĭphus=, a son of Priam, killed by Agamemnon during the Trojan war.
――――A son of Thessalus, grandson to Hercules. He went to the Trojan
war in 30 ships. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2, li. 185.――――An intimate
friend of Ulysses. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 17.――――A brother of
Ctimenus, was son of Ganyctor the Naupactian. These two brothers
murdered the poet Hesiod, on the false suspicion that he had offered
violence to their sister, and threw his body into the sea. The
poet’s dog discovered them, and they were seized and convicted of
the murder. _Plutarch_, _de Sollertia Animalium_.

=Antipœnus=, a noble Theban, whose daughters sacrificed themselves for
the public safety. _See:_ Androclea.

=Antipŏlis=, a city of Gaul, built by the people of Marseilles.
_Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 2, ch. 15.

=Antirrhium=, a promontory of Ætolia, opposite Rhium in Peloponnesus,
whence the name.

=Antissa=, a city at the north of Lesbos.――――An island near it. _Ovid_,
_Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 287.――_Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 89.

=Antisthĕnes=, a philosopher, born of an Athenian father and of a
Phrygian mother. He taught rhetoric, and had among his pupils the
famous Diogenes; but when he had heard Socrates, he shut up his
school, and told his pupils, “Go seek for yourselves a master; I
have now found one.” He was at the head of the sect of the Cynic
philosophers. One of his pupils asked him what philosophy had taught
him. “To live with myself,” said he. He sold his all, and preserved
only a very ragged coat, which drew the attention of Socrates, and
tempted him to say to the Cynic, who carried his contempt of dress
too far, “Antisthenes, I see thy vanity through the holes of thy
coat.” Antisthenes taught the unity of God, but he recommended
suicide. Some of his letters are extant. His doctrines of austerity
were followed as long as he was himself an example of the cynical
character, but after his death they were all forgotten. Antisthenes
flourished 396 years B.C. _Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 3, ch. 35.
――_Diogenes Laërtius_, bk. 6.――_Plutarch_, _Lycurgus_.――――A disciple
of Heraclitus.――――An historian of Rhodes. _Diogenes Laërtius._

=Antistius Labeo=, an excellent lawyer at Rome, who defended the
liberties of his country against Augustus, for which he is taxed
with madness by _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 3, li. 82.――_Suetonius_,
_Augustus_, ch. 54.――――Petro of Gabii, was the author of a
celebrated treaty between Rome and his country, in the age of
Tarquin the Proud. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 4.――――Caius
Reginus, a lieutenant of Cæsar in Gaul. _Cæsar_, _Gaul War_, bks.
6 & 7.――――A soldier of Pompey’s army, so confident of his valour,
that he challenged all the adherents of Cæsar. _Hirtius_, ch. 25,
_Spanish War_.

=Antitaurus=, one of the branches of mount Taurus, which runs in a
north-east direction through Cappadocia towards Armenia and the
Euphrates.

=Antitheus=, an Athenian archon. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 17.

=Antium=, a maritime town of Italy, built by Ascanius, or, according
to others, by a son of Ulysses and Circe, upon a promontory 32
miles east from Ostium. It was the capital of the Volsci, who made
war against the Romans for above 200 years. Camillus took it, and
carried all the beaks of their ships to Rome, and placed them in the
Forum on a tribunal, which from thence was called _Rostrum_. This
town was dedicated to the goddess of Fortune, whose statues, when
consulted, gave oracles by a nodding of the head, or other different
signs. Nero was born there. _Cicero_, _de Divinatione_, bk. 1.
――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 35.――_Livy_, bk. 8, ch. 14.

=Antomĕnes=, the last king of _Corinth_. After his death, magistrates
with regal authority were chosen annually.

=Antōnia lex=, was enacted by Marcus Antony the consul, A.U.C. 710.
It abrogated the _lex Atia_, and renewed the _lex Cornelia_, by
taking away from the people the privilege of choosing priests,
and restoring it to the college of priests, to which it originally
belonged. _Dio Cassius_, bk. 44.――――Another by the same, A.U.C. 703.
It ordained that a new decury of judges should be added to the two
former, and that they should be chosen from the centurions. _Cicero_,
_Philippics_, speeches 1 & 5.――――Another by the same. It allowed an
appeal to the people, to those who were condemned _de majestate_,
or of perfidious measures against the state.――――Another by the same,
during his triumvirate. It made it a capital offence to propose ever
after the election of a dictator, and for any person to accept of
the office. _Appian_, _Civil Wars_, bk. 3.

=Antōnia=, a daughter of Marcus Antony by Octavia. She married
Domitius Ænobarbus, and was mother of Nero and of two daughters.
――――A sister of Germanicus.――――A daughter of Claudius and Ælia
Petina. She was of the family of the Tuberos, and was repudiated for
her levity. _Suetonius_, _Claudius_, ch. 1.――_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk.
11.――――The wife of Drusus, the son of Livia and brother to Tiberius.
She became mother of three children, Germanicus, Caligula’s father,
Claudius the emperor, and the debauched Livia. Her husband died very
early, and she never would marry again, but spent her time in the
education of her children. Some people suppose that her grandson
Caligula ordered her to be poisoned, A.D. 38. _Valerius Maximus_,
bk. 4, ch. 3.――――A castle of Jerusalem, which received this name in
honour of Marcus Antony.

=Antōnii=, a patrician and plebeian family, which were said to
derive their origin from Antones, a son of Hercules, as _Plutarch_,
_Antonius_ informs us.

=Antonīna=, the wife of Belisarius, &c.

=Antonīnus Titus=, surnamed _Pius_, was adopted by the emperor Adrian,
to whom he succeeded. This prince is remarkable for all the virtues
that can form a perfect statesman, philosopher, and king. He rebuilt
whatever cities had been destroyed by wars in former reigns. In
cases of famines or inundation, he relieved the distressed, and
supplied their wants with his own money. He suffered the governors
of the provinces to remain long in the administration, that no
opportunity of extortion might be given to new comers. In his
conduct towards his subjects, he behaved with affability and humanity,
and listened with patience to every complaint brought before him.
When told of conquering heroes, he said with Scipio, “I prefer the
life and preservation of a citizen to the death of 100 enemies.”
He did not persecute the christians like his predecessors, but his
life was a scene of universal benevolence. His last moments were
easy, though preceded by a lingering illness. When consul of Asia,
he lodged at Smyrna in the house of a sophist, who in civility
obliged the governor to change his house at night. The sophist, when
Antoninus became emperor, visited Rome, and was jocosely desired
to use the palace as his own house, without any apprehension of
being turned out at night. He extended the boundaries of the Roman
province in Britain, by raising a rampart between the friths of
Clyde and Forth; but he waged no war during his reign, and only
repulsed the enemies of the empire who appeared in the field. He
died in the 75th year of his age, after a reign of 23 years, A.D.
161. He was succeeded by his adopted son Marcus Aurelius Antoninus,
surnamed the philosopher, a prince as virtuous as his father. He
raised to the imperial dignity his brother Lucius Verus, whose
voluptuousness and dissipation were as conspicuous as the moderation
of the philosopher. During their reign, the Quadi, Parthians, and
Marcomanni were defeated. Antoninus wrote a book in Greek, entitled
τα καθ’ ἑαυτον, _concerning himself_, the best editions of which
are the 4to, Oxford, 1704. After the war with the Quadi had been
finished, Verus died of an apoplexy, and Antoninus survived him
eight years, and died in his 61st year, after a reign of 29 years
and 10 days. _Dio Cassius._――――Bassianus Caracalla, son of the
emperor Septimus Severus, was celebrated for his cruelties. He
killed his brother Geta in his mother’s arms, and attempted to
destroy the writings of Aristotle, observing that Aristotle was
one of those who sent poison to Alexander. He married his mother,
and publicly lived with her, which gave occasion to the people of
Alexandria to say, that he was an Œdipus, and his wife a Jocasta.
This joke was fatal to them; and the emperor, to punish their ill
language, slaughtered many thousands in Alexandria. After assuming
the name and dress of Achilles, and styling himself the conqueror
of provinces which he had never seen, he was assassinated at Edessa
by Macrinus, April 8, in the 43rd year of his age, A.D. 217. His
body was sent to his wife Julia, who stabbed herself at the sight.
――――There is extant a Greek itinerary, and another book called _Iter
Britannicum_, which some have attributed to the emperor Antoninus,
though it was more probably written by a person of that name whose
age is unknown.

=Antoniopŏlis=, a city of Mesopotamia. _Marcellinus_, bk. 8.

=Marcus Antōnius Gnipho=, a poet of Gaul, who taught rhetoric at Rome.
Cicero and other illustrious men frequented his school. He never
asked anything for his lectures, whence he received more from the
liberality of his pupils. _Suetonius_, _Lives of the Grammarians_,
ch. 7.――――An orator, grandfather to the triumvir of the same name.
He was killed in the civil wars of Marius, and his head was hung in
the Forum. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 9, ch. 2.――_Lucan_, bk. 2, li.
121.――――Marcus, the eldest son of the orator of the same name, by
means of Cotta and Cethegus, obtained from the senate the office
of managing the corn on the maritime coasts of the Mediterranean,
with unlimited power. This gave him many opportunities of plundering
the provinces and enriching himself. He died of a broken heart.
_Sallust_. _Fragments of the Histories_.――――Caius, a son of the
orator of that name, who obtained a troop of horse from Sylla, and
plundered Achaia. He was carried before the pretor Marcus Lucullus,
and banished from the senate by the censors for pillaging the allies,
and refusing to appear when summoned before justice.――――Caius,
son of Antonius Caius, was consul with Cicero, and assisted him to
destroy the conspiracy of Catiline in Gaul. He went to Macedonia as
his province, and fought with ill success against the Dardani. He
was accused at his return, and banished.――――Marcus, the triumvir,
was grandson to the orator Marcus Antonius, and son of Antonius,
surnamed _Cretensis_ from his wars in Crete. He was augur and
tribune of the people, in which he distinguished himself by his
ambitious views. He always entertained a secret resentment against
Cicero, which arose from Cicero’s having put to death Cornelius
Lentulus, who was concerned in Catiline’s conspiracy. This Lentulus
had married Antonius’s mother after his father’s death. When the
senate was torn by the factions of Pompey’s and Cæsar’s adherents,
Antony proposed that both should lay aside the command of their
armies in the provinces; but as this proposition met not with
success, he privately retired from Rome to the camp of Cæsar, and
advised him to march his army to Rome. In support of his attachment,
he commanded the left wing of his army at Pharsalia, and, according
to a premeditated scheme, offered him a diadem in the presence of
the Roman people. When Cæsar was assassinated in the senate house,
his friend Antony spoke an oration over his body; and to ingratiate
himself and his party with the populace, he reminded them of the
liberal treatment they had received from Cæsar. He besieged Mutina,
which had been allotted to Decimus Brutus, for which the senate
judged him an enemy to the republic at the remonstration of Cicero.
He was conquered by the consuls Hirtius and Pansa, and by young
Cæsar, who soon after joined his interest with that of Antony,
and formed the celebrated triumvirate, which was established with
such cruel proscriptions, that Antony did not even spare his own
uncle, that he might strike off the head of his enemy Cicero. The
triumvirate divided the Roman empire among themselves; Lepidus was
set over all Italy, Augustus had the west, and Antony returned into
the east, where he enlarged his dominions by different conquests.
Antony had married Fulvia, whom he repudiated to marry Octavia
the sister of Augustus, and by this connection to strengthen
the triumvirate. He assisted Augustus at the battle of Philippi
against the murderers of Julius Cæsar, and he buried the body of
Marcus Brutus, his enemy, in a most magnificent manner. During his
residence in the east, he became enamoured of the fair Cleopatra
queen of Egypt, and repudiated Octavia to marry her. This divorce
incensed Augustus, who now prepared to deprive Antony of all his
power. Antony, in the mean time, assembled all the forces of the
east, and with Cleopatra marched against Octavius Cæsar. These two
enemies met at Actium, where a naval engagement soon began, but
Cleopatra, by flying with 60 sail, drew Antony from the battle,
and ruined his cause. After the battle of Actium, Antony followed
Cleopatra into Egypt, where he was soon informed of the defection of
all his allies and adherents, and saw the conqueror on his shores.
He stabbed himself, and Cleopatra likewise killed herself by the
bite of an asp. Antony died in the 56th year of his age, B.C. 30,
and the conqueror shed tears when he was informed that his enemy was
no more. Antony left seven children by his three wives. He has been
blamed for his great effeminacy, for his uncommon love of pleasures,
and his fondness of drinking. It is said that he wrote a book in
praise of drunkenness. He was fond of imitating Hercules, from
whom, according to some accounts, he was descended; and he is often
represented as Hercules, with Cleopatra in the form of Omphale,
dressed in the arms of her submissive lover, and beating him with
her sandals. In his public character, Antony was brave and courageous,
but, with the intrepidity of Cæsar, he possessed all his voluptuous
inclinations. He was prodigal to a degree, and did not scruple
to call, from vanity, his sons by Cleopatra, kings of kings. His
fondness for low company, and his debauchery, form the best parts of
Cicero’s Philippics. It is said, that the night of Cæsar’s murder,
Cassius supped with Antony; and, being asked whether he had a dagger
with him, answered, “Yes, if you, Antony, aspire to sovereign power.”
_Plutarch_ has written an account of his life. _Virgil_, _Æneid_,
bk. 8, li. 685.――_Horace_, ltr. 9.――_Juvenal_, satire 10, li. 122.
――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Atticus_.――_Cicero_, _Philippics_.――_Justin_,
bks. 41 & 42.――――Julius, son of Antony the triumvir by Fulvia, was
consul with Paulus Fabius Maximus. He was surnamed Africanus, and
put to death by order of Augustus. Some say that he killed himself.
It is supposed that he wrote an heroic poem on Diomede, in 12 books.
_Horace_ dedicated his _Ode_ 4 to him. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 4,
ch. 44.――――Lucius, the triumvir’s brother, was besieged in Pelusium
by Augustus, and obliged to surrender himself, with 300 men, by
famine. The conqueror spared his life. Some say that he was killed
at the shrine of Cæsar.――――A noble but unfortunate youth. His father
Julius was put to death by Augustus for his criminal conversation
with Julia, and he himself was removed by the emperor to Marseilles,
on pretence of finishing his education. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 4,
ch. 44.――――Felix, a freedman of Claudius, appointed governor of
Judæa. He married Drusilla the daughter of Antony and Cleopatra.
_Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 4, ch. 9.――――Flamma, a Roman condemned
for extortion under Vespasian. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 4,
ch. 45.――――Musa, a physician of Augustus. _Pliny_, bk. 29, ch. 1.
――――Merenda, a decemvir at Rome, A.U.C. 304. _Livy_, bk. 3, ch. 35.
――――Quintus Merenda, a military tribune, A.U.C. 332. _Livy_, bk. 4,
ch. 42.

=Antorĭdes=, a painter, disciple to Aristippus. _Pliny._

=Antro Coracius.= _See:_ ♦Coracius.

♦ Reference not found.

=Antylla.= _See:_ Anthylla.

=Anūbis=, an Egyptian deity, represented under the form of a man
with the head of a dog, because when Osiris went on his expedition
against India, Anubis accompanied him, and clothed himself in a
sheep’s skin. His worship was introduced from Egypt into Greece and
Italy. He is supposed by some to be Mercury, because he is sometimes
represented with a _caduceus_. Some make him brother of Osiris, some
his son by Nepthys the wife of Typhon. _Diodorus_, bk. 1.――_Lucan_,
bk. 8, li. 331.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 686.――_Plutarch_,
_de Iside et Osiride_.――_Herodotus_, bk. 4.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_,
bk. 8, li. 698.

=Anxius=, a river of Armenia, falling into the Euphrates.

=Anxur=, called also Tarracina, a city of the Volsci, taken by the
Romans, A.U.C. 348. It was sacred to Jupiter, who is called Jupiter
Anxur, and represented in the form of a beardless boy. _Livy_, bk. 4,
ch. 59.――_Horace_, bk. 1, satire 5, li. 26.――_Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 84.
――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 799.

=Anyta=, a Greek woman, some of whose elegant verses are still extant.

=Any̆tus=, an Athenian rhetorician, who, with Melitus and Lycon,
accused Socrates of impiety, and was the cause of his condemnation.
These false accusers were afterwards put to death by the Athenians.
_Diogenes Laërtius._――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 2, ch. 13.
――_Horace_, bk. 2, satire 4, li. 3.――_Plutarch_, _Alcibiades_.
――――One of the Titans.

=Anzābe=, a river near the Tigris. _Marcellinus_, bk. 18.

=Aollius=, a son of Romulus by Hersilia, afterwards called Abillius.

=Aon=, a son of Neptune, who came to Eubœa and Bœotia from Apulia,
where he collected the inhabitants into cities, and reigned over
them. They were called _Aones_, and the country _Aonia_, from him.

=Aŏnes=, the inhabitants of _Aonia_, called afterwards Bœotia. They
came there in the age of Cadmus, and obtained his leave to settle
with the Phœnicians. The muses have been called _Aonides_, because
Aonia was more particularly frequented by them. _Pausanias_, bk. 9,
ch. 3.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bks. 3, 7, 10, 13; _Tristia_,
poem 5, li. 10; _Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 456; bk. 4, li. 245.――_Virgil_,
_Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 11.

=Aonia=, one of the ancient names of Bœotia.

=Aōris=, a famous hunter, son of Aras king of Corinth. He was so fond
of his sister Arathyræa, that he called part of the country by her
name. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 12.――――The wife of Neleus, called more
commonly Chloris. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 36.

=Aornos=, =Aornus=, =Aornis=, a lofty rock, supposed to be near the
Ganges in India, taken by Alexander. Hercules had besieged it, but
was never able to conquer it. _Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 11.――_Arrian_,
bk. 4.――_Strabo_, bk. 15.――_Plutarch_, _Alexander_.――――A place in
Epirus, with an oracle. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 80.――――A certain
lake near Tartessus.――――Another near Baiæ and Puteoli. It was also
called Avernus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 242.

=Aōti=, a people of Thrace, near the Getæ, on the Ister. _Pliny_,
bk. 4.

=Apaĭtæ=, a people of Asia Minor. _Strabo._

=Apāma=, a daughter of Artaxerxes, who married Pharnabazus satrap of
Ionia.――――A daughter of Antiochus. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 8.

=Apāme=, the mother of Nicomedes by Prusias king of Bithynia.――――The
mother of Antiochus Soter by Seleucus Nicanor. Soter founded a city
which he called by his mother’s name.

=Apamia=, or =Apamēa=, a city of Phrygia, on the Marsyas.――――A city of
Bithynia,――――of Media,――――of Mesopotamia.――――Another near the Tigris.

=Aparni=, a nation of shepherds near the Caspian sea. _Strabo._

=Apatūria=, a festival of Athens, which received its name from ἀπατη,
_deceit_, because it was instituted in memory of a stratagem by
which Xanthus king of Bœotia was killed by Melanthus king of Athens,
upon the following occasion. When a war arose between the Bœotians
and Athenians about a piece of ground which divided their territories,
Xanthus made a proposal to the Athenian king to decide the battle
by single combat. Thymœtes, who was then on the throne of Athens,
refused, and his successor Melanthus accepted the challenge. When
they began the engagement, Melanthus exclaimed that his antagonist
had some person behind him to support him; upon which Xanthus looked
behind, and was killed by Melanthus. From this success Jupiter was
called ἀπατηνωρ, _deceiver_, and Bacchus, who was supposed to be
behind Xanthus, was called Μελαναιγις, clothed in the skin of a
_black goat_. Some derive the word from ἀπατορια, _i.e._ ὁμοτορια,
because, on the day of the festival, the children accompanied their
fathers to be registered among the citizens. The festival lasted
three days. The first day was called δορπια, because suppers, δορποι,
were prepared for each separate tribe. The second day was called
ἀναρρυσις ἀπο του ἀνω ἐρυειν, because sacrifices were offered to
Jupiter and Minerva, and the head of the victim was generally turned
up towards the heavens. The third was called Κουρεωτις, from Κουρος,
a _youth_, or Κουρα, _shaving_, because the young men had their hair
cut off before they were registered, when their parents swore that
they were freeborn Athenians. They generally sacrificed two ewes
and a she-goat to Diana. This festival was adopted by the Ionians,
except the inhabitants of Ephesus and Colophon.――――A surname of
Minerva,――――of Venus.

=Apeauros=, a mountain of Peloponnesus. _Polybius_, bk. 4.

=Apella=, a word, _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 5, li. 10, which has given
much trouble to critics and commentators. Some suppose it to mean
circumcised (_sine pelle_), an epithet highly applicable to a Jew.
Others maintain that it is a proper name, upon the authority of
Cicero, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 12, ltr. 19, who mentions a person
of the same name.

=Apelles=, a celebrated painter of Cos, or, as others say, of Ephesus
or Colophon, son of Pithius. He lived in the age of Alexander the
Great, who honoured him so much that he forbade any man but Apelles
to draw his picture. He was so attentive to his profession that he
never spent a day without employing his pencil, whence the proverb
of _Nulla dies sine lineâ_. His most perfect picture was Venus
Anadyomene, which was not totally finished when the painter died.
He made a painting of Alexander holding thunder in his hand, so much
like life that Pliny, who saw it, says that the hand of the king
with the thunder seemed to come out of the picture. This picture was
placed in Diana’s temple at Ephesus. He made another of Alexander,
but the king expressed not much satisfaction at the sight of it: and
at that moment a horse, passing by, neighed at the horse which was
represented in the piece, supposing it to be alive; upon which the
painter said, “One would imagine that the horse is a better judge of
painting than your Majesty.” When Alexander ordered him to draw the
picture of Campaspe, one of his mistresses, Apelles became enamoured
of her, and the king permitted him to marry her. He wrote three
volumes upon painting, which were still extant in the age of Pliny.
It is said that he was accused in Egypt of conspiring against the
life of Ptolemy, and that he would have been put to death had not
the real conspirator discovered himself, and saved the painter.
Apelles never put his name to any pictures but three; a sleeping
Venus, Venus Anadyomene, and an Alexander. The proverb of _Ne sutor
ultra crepidam_ is applied to him by some. _Pliny_, bk. 35, ch. 10.
――_Horace_, bk. 2, ltr. 1, li. 238.――_Cicero_, _Letters to his
Friends_, bk. 1, ltr. 9.――_Ovid_, _Ars Amatoria_, bk. 3, li. 401.
――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 8, ch. 11.――――A tragic writer. _Suetonius_,
_Caligula_, ch. 33.――――A Macedonian general, &c.

=Apellĭcon=, a Teian peripatetic philosopher, whose fondness for
books was so great that he is accused of stealing them, when he
could not obtain them with money. He bought the works of Aristotle
and Theophrastus, but greatly disfigured them by his frequent
interpolations. The extensive library, which he had collected at
Athens, was carried to Rome when Sylla had conquered the capital
of Attica, and among the valuable books was found an original
manuscript of Aristotle. He died about 86 B.C. _Strabo_, bk. 13.

=Apennīnus=, a ridge of high mountains which run through the middle
of Italy, from Liguria to Ariminum and Ancona. They are joined to
the Alps. Some have supposed that they ran across Sicily by Rhegium
before Italy was separated from Sicily. _Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 306.
――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 226.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 4,
li. 743.――_Strabo_, bk. 2.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.

=Aper Marcus=, a Latin orator of Gaul, who distinguished himself as
a politician, as well as by his genius. The dialogue of the orators,
inserted with the works of Tacitus and Quintilian, is attributed to
him. He died A.D. 85.――――Another. _See:_ Numerianus.

=Aperopia=, a small island on the coast of Argolis. _Pausanias_,
bk. 2, ch. 34.

=Apĕsus=, =Apesas=, or =Apesantus=, a mountain of Peloponnesus near
Lerna. _Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 3, li. 461.

=Aphaca=, a town of Palestine, where Venus was worshipped, and where
she had a temple and an oracle.

=Aphæa=, a name of Diana, who had a temple in Ægina. _Pausanias_,
bk. 2, ch. 30.

=Aphar=, the capital city of Arabia, near the Red sea. _Arrian_,
_Periplus of the Euxine Sea_.

=Apharētus=, fell in love with Marpessa daughter of Œnomaus, and
carried her away.

=Aphareus=, a king of Messenia, son of Perieres and Gorgophone,
who married Arene daughter of Œbalus, by whom he had three sons.
_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 1.――――A relation of Isocrates, who wrote
37 tragedies.

=Aphas=, a river of Greece, which falls into the bay of Ambracia.
_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 1.

=Aphellas=, a king of Cyrene, who, with the aid of Agathocles,
endeavoured to reduce all Africa under his power. _Justin_, bk. 22,
ch. 7.

=Aphĕsas=, a mountain in Peloponnesus, whence, as the poets have
imagined, Perseus attempted to fly to heaven. _Statius_, _Thebiad_,
bk. 3, li. 461.

=Aphētæ=, a city of Magnesia, where the ship Argo was launched.
_Apollodorus._

=Aphīdas=, a son of Arcas king of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8.

=Aphidna=, a part of Attica, which received its name from Aphidnus,
one of the companions of Theseus. _Herodotus._

=Aphidnus=, a friend of Æneas, killed by Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_,
bk. 9, li. 702.

=Aphœbētus=, one of the conspirators against Alexander. _Curtius_,
bk. 6, ch. 7.

=Aphrīces=, an Indian prince, who defended the rock Aornus, with
20,000 foot and 15 elephants. He was killed by his troops, and his
head sent to Alexander.

=Aphrodisia=, an island in the Persian gulf, where Venus is worshipped.
――――Festivals in honour of Venus, celebrated in different parts of
Greece, but chiefly in Cyprus. They were first instituted by Cinyras,
from whose family the priests of the goddess were always chosen.
All those that were initiated offered a piece of money to Venus as
a harlot, and received as a mark of the favours of the goddess, a
measure of salt and a θαλλος; the salt, because Venus arose from the
sea; the θαλλος, because she is the goddess of wantonness. They were
celebrated at Corinth by harlots, and in every part of Greece they
were very much frequented. _Strabo_, bk. 14.――_Athenæus._

=Aphrodisias=, a town of Caria, sacred to Venus. _Tacitus_, _Annals_,
bk. 3, ch. 62.

=Aphrodisium= (or a), a town of Apulia, built by Diomede in honour of
Venus.

=Aphrodīsum=, a city on the eastern parts of Cyprus, nine miles from
Salamis.――――A promontory with an island of the same name on the
coast of Spain. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 3.

=Aphrodīte=, the Grecian name of Venus, from ἀφρος, froth, because
Venus is said to have been born from the froth of the ocean.
_Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 195.――_Pliny_, bk. 36, ch. 5.

=Aphȳtæ=, or =Aphytis=, a city of Thrace, near Pallena, where Jupiter
Ammon was worshipped. Lysander besieged the town; but the god of the
place appeared to him in a dream, and advised him to raise the siege,
which he immediately did. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 18.

=Apia=, an ancient name of Peloponnesus, which it received from king
Apis. It was afterwards called Ægialea, Pelasgia, Argia, and at last
Peloponnesus, or the island of Pelops. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 1, li.
270. Also the name of the earth, worshipped among the Lydians as a
powerful deity. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 59.

=Apiānus=, or =Apion=, was born at Oasis in Egypt, whence he went to
Alexandria, of which he was deemed a citizen. He succeeded Theus
in the profession of rhetoric in the reign of Tiberius, and wrote
a book against the Jews, which Josephus refuted. He was at the head
of an embassy which the people of Alexandria sent to Caligula, to
complain of the Jews. _Seneca_, ltr. 88.――_Pliny_, preface, _Natural
History_.

=Apicāta=, married Sejanus, by whom she had three children. She was
repudiated. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 4, ch. 3.

=Apicius=, a famous glutton in Rome. There were three of the same name,
all famous for their voracious appetite. The first lived in the time
of the republic, the second in the reign of Augustus and Tiberius,
and the third under Trajan. The second was the most famous, as he
wrote a book on the pleasures and incitements of eating. He hanged
himself after he had consumed the greatest part of his estate. The
best edition of Apicius Cælius _de Arte Coquinariâ_, is that of
Amsterdam, 12mo, 1709. _Juvenal_, satire 11, li. 3.――_Martial_,
bk. 2, ltr. 69.

=Apidănus=, one of the chief rivers of Thessaly, at the south of the
Peneus, into which it falls a little above Larissa. _Lucan_, bk. 6,
li. 372.

=Apĭna= and =Apinæ=, a city of Apulia, destroyed with Trica, in its
neighbourhood, by Diomedes; whence came the proverb of _Apina et
Trica_, to express trifling things. _Martial_, bk. 14, ltr. 1.
――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 11.

=Apiŏla= and =Apiolæ=, a town of Italy, taken by Tarquin the Proud.
The Roman Capitol was begun with the spoils taken from that city.
_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5.

=Apion=, a surname of Ptolemy, one of the descendants of Ptolemy Lagus.
――――A grammarian. _See:_ Apianus.

=Apis=, one of the ancient kings of Peloponnesus, son of Phoroneus and
Laodice. Some say that Apollo was his father, and that he was king
of Argos, while others call him king of Sicyon, and fix the time
of his reign above 200 years earlier, which is enough to show he is
but obscurely known, if known at all. He was a native of Naupactum,
and descended from Inachus. He received divine honours after death,
as he had been munificent and humane to his subjects. The country
where he reigned was called Apia; and afterwards it received the
name of Pelasgia, Argia, or Argolis, and at last that of Peloponnesus,
from Pelops. Some, amongst whom is Varro and St. Augustine, have
imagined that Apis went to Egypt with a colony of Greeks, and that
he civilized the inhabitants, and polished their manners, for which
they made him a god after death, and paid divine honours to him
under the name of Serapis. This tradition, according to some of the
moderns, is without foundation. _Æschylus_, _Suppliant Maidens_.
――_Augustine_, _City of God_, bk. 18, ch. 5.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch.
5.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1.――――A son of Jason, born in Arcadia;
he was killed by the horses of Ætolus. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 1.
――――A town of Egypt on the lake Mareotis.――――A god of the Egyptians,
worshipped under the form of an ox. Some say that Isis and Osiris
are the deities worshipped under this name, because during their
reign they taught the Egyptians agriculture. The Egyptians believed
that the soul of Osiris was really departed into the ox, where it
wished to dwell, because that animal had been of the most essential
service in the cultivation of the ground, which Osiris had introduced
into Egypt. The ox that was chosen was always distinguished by
particular marks: his body was black; he had a square white spot
upon the forehead, the figure of an eagle upon the back, a knot
under the tongue like a beetle; the hairs of his tail were double,
and his right side was marked with a whitish spot, resembling the
crescent of the moon. Without these, an ox could not be taken as
the god Apis; and it is to be imagined that the priests gave these
distinguishing characteristics to the animal on which their credit
and even prosperity depended. The festival of Apis lasted seven days;
the ox was led in a solemn procession by the priests, and every one
was anxious to receive him into his house, and it was believed that
the children who smelt his breath received the knowledge of futurity.
The ox was conducted to the banks of the Nile with much ceremony,
and if he had lived to the time which their sacred books allowed,
they drowned him in the river, and embalmed his body, and buried
it in solemn state in the city of Memphis. After his death, which
sometimes was natural, the greatest cries and lamentations were
heard in Egypt, as if Osiris was just dead; the priests shaved their
heads, which was a sign of the deepest mourning. This continued till
another ox appeared, with the proper characteristics to succeed as
the deity, which was followed with the greatest acclamations, as if
Osiris was returned to life. This ox, which was found to represent
Apis, was left 40 days in the city of the Nile before he was carried
to Memphis, during which time none but women were permitted to
appear before him, and this they performed, according to their
superstitious notions, in a wanton and indecent manner. There was
also an ox worshipped at Heliopolis, under the name of Mnevis; some
suppose that he was Osiris, but others maintain that the Apis of
Memphis was sacred to Osiris, and Mnevis to Isis. When Cambyses came
into Egypt, the people were celebrating the festivals of Apis with
every mark of joy and triumph, which the conqueror interpreted as
an insult upon himself. He called the priests of Apis, and ordered
the deity itself to come before him. When he saw that an ox was the
object of their veneration, and the cause of such rejoicings, he
wounded it on the thigh, ordered the priests to be chastised, and
commanded his soldiers to slaughter such as were found celebrating
such riotous festivals. The god Apis had generally two stables, or
rather temples. If he ate from the hand, it was a favourable omen;
but if he refused the food that was offered him, it was interpreted
as unlucky. From this Germanicus, when he visited Egypt, drew the
omens of his approaching death. When his oracle was consulted,
incense was burnt on an altar, and a piece of money placed upon it,
after which the people that wished to know futurity applied their
ear to the mouth of the god, and immediately retired, stopping
their ears till they had departed from the temple. The first sounds
that were heard, were taken as the answer of the oracle to their
questions. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 22.――_Herodotus_, bks. 2 & 3.
――_Pliny_, bk. 8, ch. 38, &c.――_Strabo_, bk. 7.――_Plutarch_, _Iside
et Osiride_.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 7; bk. 2, ch. 1.――_Mela_, bk.
1, ch. 9.――_Pliny_, bk. 8, ch. 39, &c.――_Strabo_, bk. 7.――_Ælian_,
_Varia Historia_, bks. 4 & 6.――_Diodorus_, bk. 1.

=Apisāon=, son of Hippasus, assisted Priam against the Greeks, at the
head of a Pæonian army. He was killed by Lycomedes. _Homer_, _Iliad_,
bk. 17, li. 348.――――Another on the same side.

=Apitius Galba=, a celebrated buffoon in the time of Tiberius.
_Juvenal_, satire 5, li. 4.