Chapter C (4)

=Centŭria=, a division of the people among the Romans, consisting of
100. The Roman people were originally divided into three tribes, and
each tribe into 10 curiæ. Servius Tullius made a census; and when he
had enrolled the place of habitation, name, and profession of every
citizen, which amounted to 80,000 men, all able to bear arms, he
divided them into six classes, and each class into several centuries,
or companies of 100 men. The first class consisted of 80 centuries,
40 of which were composed of men from the age of 45 and upwards,
appointed to guard the city. The 40 others were young men, from 17
to 45 years of age, appointed to go to war, and fight the enemies of
Rome. Their arms were all the same; that is, a buckler, a cuirass, a
helmet, cuishes of brass, with a sword, a lance, and a javelin; and
as they were of the most illustrious citizens, they were called, by
way of eminence, _Classici_, and their inferiors _infra classem_.
They were to be worth 1,100,000 _asses_, a sum equivalent to 1800_l._
English money. The second, third, and fourth classes, consisted each
of 20 centuries, 10 of which were composed of the more aged, and the
others of the younger sort of people. Their arms were a large shield,
a spear, and a javelin; they were to be worth in the second class,
75,000 _asses_, or about 121_l._ In the third, 50,000, or about
80_l._; and in the fourth, 25,000, or about 40_l._ The fifth class
consisted of 30 centuries, three of which were carpenters by trade,
and the others of different professions, such as were necessary in
the camp. They were all armed with slings and stones. They were to
be worth 11,000 _asses_, or about 18_l._ The sixth class contained
only one centuria, comprising the whole body of the poorest
citizens, who were called _Proletarii_, as their only service to
the state was procreating children. They were also called _capite
censi_, as the censor took notice of their person, not of their
estate. In the public assemblies in the Campus Martius, at the
election of public magistrates, or at the trial of capital crimes,
the people gave their vote by centuries, whence the assembly was
called _comitia centuriata_. In these public assemblies, which were
never convened but only by the consuls at the permission of the
senate, or by the dictator in the absence of the consuls, some of
the people appeared under arms, for fear of an attack from some
foreign enemy. When a law was proposed in the public assemblies,
its necessity was explained, and the advantages it would produce
to the state were enlarged upon in a harangue; after which it was
exposed in the most conspicuous parts of the city three market-days,
that the people might see and consider. Exposing it to public view,
was called _proponere legem_, and explaining it, _promulgare legem_.
He who merely proposed it, was called _lator legis_; and he who
dwelt upon its importance and utility, and wished it to be enforced,
was called _auctor legis_. When the assembly was to be held, the
auguries were consulted by the consul, who, after haranguing the
people, and reminding them to have in view the good of the republic,
dismissed them to their respective centuries, that their votes
might be gathered. They gave their votes _vivâ voce_, till the year
of Rome A.U.C. 615, when they changed the custom, and gave their
approbation or disapprobation by ballots thrown into an urn. If the
first class was unanimous, the others were not consulted, as the
first was superior to all the others in number; but if they were
not unanimous, they proceeded to consult the rest, and the majority
decided the question. This advantage of the first class gave
offence to the rest; and it was afterwards settled, that one class
of the six should be drawn by lot, to give its votes first, without
regard to rank or priority. After all the votes had been gathered,
the consul declared aloud, that the law which had been proposed
was duly and constitutionally approved. The same ceremonies
were observed in the election of consuls, pretors, &c. The word
_Centuria_ is also applied to a subdivision of one of the Roman
legions which consisted of 100 men, and was the half of a manipulus,
the sixth part of a cohort, and the sixtieth part of a legion.
The commander of a centuria was called _centurion_, and he was
distinguished from the rest by a branch of a vine which he carried
in his hand.

=Centŭrĭpa= (es, or æ, arum), now _Centorlu_, a town of Sicily at
the foot of mount Ætna. _Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 4, ch. 23.
――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 14, li. 205.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 8.

=Ceos= and =Cea=, an island. _See:_ Co.

=Cephălas=, a lofty promontory of Africa near the Syrtis Major.
_Strabo._

=Cephaledion=, a town of Sicily near the river Himera. _Pliny_, bk. 3,
ch. 8.――_Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 2, ch. 52.

=Cephallen=, a noble musician, son of Lampus. _Pausanias_, bk. 10,
ch. 7.

=Cephalēna= and =Cephallenia=, an island in the Ionian sea, below
Corcyra, whose inhabitants went with Ulysses to the Trojan war. It
abounds in oil and excellent wines. It was anciently divided into
four different districts, from which circumstance it received the
name of Tetrapolis. It is about 90 miles in circumference, and from
its capital Samo, or Samos, it has frequently been called Same.
――_Strabo_, bk. 10.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.
――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2.――_Thucydides_, bk. 2, ch. 30.――_Pausanias_,
bk. 6, ch. 15.

=Cephălo=, an officer of Eumenes. _Diogenes Laërtius_, bk. 19.

=Cephaloedis= and =Cephaludium=, now _Cephalu_, a town at the north
of Sicily. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 14, li. 253.――_Cicero_, bk. 2,
_Against Verres_, ch. 51.

=Cephălon=, a Greek of Ionia, who wrote a history of Troy, besides
an epitome of universal history from the age of Ninus to Alexander,
which he divided into nine books, inscribed with the name of the
nine muses. He affected not to know the place of his birth, expecting
it would be disputed like Homer’s. He lived in the reign of Adrian.

=Cĕphălus=, son of Deioneus king of Thessaly, by Diomede daughter
of Xuthus, married Procris, daughter of Erechtheus king of Athens.
Aurora fell in love with him, and carried him away; but he refused
to listen to her addresses, and was impatient to return to Procris.
The goddess sent him back; and to try the fidelity of his wife, she
made him put on a different form, and he arrived at the house of
Procris in the habit of a merchant. Procris was deaf to every offer;
but she suffered herself to be seduced by the gold of this stranger,
who discovered himself the very moment that Procris had yielded up
her virtue. This circumstance so ashamed Procris, that she fled from
her husband, and devoted herself to hunting in the island of Eubœa,
where she was admitted among the attendants of Diana, who presented
her with a dog always sure of his prey, and a dart which never
missed its aim, and always returned to the hands of its mistress
of its own accord. Some say that the dog was a present from Minos,
because Procris had cured his wounds. After this Procris returned
in disguise to Cephalus, who was willing to disgrace himself by
some unnatural concessions to obtain the dog and the dart of Procris.
Procris discovered herself at the moment that Cephalus showed
himself faithless, and a reconciliation was easily made between
them. They loved one another with more tenderness than before, and
Cephalus received from his wife the presents of Diana. As he was
particularly fond of hunting, he every morning early repaired to
the woods, and after much toil and fatigue, laid himself down in
the cool shade, and earnestly called for _Aura_, or the refreshing
breeze. This ambiguous word was mistaken for the name of a mistress;
and some informer reported to the jealous Procris that Cephalus
daily paid a visit to a mistress, whose name was Aura. Procris too
readily believed the information, and secretly followed her husband
into the woods. According to his daily custom, Cephalus retired
to the cool, and called after Aura. At the name of Aura, Procris
eagerly lifted up her head to see her expected rival. Her motion
occasioned rustling among the leaves of a bush that concealed her;
and as Cephalus listened, he thought it to be a wild beast, and
he let fly his unerring dart. ♦Procris was struck to the heart,
and instantly expired in the arms of her husband, confessing that
ill-grounded jealousy was the cause of her death. According to
Apollodorus, there were two persons of the name of Cephalus; one,
son of Mercury and Herse, carried away by Aurora, with whom he
dwelt in Syria, and by whom he had a son called Tithonus. The other
married Procris, and was the cause of the tragical event mentioned
above. Cephalus was father of Arcefius by Procris, and of Phaeton,
according to Hesiod, by Aurora. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7,
fable 26.――_Hyginus_, fable 189.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 15.――――A
Corinthian lawyer, who assisted Timoleon in regulating the republic
of Syracuse. _Diodorus_, bk. 16.――_Plutarch_, _Timoleon_.――――A king
of Epirus. _Livy_, bk. 43, ch. 18.――――An orator frequently mentioned
by Demosthenes.

♦ ‘Procus’ replaced with ‘Procris’

=Cephēis=, a name given to Andromeda as daughter of Cepheus. _Ovid_,
_Ars Amatoria_, bk. 1, li. 193.

=Cephēnes=, an ancient name of the Persians. _Herodotus_, bk. 7,
ch. 61.――――A name of the Æthiopians, from Cepheus, one of their
kings. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 1.

=Cēpheus=, a king of Æthiopia, father of Andromeda by Cassiope. He
was one of the Argonauts, and was changed into a constellation after
his death. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 669; bk. 5, li. 12.
――_Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 35; bk. 8, ch. 4.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1,
ch. 9; bk. 2, chs. 1, 4, & 7; bk. 3, ch. 9, mentions one, son of
Aleus, and another, son of Belus. The former he makes king of Tegea
and father of Sterope; and says that he, with his 12 sons, assisted
Hercules in a war against Hippocoon, where they were killed. The
latter he calls king of Æthiopia and father of Andromeda.――――A
son of Lycurgus, present at the chase of the Calydonian boar.
_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 8.

=Cephīsia=, a part of Attica, through which the Cephisus flows.
_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 7.

=Cephīsiădes=, a patronymic of Eteocles son of Andreus and Evippe, from
the supposition of his being the son of the Cephisus. _Pausanias_,
bk. 9, ch. 34.

=Cephisidōrus=, a tragic poet of Athens in the age of Æschylus.――――An
historian who wrote an account of the Phocian war.

=Cephīsion=, the commander of some troops sent by the Thebans to assist
Megalopolis, &c. _Diodorus_, bk. 16.

=Cephisodŏtus=, a disciple of Isocrates, a great reviler of Aristotle,
who wrote a book of proverbs. _Athenæus_, bk. 2.

=Cephīsus= and =Cephissus=, a celebrated river of Greece, that rises
at Lilæa in Phocis, and after passing at the north of Delphi and
mount Parnassus, enters Bœotia, where it flows into the lake Copais.
The Graces were particularly fond of this river, whence they are
called the goddesses of the Cephisus. There was a river of the same
name in Attica, and another in Argolis. _Strabo_, bk. 9.――_Pliny_,
bk. 4, ch. 7.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 24.――_Homer_, _Iliad_,
bk. 2, li. 29.――_Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 175.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
bk. 1, li. 369; bk. 3, li. 19.――――A man changed into a sea monster
by Apollo, when lamenting the death of his grandson. _Ovid_,
_Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 388.

=Cephren=, a king of Egypt, who built one of the pyramids. _Diodorus_,
bk. 1.

=Cepio=, or =Cæpio=, a man who, by a quarrel with Drusus, caused
a civil war at Rome, &c.――――Servilius, a Roman consul, who put
an end to the war in Spain. He took gold from a temple, and for
that sacrilege the rest of his life was always unfortunate. He was
conquered by the Cimbrians, his goods were publicly confiscated, and
he died at last in prison.

=Cepion=, a musician. _Plutarch_, _de Musica_.

=Ceraca=, a town of Macedonia. _Polybius_, bk. 5.

=Ceracates=, a people of Germany. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 4, ch. 70.

=Cerambus=, a man changed into a beetle, or, according to others, into
a bird, on mount Parnassus, by the nymphs, before the deluge. _Ovid_,
_Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, fable 9.

=Ceramīcus=, now _Keramo_, a bay of Caria, near Halicarnassus,
opposite Cos, receiving its name from Ceramus. _Pliny_, bk. 5,
ch. 29.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 16.――――A public walk, and a place to
bury those that were killed in defence of their country, at Athens.
_Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 1, ltr. 10.

=Cerămium=, a place of Rome, where Cicero’s house was built. _Cicero_,
_Letters to Atticus_.

=Cerămus=, a town at the west of Asia Minor.

=Ceras=, a people of Cyprus metamorphosed into bulls.

=Cerăsus= (untis), now _Keresoun_, a maritime city of Cappadocia, from
which cherries were first brought to Rome by Lucullus. _Marcellinus_,
bk. 22, ch. 13.――_Pliny_, bk. 15, ch. 25; bk. 16, ch. 18; bk. 17,
ch. 14.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 19.――――Another, built by a Greek colony
from Sinope. _Diodorus_, bk. 14.

=Cerata=, a place near Megara.

=Cerātus=, a river of Crete.

=Ceraunia=, a town of Achaia.

=Ceraunia= and =Ceraunii=, large mountains of Epirus, extending far
into the sea, and forming a promontory which divides the Ionian
and Adriatic seas. They are the same as the Acroceraunia. _See:_
Acroceraunium.――――Mount Taurus is also called Ceraunius. _Pliny_,
bk. 5, ch. 27.

=Ceraunii=, mountains of Asia, opposite the Caspian sea. _Mela_, bk. 1,
ch. 19.

=Ceraunus=, a river of Cappadocia.――――A surname of Ptolemy II., from
his boldness. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Kings_, ch. 3.

=Cerausius=, a mountain of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 41.

=Cerbalus=, a river of Apulia. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 11.

=Cerberion=, a town of the Cimmerian Bosphorus. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 6.

=Cerbĕrus=, a dog of Pluto, the fruit of Echidna’s union with Typhon.
He had 50 heads according to Hesiod, and three according to other
mythologists. He was stationed at the entrance into hell, as a
watchful keeper, to prevent the living from entering the infernal
regions, and the dead from escaping from their confinement. It
was usual for those heroes, who in their lifetime visited Pluto’s
kingdom, to appease the barking mouths of Cerberus with a cake.
Orpheus lulled him to sleep with his lyre; and Hercules dragged
him from hell when he went to redeem Alceste. _Virgil_, _Æneid_,
bk. 5, li. 134; bk. 6, li. 417.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 11,
li. 622.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 31; bk. 3, ch. 25.――_Hesiod_,
_Theogony_, li. 312.――_Tibullus_, bk. 1, poem 10, li. 35.

=Cercăphus=, a son of Æolus.――――A son of Sol, of great power at Rhodes.
_Diodorus_, bk. 5.

=Cercasōrum=, a town of Egypt, where the Nile divides itself into the
Pelusian and Canopic mouths. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 15.

=Cercēis=, one of the Oceanides. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 355.

=Cercēne=, a country of Africa. _Diodorus_, bk. 2.

=Cercestes=, a son of Ægyptus and Phœnissa. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2,
ch. 1.

=Cercides=, a native of Megalopolis, who wrote iambics. _Athenæus_,
bk. 10.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 13.

=Cercii=, a people of Italy.

=Cercina= and =Cercinna=, a small island of the Mediterranean, near
the smaller Syrtis, on the coast of Africa. _Tacitus_, bk. 1,
_Annals_, ch. 53.――_Strabo_, bk. 17.――_Livy_, bk. 33, ch. 48.
――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 7.――――A mountain of Thrace, towards Macedonia.
_Thucydides_, bk. 2, ch. 98.

=Cercinium=, a town of Macedonia. _Livy_, bk. 31, ch. 41.

=Cercius= and =Rhetius=, charioteers of Castor and Pollux.

=Cercōpes=, a people of Ephesus, made prisoners by Hercules.
_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 6.――――The inhabitants of the island
Pithecusa, changed into monkeys on account of their dishonesty.
_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 91.

=Cercops=, a Milesian, author of a fabulous history mentioned by
Athenæus.――――A Pythagorean philosopher.

=Cercyon= and =Cercyŏnes=, a king of Eleusis, son of Neptune, or,
according to others, of Vulcan. He obliged all strangers to wrestle
with him; and as he was a dexterous wrestler, they were easily
conquered and put to death. After many cruelties, he challenged
Theseus in wrestling, and he was conquered and put to death by his
antagonist. His daughter Alope was loved by Neptune, by whom she had
a child. Cercyon exposed the child, called Hippothoon; but he was
preserved by a mare, and afterwards placed upon his grandfather’s
throne by Theseus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 439.
――_Hyginus_, fable 187.――_Plutarch_, _Theseus_.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1,
chs. 5 & 39.

=Cercȳra= and =Corcȳra=, an island in the Ionian sea, which receives
its name from Cercyra daughter of Asopus. _Diodorus_, bk. 4.

=Cerdylium=, a place near Amphipolis. _Thucydides_, bk. 5, ch. 6.

=Cereālia=, festivals in honour of Ceres; first instituted at Rome by
Memmius the edile, and celebrated on the 19th of April. Persons in
mourning were not permitted to appear at the celebration; therefore
they were not observed after the battle of Cannæ. They are the same
as the Thesmophoria of the Greeks. _See:_ Thesmophoria.

=Ceres=, the goddess of corn and of harvests, was daughter of Saturn
and Vesta. She had a daughter by Jupiter, whom she called Pherephata,
_fruit-bearing_, and afterwards Proserpine. This daughter was
carried away by Pluto, as she was gathering flowers in the plains
near Enna. The rape of Proserpine was grievous to Ceres, who sought
her all over Sicily; and when night came, she lighted two torches in
the flames of mount Ætna, to continue her search by night all over
the world. She at last found her veil near the fountain Cyane; but
no intelligence could be received of the place of her concealment,
till at last the nymph Arethusa informed her that her daughter
had been carried away by Pluto. No sooner had Ceres heard this,
than she flew to heaven with her chariot drawn by two dragons, and
demanded of Jupiter the restoration of her daughter. The endeavours
of Jupiter to soften her by representing Pluto as a powerful god,
to become her son-in-law, proved fruitless, and the restoration was
granted, provided Proserpine had not eaten anything in the kingdom
of Pluto. Ceres upon this repaired to Pluto, but Proserpine had
eaten the grains of a pomegranate which she had gathered as she
walked over the Elysian fields, and Ascalaphus, the only one who had
seen her, discovered it to make his court to Pluto. The return of
Proserpine upon earth was therefore impracticable; but Ascalaphus,
for his unsolicited information, was changed into an owl. _See:_
Ascalaphus. The grief of Ceres for the loss of her daughter was so
great, that Jupiter granted Proserpine to pass six months with her
mother, and the rest of the year with Pluto. During the inquiries of
Ceres for her daughter, the cultivation of the earth was neglected,
and the ground became barren; therefore, to repair the loss which
mankind had suffered by her absence, the goddess went to Attica,
which was become the most desolate country in the world, and
instructed Triptolemus of Eleusis in everything which concerned
agriculture. She taught him how to plough the ground, to sow and
reap the corn, to make bread, and to take particular care of the
fruit trees. After these instructions, she gave him her chariot
and commanded him to travel all over the world, and communicate his
knowledge of agriculture to the rude inhabitants, who hitherto lived
upon acorns and the roots of the earth. _See:_ Triptolemus. Her
beneficence to mankind made Ceres respected. Sicily was supposed to
be the favourite retreat of the goddess, and Diodorus says that
she and her daughter made their first appearance to mankind in
Sicily, which Pluto received as a nuptial dowry from Jupiter when he
married Proserpine. The Sicilians made a yearly sacrifice to Ceres,
every man according to his abilities; and the fountain of Cyane,
through which Pluto opened himself a passage with his trident when
carrying away Proserpine, was publicly honoured with an offering of
bulls, and the blood of the victims was shed in the waters of the
fountain. Besides these, other ceremonies were observed in honour
of the goddesses who had so peculiarly favoured the island. The
commemoration of the rape was celebrated about the beginning of
the harvest, and the search of Ceres at the time that corn is sown
in the earth. The latter festival continued six successive days;
and during the celebration, the votaries of Ceres made use of some
free and wanton expressions, as that language had made the goddess
smile while melancholy for the loss of her daughter. Attica, which
had been so eminently distinguished by the goddess, gratefully
remembered her favours in the celebration of the Eleusinian
mysteries. _See:_ Eleusinia. Ceres also performed the duties of a
legislator, and the Sicilians found the advantages of her salutary
laws; hence her surname of Thesmophora. She is the same as the Isis
of the Egyptians, and her worship, it is said, was first brought
into Greece by Erechtheus. She met with different adventures when
she travelled over the earth, and the impudence of Stellio was
severely punished. To avoid the importunities of Neptune, she changed
herself into a mare; but the god took advantage of the metamorphosis,
and from their union arose the horse Arion. _See:_ Arion. The birth
of this monster so offended Ceres, that she withdrew herself from
the sight of mankind; and the earth would have perished for want
of her assistance, had not Pan discovered her in Arcadia, and given
information of it to Jupiter. The Parcæ were sent by the god to
comfort her, and at their persuasion she returned to Sicily, where
her statues represented her veiled in black, with the head of a
horse, and holding a dove in one hand, and in the other a dolphin.
In their sacrifices the ancients offered Ceres a pregnant sow, as
that animal often injures and destroys the productions of the earth.
While the corn was yet in the grass, they offered her a ram, after
the victim had been led three times round the field. Ceres was
represented with a garland of ears of corn on her head, holding
in one hand a lighted torch, and in the other a poppy, which was
sacred to her. She appears as a countrywoman mounted on the back
of an ox, and carrying a basket on her left arm, and holding a
hoe; and sometimes she rides in a chariot drawn by winged dragons.
She was supposed to be the same as Rhea, Tellus. Cybele, Bona
Dea, Berecynthia, &c. The Romans paid her great adoration, and her
festivals were yearly celebrated by the Roman matrons in the month
of April, during eight days. These matrons abstained during several
days from the use of wine and every carnal enjoyment. They always
bore lighted torches in commemoration of the goddess; and whoever
came to these festivals without a previous initiation, was punished
with death. _Ceres_ is metaphorically called _bread_ and _corn_,
as the word _Bacchus_ is frequently used to signify _wine_.
_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 5; bk. 2, ch. 1; bk. 3, chs. 12 & 14.
――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 31; bk. 2, ch. 34; bk. 3, ch. 23;
bk. 8, ch. 25, &c.――_Diodorus_, bk. 1, &c.――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_.
――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 417; _Metamorphoses_, fables 7,
8, &c.――_Claudian_, _de Raptu Proserpinæ_.――_Cicero_, _Against
Verres_.――_Callimachus_, _Hymn to Demeter_.――_Livy_, bks. 29
& 31.――_Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 12.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_,
bk. 1, ch. 33.――_Hyginus_, _Poeticon Astronomicon_, bk. 2.

=Ceressus=, a place of Bœotia. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 14.

=Cerĕtæ=, a people of Crete.

=Ceriālis Anicius=, a consul elect, who wished a temple to be raised
to Nero, as to a god, after the discovery of the Pisonian conspiracy,
&c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 15, ch. 74.

=Cerii=, a people of Etruria.

=Cerilli=, or =Carillæ=, now _Cirella_, a town of the Brutii near the
Laus. _Strabo_, bk. 6.

=Cerillum=, a place of Lucania. _Strabo_, bk. 6.――_Silius Italicus_,
bk. 8, li. 580.

=Cerinthus=, now _Zero_, a town of Eubœa, whose inhabitants went
to the Trojan war, headed by Elphenor son of Chalcedon. _Homer_,
_Iliad_, bk. 2, li. 45.――_Strabo_, bk. 10.――――A beautiful youth,
long the favourite of the Roman ladies, and especially of Sulpitia,
&c. _Horace_, bk. 1, _Statius_, bk. 2, li. 81.――――One of the early
heretics from christianity.

=Cermanus=, a place where Romulus was exposed by one of the servants
of Amulius. _Plutarch_, _Romulus_.

=Cerne=, an island without the pillars of Hercules, on the African
coast. _Strabo_, bk. 1.――_Pliny_, bks. 5 & 6.

=Cernes=, a priest of Cybele.

=Ceron=, a fountain of Histiæotis, whose waters rendered black all the
sheep that drank of them. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 2.

=Ceropasades=, a son of Phraates king of Persia, given as a hostage to
Augustus.

=Cerossus=, a place of the Ionian sea.

=Cerpheres=, a king of Egypt, who is supposed to have built the
smallest pyramid.

=Cerrhæi=, a people of Greece, who profaned the temple of Delphi.
_Plutarch_, _Solon_.

=Cerretāni=, a people of Spain that inhabited the modern district of
Cerdana in Catalonia. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 3.

=Cersobleptes=, a king of Thrace, conquered by Philip king of
Macedonia. _Polyænus_, bk. 7, ch. 31.

=Certima=, a town of Celtiberia. _Livy_, bk. 40, ch. 47.

=Certonium=, a town of Asia Minor.

=Cervarius=, a Roman knight who conspired with Piso against Nero.
_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 15, ch. 50.

=Publius Cervius=, an officer under Verres. _Cicero_, _Against Verres_,
speech 5, ch. 44.

=Ceryces=, a sacerdotal family at Athens. _Thucydides_, bk. 8, ch. 53.

=Cerycius=, a mountain of Bœotia. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 20.

=Cerymīca=, a town of Cyprus. _Diodorus._

=Cerynēa=, a town of Achaia.――――A mountain of Arcadia. _Pausanias_,
bk. 7, ch. 25.

=Cerynītes=, a river of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 25.

=Cesellius Balsus=, a turbulent Carthaginian, who dreamt of money, and
persuaded Nero that immense treasures had been deposited by Dido in
a certain place, which he described. Inquiry was made, and when no
money was found, Cesellius destroyed himself. _Tacitus_, _Annals_,
bk. 16, ch. 1, &c.

=Cesennia=, an infamous prostitute, born of an illustrious family at
Rome. _Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 135.

=Cestius=, an epicurean of Smyrna, who taught rhetoric at Rhodes, in
the age of Cicero.――――A governor of Syria. _Tacitus_, _Histories_,
bk. 5.――――Severus, an informer under Nero. _Tacitus_, _Histories_,
bk. 4.――――Proculus, a man acquitted of an accusation of embezzling
the public money. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 30.――――A bridge at Rome.

=Cestrīna=, a part of Epirus. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 23.

=Cestrīnus=, a son of Helenus and Andromache. After his father’s
death he settled in Epirus, above the river Thyamis, and called the
country Cestrina. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 11.

=Cetes=, king of Egypt, the same as Proteus. _Diodorus_, bk. 1.

=Cethēgus=, the surname of one of the branches of the Cornelii.
――――Marcus, a consul in the second Punic war. _Cicero_, _Brutus_.
――――A tribune at Rome, of the most corrupted morals, who joined
Catiline in his conspiracy against the state, and was commissioned
to murder Cicero. He was apprehended, and, with Lentulus, put to
death by the Roman senate. _Plutarch_, _Cicero_, &c.――――A Trojan,
killed by Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 12, li. 513.――――Publius
Cornelius, a powerful Roman, who embraced the party of Marius
against Sylla. His mistress had obtained such an ascendancy over
him, that she distributed his favours, and Lucullus was not ashamed
to court her smiles, when he wished to be appointed general against
Mithridates.――――A senator put to death for adultery under Valentinian.

=Cetii=, a people of Cilicia.

=Cetius=, a river of Mysia.――――A mountain which separates Noricum from
Pannonia.

=Ceto=, a daughter of Pontus and Terra, who married Phorcys, by
whom she had the three Gorgons, &c. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 237.
――_Lucian_, bk. 9, li. 646.

=Ceus= and =Cæus=, a son of Cœlus and Terra, who married Phœbe, by
whom he had Latona and Asteria. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 135.
――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 179.――――The father of Trœzen.
_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2, li. 354.

=Cēyx=, a king of Trachinia, son of Lucifer and husband of Alcyone.
He was drowned as he went to consult the oracle of Claros. His wife
was apprised of his misfortune in a dream, and found his dead body
washed on the sea-shore. They were both changed into birds, called
Alcyons. _See:_ Alcyone. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, li. 587.
――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 32. According to _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch.
7; bk. 2, ch. 7, the husband of Alcyone and the king of Trachinia
were two different persons.

=Chea=, a town of Peloponnesus.

=Chabinus=, a mountain of Arabia Felix. _Diodorus_, bk. 3.

=Chabria=, a village of Egypt.

=Chabrias=, an Athenian general and philosopher, who chiefly signalized
himself when he assisted the Bœotians against Agesilaus. In this
celebrated campaign, he ordered his soldiers to put one knee upon
the ground, and firmly to rest their spear upon the other, and cover
themselves with their shields, by which means he daunted the enemy,
and had a statue raised to his honour in that same posture. He
assisted also Nectanebus king of Egypt, and conquered the whole
island of Cyprus; but he at last fell a sacrifice to his excessive
courage, and despised to fly from his ship, when he had it in his
power to save his life like his companions, B.C. 376. _Cornelius
Nepos_, _De Viris Illustribus_.――_Diodorus_, bk. 16.――_Plutarch_,
_Phocion_.

=Chabryis=, a king of Egypt. _Diodorus_, bk. 1.

=Chæanitæ=, a people at the foot of ♦Caucasus.

♦ ‘Causacus’ replaced with ‘Caucasus’

=Chæreas=, an Athenian who wrote on agriculture.――――An officer who
murdered Caligula, A.D. 41, to prevent the infamous death which was
prepared against himself.――――An Athenian, &c. _Thucydides_, bk. 8,
ch. 74, &c.

=Chæredemus=, a brother of Epicurus, &c. _Diogenes Laërtius._

=Chærēmon=, a comic poet, and disciple of Socrates.――――A stoic, who
wrote on the Egyptian priests.

=Chærĕphon=, a tragic poet of Athens, in the age of Philip of Macedonia.

=Chærestrăta=, the mother of Epicurus, descended of a noble family.

=Chærinthus=, a beautiful youth, &c. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 2, li. 81.

=Chærippus=, an extortioner, &c. _Juvenal_, satire 8, li. 96.

=Chæro=, the founder of Chæronea. _Plutarch_, _Sulla_.

=Chæronia=, =Chæronea=, and =Cherronea=, a city of Bœotia, on the
Cephisus, celebrated for a defeat of the Athenians by the Bœotians,
B.C. 447, and for the victory which Philip of Macedonia obtained
there with 32,000 men over the confederate army of the Thebans and
the Athenians, consisting of 30,000 men, the 2nd of August, B.C.
338. Plutarch was born there. The town was anciently called Arne.
_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 40.――_Plutarch_, _Pelopidas_, &c.――_Strabo_,
bk. 9.

=Chalæon=, a city of Locris.――――A port of Bœotia.

=Chales=, a herald of Busiris, put to death by Hercules. _Apollodorus_,
bk. 2, ch. 5.

=Chalcæa=, a town of Caria,――――of Phœnicia.

=Chalcea=, an island with a town near Rhodes. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 3.
――――A festival at Athens. _See:_ Panathenæa.

=Chalcēdon= and =Chalcēdŏnia=, now _Kadi-Keni_, an ancient city of
Bithynia, opposite Byzantium, built by a colony from Megara, headed
by Argias, B.C. 685. It was first called Procerastis, and afterwards
Colpusa. Its situation, however, was so improperly chosen that it
was called the city of blind men, intimating the inconsiderate plan
of the founders. _Strabo_, bk. 7.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 32.――_Mela_,
bk. 1, ch. 19.

=Chalcidēne=, a part of Syria, very fruitful. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 23.

=Chalcidenses=, the inhabitants of the isthmus between Teos and
Erythræ.――――A people near the Phasis.

=Chalcideus=, a commander of the Lacedæmonian fleet killed by the
Athenians, &c. _Thucydides_, bk. 8, ch. 8.

=Chalcidĭca=, a country of Thrace,――――of Syria.

=Chalcidĭcus= (of _Chalcis_), an epithet applied to Cumæ in Italy, as
built by a colony from Chalcis. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 17.

=Chalciœus=, a surname of Minerva, because she had a temple at Chalcis
in Eubœa. She was also called Chalciotis and Chalcidica.

=Chalciŏpe=, a daughter of Æetes king of Colchis, who married Phryxus
son of Athamas, who had fled to her father’s court for protection.
She had some children by Phryxus, and she preserved her life from
the avarice and cruelty of her father, who had murdered her husband
to obtain the golden fleece. _See:_ Phryxus. _Ovid_, _Heroides_,
poem 17, li. 232.――_Hyginus_, fable 14, &c.――――The mother of
Thessalus by Hercules. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――――The daughter
of Rhexenor, who married Ægeus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 1.

=Chalcis=, now _Egripo_, the chief city of Eubœa, in that part which
is nearest to Bœotia. It was founded by an Athenian colony. The
island is said to have been anciently joined to the continent in
the neighbourhood of Chalcis. There were three other towns of the
same name, in Thrace, Acarnania, and Sicily, all belonging to the
Corinthians. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.――_Strabo_, bk. 10.――_Pausanias_,
bk. 5, ch. 23.――_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 10.

=Chalcītis=, a country of Ionia. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 5.

=Chalcŏdon=, a son of Ægyptus by Arabia. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1.
――――A man of Cos, who wounded Hercules. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.
――――The father of Elephenor, one of the Grecian chiefs in the Trojan
war. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 15.――――A man who assisted Hercules in
his war against Augias. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 15.

=Chalcon=, a Messenian, who reminded Antilochus son of Nestor to be
aware of the Æthiopians, by whom he was to perish.

=Chalcus=, a man made governor of Cyzicus by Alexander. _Polyænus._

=Chaldæa=, a country of Asia between the Euphrates and Tigris.
Its capital is Babylon, whose inhabitants were famous for their
knowledge of astrology, _Cicero_, _de Divinatione_, bk. 1, ch. 1.
――_Diodorus_, bk. 2.――_Strabo_, bk. 2.――_Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 28.

=Chaldæi=, the inhabitants of Chaldæa.

=Chalestra=, a town of Macedonia. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 123.

=Chalonītis=, a country of Media.

=Chaly̆bes= and =Caly̆bes=, a people of Asia Minor, near Pontus,
once very powerful, and possessed of a great extent of country,
abounding in iron mines, where the inhabitants worked naked. The
Calybes attacked the 10,000 in their retreat, and behaved with
much spirit and courage. They were partly conquered by Crœsus
king of Lydia. Some authors imagine that the Calybes are a nation
of Spain. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 421.――_Strabo_, bk. 12,
&c.――_Apollonius_, bk. 2, li. 375.――_Xenophon_, _Anabasis_, bk. 4,
&c.――_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 28.――_Justin_, bk. 44, ch. 3.

=Chalybon=, now supposed to be _Aleppo_, a town of Syria, which gave
the name of _Chalybonitis_ to the neighbouring country.

=Chalybonītis=, a country of Syria, so famous for its wines that the
king of Persia drank no other.

=Chalybs=, a river of Spain, where _Justin_, bk. 44, ch. 3, places the
people called Calybes.

=Chamani= and =Chamaviri=, a people of Germany. _Tacitus_, _Germania_.

=Chane=, a river between Armenia and Albania, falling into the Caspian
sea.

=Chaon=, a mountain of Peloponnesus.――――A son of Priam. _See:_ Chaonia.

=Chaŏnes=, a people of Epirus.

=Chaŏnia=, a mountainous part of Epirus, which receives its name from
Chaon, a son of Priam, inadvertently killed by his brother Helenus.
There was a wood near, where doves (_Chaoniæ aves_) were said to
deliver oracles. The words _Chaonius victus_ are by ancient authors
applied to acorns, the food of the first inhabitants. _Lucan_,
bk. 6, li. 426.――_Claudian_, _de Raptu Proserpinæ_, bk. 3, li. 47.
――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 335.――_Propertius_, bk. 1, poem 9.
――_Ovid_, _Ars Amatoria_, bk. 1.

=Chaonitis=, a country of Assyria.

=Chaos=, a rude and shapeless mass of matter, and confused assemblage
of inactive elements, which, as the poets suppose, pre-existed the
formation of the world, and from which the universe was formed by
the hand and power of a superior being. This doctrine was first
established by Hesiod, from whom the succeeding poets have copied it;
and it is probable that it was obscurely drawn from the account of
Moses, by being copied from the annals of Sanchoniathon, whose age
is fixed antecedent to the siege of Troy. Chaos was deemed by some
as one of the oldest of the gods, and invoked as one of the infernal
deities. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 510.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
bk. 1, fable 1.

=Charădra=, a town of Phocis. _Herodotus_, bk. 8, ch. 33.

=Charadros=, a river of Phocis, falling into the Cephisus. _Statius_,
_Thebiad_, bk. 4, li. 46.

=Charădrus=, a place of Argos where military causes were tried.
_Thucydides_, bk. 5, ch. 60.

=Choræadas=, an Athenian general, sent with 20 ships to Sicily during
the Peloponnesian war. He died 426 B.C., &c. _Thucydides_, bk. 3,
ch. 86.

=Charandæi=, a people near Pontus.

=Charax=, a town of Armenia.――――A philosopher of Pergamus, who wrote a
history of Greece in 40 books.

=Charaxes= and =Charaxus=, a Mitylenean, brother to Sappho, who became
passionately fond of the courtesan Rhodope, upon whom he squandered
all his possessions, and reduced himself to poverty, and the
necessity of piratical excursions. _Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 17,
li. 117.――_Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 135, &c.

=Charuxus=, one of the centaurs. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12,
li. 272.

=Chares=, an Athenian general.――――A statuary of Lindus, who was 12
years employed in making the famous Colossus of Rhodes. _Pliny_,
bk. 34, ch. 7.――――A man who wounded Cyrus when fighting against his
brother Artaxerxes.――――An historian of Mitylene, who wrote a life of
Alexander.――――An Athenian who fought with Darius against Alexander.
_Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 5.――――A river of Peloponnesus. _Plutarch_,
_Aratus_.

=Charĭcles=, one of the 30 tyrants set over Athens by the Lacedæmonians.
_Xenophon_, _Memorabilia_, bk. 1.――_Aristotle_, _Politics_, bk. 5,
ch. 6.――――A famous physician under Tiberius. _Tacitus_, _Annals_,
bk. 6, ch. 50.

=Chariclīdes=, an officer of Dionysius the younger, whom Dion gained
to dethrone the tyrant. _Diodorus_, bk. 16.

=Charĭclo=, the mother of Tiresias, greatly favoured by Minerva.
_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 6.――――A daughter of Apollo, who married
the centaur Chiron. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 635.

=Charidēmus=, a Roman exposed to wild beasts. _Martial_, bk. 1, ltr.
44.――――An Athenian banished by Alexander, and killed by Darius, &c.

=Charĭla=, a festival observed once in nine years by the Delphians. It
owes its origin to this circumstance: In a great famine the people
of Delphi assembled and applied to their king to relieve their wants.
He accordingly distributed the little corn which he had among the
noblest; but as a poor little girl, called Charila, begged the king
with more than common earnestness, he beat her with his shoe, and
the girl, unable to bear his treatment, hanged herself in her girdle.
The famine increased; and the oracle told the king that, to relieve
his people, he must atone for the murder of Charila. Upon this a
festival was instituted, with expiatory rites. The king presided
over this institution, and distributed pulse and corn to such as
attended. Charila’s image was brought before the king, who struck it
with his shoe; after which it was carried to a desolate place, where
they put a halter round its neck, and buried it where Charila was
buried. _Plutarch_, _Quæstiones Græcæ_.

=Charilāus= and =Charillus=, a son of Polydectes king of Sparta,
educated and protected by his uncle Lycurgus. He made war against
Argos, and attacked Tegea. He was taken prisoner, and released on
promising that he would cease from war, an engagement which he soon
broke. He died in the 64th year of his age. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch.
36; bk. 6, ch. 48.――――A Spartan who changed the monarchical power
into an aristocracy. _Aristotle_, _Politics_, bk. 5, ch. 12.

=Charillus=, one of the ancestors of Leutychides. _Herodotus_, bk. 8,
ch. 131.

=Charīni= and =Carīni=, a people of Germany. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 14.

=Charis=, a goddess among the Greeks, surrounded with pleasures,
graces, and delight. She was the wife of Vulcan. _Homer_, _Iliad_,
bk. 18, li. 382.

=Charisia=, a town of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 3.――――A festival
in honour of the Graces, with dances which continued all night. He
who continued awake the longest was rewarded with a cake.

=Charisius=, an orator at Athens. _Cicero_, _Brutus_, ch. 83.

=Charistia=, festivals at Rome celebrated on the 20th of February,
by the distribution of mutual presents, with the intention of
reconciling friends and relations. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 2, ch. 1.
――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 2.

=Charĭtes= and =Gratiæ=, the Graces, daughters of Venus by Jupiter or
Bacchus, are three in number――Aglaia, Thalia, and Euphrosyne. They
were the constant attendants of Venus, and they were represented as
three young, beautiful, and modest virgins, all holding one another
by the hand. They presided over kindness, and all good offices,
and their worship was the same as that of the nine muses, with whom
they had a temple in common. They were generally represented naked,
because kindness ought to be done with sincerity and candour. The
moderns explain the allegory of their holding their hands joined,
by observing that there ought to be a perpetual and never-ceasing
intercourse of kindness and benevolence among friends. Their youth
denotes the constant remembrance that we ought ever to have of
kindnesses received; and their virgin purity and innocence teach us
that acts of benevolence ought to be done without any expectation of
restoration, and that we ought never to suffer others or ourselves
to be guilty of base or impure favours. Homer speaks only of two
Graces.

=Charĭton=, a writer of Aphrodisium, at the latter end of the fourth
century. He composed a Greek romance called _The Loves of Chæreas
and Callirhoe_, which has been much admired for its elegance, and
the originality of the characters it describes. There is a very
learned edition of Chariton, by Reiske, with D’Orville’s notes,
2 vols., 4to, Amsterdam, 1750.

=Charmădas=, a philosopher of uncommon memory. _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 24.

=Charme= and =Carme=, the mother of Britomartis by Jupiter.

=Charmides=, a Lacedæmonian, sent by the king to quell a sedition in
Crete. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 2.――――A boxer. _Pausanias_, bk. 6,
ch. 7.――――A philosopher of the third academy, B.C. 95.

=Charmīnus=, an Athenian general, who defeated the Peloponnesians.
_Thucydides_, bk. 8, ch. 42.

=Charmione=, a servant-maid of Cleopatra, who stabbed herself after
the example of her mistress. _Plutarch_, _Antonius_.

=Charmis=, a physician of Marseilles, in Nero’s age, who used cold
baths for his patients, and prescribed medicines contrary to those
of his cotemporaries. _Pliny_, bk. 21, ch. 1.

=Charmosy̆na=, a festival in Egypt. _Plutarch_, _de Iside et Osiride_.

=Charmotas=, a part of Arabia.

=Charmus=, a poet of Syracuse, some of whose fragments are found
scattered in Athenæus.

=Charon=, a Theban, who received into his house Pelopidas and his
friends, when they delivered Thebes from tyranny, &c. _Plutarch_,
_Pelopidas_.――――An historian of Lampsacus, son of Pytheus, who
wrote two books on Persia, besides other treatises, B.C. 479.――――An
historian of Naucratis, who wrote a history of his country and of
Egypt.――――A Carthaginian writer, &c.――――A god of hell, son of Erebus
and Nox, who conducted the souls of the dead in a boat over the
rivers Styx and Acheron to the infernal regions, for an obolus. Such
as had not been honoured with a funeral were not permitted to enter
his boat, without previously wandering on the shore for 100 years.
If any living person presented himself to cross the Stygian lake, he
could not be admitted before he showed Charon a golden bough, which
he had received from the Sibyl, and Charon was imprisoned for one
year, because he had ferried over, against his own will, Hercules,
without this passport. Charon is represented as an old robust man,
with a hideous countenance, long white beard, and piercing eyes.
His garment is ragged and filthy, and his forehead is covered with
wrinkles. As all the dead were obliged to pay a small piece of money
for their admission, it was always usual, among the ancients, to
place under the tongue of the deceased a piece of money for Charon.
This fable of Charon and his boat is borrowed from the Egyptians,
whose dead were carried across a lake, where sentence was passed on
them, and according to their good or bad actions, they were honoured
with a splendid burial, or left unnoticed in the open air. _See:_
Acherusia. _Diodorus_, bk. 1.――_Seneca_, _Hercules Furens_, li. 765.
――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 298, &c.

=Charondas=, a man of Catana, who gave laws to the people of Thurium,
and made a law that no man should be permitted to come armed into
the assembly. He inadvertently broke this law, and when told of it
he fell upon his sword, B.C. 446. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 6, li. 5.

=Charonea=, a place of Asia, &c.

=Charonia scrobs=, a place of Italy emitting deadly vapours. _Pliny_,
bk. 2, ch. 23.

=Charonium=, a cave near Nysa, where the sick were supposed to be
delivered from their disorders by certain superstitious solemnities.

=Charops= and =Charŏpes=, a Trojan killed by Ulysses. _Homer_, _Iliad_.
――――A powerful Epirot who assisted Flaminius when making war against
Philip the king of Macedonia. _Plutarch_, _Titus Flamininus_.――――The
first decennial archon at Athens. _Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 8.

=Charybdis=, a dangerous whirlpool on the coast of Sicily, opposite
another whirlpool called Scylla, on the coast of Italy. It was very
dangerous to sailors, and it proved fatal to part of the fleet of
Ulysses. The exact situation of the Charybdis is not discovered by
the moderns, as no whirlpool sufficiently tremendous is now found to
correspond with the descriptions of the ancients. The words,

_Incidit in Scyllam qui vult vitare Charybdim_,

became a proverb, to show that in our eagerness to avoid one evil,
we often fall into a greater. The name of _Charybdis_ was properly
bestowed on mistresses who repay affection and tenderness with
ingratitude. It is supposed that Charybdis was an avaricious woman,
who stole the oxen of Hercules, for which theft she was struck
with thunder by Jupiter, and changed into a whirlpool. _Lycophron_,
_Cassandra_.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 12.――_Propertius_, bk. 3, poem
11.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 14.――_Ovid_, _Ex Ponto_, bk. 4, ltr. 10;
_Amores_, bk. 2, poem 16.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 420.

=Chaubi= and =Chauci=, people of Germany, supposed to inhabit the
country now called Friesland and Bremen.

=Chaula=, a village of Egypt.

=Chauros.= _See:_ Caurus.

=Chelæ=, a Greek word (χηλη), signifying _claws_, which is applied to
the Scorpion, one of the signs of the zodiac, and lies, according
to the ancients, contiguous to Virgo. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1,
li. 33.

=Cheles=, a satrap of Seleucus, &c.

=Chelĭdon=, a mistress of Verres. _Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 1,
ch. 40.

=Chelīdŏnia=, a festival at Rhodes, in which it was customary for
boys to go begging from door to door and singing certain songs, &c.
_Athenæus._――――The wind Favonius was called also _Chelidonia_, from
the 6th of the ides of February to the 7th of the calends of March,
the time when swallows first made their appearance. _Pliny_, bk. 2,
ch. 47.

=Chelīdoniæ=, now _Kelidoni_, small islands opposite the promontory
of Taurus of the same name, very dangerous to sailors. _Dionysius
Periegetes_, li. 506.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, chs. 27 & 31.――_Livy_, bk. 33,
ch. 41.

=Chelĭdŏnis=, a daughter of king Leotychides, who married Cleonymus,
and committed adultery with Acrotatus. _Plutarch_, _Pyrrhus_.

=Chelidŏnium=, a promontory of mount Taurus, projecting into the
Pamphylian sea.

=Chelŏne=, a nymph changed into a tortoise by Mercury, for not being
present at the nuptials of Jupiter and Juno, and condemned to
perpetual silence for having ridiculed these deities.

=Chelōnis=, a daughter of Leonidas king of Sparta, who married
Cleombrotus. She accompanied her father, whom her husband had
expelled, and soon after went into banishment with her husband,
who had in his turn been expelled by Leonidas. _Plutarch_, _Agis_
& _Cleomenes_.

=Chelonophăgi=, a people of Carmania, who fed upon turtle, and covered
their habitations with the shells. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 24.

=Chelydoria=, a mountain of Arcadia.

=Chemmis=, an island in a deep lake of Egypt. _Herodotus_, bk. 2,
ch. 156.

=Chena=, a town of Laconia.

=Chenæ=, a village on mount Œta. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 24.

=Chenion=, a mountain in Asia Minor, from which the 10,000 Greeks
first saw the sea. _Diodorus_, bk. 14.

=Chenius=, a mountain near Colchis.

=Cheops= and =Cheospes=, a king of Egypt, after Rhampsinitus, who
built famous pyramids, upon which 1060 talents were expended only
in supplying the workmen with leeks, parsley, garlic, and other
vegetables. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 124.

=Chephren=, a brother of Cheops, who also built a pyramid. The
Egyptians so inveterately hated these two royal brothers, that they
publicly reported, that the pyramids which they had built had been
erected by a shepherd. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 127.

=Cheremocrătes=, an artist who built Diana’s temple at Ephesus, &c.
_Strabo_, bk. 14.

=Cherisŏphus=, a commander of 800 Spartans, in the expedition which
Cyrus undertook against his brother Artaxerxes. _Diodorus_, bk. 14.

=Cheronæa.= _See:_Chæronea.

=Cherŏphon=, a tragic writer of Athens, in the age of Philip.
_Philostratus_, _Lives_.

=Cherronēsus.= _See:_ Chersonesus.

=Chersias=, an Orchomenian, reconciled to Periander by Chilo.
_Pausanias_ praises some of his poetry, bk. 9, ch. 38.

=Chersidămas=, a Trojan killed by Ulysses in the Trojan war. _Ovid_,
_Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 259.

=Chersiphro=, an architect, &c. _Pliny_, bk. 36, ch. 14.

=Chersonēsus=, a Greek word, rendered by the Latins _Peninsula_. There
were many of these among the ancients, of which these five were the
most celebrated: one called _Peloponnesus_; one called _Thracian_,
in the south of Thrace and west of the Hellespont, where Miltiades
led a colony of Athenians, and built a wall across the isthmus. From
its isthmus to its further shores, it measured 420 stadia, extending
between the bay of Melas and the Hellespont. The third, called
_Taurica_, now _Crim Tartary_, was situate near the Palus Mæotis.
The fourth, called _Cimbrica_, now _Jutland_, is in the northern
parts of Germany; and the fifth, surnamed _Aurea_, lies in India,
beyond the Ganges. _Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 33; bk. 7, ch. 58.――_Livy_,
bk. 31, ch. 16.――_Cicero_, _Brutus_, ch. 2.――――Also a peninsula near
Alexandria in Egypt. _Hirtius_, _Alexandrine War_, ch. 10.

=Cherusci=, a people of Germany, who long maintained a war against
Rome. They inhabited the country between the Weser and the Elbe.
_Tacitus_.――_Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 6, ch. 9.

=Chidnæi=, a people near Pontus.

=Chidōrus=, a river of Macedonia near Thessalonica, not sufficiently
large to supply the army of Xerxes with water. _Herodotus_, bk. 7,
ch. 127.

=Chiliarchus=, a great officer of state at the court of Persia.
_Cornelius Nepos_, _Conon_.

=Chilius= and =Chileus=, an Arcadian, who advised the Lacedæmonians,
when Xerxes was in Greece, not to desert the common cause of their
country. _Herodotus_, bk. 9, ch. 9.

=Chilo=, a Spartan philosopher who has been called one of the seven
wise men of Greece. One of his maxims was “Know thyself.” He died
through excess of joy, in the arms of his son, who had obtained a
victory at Olympia, B.C. 597. _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 33.――_Diogenes
Laërtius._――――One of the Ephori at Sparta, B.C. 556.

=Chilonis=, the wife of Theopompus king of Sparta. _Polyænus_, bk. 8.

=Chimæra=, a celebrated monster, sprung from Echidna and Typhon,
which had three heads, that of a lion, of a goat, and a dragon,
and continually vomited flames. The fore parts of its body were
those of a lion, the middle was that of a goat, and the hinder
parts were those of a dragon. It generally lived in Lycia, about
the reign of Jobates, by whose orders Bellerophon, mounted on the
horse Pegasus, overcame it. This fabulous tradition is explained
by the recollection that there was a burning mountain in Lycia,
called Chimæra, whose top was the resort of lions, on account
of its desolate wilderness; the middle, which was fruitful, was
covered with goats; and at the bottom the marshy ground abounded
with serpents. Bellerophon is said to have conquered the Chimæra,
because he first made his habitation on that mountain. Plutarch
says that it was the captain of some pirates, who adorned their ship
with the images of a lion, a goat, and a dragon. From the union of
the Chimæra with Orthos sprung the Sphinx and the lion of Nemæa.
_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 6, li. 181.――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 322.
――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9; bk. 2, ch. 3.――_Lucretius_, bk. 5, li.
903.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 646.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_,
bk. 6, li. 288.――――One of the ships in the fleet of Æneas. _Virgil_,
_Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 118.

=Chimarus=, a river of Argolis. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 36.

=Chimerium=, a mountain of Phthiotis, in Thessaly. _Pliny_, bk. 4,
ch. 8.

=Chiomara=, a woman who cut off the head of a Roman tribune when she
had been taken prisoner, &c. _Plutarch_, _de Mulierum Virtutes_.

=Chion=, a Greek writer, whose epistles were edited cum notis Cobergi,
8vo, Lipscomb, 1765.

=Chiŏne=, a daughter of Dædalion, of whom Apollo and Mercury became
enamoured. To enjoy her company, Mercury lulled her to sleep with
his Caduceus, and Apollo, in the night, under the form of an old
woman, obtained the same favours as Mercury. From this embrace
Chione became mother of Philammon and Autolycus, the former of whom,
as being son of Apollo, became an excellent musician; and the latter
was equally notorious for his robberies, of which his father Mercury
was the patron. Chione grew so proud of her commerce with the gods,
that she even preferred her beauty to that of Diana, for which
impiety she was killed by the goddess, and changed into a hawk.
_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, fable 8.――――A daughter of Boreas
and Orithyia, who had Eumolpus by Neptune. She threw her son into
the sea, but he was preserved by his father. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3,
ch. 15.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 38.――――A famous prostitute.
_Martial_, bk. 3, ltr. 34.

=Chionides=, an Athenian poet, supposed by some to be the inventor of
comedy.

=Chionis=, a victor at Olympia. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 13.