Chapter M (39)

=Titus Vespasianus=, son of Vespasian and Flavia Domitilla, became
known by his valour in the Roman armies, particularly at the siege
of Jerusalem. In the 79th year of the christian era, he was invested
with the imperial purple, and the Roman people had every reason to
expect in him the barbarities of a Tiberius and the debaucheries of
a Nero. While in the house of Vespasian, Titus had been distinguished
for his extravagance and incontinence; his attendants were the most
abandoned and dissolute; and it seemed that he wished to be superior
to the rest of the world in the gratification of every impure desire,
and in every unnatural vice. From such a private character, which
still might be curbed by the authority and example of a father,
what could be expected but tyranny and ♦oppression? Yet Titus became
a model of virtue, and in an age and office in which others wish
to gratify all their appetites, the emperor abandoned his usual
profligacy, he forgot his debaucheries, and Berenice, whom he had
loved with uncommon ardour, even to render himself despised by the
Roman people, was dismissed from his presence. When raised to the
throne, he thought himself bound to be the father of his people, the
guardian of virtue, and the patron of liberty; and Titus is, perhaps,
the only monarch who, when invested with uncontrollable power,
bade adieu to those vices, those luxuries and indulgencies, which
as a private man he never ceased to gratify. He was moderate in his
entertainments, and though he often refused the donations which were
due to sovereignty, no emperor was ever more generous and magnificent
than Titus. All informers were banished from his presence, and even
severely punished. A reform was made in the judicial proceedings, and
trials were no longer permitted to be postponed for years. The public
edifices were repaired, and baths were erected for the convenience
of the people. Spectacles were exhibited, and the Roman populace were
gratified with the sight of a naval combat in the ancient naumachia,
and the sudden appearance of 5000 wild beasts brought into the circus
for their amusement. To do good to his subjects was the ambition of
Titus, and it was at the recollection that he had done no service, or
granted no favour, one day, that he exclaimed in the memorable words
of “My friends, I have lost a day!” A continual wish to be benevolent
and kind, made him popular; and it will not be wondered, that he who
could say that he had rather die himself, than be the cause of the
destruction of one of his subjects, was called the love and delight
of mankind. Two of the senators conspired against his life, but
the emperor disregarded their attempts; he made them his friends by
kindness, and, like another Nerva, presented them with a sword to
destroy him. During his reign, Rome was three days on fire, the towns
of Campania were destroyed by an eruption of Vesuvius, and the empire
was visited by a pestilence which carried away an infinite number
of inhabitants. In this time of public calamity, the emperor’s
benevolence and philanthropy were conspicuous. Titus comforted the
afflicted as a father, he alleviated their distresses by his liberal
bounties, and as if they were but one family, he exerted himself
for the good and preservation of the whole. The Romans, however, had
not long to enjoy the favours of this magnificent prince. Titus was
taken ill, and as he retired into the country of the Sabines to his
father’s house, his indisposition was increased by a burning fever.
He lifted his eyes to heaven, and with modest submission complained
of the severity of fate which removed him from the world when young,
where he had been employed in making a grateful people happy. He died
the 13th of September, A.D. 81, in the 41st year of his age, after
a reign of two years, two months, and 20 days. The news of his death
was received with lamentations; Rome was filled with tears, and all
looked upon themselves as deprived of the most benevolent of fathers.
After him Domitian ascended the throne, not without incurring the
suspicion of having hastened his brother’s end, by ordering him to
be placed, during his agony, in a tub full of snow, where he expired.
Domitian has also been accused of raising commotions, and of making
attempts to dethrone his brother; but Titus disregarded them, and
forgave the offender. Some authors have reflected with severity upon
the cruelties which Titus exercised against the Jews; but though
certainly a disgrace to the benevolent features of his character,
we must consider him as an instrument in the hands of Providence,
exerted for the punishment of a wicked and infatuated people.
_Josephus_, _Jewish War_, bk. 7, ch. 16, &c.――_Suetonius._――_Dio
Cassius_, &c.

♦ ‘oppresssion’ replaced with ‘oppression’

=Titus Tatius=, a king of the Sabines. _See:_ Tatius.――――Livius, a
celebrated historian. _See:_ Livius.――――A son of Junius Brutus,
put to death by order of his father, for conspiring to restore the
Tarquins.――――A friend of Coriolanus.――――A native of Crotona, engaged
in Catiline’s conspiracy.

=Tīty̆rus=, a shepherd introduced in Virgil’s eclogues, &c.――――A large
mountain of Crete.

=Tityus=, a celebrated giant, son of Terra; or, according to others,
of Jupiter, by Elara the daughter of Orchomenos. He was of such a
prodigious size, that his mother died in travail after Jupiter had
drawn her from the bowels of the earth, where she had been concealed
during her pregnancy to avoid the anger of Juno. Tityus attempted to
offer violence to Latona, but the goddess delivered herself from his
importunities, by calling to her assistance her children, who killed
the giant with their arrows. He was placed in hell, where a serpent
continually devoured his liver; or, according to others, where
vultures perpetually fed upon his entrails, which grew again as soon
as devoured. It is said that Tityus covered nine acres when stretched
on the ground. He had a small chapel with an altar in the island
of Eubœa. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 4.――_Pindar_, _Pythian_, ch. 4.
――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 7, li. 325; bk. 11, li. 575.――_Apollonius
of Rhodes_, bk. 1, li. 182, &c.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 525.
――_Horace_, bk. 3, ode 4, li. 77.――_Hyginus_, fable 55.――_Ovid_,
_Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 457.――_Tibullus_, bk. 1, poem 3, li. 75.

=Tium=, or =Tion=, a maritime town of Paphlagonia, built by the
Milesians. _Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 9.

=Tlēpŏlemus=, a son of Hercules and Astyochia, born at Argos. He left
his native country after the accidental murder of Licymnius, and
retired to Rhodes, by order of the oracle, where he was chosen king,
as being one of the sons of Hercules. He went to the Trojan war with
nine ships, and was killed by Sarpedon. There were some festivals
established at Rhodes in his honour, called _Tlepolemia_, in which
men and boys contended. The victors were rewarded with poplar crowns.
_Homer_, _Iliad_.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Diodorus_, bk. 5.
――_Hyginus_, fable 97.――――One of Alexander’s generals, who obtained
Carmania at the general division of the Macedonian empire. _Diodorus_,
bk. 18.――――An Egyptian general, who flourished B.C. 207.

=Tmarus=, a Rutulian in the wars of Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9,
li. 685.――――A mountain of Thesprotia, called _Tomarus_ by _Pliny_.

=Tmolus=, a king of Lydia, who married Omphale, and was son of Sipylus
and Chthonia. He offered violence to a young nymph called Arriphe,
at the foot of Diana’s altar, for which impiety he was afterwards
killed by a bull. The mountain on which he was buried bore his name.
_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 6.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, fable
4.――_Hyginus_, fable 191.――――A town of Asia Minor, destroyed by
an earthquake.――――A mountain of Lydia, now _Bouzdag_, on which the
river Pactolus rises. The air was so wholesome near Tmolus, that the
inhabitants generally lived to their 150th year. The neighbouring
country was very fertile, and produced many vines, saffron, and
odoriferous flowers. _Strabo_, bk. 13, &c.――_Herodotus_, bk. 1,
ch. 84, &c.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, &c.――_Silius Italicus_,
bk. 7, li. 210.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 56; bk. 2, li. 98.

=Togāta=, an epithet applied to a certain part of Gaul where the
inhabitants were distinguished by the peculiarity of their dress.
_See:_ Gallia.

=Togonius Gallus=, a senator of ignoble birth, devoted to the interest
of Tiberius, whom he flattered, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 6, ch. 2.

=Tolbiacum=, a town of Gallia Belgica, south of Juliers.

=Tolenus=, a river of Latium, now _Salto_, falling into the Velinus.
_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 9, li. 561.

=Toletum=, now _Toledo_, a town of Spain on the Tagus.

=Tolistoboii=, a people of Galatia in Asia, descended from the Boii of
Gaul. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 32.――_Livy_, bk. 58, chs. 15 & 16.

=Tollentīnum=, a town of Picenum. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 13.

=Tolmĭdes=, an Athenian officer, defeated and killed in a battle in
Bœotia, 477 B.C. _Polyænus_, bk. 7.

=Tolōsa=, now _Toulouse_, the capital of Languedoc, a town of Gallia
Narbonensis, which became a Roman colony under Augustus, and was
afterwards celebrated for the cultivation of the sciences. Minerva
had there a rich temple, which Cæpio the consul plundered, and as
he was never after fortunate, the words _aurum Tolosanum_ became
proverbial. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 5.――_Cicero_,
_de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 20.

=Tolumnus=, an augur in the army of Turnus against Æneas. _Virgil_,
_Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 429.――――A king of Veii, killed by Cornelius
Cossus after he had ordered the ambassadors of Rome to be
assassinated. _Livy_, bk. 4, ch. 19.

=Tolus=, a man whose head was found in digging for the foundation of
the capitol, in the reign of Tarquin, whence the Romans concluded
that their city should become the head or mistress of the world.

=Tomæum=, a mountain of Peloponnesus. _Thucydides._

=Tomărus=, or =Tmarus=. _See:_ Tmarus.

=Tomisa=, a country between Cappadocia and Taurus. _Strabo._

=Tomos=, or =Tomi=, a town situate on the western shore of the Euxine
sea, about 36 miles from the mouth of the Danube. The word is derived
from τεμνω, _seco_, because Medea, as it is said, _cut to pieces_
the body of her brother Absyrtus there. It is celebrated as being the
place where Ovid was banished by Augustus. Tomos was the capital of
Lower Mœsia, founded by a Milesian colony, B.C. 633.――_Strabo_, bk. 7.
――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 2.――_Ovid_, _ex
Ponto_, bk. 4, poem 14, li. 59; _Tristia_, bk. 3, poem 9, li. 33, &c.

=Tomyris.= _See:_ Thomyris.

=Tonea=, a solemnity observed at Samos. It was usual to carry Juno’s
statue to the sea-shore, and to offer cakes before it, and afterwards
to replace it again in the temple. This was in commemoration of the
theft of the Tyrrhenians, who attempted to carry away the statue of
the goddess, but were detained in the harbour by an invisible force.

=Tongillius=, an avaricious lawyer, &c. _Juvenal_, satire 7, li. 130.

=Topāzos=, an island in the Arabian gulf, anciently called _Ophiodes_
from the quantity of serpents that were there. The valuable stone
called topaz is found there. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 20.

=Topiris=, or =Torpus=, a town of Thrace.

=Torĭni=, a people of Scythia. _Valerius Flaccus_, bk. 6.

=Torōne=, a town of Macedonia. _Livy_, bk. 31, ch. 45.――――Of Epirus.

=Torquāta=, one of the vestal virgins, daughter of Caius Silanus. She
was a vestal for 64 years. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 3, ch. 69.

=Torquātus=, a surname of Titus Manlius. _See:_ Manlius.――――Silanus,
an officer put to death by Nero.――――A governor of Oricum, in the
interest of Pompey. He surrendered to Julius Cæsar, and was killed in
Africa. _Hirtius_, _Africican War_, ch. 96.――――An officer in Sylla’s
army.――――A Roman sent ambassador to the court of Ptolemy Philometor
of Egypt.

=Tortor=, a surname of Apollo. He had a statue at Rome under that name.

=Torus=, a mountain of Sicily, near Agrigentum.

=Toryne=, a small town near Actium. The word in the language of the
country signifies a _ladle_, which gave Cleopatra occasion to make a
pun when it fell into the hands of Augustus. _Plutarch_, _Antonius_.

=Toxandri=, a people of Gallia Belgica. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 7.

=Toxaridia=, a festival at Athens, in honour of Toxaris, a Scythian
hero who died there.

=Toxeus=, a son of Œneus, killed by his father. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1,
ch. 8.

=Toxicrăte=, a daughter of Thespius.

=Quintus Trabea=, a comic poet at Rome, in the age of Regulus. Some
fragments of his poetry remain. _Cicero_, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_,
bk. 4, ch. 31; _de Finibus Bonorum et Malorum_, bk. 2, ch. 4.

=Trachălus Marcus Galerius=, a consul in the reign of Nero, celebrated
for his eloquence as an orator, and for a majestic and commanding
aspect. _Quintilian._――_Tacitus._――――One of the friends and ministers
of Otho.

=Trachas=, a town of Latium. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 717.

=Trāchīnia=, a small country of Phthiotis, on the bay of Malea,
near mount Œta. The capital was called Trachis, or Trachina,
where Hercules went after he had killed Eunomus. _Strabo_, bk. 9.
――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11,
li. 269.

=Trachonītis=, a part of Judæa, on the other side of the Jordan.
_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 14.

=Tragurium=, a town of Dalmatia on the sea.

=Tragus=, a river of Arcadia, falling into the Alpheus. _Pausanias_,
bk. 8, ch. 33.

=Trajanopŏlis=, a town of Thrace.――――A name given to Selinus of Cilicia,
where Trajan died.

=Trajānus Marcus Ulpius Crinītus=, a Roman emperor, born at Italica in
Spain. His great virtues, and his private as well as public character,
and his services to the empire, both as an officer, a governor, and a
consul, recommended him to the notice of Nerva, who solemnly adopted
him as his son; invested him during his lifetime with the imperial
purple, and gave him the name of Cæsar and of Germanicus. A little
time after Nerva died, and the election of Trajan to the vacant
throne was confirmed by the unanimous rejoicings of the people,
and the free concurrence of the armies on the confines of Germany
and the banks of the Danube. The noble and independent behaviour of
Trajan evinced the propriety and goodness of Nerva’s choice, and the
attachment of the legions; and the new emperor seemed calculated to
ensure peace and domestic tranquillity to the extensive empire of
Rome. All the actions of Trajan showed a good and benevolent prince,
whose virtues truly merited the encomiums which the pen of an elegant
and courteous panegyrist has paid. The barbarians continued quiet,
and the hostilities which they generally displayed at the election of
a new emperor whose military abilities they distrusted, were now few.
Trajan, however, could not behold with satisfaction and unconcern the
insolence of the Dacians, who claimed from the Roman people a tribute
which the cowardice of Domitian had offered. The sudden appearance
of the emperor on the frontiers awed the barbarians to peace; but
Decebalus, their warlike monarch, soon began hostilities by violating
the treaty. The emperor entered the enemy’s country, by throwing a
bridge across the rapid stream of the Danube, and a battle was fought
in which the slaughter was so great, that in the Roman camp linen
was wanted to dress the wounds of the soldiers. Trajan obtained the
victory, and Decebalus, despairing of success, destroyed himself,
and Dacia became a province of Rome. That the ardour of the Roman
soldiers in defeating their enemies might not cool, an expedition was
undertaken into the east, and Parthia threatened with immediate war.
Trajan passed through the submissive kingdom of Armenia, and, by his
well-directed operations, made himself master of the provinces of
Assyria and Mesopotamia. He extended his conquests in the east, he
obtained victories over unknown nations; and when on the extremities
of India, he lamented that he possessed not the vigour and youth of
an Alexander, that he might add unexplored provinces and kingdoms
to the Roman empire. These successes in different parts of the
world gained applause, and the senators were profuse in the honours
they decreed to the conqueror. This, however, was but the blaze of
transient glory. Trajan had no sooner signified his intentions of
returning to Italy, than the conquered barbarians appeared again
in arms, and the Roman empire did not acquire one single acre of
territory from the conquests of her sovereign in the east. The return
of the emperor towards Rome was hastened by indisposition; he stopped
in Cilicia, and in the town of Selinus, which afterwards was called
Trajanopolis, he was seized with a flux, and a few days after expired,
in the beginning of August, A.D. 117, after a reign of 19 years, six
months, and 15 days, in the 64th year of his age. He was succeeded
on the throne by Adrian, whom the empress Plotina introduced to the
Roman armies, as the adopted son of her husband. The ashes of Trajan
were carried to Rome, and deposited under the stately column which
he had erected a few years before. Under this emperor the Romans
enjoyed tranquillity, and for a moment supposed that their prosperity
was complete under a good and virtuous sovereign. Trajan was fond
of popularity, and he merited it. The sounding titles of Optimus,
and the father of his country, were not unworthily bestowed upon
a prince who was equal to the greatest generals of antiquity, and
who, to indicate his affability, and his wish to listen to the
just complaints of his subjects, distinguished his palace by the
inscription of _the public palace_. Like other emperors, he did
not receive with an air of unconcern the homage of his friends, but
rose from his seat and went cordially to salute them. He refused
the statues which the flattery of favourites wished to erect to him,
and he ridiculed the follies of an enlightened nation, that could
pay adoration to cold, inanimate pieces of marble. His public entry
into Rome gained him the hearts of the people; he appeared on foot,
and showed himself an enemy to parade and an ostentatious equipage.
When in his camp, he exposed himself to the fatigues of war,
like the meanest soldier, and crossed the most barren deserts and
extensive plains on foot, and in his dress and food displayed all
the simplicity which once gained the approbation of the Romans in
their countryman Fabricius. All the oldest soldiers he knew by their
own name; he conversed with them with great familiarity, and never
retired to his tent before he had visited the camp, and by a personal
attendance convinced himself of the vigilance and the security of his
army. As a friend he was not less distinguished than as a general.
He had a select number of intimates, whom he visited with freedom
and openness, and at whose tables he partook many a moderate repast
without form or ceremony. His confidence, however, in the good
intentions of others, was, perhaps, carried to excess. His favourite
Sura had once been accused of attempts upon his life, but Trajan
disregarded the informer, and as he was that same day invited to
the house of the supposed conspirator, he went thither early. To try
further the sincerity of Sura, he ordered himself to be shaved by his
barber, to have a medicinal application made to his eyes by the hand
of his surgeon, and to bathe together with him. The public works of
Trajan are also celebrated; he opened free and easy communications
between the cities of his provinces, he planted many colonies, and
furnished Rome with all the corn and provisions which could prevent
a famine in the time of calamity. It was by his directions that the
architect Apollodorus built that celebrated column which is still
to be seen at Rome, under the name of Trajan’s column. The area on
which it stands was made by the labours of men, and the height of
the pillar proves that a large hill, 144 feet high, was removed at a
great expense, A.D. 114, to commemorate the victories of the reigning
prince. His persecutions of the christians were stopped by the
interference of the humane Pliny, but he was unusually severe upon
the Jews, who had barbarously murdered 200,000 of his subjects, and
even fed upon the flesh of the dead. His vices have been obscurely
seen through a reign of continued splendour and popularity, yet he
is accused of incontinence and many unnatural indulgencies. He was
too much addicted to drinking, and his wish to be styled lord has
been censured by those who admired the dissimulated moderation and
the modest claims of an Augustus. _Pliny_, _Panegyrics_, &c.――_Dio
Cassius._――_Eutropius._――_Ammianus._――_Spartian._――_Josephus_,
_Jewish Wars_.――_Aurelius Victor._――――The father of the emperor, who
likewise bore the name of Trajan, was honoured with the consulship
and a triumph, and the rank of a patrician by the emperor Vespasian.
――――A general of the emperor Valens.――――A son of the emperor Decius.

=Trajectus Rheni=, now _Utrecht_, the capital of one of the provinces
of Holland.

=Tralles=, a town of _Lydia_, now _Sultanhisar_. _Juvenal_, satire 3,
li. 70.――_Livy_, bk. 37, ch. 45.――――A people of Illyricum.

=Transtiberīna=, a part of the city of Rome, on one side of the
Tiber. Mount Vatican was in that part of the city. _Martial_, bk. 1,
ltr. 109.

=Trapēzus=, a city of Pontus, built by the people of Sinope, now called
_Trebizond_. It had a celebrated harbour on the Euxine sea, and
became famous under the emperors of the eastern empire, of which it
was for some time the magnificent capital. _Tacitus_, _Histories_,
bk. 3, ch. 47.――_Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 4.――――A town of Arcadia near the
Alpheus. It received its name from a son of Lycaon. _Apollodorus_,
bk. 3, ch. 8.

=Trasimenus.= _See:_ Thrasymenus.

=Trasullus=, a man who taught Tiberius astrology at Rhodes, &c.

=Traulus Montānus=, a Roman knight, one of Messalina’s favourites, put
to death by Claudius. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 11, ch. 36.

=Treba=, a town of the Æqui. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 12.

=Caius Trebātius Testas=, a man banished by Julius Cæsar for following
the interest of Pompey, and recalled by the eloquence of Cicero.
He was afterwards reconciled to Cæsar. Trebatius was not less
distinguished for his learning than for his integrity, his military
experience, and knowledge of law. He wrote nine books on religious
ceremonies, and treatises on civil law; and the verses that he
composed proved him a poet of no inferior consequence. _Horace_,
bk. 2, satire 1, li. 4.

=Trebelliānus Caius Annius=, a pirate who proclaimed himself emperor
of Rome, A.D. 264. He was defeated and slain in Isauria, by the
lieutenants of Gallienus.

=Trebelliēnus Rufus=, a pretor appointed governor of the children
of king Cotys, by Tiberius.――――A tribune who opposed the Gabinian
law.――――A Roman who numbered the inhabitants of Gaul. He was made
governor of Britain. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 6, ch. 39.

=Trebellius Pollio=, a Latin historian, who wrote an account of the
lives of the emperors. The beginning of this history is lost; part
of the reign of Valerian, and the life of the two Gallieni, with the
30 tyrants, are the only fragments remaining. He flourished A.D. 305.

=Trĕbia=, a river of Cisalpine Gaul, rising in the Apennines, and
falling into the Po, at the west of Placentia. It is celebrated for
the victory which Annibal obtained there over the forces of Lucius
Sempronius the Roman consul. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 4, li. 486.
――_Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 46.――_Livy_, bk. 21, chs. 54 & 56.――――A town of
Latium. _Livy_, bk. 2, ch. 39.――――Of Campania. _Livy_, bk. 23, ch. 14.
――――Of Umbria. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 14.

=Trebius=, an officer in Cæsar’s army in Gaul.――――A parasite in
Domitian’s reign. _Juvenal_, satire 4.

=Trĕbōnia lex=, _de provinciis_, by Lucius Trebonius the tribune, A.U.C.
698. It gave Cæsar the chief command in Gaul for five years longer
than was enacted by the Vatinian law, and in this manner prevented
the senators from recalling or superseding him.――――Another, by the
same, on the same year, conferred the command of the provinces of
Syria and Spain on Cassius and Pompey for five years. _Dio Cassius_,
bk. 39.――――Another, by Lucius Trebonius the tribune, A.U.C. 305,
which confirmed the election of the tribunes in the hands of the
Roman people. _Livy_, bks. 3 & 5.

=Trĕbōnius=, a soldier remarkable for his continence, &c.――――Caius, one
of Cæsar’s friends, made through his interest pretor and consul. He
was afterwards one of his benefactor’s murderers. He was killed by
Dolabella at Smyrna. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 5, ch. 17.――_Cicero_,
_Philippics_, bk. 11, ch. 2.――_Paterculus_, bks. 56 & 69.――_Livy_,
bk. 119.――_Dio Cassius_, bk. 47.――_Horace_, bk. 1, satire 4, li. 14.
――――Garucianus, a governor of Africa, who put to death the proconsul
Clodius Macer, by Galba’s orders. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 1,
ch. 7.――――A tribune who proposed a law at Rome, and imprisoned Cato,
because he opposed it.――――One of the adherents of Marius.――――A man
caught in adultery, and severely punished in the age of Horace.

=Trebŭla=, a town of the Sabines, celebrated for cheese. The
inhabitants were called Trebulani. _Cicero_, _On the Agrarian
Law_, bk. 2, ch. 25.――_Livy_, bk. 23.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, chs. 5 & 12.
――_Martial_, bk. 5, ltr. 72.――――Another, in Campania. _Livy_, bk. 23,
ch. 39.

=Trerus=, a river of Latium, falling into the Liris.

=Tres Tabernæ=, a place on the Appian road, where travellers took
refreshment. _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 1, ltr. 13; bk. 2,
ltrs. 10 & 11.

=Trevĕri=, a town and people of Belgium, now called _Triers_. _Mela_,
bk. 3, ch. 2.

=Triaria=, a woman well known for her cruelty. She was the wife of
Lucius Vitellius. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bks. 1 & 3.

=Caius Triarius=, an orator commended by Cicero.――――A friend of Pompey.
He had for some time the care of the war in Asia against Mithridates,
whom he defeated, and by whom he was afterwards beaten. He was killed
in the civil wars of Pompey and Cæsar. _Cæsar_, _Civil War_, bk. 3,
ch. 5.

=Triballi=, a people of Thrace, or, according to some, of Lower Mœsia.
They were conquered by Philip the father of Alexander; and some ages
after, they maintained a long war against the Roman emperors. _Pliny._

=Triboci=, a people of Alsace in Gaul. _Tacitus_, _Germania_, ch. 28.

=Tribulium=, a town of Dalmatia.

=Tribūni Plebis=, magistrates at Rome, created in the year ♦A.U.C. 261,
when the people after a quarrel with the senators had retired to Mons
Sacer. The two first were Caius Licinius and Lucius Albinius, but
their number was soon after raised to five, and 37 years after to 10,
which remained fixed. Their office was annual, and as the first had
been created on the 4th of the ides of December, that day was ever
after chosen for the election. Their power, though at first small,
and granted by the patricians to appease the momentary seditions
of the populace, soon became formidable, and the senators repented
too late of having consented to elect magistrates, who not only
preserved the rights of the people, but could summon assemblies,
propose laws, stop the consultations of the senate, and even
abolish their decrees by the word _Veto_. Their approbation was
also necessary to confirm the _senatus consulta_, and this was done
by affixing the letter T under it. If any irregularity happened
in the state, their power was almost absolute; they criticized the
conduct of all the public magistrates, and even dragged a consul
to prison, if the measures he pursued were hostile to the peace
of Rome. The dictator alone was their superior, but when that
magistrate was elected, the office of tribune was not, like that
of all other inferior magistrates, abolished while he continued at
the head of the state. The people paid them so much deference, that
their person was held sacred, and thence they were always called
_Sacrosancti_. To strike them was a capital crime, and to interrupt
them while they spoke in the assemblies, called for the immediate
interference of power. The marks by which they were distinguished
from other magistrates were not very conspicuous. They wore no
particular dress, only a beadle called _viator_ marched before them.
They never sat in the senate, though, some time after, their office
entitled them to the rank of senators. Yet, great as their power
might appear, they received a heavy wound from their number, and as
their consultations and resolutions were of no effect if they were
not all unanimous, the senate often took advantage of their avarice,
and by gaining one of them by bribes, they, as it were, suspended
the authority of the rest. The office of tribune of the people,
though at first deemed mean and servile, was afterwards one of
the first steps that led to more honourable employments, and as
no patrician was permitted to canvass for the tribuneship, we find
many that descended among the plebeians to exercise that important
office. From the power with which they were at last invested by the
activity, the intrigues, and continual applications of those who
were in office, they became almost absolute in the state, and it
has been properly observed, that they caused far greater troubles
than those which they were at first created to silence. Sylla,
when raised to the dictatorship, gave a fatal blow to the authority
of the tribunes, and by one of his decrees, they were no longer
permitted to harangue and inflame the people; they could make
no laws; no appeal lay to their tribunal; and such as had been
tribunes were not permitted to solicit for the other offices of
the state. This disgrace, however, was but momentary; at the death
of the tyrant the tribunes recovered their privileges by means of
Cotta and Pompey the Great. The office of tribune remained in full
force till the age of Augustus, who, to make himself more absolute,
and his person sacred, conferred the power and office upon himself,
whence he was called _tribunitiâ potestate donatus_. His successors
on the throne imitated his example, and as the emperor was the
real and official tribune, such as were appointed to the office
were merely nominal without power or privilege. Under Constantine
the tribuneship was totally abolished. The tribunes were never
permitted to sleep out of the city, except at the _Feriæ Latinæ_,
when they went with other magistrates to offer sacrifices upon
a mountain near Alba. Their houses were always open, and they
received every complaint, and were ever ready to redress the wrongs
of their constituents. Their authority was not extended beyond the
walls of the city.――――There were also other officers who bore the
name of tribunes, such as the _tribuni militum_ or _militares_,
who commanded a division of the legions. They were empowered to
decide all quarrels that might arise in the army; they took care of
the camp, and gave the watchword. There were only three at first,
chosen by Romulus, but the number was at last increased to six in
every legion. After the expulsion of the Tarquins, they were chosen
by the consuls; but afterwards the right of electing them was
divided between the people and the consuls. They were generally
of senatorian and equestrian families, and the former were called
_laticlavii_, and the latter _angusticlavii_, from their peculiar
dress. Those that were chosen by the consuls were called _Rutuli_,
because the right of the consuls to elect them was confirmed by
Rutulus, and those elected by the people were called _Comitiati_,
because chosen in the Comitia. They wore a golden ring, and were
in office no longer than six months. When the consuls were elected,
it was usual to choose 14 tribunes from the knights, who had served
five years in the army, and who were called _juniores_, and 10 from
the people who had been in 10 campaigns, who were called _seniores_.
――――There were also some officers called _tribuni militum consulari
potestate_, elected instead of consuls, A.U.C. 310. They were only
three originally, but the number was afterwards increased to six
or more, according to the will and pleasure of the people and the
emergencies of the state. Part of them were plebeians, and the rest
of patrician families. When they had subsisted for about 70 years,
not without some interruption, the office was totally abolished,
as the plebeians were admitted to share the consulship, and
the consuls continued at the head of the state till the end of
the commonwealth.――――The _tribuni cohortium prætorianarum_ were
entrusted with the person of the emperor, which they guarded and
protected.――――The _tribuni ærarii_ were officers chosen from among
the people, who kept the money which was to be applied to defray
the expenses of the army. The richest persons were always chosen,
as much money was requisite for the pay of the soldiers. They
were greatly distinguished in the state, and they shared with the
senators and Roman knights the privileges of judging. They were
abolished by Julius Cæsar, but Augustus re-established them, and
created 200 more, to decide causes of smaller importance.――――The
_tribuni celerum_ had the command of the guard which Romulus
chose for the safety of his person. They were 100 in number,
distinguished for their probity, their opulence, and their nobility.
――――The _tribuni voluptatum_ were commissioned to take care
of the amusements which were prepared for the people, and that
nothing might be wanting in the exhibitions. This office was also
honourable.

♦ ‘U.C.’ replaced with ‘A.U.C.’

=Tricala=, a fortified place at the south of Sicily, between Selinus
and Agrigentum. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 14, li. 271.

=Tricasses=, a people of Champagne in Gaul.

=Tricastīni=, a people of Gallia Narbonensis. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 3,
li. 466.――_Livy_, bk. 21, ch. 31.

=Triccæ=, a town of Thessaly, where Æsculapius had a temple. The
inhabitants went to the Trojan war. _Livy_, bk. 32, ch. 13.――_Homer_,
_Iliad_.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 8.

=Trichonium=, a town of Ætolia.

=Tricipitinus.= _See:_ Lucretius.

=Triclaria=, a yearly festival celebrated by the inhabitants of three
cities in Ionia, to appease the anger of Diana _Triclaria_, whose
temple had been defiled by the adulterous commerce of Menalippus
and Cometho. It was usual to sacrifice a boy and a girl, but this
barbarous custom was abolished by Eurypilus. The three cities were
Aroe, Messatis, and Anthea, whose united labours had erected the
temple of the goddess. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 19.

=Tricorii=, a people of Gaul, now _Dauphiné_. _Livy_, bk. 21, ch. 31.

=Tricorythus=, a town of Attica.

=Tricrēna=, a place of Arcadia, where, according to some, Mercury was
born. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 16.

=Tridentum=, a town of Cisalpine Gaul, now called _Trent_, and famous
in history for the ecclesiastical council which sat there 18 years to
regulate the affairs of the church, A.D. 1545.

=Trieterīca=, festivals in honour of Bacchus celebrated every three
years. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 302.

=Tripānum=, a place of Latium near Sinuessa. _Livy_, bk. 8, ch. 11.

=Tripolīnus=, a mountain of Campania famous for wine. _Martial_, bk. 13,
ltr. 104.――_Pliny_, bk. 14, ch. 7.

=Trigemĭna=, one of the Roman gates, so called because the three
Horatii went through it against the Curiatii. _Livy_, bk. 4, ch. 16;
bk. 35, ch. 41; bk. 40, ch. 51.

=Trinăcria=, or =Trinăcris=, one of the ancient names of Sicily from
its triangular form. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 384, &c.

=Trinium=, a river of Italy falling into the Adriatic.

=Trinobantes=, a people of Britain in modern Essex and Middlesex.
_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 14, ch. 31.――_Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 5,
ch. 20.

=Triocăla=, or =Triocla=, a town in the southern parts of Sicily.
_Silius Italicus_, bk. 14, li. 271.

=Triŏpas=, or =Triops=, a son of Neptune by Canace the daughter of
Æolus. He was father of Iphimedia and of Erisichthon, who is called
on that account _Triopeius_, and his daughter _Triopeia_. _Ovid_,
_Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, li. 754.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 7.――――A
son of Phorbas, father to Agenor, Jasus, and Messene. _Homer_, _Hymn
3 to Apollo_, li. 211.――――A son of Piranthus.

=Triphȳlia=, one of the ancient names of Elis. _Livy_, bk. 28, ch. 8.
――――A mountain where Jupiter had a temple in the island Panchaia,
whence he is called _Triphylius_.

=Triopium=, a town of Caria.

=Tripŏlis=, an ancient town of Phœnicia, built by the liberal
contribution of Tyre, Sidon, and Aradus, whence the name.――――A town
of Pontus.――――A district of Arcadia,――――of Laconia. _Livy_, bk. 35,
ch. 27.――――Of Thessaly, _Livy_, bk. 42, ch. 53.――――A town of Lydia or
Caria.――――A district of Africa between the Syrtes.

♦=Trīptŏlĕmus=, a son of Oceanus and Terra, or, according to some, of
Trochilus, a priest of Argos. According to the more received opinion
he was son of Celeus king of Attica by Neræa, whom some have called
Metanira, Cothonea, Hyona, Melani, or Polymnia. He was born at
Eleusis in Attica, and was cured in his youth of a severe illness by
the care of Ceres, who had been invited into the house of Celeus, by
the monarch’s children, as she travelled over the country in quest
of her daughter. To repay the kindness of Celeus, the goddess took
particular notice of his son. She fed him with her own milk, and
placed him on burning coals during the night, to destroy whatever
particles of mortality he had received from his parents. The mother
was astonished at the uncommon growth of her son, and she had the
curiosity to watch Ceres. She disturbed the goddess by a sudden cry,
when Triptolemus was laid on the burning ashes, and as Ceres was
therefore unable to make him immortal, she taught him agriculture,
and rendered him serviceable to mankind, by instructing him how to
sow corn, and make bread. She also gave him her chariot, which was
drawn by two dragons, and in this celestial vehicle he travelled all
over the earth, and distributed corn to all the inhabitants of the
world. In Scythia the favourite of Ceres nearly lost his life; but
Lyncus the king of the country, who had conspired to murder him, was
changed into a lynx. At his return to Eleusis, Triptolemus restored
Ceres her chariot, and established the Eleusinian festivals and
mysteries in honour of the deity. He reigned for some time, and
after death received divine honours. Some suppose that he accompanied
Bacchus in his Indian expedition. _Diodorus._――_Hyginus_, fable 147.
――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 14; bk. 8, ch. 4.――_Justin_, bk. 2, ch. 6.
――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 5.――_Callimachus_, _Hymn to Demeter_,
li. 22.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 646; _Fasti_, bk. 4,
li. 501; _Tristia_, bk. 3, poem 8, li. 1.

♦ ‘Trīppŏlĕmus’ replaced with ‘Trīptŏlĕmus’

=Triquĕtra=, a name given to Sicily by the Latins, for its triangular
form. _Lucretius_, bk. 1, li. 78.

=Trismegistus=, a famous Egyptian. _See:_ Mercurius.

=Tritia=, a daughter of the river Triton, mother of Menalippus by Mars.
――――A town in Achaia, built by her son, bore her name. _Pausanias_,
bk. 7, ch. 22.

=Tritogenia=, a surname of Pallas. _Hesiod._――_Festus_, _Lexicon of
Festus_.

=Triton=, a sea deity, son of Neptune by Amphitrite, or, according
to some, by Celeno, or Salacia. He was very powerful among the sea
deities, and could calm the ocean and abate storms at pleasure. He
is generally represented as blowing a shell. His body above the waist
is like that of a man, and below a dolphin. Some represent him with
the fore feet of a horse. Many of the sea deities are called Tritons,
but the name is generally applied to those only who are half men
and half fishes. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 4.――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_,
li. 930.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 333.――_Cicero_, _de
Natura Deorum_, bk. 1, ch. 28.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 148;
bk. 6, li. 173.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 20.――――A river of Africa
falling into the lake Tritonis.――――One of the names of the Nile.――――A
small river of Bœotia, or Thessaly.

=Tritōnis=, a lake and river of Africa, near which Minerva had a temple,
whence she is surnamed _Tritonis_, or _Tritonia_. _Herodotus_, bk. 4,
ch. 178.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 33.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 2,
li. 171.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 7.――――Athens is also called _Tritonis_,
because dedicated to Minerva.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5.

=Tritonon=, a town of Doris. _Livy_, bk. 28, ch. 7.

=Triventum=, a town of the Samnites.

=Trivia=, a surname given to Diana, because she presided over all
places where three roads met. At the new moon the Athenians offered
her sacrifices, and a sumptuous entertainment, which was generally
distributed among the poor. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 13; bk. 7,
li. 774.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 416; _Fasti_, bk. 1,
li. 389.

=Triviæ antrum=, a place in the valley of Aricia, where the nymph
Egeria resided. _Martial_, bk. 6, ltr. 47.

=Triviæ lucus=, a place of Campania, in the bay of Cumæ. _Virgil_,
_Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 13.

=Trivīcum=, a town in the country of the Hirpini in Italy. _Horace_,
bk. 1, satire 5, li. 79.

=Triumvĭri=, _reipublicæ constituendæ_, were three magistrates
appointed equally to govern the Roman state with absolute power.
These officers gave a fatal blow to the expiring independence of
the Roman people, and became celebrated for their different pursuits,
their ambition, and their various fortunes. The first triumvirate,
B.C. 60, was in the hands of Julius Cæsar, Pompey, and Crassus, who
at the expiration of their office kindled a civil war. The second
and last triumvirate, B.C. 43, was under Augustus, Marcus Antony,
and Lepidus, and through them the Romans totally lost their liberty.
Augustus disagreed with his colleagues, and after he had defeated
them, he made himself absolute in Rome. The triumvirate was in full
force at Rome for the space of about 12 years.――――There were also
officers who were called _triumviri capitales_, created A.U.C. 464.
They took cognizance of murders and robberies, and everything in
which slaves were concerned. Criminals under sentence of death were
entrusted to their care, and they had them executed according to the
commands of the pretors.――――The _triumviri nocturni_ watched over the
safety of Rome in the night-time, and in case of fire were ever ready
to give orders, and to take the most effectual measures to extinguish
it.――――The _triumviri agrarii_ had the care of colonies that were
sent to settle in different parts of the empire. They made a fair
division of the lands among the citizens, and exercised over the new
colony all the power which was placed in the hands of the consuls at
Rome.――――The _triumviri monetales_ were masters of the mint, and had
the care of the coin, hence their office was generally intimated by
the following letters often seen on ancient coins and medals: ♦IIIVIR.
A. A. A. F. F. i.e., _Triumviri auro, argento, ære flando, feriendo_.
Some suppose that they were created only in the age of Cicero, as
those who were employed before them were called _Denariorum flandorum
curatores_.――――The _triumviri valetudinis_ were chosen when Rome
was visited by a plague or some pestiferous distemper, and they
took particular care of the temples of health and virtue.――――The
_triumviri senatus legendi_ were appointed to name those that were
most worthy to be made senators from among the plebeians. They
were first chosen in the age of Augustus, as before this privilege
belonged to the kings, and afterwards devolved upon the consuls and
the censors, A.U.C. 310.――――The _triumviri mensarii_ were chosen in
the second Punic war, to take care of the coin and prices of exchange.

♦ ‘HIVIR’ replaced with ‘IIIVIR’

=Triumvirorum insula=, a place on the Rhine which falls into the Po,
where the triumvirs Antony, Lepidus, and Augustus met to divide
the Roman empire after the battle of Mutina. _Dio Cassius_, bk. 46,
ch. 55.――_Appian_, _Civil Wars_, ch. 4.

=Troădes=, the inhabitants of Troas.

=Troas=, a country of Phrygia, in Asia Minor, of which Troy was the
capital. When Troas is taken for the whole kingdom of Priam, it
may be said to contain Mysia and Phrygia Minor; but if only applied
to that part of the country where Troy was situate, its extent
is confined within very narrow limits. Troas was anciently called
_Dardania_. _See:_ Troja.

=Trochois=, a lake in the island of Delos, near which Apollo and Diana
were born.

=Trocmi=, a people of Galatia. _Livy_, bk. 38, ch. 16.

=Trœzēne= a town of Argolis, in Peloponnesus, near the Saronicus Sinus,
which received its name from Trœzen the son of Pelops, who reigned
there for some time. It is often called _Theseis_, because Theseus
was born there; and _Posidonia_, because _Neptune_ was worshipped
there. _Statius_, _Thebaid_, bk. 4, li. 81.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2,
ch. 50.――_Plutarch_, _Theseus_.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8,
li. 556; bk. 15, li. 296.――――Another town at the south of the
Peloponnesus.

=Trogiliæ=, three small islands near Samos.

=Trogilium=, a part of mount Mycale, projecting into the sea. _Strabo_,
bk. 14.

=Trogilus=, a harbour of Sicily. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 14, lis. 2, 59.

=Troglody̆tæ=, a people of Æthiopia, who dwelt in caves (τρωγλη _specus_,
δυμι _subeo_). They were all shepherds, and had their wives in common.
_Strabo_, bk. 1.――_Mela_, bk. 1, chs. 4 & 8.――_Pliny_, bk. 1, ch. 8;
bk. 37, ch. 10.

=Trogus Pompeius=, a Latin historian, B.C. 41, born in Gaul. His
father was one of the friends and adherents of Julius Cæsar, and
his ancestors had obtained privileges and honours from the most
illustrious of the Romans. Trogus wrote a universal history of all
the most important events that had happened from the beginning of the
world to the age of Augustus, divided into 44 books. This history,
which was greatly admired for its purity and elegance, was epitomized
by Justin, and is still extant. Some suppose that the epitome is the
cause that the original of Trogus is lost. _Justin_, bk. 47, ch. 5.
――_Augustine_, _City of God_, bk. 4, ch. 6.

=Troja=, a city, the capital of Troas, or, according to others, a
country of which Ilium was the capital. It was built on a small
eminence near mount Ida, and the promontory of Sigæum, at the
distance of about four miles from the sea-shore. Dardanus the
first king of the country built it, and called it _Dardania_, and
from Troas, one of his successors, it was called _Troja_, and from
Ilus, _Ilion_. Neptune is also said to have built, or more properly
repaired, its walls, in the age of king Laomedon. This city has been
celebrated by the poems of Homer and Virgil, and of all the wars
which have been carried on among the ancients, that of Troy is the
most famous. The Trojan war was undertaken by the Greeks, to recover
Helen, whom Paris the son of Priam king of Troy had carried away
from the house of Menelaus. All Greece united to avenge the cause of
Menelaus, and every prince furnished a certain number of ships and
soldiers. According to Euripides, Virgil, and Lycophron, the armament
of the Greeks amounted to 1000 ships. Homer mentions them as being
1186, and Thucydides supposes that they were 1200 in number. The
number of men which these ships carried is unknown; yet, as the
largest contained about 120 men each, and the smallest 50, it may
be supposed that no less than 100,000 men were engaged in this
celebrated expedition. Agamemnon was chosen general of all these
forces; but the princes and kings of Greece were admitted among his
counsellors, and by them all the operations of the war were directed.
The most celebrated of the Grecian princes that distinguished
themselves in this war, were Achilles, Ajax, Menelaus, Ulysses,
Diomedes, Protesilaus, Patroclus, Agamemnon, Nestor, Neoptolemus,
&c. The Grecian army was opposed by a more numerous force. The king
of Troy received assistance from the neighbouring princes in Asia
Minor, and reckoned among his most active generals, Rhesus king of
Thrace, and Memnon, who entered the field with 20,000 Assyrians and
Æthiopians. Many of the adjacent cities were reduced and plundered
before the Greeks approached their walls; but when the siege
was begun, the enemies on both sides gave proofs of valour and
intrepidity. The army of the Greeks, however, was visited by a plague,
and the operations were not less retarded by the quarrel of Agamemnon
and Achilles. The loss was great on both sides; the most valiant of
the Trojans, and particularly of the sons of Priam, were slain in
the field; and, indeed, so great was the slaughter, that the rivers
of the country are represented as filled with dead bodies and suits
of armour. After the siege had been carried on for 10 years, some
of the Trojans, among whom were Æneas and Antenor, betrayed the city
into the hands of the enemy, and Troy was reduced to ashes. The poets,
however, support that the Greeks made themselves masters of the place
by artifice. They secretly filled a large wooden horse with armed men,
and led away their army from the plains, as if to return home. The
Trojans brought the wooden horse into their city, and in the night,
the Greeks that were confined within the sides of the animal rushed
out and opened the gates to their companions, who had returned from
the place of their concealment. The greatest part of the inhabitants
were put to the sword, and the others carried away by the conquerors.
This happened, according to the Arundelian marbles, about 1184 years
before the christian era, in the 3530th year of the Julian period, on
the night between the 11th and 12th of June, 408 years before the
first olympiad. Some time after, a new city was raised, about 30
stadia from the ruins of the old Troy; but though it bore the ancient
name, and received ample donations from Alexander the Great, when he
visited it in his Asiatic expedition, yet it continued to be small,
and in the age of Strabo it was nearly in ruins. It is said that
Julius Cæsar, who wished to pass for one of the descendants of Æneas,
and consequently to be related to the Trojans, intended to make it
the capital of the Roman empire, and to transport there the senate
and the Roman people. The same apprehensions were entertained in the
reign of Augustus, and according to some, an ode of Horace, _Justum
et tenacem propositi virum_, was written purposely to dissuade the
emperor from putting into execution so wild a project. _See:_ Paris,
Æneas, Antenor, Agamemnon, Ilium, Laomedon, Menelaus, &c. _Virgil_,
_Æneid_.――_Homer._――_Ovid._――_Diodorus_, &c.

=Trojāni= and =Trojugĕnæ=, the inhabitants of Troy.

=Trojāni ludi=, games instituted by Æneas, or his son Ascanius, to
commemorate the death of Anchises, and celebrated in the circus
at Rome. Boys of the best families, dressed in a neat manner, and
accoutred with suitable arms and weapons, were permitted to enter the
list. Sylla exhibited them in his dictatorship, and under Augustus
they were observed with unusual pomp and solemnity. A mock fight on
horseback, or sometimes on foot, was exhibited. The leader of the
party was called _princeps juventutis_, and was generally the son
of a senator, or the heir apparent to the empire. _Virgil_, _Æneid_,
bk. 5, li. 602.――_Suetonius_, _Cæsar_ & _Augustus_.――_Plutarch_,
_Sulla_.

=Troĭlus=, a son of Priam and Hecuba, killed by Achilles during the
Trojan war. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 12.――_Horace_, bk. 2, ode 9,
li. 16.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 474.

=Tromentīna=, one of the Roman tribes. _Livy_, bk. 6, ch. 5.

=Tropæa=, a town of the Brutii.――――A stone monument on the Pyrenees,
erected by Pompey.――――Drusi, a town of Germany where Drusus died, and
Tiberius was saluted emperor by the army.

=Trophonius=, a celebrated architect, son of Erginus king of Orchomenos
in Bœotia. He built Apollo’s temple at Delphi, with the assistance
of his brother Agamedes, and when he demanded of the god a reward for
his trouble, he was told by the priestess to wait eight days, and to
live during that time with all cheerfulness and pleasure. When the
days were passed, Trophonius and his brother were found dead in their
bed. According to Pausanias, however, he was swallowed up alive in
the earth; and when afterwards the country was visited by a great
drought, the Bœotians were directed to apply to Trophonius for relief,
and to seek him at Lebadea, where he gave oracles in a cave. They
discovered this cave by means of a swarm of bees, and Trophonius
told them how to ease their misfortunes. From that time Trophonius
was honoured as a god; he passed for the son of Apollo, a chapel
and a statue were erected to him, and sacrifices were offered to
his divinity when consulted to give oracles. The cave of Trophonius
became one of the most celebrated oracles of Greece. Many ceremonies
were required, and the suppliant was obliged to make particular
sacrifices, to anoint his body with oil, and to bathe in the waters
of certain rivers. He was to be clothed in a linen robe, and, with a
cake of honey in his hand, he was directed to descend into the cave
by a narrow entrance, from whence he returned backwards after he had
received an answer. He was always pale and dejected at his return,
and thence it became proverbial to say of a melancholy man, that he
had consulted the oracle of Trophonius. There were annually exhibited
games in honour of Trophonius at Lebadea. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 37,
&c.――_Cicero_, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 1, ch. 47.――_Plutarch._
――_Pliny_, bk. 34, ch. 7.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 3, ch. 45.

=Tros=, a son of Ericthonius king of Troy, who married Callirhoe
the daughter of the Scamander, by whom he had Ilus, Assaracus, and
Ganymedes. He made war against Tantalus king of Phrygia, whom he
accused of having stolen away the youngest of his sons. The capital
of Phrygia was called Troja from him, and the country itself Troas.
_Virgil_, bk. 3, _Georgics_, li. 36.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 20,
li. 219.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 12.

=Trossŭlum=, a town of Etruria, which gave the name of _Trossuli_
to the Roman knights who had taken it without the assistance of
foot soldiers. _Pliny_, bk. 32, ch. 2.――_Seneca_, ltrs. 86 & 87.
――_Persius_, bk. 1, li. 82.

=Trotilum=, a town of Sicily. _Thucydides_, bk. 6.