Chapter C (8)

A.U.C. 637. Lucius Cæcilius Metellus; Quintus Mutius Scævola.

A.U.C. 638. Caius Licinius Geta; Quintus Fabius Maximus Eburnus.

A.U.C. 639. Marcus Cæcilius Metellus; Marcus Æmilius Scaurus.

A.U.C. 640. Manius Acilius Balbus; Caius Portius Cato.

A.U.C. 641. Caius Cæcilius Metellus; Cnæus Papirius Carbo.

A.U.C. 642. Marcus Livius Drusis; Lucius Calpurnius Piso. The Romans
declare war against Jugurtha.

A.U.C. 643. Publius Scipio Nasica; Lucius Calpurnius Bestia.
Calpurnius bribed and defeated by ♦Jugurtha.

♦ ‘Jugartha’ replaced with ‘Jugurtha’

A.U.C. 644. Marcus Minucius Rufus; Spurius Postumius Albinus.

A.U.C. 645. Quintus Cæcilius Metellus; Marcus Junius Silanus.
Success of Metellus against Jugurtha.

A.U.C. 646. Servius Sulpicius Galba; Marcus Aurelius Scaurus.
Metellus continues the war.

A.U.C. 647. Caius Marius; Lucius Cassius. The war against Jugurtha
continued with vigour by Marius.

A.U.C. 648. Caius Atilius Serranus; Quintus Servilius Cæpio.
Jugurtha betrayed by Bocchus into the hands of Sylla the
lieutenant of Marius.

A.U.C. 649. Publius Rutilius Rufus; ♦Cnæus Mallius Maximus. Marius
triumphs over Jugurtha. Two Roman armies defeated by the Cimbri
and Teutones.

♦ ‘Corn. Maniius’ replaced with ‘Cnæus Mallius’

A.U.C. 650. Caius Marius 2; Caius Flavius Fimbria. The Cimbri march
towards Spain.

A.U.C. 651. Caius Marius 3; Lucius Aurelius Orestes. The Cimbri
defeated in Spain.

A.U.C. 652. Caius Marius 4; Quintus Lutatius Catulus. The Teutones
totally defeated by Marius.

A.U.C. 653. Caius Marius 5; Manius Aquilius. The Cimbri enter Italy,
and are defeated by Marius and Catulus.

A.U.C. 654. Caius Marius 6; Lucius Valerius Flaccus. Factions
against Metellus.

A.U.C. 655. Marcus Antonius; Aulus Postumius Albinus. Metellus is
gloriously recalled.

A.U.C. 656. ♦Quintus Cæcilius Metellus Nepos; Titus Didius.

♦ ‘L.’ replaced with ‘Quintus’

A.U.C. 657. Cnæus Cornelius Lentulus; Publius Licinius Crassus.

A.U.C. 658. Cnæus Domitius Ahenobarbus; Caius Cassius Longinus. The
kingdom of Cyrene left by will to the Roman people.

A.U.C. 659. Lucius Licinius Crassus; Quintus Mucius Scævola.
Seditions of Norbanus.

A.U.C. 660. Caius Cœlius Caldus; Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus.

A.U.C. 661. Caius Valerius Flaccus; Marcus Herennius. Sylla
exhibited a combat of 100 lions with men in the Circus.

A.U.C. 662. Caius Claudius Pulcher; Marcus Perpenna. The allies wish
to be admitted citizens of Rome.

A.U.C. 663. Lucius Marcius Philippus; Sextus Julius Cæsar. The
allies prepare to revolt.

A.U.C. 664. ♦Lucius Julius Cæsar; Publius Rutulius Rufus. Wars with
the Marsi.

♦ ‘M.’ replaced with ‘Lucius’

A.U.C. 665. Cnæus Pompeius Strabo; Lucius Portius Cato. The great
valour of Sylla surnamed the Fortunate.

A.U.C. 666. Lucius Cornelius Sylla; Quintus Pompeius Rufus. Sylla
appointed to conduct the Mithridatic war. Marius is empowered to
supersede him; upon which Sylla returns to Rome with his army, and
takes it, and has Marius and his adherents judged as enemies.

A.U.C. 667. Cnæus Octavius; Lucius Cornelius Cinna. Cinna endeavours
to recall Marius, and is expelled. Marius returns, and with Cinna
marches against Rome. Civil wars and slaughter.

A.U.C. 668. Caius Marius 7; Lucius Cornelius Cinna 2. Marius died,
and Lucius Valerius Flaccus was chosen in his room. The Mithridatic
war.

A.U.C. 669. Lucius Cornelius Cinna 3; Cnæus Papirius Carbo. The
Mithridatic war continued by Sylla.

A.U.C. 670. Lucius Cornelius Cinna 4; Cnæus Papirius Carbo 2. Peace
with Mithridates.

A.U.C. 671. Lucius Cornelius Scipio Asiaticus; Caius Norbanus. The
capitol burnt. Pompey joins Sylla.

A.U.C. 672. Caius Marius; Cnæus Papirius Carbo 3. Civil wars at Rome
between Marius and Sylla. Murder of the citizens by order of Sylla,
who makes himself dictator.

A.U.C. 673. Marcus Tullius Decula; Cnæus Cornelius Dolabella. Sylla
weakens and circumscribes the power of the tribunes. Pompey
triumphs over Africa.

A.U.C. 674. Lucius Cornelius Sylla Felix 2; Quintus Cæcilius Metellus
Pius. War against Mithridates.

A.U.C. 675. Publius Servilius Vatia; Appius Claudius Pulcher. Sylla
abdicates the dictatorship.

A.U.C. 676. Marcus Æmilius Lepidus; Quintus Lutatius Catulus. Sylla
dies.

A.U.C. 677. Decimus Junius Brutus; Mamercus Æmilius Lepidus Livianus.
A civil war between Lepidus and Catulus. Pompey goes against
Sertorius in Spain.

A.U.C. 678. Cnæus Octavius; ♦Gaius Scribonius Curio. Sertorius
defeated.

♦ ‘M.’ replaced with ‘Gaius’

A.U.C. 679. ♦Lucius Octavius; Caius Aurelius Cotta. Mithridates and
Sertorius make a treaty of alliance together. Sertorius murdered
by Perpenna.

♦ ‘Cn.’ replaced with ‘Lucius’

A.U.C. 680. Lucius Licinius Lucullus; Marcus Aurelius Cotta.
Lucullus conducts the Mithridatic war.

A.U.C. 681. Marcus Terentius Varro Lucullus; Caius Cassius ♦Longinus.
The gladiators make head against the Romans with much success.

♦ ‘Varus Spartacus’ replaced with ‘Longinus’

A.U.C. 682. Lucius Gellius Poplicola; Cnæus Cornelius Lentulus
Clodianus. Victories of Spartacus over three Roman generals.

A.U.C. 683. Cnæus Aufidius Orestes; Publius Cornelius Lentulus Sura.
Crassus defeats and kills Spartacus near Apulia.

A.U.C. 684. Marcus Licinius Crassus; Cnæus Pompeius Magnus.
Successes of Lucullus against Mithridates. The census amounts to
above 900,000.

A.U.C. 685. Quintus Hortensius 2; Quintus Cæcilius Metellus.
Lucullus defeats Tigranes king of Armenia, and meditates the
invasion of Parthia.

A.U.C. 686. Quintus Marcius Rex; Lucius Cæcilius Metellus. Lucullus
defeats the united forces of Mithridates and Tigranes.

A.U.C. 687. Manius Acilius Glabrio; Caius Calpurnius Piso. Lucullus
falls under the displeasure of his troops, who partly desert him.
Pompey goes against the pirates.

A.U.C. 688. Manius Æmilius Lepidus; Lucius Volcatus Tullus. Pompey
succeeds Lucullus to finish the Mithridatic war, and defeats the
enemy.

A.U.C. 689. Lucius Aurelius Cotta; Lucius Manlius Torquatus. Success
of Pompey in Asia.

A.U.C. 690. Lucius Julius Cæsar; Caius Martius Figulus. Pompey goes
to Syria. His conquests there.

A.U.C. 691. Marcus Tullius Cicero; Caius Antonius. Mithridates
poisons himself. Catiline conspires against the state. Cicero
discovers the conspiracy, and punishes the adherents.

A.U.C. 692. Decimus Junius Silanus; Lucius Licinius Muræna. Pompey
triumphs over the Pirates, and over Mithridates, Tigranes, and
Aristobulus.

A.U.C. 693. Marcus Puppius Piso; Marcus Valerius Messala Niger.

A.U.C. 694. Lucius Afranius; Quintus Metellus Celer. A reconciliation
between Crassus, Pompey, and Cæsar.

A.U.C. 695. Caius Julius Cæsar; Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus. Cæsar
breaks the fasces of his colleague, and is sole consul. He obtains
the government of Gaul for five years.

A.U.C. 696. ♦Lucius Calpurnius Piso; Aulus Gabinius Paulus. Cicero
banished by means of Clodius. Cato goes against Ptolemy king of
Cyprus. Successes of Cæsar in Gaul.

♦ ‘C.’ replaced with ‘Lucius’

A.U.C. 697. Publius Cornelius Lentulus Spinther; Quintus Cæcilius
Metellus Nepos. Cicero recalled. Cæsar’s success and victories.

A.U.C. 698. Cnæus Cornelius Lentulus Marcellinus; Lucius Marcius
Philippus. The triumvirate of Cæsar, Pompey, and Crassus.

A.U.C. 699. Cnæus Pompeius Magnus 2; Marcus Licinius Crassus 2.
Crassus goes against Parthia. Cæsar continued for five years more
in the administration of Gaul. His conquest of Britain.

A.U.C. 700. Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus; Appius Claudius Pulcher.
Great victories of Cæsar.

A.U.C. 701. Cnæus Domitius Calvinus; Marcus Valerius Messala.
Crassus defeated and slain in Parthia. Milo kills Clodius.

A.U.C. 702. Cnæus Pompeius Magnus 3; the only consul. He afterwards
took for colleague, Quintus Cæcilius Metullus Pius Scipio. Revolts
of the Gauls crushed by Cæsar.

A.U.C. 703. Servius Sulpicius Rufus; Marcus Claudius Marcellus. Rise
of the jealousy between Cæsar and Pompey.

A.U.C. 704. Lucius Æmilius Paulus; ♦Gaius Claudius Marcellus. Cicero
proconsul of Cilicia. Increase of the differences between Cæsar
and Pompey.

♦ ‘P.’ replaced with ‘Gaius’

A.U.C. 705. Caius Claudius Marcellus; Lucius Cornelius Lentulus.
Cæsar begins the civil war. Pompey flies from Rome. Cæsar made
dictator.

A.U.C. 706. Caius Julius Cæsar 2; Publius Servilius Isauricus. Cæsar
defeats Pompey at Pharsalia Pompey murdered in Egypt. The wars of
Cæsar in Egypt.

A.U.C. 707. Quintus Fusius Calenus; Publius Vatinius. Power and
influence of Cæsar at Rome. He reduces Pontus.

A.U.C. 708. Caius Julius Cæsar 3; Marcus Æmilius Lepidus. Cæsar
defeats Pompey’s partisans in Africa, and takes Utica.

A.U.C. 709. Caius Julius Cæsar 4; Consul alone. He conquered the
partisans of Pompey in Spain, and was declared perpetual Dictator
and Imperator, &c.

A.U.C. 710. Caius Julius Cæsar 5; Marcus Antonius. Cæsar meditates a
war against Parthia. Above 600 Romans conspire against Cæsar, and
murder him in the senate-house. Antony raises himself to power.
The rise of Octavius.

A.U.C. 711. Caius Vibius Pansa; Aulus Hirtius. Antony judged a
public enemy. He joins Augustus. Triumvirate of Antony, Augustus,
and Lepidus.

A.U.C. 712. Lucius Minucius Plancus; Marcus Æmilius Lepidus 2. Great
honours paid to the memory of Julius Cæsar. Brutus and Cassius
join their forces against Augustus and Antony.

A.U.C. 713. Lucius Antonius; Publius Servilius Isauricus 2. Battle
of Philippi, and the defeat of Brutus and Cassius.

A.U.C. 714. Cnæus Domitius Calvinus; Caius Asinius Pollio. Antony
joins the son of Pompey against Augustus. The alliance of short
duration.

A.U.C. 715. Lucius Marcius Censorinus; Caius Calvisius Sabinus.
Antony marries Octavia the sister of Augustus, to strengthen their
mutual alliance.

A.U.C. 716. Appius Claudius Pulcher; Caius Norbanus Flaccus; to
whom were substituted Caius Octavianus and Quintus Pedius. Sext.
Pompey the son of Pompey the Great makes himself powerful by sea
to oppose Augustus.

A.U.C. 717. Marcus Agrippa; Lucius Caninius Gallus. Agrippa is
appointed by Augustus to oppose Sextus Pompey with a fleet. He
builds the famous harbour of Misenum.

A.U.C. 718. Lucius Gellius Poplicola; Marcus Cocceius Nerva. Agrippa
obtains a naval victory over Pompey, who delivers himself to
Antony, by whom he is put to death.

A.U.C. 719. Lucius Cornificus Nepos; Sextus Pompeius Nepos. Lentulus
removed from power by Augustus.

A.U.C. 720. Lucius Scribonius Libo; Marcus Antonius 2. Augustus
and Antony, being sole masters of the Roman empire, make another
division of the provinces. Cæsar obtains the west, and Antony the
east.

A.U.C. 721. Caius Cæsar Octavianus 2; Lucius Volcatius Tullus.
Octavia divorced by Antony, who marries Cleopatra.

A.U.C. 722. Cnæus Domitius Ahenobarbus; Caius Sosius. Dissensions
between Augustus and Antony.

A.U.C. 723. Caius Cæsar Octavianus 3; Marcus Valerius Messala
Corvinus. The battle of Actium, which, according to some authors,
happened the year of Rome 721. The end of the commonwealth.

=Consus=, a deity at Rome, who presided over councils. His temple was
covered in the Maximus Circus, to show that councils ought to be
secret and inviolable. Some suppose that it is the same as Neptunus
Equestris. Romulus instituted festivals to his honour, called
_Consualia_, during the celebration of which the Romans carried
away the Sabine women. _See:_ Consuales ludi. _Plutarch_, _Romulus_.
――_Ausonius_, ltr. 69, & Ecolgue 13, poem 23, _on Roman festivals_,
li. 19.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 9.

=Consygna=, the wife of Nicomedes king of Bithynia, torn in pieces by
dogs for her lascivious deportment. _Pliny_, bk. 8, ch. 40.

=Contadesdus=, a river of Thrace. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 90.

=Contubia=, a town in Spain. _Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 17.

=Coon=, the eldest son of Antenor, killed by Agamemnon. _Homer_,
_Iliad_.

=Coos=, =Cos=, =Cea=, and =Co=, an island of the Ægean sea. _See:_ Co.

=Copæ=, a place of Greece, near the Cephisus. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 7.

=Copais lacus=, now _Limne_, a lake of Bœotia, into which the Cephisus
and other rivers empty themselves. It is famous for its excellent
eels. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 24.

=Cophas=, a son of Artabazus. _Curtius_, bk. 7, ch. 11.――――A river of
India. _Dionysius Periegetes._

=Cophontis=, a burning mountain of Bactriana. _Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 106.

=Copia=, the goddess of plenty among the Romans, represented as bearing
a horn filled with grapes, fruits, &c.

=Copillus=, a general of the Tectosagæ, taken by the Romans.
_Plutarch_, _Sulla_.

=C. Coponius=, a commander of the fleet of Rhodes, at Dyrracchium, in
the interest of Pompey. _Cicero_, bk. 1, _de Divinatione_, ch. 8.
――_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 83.

=Coprates=, a river of Asia, falling into the Tigris. _Diodorus_,
bk. 19.

=Copreus=, a son of Pelops, who fled to Mycenæ at the death of Iphitus.
_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 5.

=Coptus= and =Coptos=, now _Kypt_, a town of Egypt, about 100 leagues
from Alexandria, on a canal which communicates with the Nile.
_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 9; bk. 6, ch. 23.――_Strabo_, bk. 16.――_Juvenal_,
satire 15, li. 28.

=Cora=, a town of Latium, on the confines of the Volsci, built by a
colony of Dardanians before the foundation of Rome. _Lucan_, bk. 7,
li. 392.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 775.

=Coracēsium= and =Coracensium=, a maritime town of Pamphylia. _Livy_,
bk. 33, ch. 20.

=Coraconāsus=, a town of Arcadia, where the Ladon falls into the
Alpheus. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 25.

=Coraletæ=, a people of Scythia. _Flaccus_, bk. 6, li. 81.

=Coralli=, a savage people of Pontus. _Ovid_, _ex Ponto_, bk. 4,
poem 2, li. 37.

=Coranus=, a miser. _See:_ ♦Nascia.

♦ ‘Nascia’ not referenced

=Coras=, a brother of Catillus and Tyburtus, who fought against Æneas.
_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 672.

=Corax=, an ancient rhetorician of Sicily, who first demanded a salary
of his pupils. _Cicero_, _Brutus_, ch. 12; _On Oratory_, bk. 1, ch.
20.――_Aulus Gellius_, bk. 5, ch. 10.――_Quintilian_, bk. 3, ch. 1.
――――A king of Sicyon.――――A mountain of Ætolia. _Livy_, bk. 36, ch. 30.

=Coraxi=, a people of Colchis. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 5.

=Corbeus=, a Gaul, &c. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 8, ch. 6.

=Corbis= and =Orsua=, two brothers, who fought for the dominion of a
city, in the presence of Scipio, in Spain. _Livy_, bk. 28, ch. 21.
――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 9, ch. 11.

=Corbŭlo Domitius=, a prefect of Belgium, who, when governor of
Syria, routed the Parthians, destroyed Artaxata, and made Tigranes
king of Armenia. Nero, jealous of his virtues, ordered him to be
murdered; and Corbulo hearing this, fell upon his sword, exclaiming,
“I have well deserved this!” A.D. 66. His name was given to a
place (_Monumentum_) in Germany, which some suppose to be modern
_Groningen_. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 11, ch. 18.

=Corcȳra=, an island in the Ionian sea, about 12 miles from Buthrotum,
on the coast of Epirus; famous for the shipwreck of Ulysses, and the
gardens of Alcinous. It has been successively _Drepane_, _Scheria_,
and _Phæacia_, and now bears the name of _Corfu_. Some Corinthians,
with Chersicrates at their head, came to settle there, when banished
from their country, 703 years before the christian era. A colony of
Colchis had settled there 1349 years before Christ. The war which
was carried on by the Athenians against the Corcyreans, and was
called _Corcyrean_, became but a preparation for the Peloponnesian
war. The people of Corcyra were once so hated by the Cretans, that
such as were found on the island of Crete were always put to death.
_Ovid_, _Ibis_, li. 512.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 5, &c.――_Lucan_,
bk. 9, li. 32.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.
――_Strabo_, bk. 6.

=Cordŭba=, now _Cordova_, a famous city of Hispania Bætica, the native
place of both the Senecas and of Lucan. _Martial_, bk. 1, ltr. 62.
――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 6.――_Cæsar_, _Alexandrine War_, ch. 57.――_Pliny_,
bk. 3, ch. 1.

=Cordyla=, a port of Pontus, supposed to give its name to a peculiar
sort of fishes caught there (_Cordylæ_). _Pliny_, bk. 9, ch. 15.
――_Martial_, bk. 13, ltr. 1.

=Core=, a daughter of Ceres, the same as Proserpine. Festivals called
_Coreia_ were instituted to her honour in Greece.

=Coressus=, a hill near Ephesus. _Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 100.

=Corĕsus=, a priest of Bacchus at Calydon in Bœotia, who was deeply
enamoured of the nymph Callirhoe, who treated him with disdain. He
complained to Bacchus, who visited the country with a pestilence.
The Calydonians were directed by the oracle to appease the god by
sacrificing Callirhoe on his altar. The nymph was led to the altar,
and Coresus, who was to sacrifice her, forgot his resentment, and
stabbed himself. Callirhoe, conscious of her ingratitude to the
love of Coresus, killed herself on the brink of a fountain, which
afterwards bore her name. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 21.

=Corētas=, a man who first gave oracles at Delphi. _Plutarch_, _de
Defectu Oraculorum_.

=Corfinium=, now _San Ferino_, the capital of the Peligni, three miles
from the Aternus, which falls into the Adriatic. _Cæsar_, _Civil
War_, bk. 1, ch. 16.――_Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 478.――_Silius Italicus_,
bk. 5, li. 522.

=Coria=, a surname of Minerva among the Arcadians. _Cicero_, _de
Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 23.

=Corinna=, a celebrated woman of Tanagra, near Thebes, disciple to
Myrtis. Her father’s name was Archelodorus. It is said that she
obtained five times a poetical prize, in which Pindar was her
competitor; but it must be acknowledged that her beauty greatly
contributed to defeat her rivals. She had composed 50 books of
epigrams and odes, of which only some few verses remain. _Propertius_,
bk. 2, poem 3.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 22.――――A woman of Thespis,
celebrated for her beauty.――――Ovid’s mistress was also called
Corinna. _Amores_, bk. 2, poem 6.

=Corinnus=, an ancient poet in the time of the Trojan war, on which he
wrote a poem. Homer, as some suppose, took his subject from the poem
of Corinnus.

=Corinthiăcus sinus=, is now called the gulf of Lepanto.

=Corinthus=, an ancient city of Greece, now called _Corito_, situated
on the middle of the isthmus of Corinth, at the distance of about 60
stadia on either side from the sea. It was first founded by Sisyphus
son of Æolus, A.M. 2616, and received its name from Corinthus the
son of Pelops. Its original name was _Ephyre_; and it is called
_Bimaris_, because situated between the Saronicus Sinus and the
Crisseus Sinus. The inhabitants were once very powerful, and had
great influence among the Grecian states. They colonized Syracuse in
Sicily, and delivered it from the tyranny of its oppressors, by the
means of Timoleon. Corinth was totally destroyed by Lucius Mummius
the Roman consul, and burnt to the ground, 146 B.C. The riches
which the Romans found there were immense. During the conflagration,
all the metals which were in the city melted and mixed together,
and formed that valuable composition of metals which has since
been known by the name of _Corinthium Æs_. This, however, appears
improbable, especially when it is remembered that the artists of
Corinth made a mixture of copper with small quantities of gold and
silver, and so brilliant was the composition, that the appellation
of _Corinthian brass_ afterwards stamped an extraordinary value
on pieces of inferior worth. There was there a famous temple of
Venus, where lascivious women resorted, and sold their pleasures so
dear, that many of their lovers were reduced to poverty; whence the
proverb of

_Non cuivis homini contingit adire Corinthian_,

to show that all voluptuous indulgences are attended with much
expense. Julius Cæsar planted a colony at Corinth, and endeavoured
to raise it from its ruins, and restore it to its former grandeur.
The government of Corinth was monarchical till 779 years B.C., when
officers called Pyrtanes were instituted. The war which has received
the name of _Corinthian war_, because the battles were fought in the
neighbourhood of Corinth, was begun B.C. 395, by the combination of
the Athenians, Thebans, Corinthians, and Argives, against Lacedæmon.
Pisander and Agesilaus distinguished themselves in that war; the
former, in the first year of hostilities, was defeated with the
Lacedæmonian fleet, by Conon, near Cnidus; while a few days after
Agesilaus slaughtered 10,000 of the enemy. The most famous battles
were fought at Coronea and Leuctra; but Agesilaus refused to
besiege Corinth, lamenting that the Greeks, instead of destroying
one another, did not turn their arms against the Persian power.
_Martial_, bk. 9, ltr. 58.――_Suetonius_, _Augustus_, ch. 70.――_Livy_,
bk. 45, ch. 28.――_Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 16.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
bk. 2, li. 240.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 17, li. 36.――_Pliny_, bk. 34,
ch. 2.――_Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 7, li. 106.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2,
ch. 1, &c.――_Strabo_, bk. 8, &c.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 15.――_Cicero_,
_Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 4, ch. 14; _Against Verres_, bk. 4,
ch. 44; _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3.――――An actor at Rome. _Juvenal_,
satire 8, li. 197.

=Coriŏlānus=, the surname of Caius Martius from his victory over
Corioli, where, from a private soldier, he gained the amplest
honours. When master of the place, he accepted, as the only reward,
the surname of Coriolanus, a horse and prisoners, and his ancient
host, to whom he immediately gave his liberty. After a number
of military exploits, and many services to his country, he was
refused the consulship by the people, when his scars had for a while
influenced them in his favour. This raised his resentment; and when
the Romans had received a present of corn from Gelo king of Sicily,
Coriolanus insisted that it should be sold for money, and not be
given gratis. Upon this the tribunes raised the people against him
for his imprudent advice, and even wished him to be put to death.
This rigorous sentence was stopped by the influence of the senators,
and Coriolanus submitted to a trial. He was banished by a majority
of three tribes, and he immediately retired among the Volsci, to
Attius Tullus, his greatest enemy, from whom he met a most friendly
reception. He advised him to make war against Rome, and he marched
at the head of the Volsci as general. The approach of Coriolanus
greatly alarmed the Romans, who sent him several embassies to
reconcile him to his country, and to solicit his return. He was deaf
to all proposals, and bade them prepare for war. He pitched his camp
only at the distance of five miles from the city; and his enmity
against his country would have been fatal, had not his wife Volumnia,
and his mother Veturia, been prevailed upon by the Roman matrons to
go and appease his resentment. The meeting of Coriolanus with his
family was tender and affecting. He remained long inexorable; but
at last the tears and entreaties of a mother and a wife prevailed
over the stern and obstinate resolutions of an enemy, and Coriolanus
marched the Volsci from the neighbourhood of Rome. To show their
sense of Volumnia’s merit and patriotism, the Romans dedicated a
temple to _Female Fortune_. The behaviour of Coriolanus, however,
displeased the Volsci. He was summoned to appear before the people
of Antium; but the clamours which his enemies raised were so
prevalent, that he was murdered at the place appointed for his
trial, B.C. 488. His body was honoured with a magnificent funeral
by the Volsci, and the Roman matrons put on mourning for his loss.
Some historians say that he died in exile, in an advanced old age.
_Plutarch_, _Parallel Lives_.――_Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 22.

=Coriŏli= and =Coriolla=, a town of Latium on the borders of the
Volsci, taken by the Romans under Caius Martius, called from thence
Coriolanus. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5.――_Plutarch._――_Livy_, bk. 2,
ch. 33.

=Corissus=, a town of Ionia.

=Coritus.= _See:_ Corytus.

=Cormasa=, a town of Pamphylia. _Livy_, bk. 38, ch. 15.

=Cormus=, a river near Assyria. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 12, ch. 14.

=Cornēlia lex=, _de Civitate_, was enacted A.U.C. 670, by Lucius
Cornelius Sylla. It confirmed the Sulpician law, and required that
the citizens of the eight newly elected tribes should be divided
among the 35 ancient tribes.――――Another, _de Judiciis_, A.U.C. 673,
by the same. It ordained that the pretor should always observe the
same invariable method in judicial proceedings, and that the process
should not depend upon his will.――――Another, _de Sumptibus_, by the
same. It limited the expenses which generally attended funerals.
――――Another, _de Religione_, by the same, A.U.C. 677. It restored
to the college of priests the privilege of choosing the priests,
which, by the Domitian law, had been lodged in the hands of the
people.――――Another, _de Municipiis_, by the same, which revoked
all the privileges which had been some time before granted to
the several towns that had assisted Marius and Cinna in the civil
wars.――――Another, _de Magistratibus_, by the same, which gave the
power of bearing honours and being promoted before the legal age,
to those who had followed the interest of Sylla, while the sons and
partisans of his enemies, who had been proscribed, were deprived of
the privilege of standing for any office of the state.――――Another,
_de Magistratibus_, by the same, A.U.C. 673. It ordained that no
person should exercise the same office within 10 years’ distance, or
be invested with two different magistracies in one year.――――Another,
_de Magistratibus_, by the same, A.U.C. 673. It divested the tribunes
of the privilege of making laws interfering, holding assemblies,
and receiving appeals. All such as had been tribunes were incapable
of holding any other office in the state by that law.――――Another,
_de Majestate_, by the same, A.U.C. 670. It made it treason to
send an army out of a province, or engage in a war without orders,
to influence the soldiers to spare or ransom a captive general of
the enemy, to pardon the leaders of robbers or pirates, or for the
absence of a Roman citizen to a foreign court without previous leave.
The punishment was, _aquæ et ignis interdictio_.――――Another, by
the same, which gave the power to a man accused of murder, either
by poison, weapons, or false accusations, and the setting fire
to buildings, to choose whether the jury that tried him should
give their verdict _clam_ or _palam_, _vivâ voce_ or by _ballot_.
――――Another, by the same, which made it _aquæ et ignis interdictio_
to such as were guilty of forgery, concealing and altering of wills,
corruption, false accusations, and the debasing or counterfeiting
of the public coin; all such as were accessary to this offence
were deemed as guilty as the offender.――――Another, _de pecuniis
repetundis_, by which a man convicted of peculation or extortion
in the provinces was condemned to suffer the _aquæ et ignis
interdictio_.――――Another, by the same, which gave the power to such
as were sent into the provinces with any government, of retaining
their command and appointment, without a renewal of it by the senate,
as was before observed.――――Another, by the same, which ordained that
the lands of proscribed persons should be common, especially those
about Volaterræ and Fesulæ in Etruria, which Sylla divided among
his soldiers.――――Another, by Caius Cornelius, tribune of the people,
A.U.C. 686, which ordained that no person should be exempted from
any law, according to the general custom, unless 200 senators were
present in the senate; and no person thus exempted could hinder the
bill of his exemption from being carried to the people for their
concurrence.――――Another, by Nasica, A.U.C. 582, to make war against
Perseus, son of Philip king of Macedonia, if he did not give proper
satisfaction to the Roman people.

=Cornēlia=, a daughter of Cinna, who was the first wife of Julius
Cæsar. She became mother of Julia, Pompey’s wife, and was so
affectionately loved by her husband, that at her death he pronounced
a funeral oration over her body. _Plutarch_, _Cæsar_.――――A daughter
of Metellus Scipio, who married Pompey, after the death of her
husband Publius Crassus. She has been praised for her great virtues.
When her husband left her in the bay of Alexandria, to go on shore
in a small boat, she saw him stabbed by Achillas, and heard his
dying groans without the possibility of aiding him. She attributed
all his misfortunes to his connection with her. _Plutarch_, _Pompey_.
――――A daughter of Scipio Africanus, who married Sempronius Gracchus,
and was the mother of Tiberius and Caius Gracchus. She was courted
by a king; but she preferred being the wife of a Roman citizen
to that of a monarch. Her virtues have been deservedly commended,
as well as the wholesome principles which she inculcated in her
two sons. When a Campanian lady made once a show of her jewels at
Cornelia’s house, and entreated her to favour her with a sight of
her own, Cornelia produced her two sons, saying, “These are the only
jewels of which I can boast.” In her lifetime, a statue was raised
to her, with this inscription, _Cornelia mater Gracchorum_. Some
of her epistles are preserved. _Plutarch_, _Gracchus_.――_Juvenal_,
satire 6, li. 167.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 4, ch. 4.――_Cicero_,
_Brutus_, ch. 58; _de Claris Oratoribus_, ch. 58.――――A vestal
virgin, buried alive in Domitian’s age, as guilty of incontinence.
_Suetonius_, _Domitian_.

=Cornēlii=, an illustrious family at Rome, of whom the most
distinguished were, Caius Cornelius, a soothsayer of Padua, who
foretold the beginning and issue of the battle of Pharsalia.
――――Dolabella, a friend and admirer of Cleopatra. He told her that
Augustus intended to remove her from the monument, where she had
retired.――――An officer of Sylla, whom Julius Cæsar bribed to escape
the proscription which threatened his life.――――Cethegus, a priest,
degraded from his office for want of attention.――――Cnæus, a man
chosen by Marcellus to be his colleague in the consulship.――――Balbus,
a man who hindered Julius Cæsar from rising up at the arrival of
the senators.――――Cossus, a military tribune during the time that
there were no consuls in the republic. He offered to Jupiter the
spoils called _opima_. _Livy_, bk. 4, ch. 19.――――Balbus, a man
of Gades, intimate with Cicero, by whom he was ably defended when
accused.――――A freedman of Sylla the dictator.――――Scipio, a man
appointed master of the horse by Camillus, when dictator.――――Gallus,
an elegiac poet. _See:_ Gallus.――――Merula, was made consul by
Augustus, in the room of Cinna.――――Marcellus, a man killed in Spain
by Galba.――――Cornelius Nepos, an historian. _See:_ Nepos.――――Merula,
a consul sent against the Boii in Gaul. He killed 1400 of them. His
grandson followed the interest of Sylla; and when Marius entered
the city he killed himself, by opening his veins.――――Gallus, a
man who died in the act of copulation. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 9,
ch. 12.――――Severus, an epic poet in the age of Augustus, of great
genius. He wrote a poem on mount Ætna, and on the death of Cicero.
_Quintilian_, bk. 10, li. 1.――――Thuscus, a mischievous person.
――――Lentulus Cethegus, a consul.――――Aulus Celsus, wrote eight books
on medicine, still extant, and highly valued.――――Cnæus and Publius
Scipio. _See:_ Scipio.――――Lentulus, a high priest, &c. _Livy._
――_Plutarch._――_Valerius Maximus._――_Tacitus._――_Suetonius._
――_Polybius._――_Cornelius Nepos_, &c.

=Cornicŭlum=, a town of Latium. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus._

=Cornificius=, a poet and general in the age of Augustus, employed
to accuse Brutus, &c. His sister Cornificia was also blessed with
a poetical genius. _Plutarch_, _Brutus_.――――A lieutenant of Julius
Cæsar. _Plutarch_, _Cæsar_.――――A friend of Cicero, and his colleague
in the office of augur.

=Cornĭger=, a surname of Bacchus.

=Cornūtus=, a stoic philosopher of Africa, preceptor to Persius
the satirist. He wrote some treatises on philosophy and rhetoric.
_Persius_, bk. 5, li. 36.――――A pretor of Rome, in the age of Cicero.
_Cicero_, bk. 10, ltr. 12.――――A Roman, saved from the proscription
of Marius by his servants, who hung up a dead man in his room, and
said it was their master. _Plutarch_, _Marius_.

=Corœbus=, a Phrygian, son of Mygdon and Anaximena. He assisted Priam
in the Trojan war, with the hopes of being rewarded with the hand of
Cassandra for his services. Cassandra advised him in vain to retire
from the war. He was killed by Peneleus. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch.
37.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 2, li. 341, &c.――――A courier of Elis,
killed by Neoptolemus. He obtained a prize at Olympia, B.C. 776, in
the 28th olympiad, from the institution of Iphitus; but this year
has generally been called the first olympiad. _Pausanias_, bk. 5,
ch. 8.――――A hero of Argolis, who killed a serpent called Pœne,
sent by Apollo to avenge Argos, and placed by some authors in the
number of the furies. His country was afflicted with the plague, and
he consulted the oracle of Delphi, which commanded him to build a
temple where a tripod which was given him should fall from his hand.
_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 43.

=Corōna=, a town of Messenia. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 5.

=Coronēa=, a town of Bœotia, where, in the first year of the Corinthian
war, Agesilaus defeated the allied forces of Athens, Thebes, Corinth,
and Argos, B.C. 394. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Agesilaus_.――_Pausanias_,
bk. 9, ch. 34.――_Diodorus_, bk. 12.――――A town of Peloponnesus,――――of
Corinth,――――of Cyprus,――――of Ambracia,――――of Phthiotis.

=Corōnis=, a daughter of Phlegias, loved by Apollo. She became pregnant
by her lover, who killed her on account of her criminal partiality
to Ischys the Thessalian. According to some, Diana killed her for
her infidelity to her brother, and Mercury saved the child from her
womb, as she was on the burning pile. Others say that she brought
forth her son and exposed him, near Epidaurus, to avoid her father’s
resentment; and they further mention that Apollo had set a crow to
watch her behaviour. The child was preserved, and called Æsculapius;
and the mother, after death, received divine honours, and had a
statue at Sicyon, in her son’s temple, which was never exposed to
public view. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 26.――――The daughter of Coronæus
king of Phocis, changed into a crow by Minerva, when flying before
Neptune. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 543.――――One of the
daughters of Atlas and Pleione.

=Coronia=, a town of Acarnania. _Thucydides_, bk. 2, ch. 102.

=Corōnus=, a son of Apollo. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 5.――――A son of
Phoroneus king of the Lapithæ. _Diodorus_, bk. 4.

=Corrhāgium=, a town of Macedonia. _Livy_, bk. 31, ch. 27.

=Corsi=, a people of Sardinia, descended from the Corsicans.

=Corsia=, a town of Bœotia. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 24.

=Corsīca=, a mountainous island in the Mediterranean, on the coast
of Italy. Its inhabitants were savage, and bore the character of
robbers, liars, and atheists, according to Seneca, who was exiled
among them. They lived to a great age, and fed on honey, which
was produced in great abundance, though bitter in taste, from the
number of yew trees and hemlock which grew there. Corsica was in the
possession of the Carthaginians, and was conquered by the Romans,
B.C. 231. The Greeks called it Cyrnos. In the age of Pliny it was
considered as in a flourishing state, as it contained no less than
33 towns, a number far exceeding its present population.――_Strabo._
――_Martial_, bk. 9, ltr. 27.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 6; bk. 7, ch. 2.
――_Ovid_, _Amores_, bk. 1, poem 12, li. 10.――_Virgil_, _Eclogues_,
poem 9, li. 30.

=Corsote=, a town of Armenia.

=Corsūra=, an island in the bay of Carthage.

=Cortōna=, an ancient town of Etruria, called _Corytum_ by Virgil. It
was at the north of the Thrasymene lake. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_,
bk. 1, chs. 20 & 26.――_Livy_, bk. 9, ch. 37; bk. 22, ch. 4.

=Corvīnus=, a name given to Marcus Valerius from a _crow_, which
assisted him when he was fighting against a Gaul.――――An orator.
_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 36.――――Messala, an eloquent orator, in
the Augustan age, distinguished for integrity and patriotism, yet
ridiculed for his frequent quotations of Greek in his orations. In
his old age he became so forgetful as not even to remember his own
name.――――One of this family became so poor, that he was obliged, to
maintain himself, to be a mercenary shepherd. _Juvenal_, satire 1,
li. 108.

=Tiberius Coruncānius=, the first plebeian who was made high priest at
Rome.――――The family of the _Coruncanii_ was famous for the number of
great men which it supplied for the service and honour of the Roman
republic. _Cicero_, _On his House_.

=Corus=, a river of Arabia, falling into the Red sea. _Herodotus_,
bk. 3, ch. 9.

=Corybantes=, the priests of Cybele, called also Galli. In the
celebration of their festivals, they beat their cymbals, and behaved
as if delirious. They first inhabited on mount Ida, and from thence
passed into Crete, and ♦secretly brought up Jupiter. Some suppose
that they received their name from Corybas son of Jasus and Cybele,
who first introduced the rites of his mother into Phrygia. There was
a festival at Cnossus in Crete called _Corybantica_, in commemoration
of the Corybantes, who there educated Jupiter. _Pausanias_, bk. 8,
ch. 37.――_Diodorus_, bk. 5.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 16.――_Virgil_,
_Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 617; bk. 10, li. 250.

♦ ‘secretely’ replaced with ‘secretly’

=Cory̆bas=, a son of Jasus and Cybele. _Diodorus_, bk. 5.――――A painter,
disciple to Nicomachus. _Pliny_, bk. 35, ch. 11.

=Corybassa=, a city of Mysia.

=Cory̆bus=, a promontory of Crete.

=Corycia=, a nymph, mother of Lycorus by Apollo. _Pausanias_, bk. 10,
ch. 6.

=Cōry̆cĭdes=, the nymphs who inhabited the foot of Parnassus. This
name is often applied to the Muses. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1,
li. 320.

=Corycius=, an old man of Tarentum, whose time was happily employed in
taking care of his bees. He is represented by _Virgil_, _Georgics_,
bk. 4, li. 12, &c., as a contented old man, whose assiduity and
diligence are exemplary. Some suppose that the word _Corycius_
implies not a person of that name, but a native of Corycus, who had
settled in Italy.

=Cory̆cus=, now _Curco_, a lofty mountain of Cilicia, with a town
of the same name, and also a cave, with a grove which produced
excellent saffron. _Horace_, bk. 2, satire 4, li. 68.――_Lucan_,
bk. 9, li. 809.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 27.――_Cicero_, _Letters to
his Friends_, bk. 12, ltr. 13.――_Strabo_, bk. 14.――――Another of
Ionia, long the famous retreat of robbers.――――Another at the foot
of Parnassus, sacred to the Muses. _Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 7.
――_Strabo_, bk. 9.

=Cory̆don=, a fictitious name of a shepherd, often occuring in the
pastorals of Theocritus and Virgil.

=Coryla= and =Coryleum=, a village of Paphlagonia.

=Cory̆na=, a town of Ionia. _Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 17.

=Corymbĭfer=, a surname of Bacchus, from his wearing a crown of
_corymbi_, certain berries that grow on the ivy. _Ovid_, _Fasti_,
bk. 1, li. 393.

=Coryneta= and =Corynetes=, a famous robber, son of Vulcan, killed by
Theseus. _Plutarch_, _Theseus_.

=Coryphasium=, a promontory of Peloponnesus. _Pausanias_, bk. 4,
ch. 36.

=Coryphe=, a daughter of Oceanus. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 2,
ch. 23.

=Corythenes=, a place of Tegea. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 45.

=Corythus=, a king of Corinth. _Diodorus_, bk. 4.

=Corytus=, a king of Etruria, father to Jasius, whom Dardanus is
said to have put to death to obtain the kingdom. It is also a town
and mountain of Etruria, now _Cortona_, near which Dardanus was
born. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 170; bk. 7, li. 209.――_Silius
Italicus_, bk. 5, li. 123; bk. 4, li. 721.

=Cos=, an island. _See:_ Co.

=Cosa= and =Cossa=, or =Cŏsæ=, a town of Etruria. _Virgil_, _Æneid_,
bk. 10, li. 168.――_Livy_, bk. 22, ch. 11.――_Cicero_, bk. 9, _Letters
to Atticus_, ltr. 6.――_Cæsar_, _Civil War_, bk. 1, ch. 34.

=Cosconius=, a Latin writer. _Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 5.――――A
wretched epigram writer. _Martial_, bk. 2, ltr. 77.

=Cosingas=, a Thracian priest of Juno, &c. _Polyænus_, bk. 7, ch. 22.

=Cosis=, a brother to the king of Albania, killed by Pompey. _Plutarch_,
_Pompey_.

=Cosmus=, an effeminate Roman. _Juvenal_, satire 8.

=Cossea=, a part of Persia. _Diodorus_, bk. 17.

=Cossus=, a surname given to the family of the Cornelii.――――A Roman
who killed Volumnius king of Veii, and obtained the _Spolia Opima_,
A.U.C. 317. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 841.

=Cossutii=, a family of Rome, of which Cossutia, Cæsar’s wife, was
descended. _Suetonius_, _Cæsar_, ch. 1. One of the family was
distinguished as an architect about 200 B.C. He first introduced
into Italy the more perfect models of Greece.

=Costobœi=, robbers in Galatia. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 34.

=Cosȳra=, a barren island in the African sea near Melita. _Ovid_,
_Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 567.

=Cotes= and =Cottes=, a promontory of Mauritania.

=Cothon=, a small island near the citadel of Carthage, with a
convenient bay which served for a dock-yard. _Servius_ on _Virgil_,
_Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 431.――_Diodorus_, bk. 3.

=Cothonea=, the mother of Triptolemus. _Hyginus_, fable 147.

=Cŏtĭso=, a king of the Daci, whose army invaded Pannonia, and was
defeated by Cornelius Lentulus the lieutenant of Augustus. It is
said that Augustus solicited his daughter in marriage. _Suetonius_,
_Augustus_, ch. 63.――_Horace_, bk. 3, ode 8, li. 18.

=Cotōnis=, an island near the Echinades. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.

=Cotta Marcus Aurelius=, a Roman who opposed Marius. He was consul
with Lucullus; and when in Asia, he was defeated by sea and land by
Mithridates. He was surnamed _Ponticus_, because he took Heraclea of
Pontus by treachery. _Plutarch_, _Lucullus_.――――An orator, greatly
commended by _Cicero_, _On Oratory_.――――A governor of Paphlagonia,
very faithful to Sardanapalus. _Diodorus_, bk. 2.――――A spendthrift
in the age of Nero, &c. _Tacitus._――――An officer of Cæsar in Gaul.
――――A poet mentioned by ♦_Ovid_, _Epistulæ ex Ponto_.

♦ added author’s name ‘Ovid’

=Cottiæ Alpes=, a certain part of the Alps, by which Italy is separated
from Gaul. _Suetonius_, _Tiberius_, ch. 37; _Nero_, ch. 18.

=Cottus=, a giant, son of Cœlus and Terra, who had 100 hands and
50 heads. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 147.――――A man among the Ædui.
_Cæsar_, _Gallic War_.

=Cotyæum=, a town of Galatia. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 32.――――Of Phrygia.

=Cotyæus=, a surname of Æsculapius, worshipped on the borders of
the Eurotas. His temple was raised by Hercules. _Pausanias_, bk. 3,
ch. 19.

=Cotylius=, a mountain of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 41.

=Cotyora=, a city of Asia Minor, founded by a colony from Sinope.
_Diodorus_, bk. 14.

=Cotys=, the father of Asia. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 45.――――A son of
Manes by Callirhoe, who succeeded his father on the throne of Mæonia.
――――A king of Thrace. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Iphicrates_.――――Another,
who favoured the interest of Pompey. He was of an irascible temper.
_Lucan_, bk. 5, li. 54.――――Another, king of Thrace, who divided the
kingdom with his uncle, by whom he was killed. It is the same to
whom Ovid writes from his banishment. _Tacitus_, bk. 2, _Annals_,
ch. 64.――_Ovid_, bk. 2, _Epistulæ ex Ponto_, ltr. 9.――――A king of
the Odrysæ. _Livy_, bk. 42, ch. 29.――――A king of Armenia Minor,
who fought against Mithridates, in the age of Claudius. _Tacitus_,
_Annals_, bks. 11 & 13.――――Another, who imagined he should marry
Minerva, and who murdered some of his servants who wished to
dissuade him from expectations so frivolous and inconsistent.
_Athenæus_, bk. 12.

=Cotytto=, the goddess of all debauchery, whose festivals, called
_Cotyttia_, were celebrated by the Athenians, Corinthians,
Thracians, &c., during the night. Her priests were called Baptæ, and
nothing but debauchery and wantonness prevailed at the celebration.
A festival of the same name was observed in Sicily, where the
votaries of the goddess carried about boughs hung with cakes and
fruit, which it was lawful for any person to pluck off. It was a
capital punishment to reveal whatever was seen or done at these
sacred festivals; and it cost Eupolis his life for an unseasonable
reflection upon them. The goddess ♦Cotytto is supposed to be the
same as Proserpine or Ceres. _Horace_, epode 17, li. 58.――_Juvenal_,
satire 2, li. 91.

♦ ‘Corytto’ replaced with ‘Cotytto’

=Cragus=, a woody mountain of Cilicia, part of mount Taurus, sacred to
Apollo. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 645.――_Horace_, bk. 1,
ode 21.

=Crambūsa=, a town of Lycia.

=Cranai=, a surname of the Athenians, from their king Cranaus.
_Herodotus_, bk. 8, ch. 44.

=Cranapes=, a Persian, &c. _Herodotus._

=Cranaus=, the second king of Athens, who succeeded Cecrops, and
reigned nine years, B.C. 1497. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 2.――――A city
of Caria. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 29.

=Crane=, a nymph. _See:_ ♦Cara.――――A town of Arcadia.

♦ no reference found for ‘Cara’

=Craneum=, a gymnastic school at Corinth. _Diogenes Laërtius._

=Cranii=, a town of Cephallenia. _Thucydides_, bk. 2, ch. 30.

=Cranon= and =Crannon=, a town of Thessaly on the borders of Macedonia,
where Antipater and Craterus defeated the Athenians after Alexander’s
death. _Livy_, bk. 26, ch. 10; bk. 42, ch. 64.

=Crantor=, a philosopher of Soli, among the pupils of Plato, B.C. 310.
_Diogenes Laërtius._――――An armour-bearer of Peleus, killed by
Demoleon. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 361.

=Crassĭpes=, a surname of the family of the Furii, one of whom married
Tullia, Cicero’s daughter, whom he soon after divorced. _Cicero_,
_Letters to Atticus_, bk. 4, ltr. 5.――_Livy_, bk. 38, ch. 42.

=Lucius Crassitius=, a man who opened a school at Rome. _Suetonius_,
_Lives of the Grammarians_, ch. 18.

=Crassus=, the grandfather of Crassus the Rich, who never laughed.
_Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 19.――――Publius Licinius, a Roman high priest
about 131 years B.C., who went into Asia with an army against
Aristonicus, where he was killed and buried at Smyrna.――――Marcus
Licinius, a celebrated Roman, surnamed _Rich_, on account of his
opulence. At first he was very circumscribed in his circumstances;
but, by educating slaves, and selling them at a high price, he soon
enriched himself. The cruelties of Cinna obliged him to leave Rome;
and he retired to Spain, where he remained concealed for eight
months. After Cinna’s death he passed into Africa, and thence to
Italy, where he served Sylla, and ingratiated himself in his favour.
When the gladiators, with Spartacus at their head, had spread a
universal alarm in Italy, and defeated some of the Roman generals,
Crassus was sent against them. A battle was fought, in which Crassus
slaughtered 12,000 of the slaves, and by this decisive blow he soon
put an end to the war, and was honoured with an _ovatio_ at his
return. He was soon after made consul with Pompey; and in this
high office he displayed his opulence, by entertaining the populace
at 10,000 tables. He was afterwards censor, and formed the first
triumvirate with Pompey and Cæsar. As his love of riches was more
predominant than that of glory, Crassus never imitated the ambitious
conduct of his colleagues, but was satisfied with the province of
Syria, which seemed to promise an inexhaustible source of wealth.
With hopes of enlarging his possessions, he set off from Rome,
though the omens proved unfavourable, and everything seemed to
threaten his ruin. He crossed the Euphrates, and, forgetful of the
rich cities of Babylon and Seleucia, he hastened to make himself
master of Parthia. He was betrayed in his march by the delay of
Artavasdes king of Armenia, and the perfidy of Ariamnes. He was
met in a large plain by Surena, the general of the forces of Orodes
the king of Parthia; and a battle was fought in which 20,000 Romans
were killed, and 10,000 taken prisoners. The darkness of the night
favoured the escape of the rest, and Crassus, forced by the mutiny
and turbulence of his soldiers, and the treachery of his guides,
trusted himself to the general of the enemy, on pretence of
proposing terms of accommodation, and he was put to death, B.C. 53.
His head was cut off and sent to Orodes, who poured melted lead
down his throat, and insulted his misfortunes. The firmness with
which Crassus received the news of his son’s death, who perished in
that expedition, has been deservedly commended; and the words that
he uttered when he surrendered himself into the hands of Surena,
equally claim our admiration. He was wont often to say, that no
man ought to be accounted rich if he could not maintain an army.
Though he has been called avaricious, yet he showed himself always
ready to lend money to his friends without interest. He was fond of
philosophy, and his knowledge of history was great and extensive.
_Plutarch_ has written his life. _Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 11.――――Publius,
the son of the rich Crassus, went into Parthia with his father.
When he saw himself surrounded by the enemy, and without any hope of
escape, he ordered one of his men to run him through. His head was
cut off, and shown with insolence to his father by the Parthians.
_Plutarch_, _Crassus_.――――Lucius Licinius, a celebrated Roman orator,
commended by Cicero, and introduced in his book _On Oratory_ as the
principal speaker.――――A son of Crassus the Rich, killed in the civil
wars, after Cæsar’s death.

=Crastīnus=, a man in Cæsar’s army, killed at the battle of Pharsalia.
_Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 3, ch. 29.

=Cratais=, the mother of Scylla, supposed to be the same as Hecate.
_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 12, li. 124.

=Cratæus=, conspired against Archelaus, &c. _Aristotle._

=Crater=, a bay of Campania near Misenus.

=Cratĕrus=, one of Alexander’s generals. He rendered himself
conspicuous by his literary fame, as well as by his valour in the
field, and wrote the history of Alexander’s life. He was greatly
respected and loved by the Macedonian soldiers, and Alexander always
trusted him with unusual confidence. After Alexander’s death he
subdued Greece with Antipater, and passed with his colleague into
Asia, where he was killed in a battle against Eumenes, B.C. 321.
He had received for his share of Alexander’s kingdoms, Greece and
Epirus. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Eumenes_, ch. 2.――_Justin_, bks. 12
& 13.――_Curtius_, bk. 3.――_Arrian._――_Plutarch_, _Alexander_.――――A
physician of Atticus, mentioned by _Cicero_, bk. 12, _Letters to
Atticus_, ltr. 13.――_Horace_, bk. 2, satire 3, li. 161.――――A painter
whose pieces adorned the public buildings of Athens. _Pliny_, bk. 35,
ch. 11.――――An Athenian, who collected into one body all the decrees
which had passed in the public assemblies at Athens.――――A famous
sculptor.

=Crates=, a philosopher of Bœotia, son of Ascondus, and disciple of
Diogenes the Cynic, B.C. 324. He sold his estates, and gave the
money to his fellow-citizens. He was naturally deformed, and he
rendered himself more hideous by sewing sheepskins to his mantle,
and by the singularity of his manners. He clothed himself as warm
as possible in the summer; but in the winter, his garments were
uncommonly thin, and incapable to resist the inclemency of the
season. Hipparchia, the sister of a philosopher, became enamoured of
him; and as he could not check her passion by representing himself
as poor and deformed, he married her. He had by her two daughters,
whom he gave in marriage to his disciples, after he had permitted
them their company for 30 days, by way of trial. Some of his letters
are extant. _Diogenes Laërtius_, _Lives and Opinions of Eminent
Philosophers_.――――A stoic, son of Timocrates, who opened a school at
Rome, where he taught grammar. _Suetonius._――――A native of Pergamus,
who wrote an account of the most striking events of every age, B.C.
165. _Ælian_, _de Natura Animalium_, bk. 17, ch. 9.――――A philosopher
of Athens, who succeeded in the school of his master Polemon.――――An
Athenian comic poet.

=Cratesiclēa=, the mother of Cleomenes, who went to Egypt in hopes of
serving her country, &c. _Plutarch_, _Cleomenes_.

=Cratesipŏlis=, a queen of Sicyon, who severely punished some of her
subjects, who had revolted at the death of Alexander her husband, &c.
_Polyænus_, bk. 8, ch. 58.

=Cratesippĭdas=, a commander of the Lacedæmonian fleet against the
Athenians, &c. _Diodorus_, bk. 13.

=Cratēvas=, a general of Cassander. _Diodorus_, bk. 19.

=Crateus=, a son of Minos.

=Crathis=, a river of Achaia, falling into the bay of Corinth.
_Strabo_, bk. 8.――――Another in Magna Græcia, whose waters were
supposed to give a yellow colour to the hair and beard of those that
drank them. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 315.――_Pausanias_,
bk. 7, ch. 25.――_Pliny_, bk. 31, ch. 2.

=Cratīnus=, a native of Athens, celebrated for his comic writings,
and his fondness for drinking. He died at the age of ♦97 years,
B.C. 431. Quintilian greatly commends his comedies, which the
little remains of his poetry do not seem fully to justify. _Horace_,
bk. 1, satire 4.――_Quintilian._――――A wrestler of an uncommon beauty.
_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 25.――――A river of Asia. _Pliny_, bk. 37,
ch. 2.

♦ ‘97, B.C. 431 years.’ replaced with ‘97 years, B.C. 431.’

=Cratippus=, a philosopher of Mitylene, who, among others, taught
Cicero’s son at Athens. After the battle of Pharsalia, Pompey
visited the house of Cratippus, where their discourse was chiefly
turned upon Providence, which the warrior blamed, and the philosopher
defended. _Plutarch_, _Pompey_.――_Cicero_, _De Officiis_, bk. 1.
――――An historian contemporary with Thucydides. _Dionysius of
Halicarnassus._

=Craty̆les=, a philosopher, preceptor to Plato after Socrates.

=Crausiæ=, two islands on the coast of Peloponnesus.

=Crausis=, the father of Philopœmen.

=Crauxĭdas=, a man who obtained an Olympic crown at a horse-race.
_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 8.

=Crĕmĕra=, a small river of Tuscany, falling into the Tiber, famous
for the death of the 300 Fabii, who were killed there in a battle
against the Veientes, A.U.C. 277. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 2, li. 205.
――_Juvenal_, satire 2, li. 155.

=Cremides=, a place of Bithynia. _Diodorus_, bk. 14.

=Cremma=, a town of Lycia.

=Cremmyon= and =Crommyon=, a town near Corinth, where Theseus killed a
sow of uncommon bigness. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 435.

=Cremni= and =Cremnos=, a commercial place on the Palus Mæotis.
_Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 2.

=Cremōna=, a town of Cisalpine Gaul, on the Po, near Mantua. It was a
Roman colony, and suffered much when Annibal first passed into Italy.
_Livy_, bk. 21, ch. 56.――_Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 3, chs. 4 & 19.

=Cremōnis Jugum=, a part of the Alps, over which, as some suppose,
Annibal passed to enter Italy. _Livy_, bk. 21, ch. 38.

=Cremutius Cordus=, an historian who wrote an account of Augustus, and
of the civil wars, and starved himself for fear of the resentment
of Tiberius, whom he had offended by calling Cassius the last of
the Romans. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 55, chs. 34, 35.――_Suetonius_,
_Augustus_, ch. 35; _Tiberius_, ch. 60, _Caligula_, ch. 16.

=Crenis=, a nymph mentioned by _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 313.