Chapter M (1)

=Macæ=, a people of Arabia Felix. _Mela_, bk. 3, ch. 8. They are placed
in Africa near the larger Syrtis by _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 175.
――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 275; bk. 5, li. 194.

=Macar=, a son of Criasius or Crinacus, the first Greek who led a colony
to Lesbos. His four sons took possession of the four neighbouring
islands, Chios, Samos, Cos, and Rhodes, which were called the seats
of the Macares, or the blessed (μακαρ, _beatus_). _Dionysius of
Halicarnassus_, bk. 1.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 24.――_Diodorus_, bk. 5.
――_Mela_, bk. 3, ch. 7.

=Măcăreus=, an ancient historian.――――A son of Æolus, who debauched his
sister Canace, and had a son by her. The father being informed of
the incest, ordered the child to be exposed, and sent a sword to
his daughter, and commanded her to destroy herself. Macareus fled to
Delphi, where he became priest of Apollo. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_;
_Heroides_, poem 11; _Ibis_, li. 562.――――One of the companions of
Ulysses, left at Caieta in Italy, where Æneas found him. _Ovid_,
_Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 159.――――A son of Lycaon. _Apollodorus_,
bk. 3, ch. 8.――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 3.

=Măcăria=, a daughter of Hercules and Dejanira. After the death
of Hercules, Eurystheus made war against the Heraclidæ, whom the
Athenians supported, and the oracle declared, that the descendants
of Hercules should obtain the victory if any one of them devoted him
self to death. This was cheerfully accepted by Macaria, who refused
to endanger the life of the children of Hercules by suffering the
victim to be drawn by lot, and the Athenians obtained a victory.
Great honours were paid to the patriotic Macaria, and a fountain of
Marathon was called by her name. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 32.――――An
ancient name of Cyprus.

=Macăris=, an ancient name of Crete.

=Macednus=, a son of Lycaon. _Apollodorus._

=Măcēdo=, a son of Osiris, who had a share in the divine honours which
were paid to his father. He was represented clothed in a wolf’s skin,
for which reason the Egyptians held that animal in great veneration.
_Diodorus_, bk. 1.――_Plutarch_, _De Iside et Osiride_.――――A man who
gave his name to Macedonia. Some supposed him to be the same as the
son or general of Osiris, whilst others consider him as the grandson
of Deucalion by the mother’s side. _Diodorus_, bk. 1.

=Măcēdŏnia=, a celebrated country, situated between Thrace, Epirus,
and Greece. Its boundaries have been different at different periods.
Philip increased it by the conquest of Thessaly and of part of Thrace,
and according to Pliny it contained no less than 150 different
nations. The kingdom of Macedonia, first founded B.C. 814, by Caranus,
a descendant of Hercules, and a native of Argos, continued in
existence 646 years, till the battle of Pydna. The family of Caranus
remained in possession of the crown until the death of Alexander the
Great, and began to reign in the following order: Caranus, after a
reign of 28 years, was succeeded by Cœnus, who ascended the throne
786 B.C.; Thurimas, 774; Perdiccas, 729; Argæus, 678; Philip, 640;
Æropas, 602; Alcetas or Alectas, 576; Amyntas, 547; Alexander, 497;
Perdiccas, 454; Archelaus, 413; Amyntas, 399; Pausanias, 398;
Amyntas II., 397; Argæus the tyrant, 390; Amyntas restored, 390;
Alexander II., 371; Ptolemy Alorites, 370; Perdiccas III., 366;
Philip son of Amyntas, 360; Alexander the Great, 336; Philip Aridæus,
323; Cassander, 316; Antipater and Alexander, 298; Demetrius king
of Asia, 294; Pyrrhus, 287; Lysimachus, 286; Ptolemy Ceraunus, 280;
Meleager, two months; Antipater the Etesian, 45 days; Antigonus
Gonatas, 277; Demetrius, 243; Antigonus Doson, 232; Philip, 221;
Perseus, 179; conquered by the Romans 168 B.C. at Pydna. Macedonia
has been severally called Æmonia, Mygdonia, Pæonia, Edonia, Æmathia,
&c. The inhabitants of Macedonia were naturally warlike, and though
in the infancy of their empire they were little known beyond the
borders of their country, yet they signalized themselves greatly in
the reign of Philip, and added the kingdom of Asia to their European
dominions by the valour of Alexander. The Macedonian phalanx, or body
of soldiers, was always held in the highest repute, and it resisted
and subdued the repeated attacks of the bravest and most courageous
enemies. _Livy_, bk. 44.――_Justin_, bk. 6, ch. 9; bk. 7, ch. 1, &c.
――_Strabo_, bk. 7.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 3, &c.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 10,
&c.――_Curtius_, bks. 3 & 4.――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 7.

=Macedonĭcum bellum=, was undertaken by the Romans against Philip king
of Macedonia, some few months after the second Punic war, B.C. 200.
The cause of this war originated in the hostilities which Philip had
exercised against the Achæans, the friends and allies of Rome. The
consul Flaminius had the care of the war, and he conquered Philip on
the confines of Epires, and afterwards in Thessaly. The Macedonian
fleets were also defeated; Eubœa was taken; and Philip, after
continual losses, sued for peace, which was granted him in the
fourth year of the war. The ambition and cruelty of Perseus, the son
and successor of Philip, soon irritated the Romans. Another war was
undertaken, in which the Romans suffered two defeats. This, however,
did not discourage them; Paulus Æmilius was chosen consul in the 60th
year of his age, and entrusted with the care of the war. He came to
a general engagement near the city of Pydna. The victory sided with
the Romans, and 20,000 of the Macedonian soldiers were left on the
field of battle. This decisive blow put an end to the war, which had
already continued for three years, 168 years before the christian
era. Perseus and his sons Philip and Alexander were taken prisoners,
and carried to Rome to adorn the triumph of the conqueror. About 15
years after, new seditions were raised in Macedonia, and the false
pretensions of Andriscus, who called himself the son of Perseus,
obliged the Romans to send an army to quell the commotions. Andriscus
at first obtained many considerable advantages over the Roman forces,
till at last he was conquered and delivered to the consul Metellus,
who carried him to Rome. After these commotions, which are sometimes
called the third Macedonian war, Macedonia was finally reduced into a
Roman province, and governed by a regular proconsul, about 148 years
before the christian era.

=Macedonĭcus=, a surname given to Metellus, from his conquests in
Macedonia. It was also given to such as had obtained any victory in
that province.

=Macella=, a town of Sicily, taken by the consul Duillius. _Livy_,
bk. 26, ch. 21.

=Macer Æmylius=, a Latin poet of Verona, intimate with Tibullus and
Ovid, and commended for his genius, his learning, and the elegance
of his poetry. He wrote some poems upon serpents, plants, and birds,
mentioned by Ovid. He also composed a poem upon the ruins of Troy,
to serve as a supplement to Homer’s Iliad. His compositions are now
lost. He died B.C. 16. _Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 4, poem 10, li. 44;
_ex Ponto_, bk. 2, ltr. 10.――_Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1.――――Lucius
Claudius, a propretor of Africa in the reign of Nero. He assumed the
title of emperor, and was put to death by order of Galba.

=Machæra=, a river of Africa.――――A common crier at Rome. _Juvenal_,
satire 7, li. 9.

=Machanĭdas=, a man who made himself absolute at Sparta. He was killed
by Philopœmen, after being defeated at Mantinea, B.C. 208. Nabis
succeeded him. _Plutarch._――_Livy_, bk. 27, ch. 30; bk. 28, chs. 5
& 7.

=Măchāon=, a celebrated physician, son of Æsculapius and brother to
Podalirus. He went to the Trojan war with the inhabitants of Trica,
Ithome, and Œchalia. According to some he was king of Messenia. As
physician to the Greeks, he healed the wounds which they received
during the Trojan war, and was one of those concealed in the wooden
horse. Some suppose that he was killed before Troy by Eurypylus the
son of Telephus. He received divine honours after death, and had a
temple in Messenia. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2, &c.――_Ovid_ _ex Ponto_,
bk. 3, ltr. 4.――_Quintus Smyrnæus_, bk. 6, li. 409.――_Virgil_,
_Æneid_, bk. 2, lis. 263 & 426.

=Macra=, a river flowing from the Apennines, and dividing Liguria from
Etruria. _Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 426.――_Livy_, bk. 39, ch. 32.――_Pliny_,
bk. 3, ch. 5.

=Macri campi=, a plain in Cisalpine Gaul, near the river Gabellus.
_Livy_, bk. 41, ch. 18; bk. 45, ch. 12.――――A plain near Mutina bears
the same name. _Columella_, bk. 7, ch. 2.

=Macriānus Titus Fulvius Julius=, an Egyptian of obscure birth, who,
from a private soldier, rose to the highest command in the army,
and proclaimed himself emperor when Valerian had been made prisoner
by the Persians, A.D. 260. His liberality supported his usurpation;
his two sons Macrianus and Quietus were invested with the imperial
purple, and the enemies of Rome were severely defeated, either by
the emperors or their generals. When he had supported his dignity for
a year in the eastern parts of the world, Macrianus marched towards
Rome, to crush Gallienus, who had been proclaimed emperor. He was
defeated in Illyricum by the lieutenant of Gallienus, and put to
death with his son, at his own expressive request, A.D. 262.

=Macrīnus Marcus Opilius Severus=, a native of Africa, who rose
from the most ignominious condition to the rank of prefect of
the pretorian guards, and at last of emperor, after the death of
Caracalla, whom he inhumanly ♦sacrificed to his ambition, A.D. 217.
The beginning of his reign was popular; the abolition of the taxes,
and an affable and complaisant behaviour, endeared him to his
subjects. These promising appearances did not long continue, and the
timidity which Macrinus betrayed in buying the peace of the Persians
by a large sum of money, soon rendered him odious; and while he
affected to imitate the virtuous Aurelius without possessing the good
qualities of his heart, he became contemptible and insignificant.
This affectation irritated the minds of the populace, and when severe
punishments had been inflicted on some of the disorderly soldiers
the whole army mutinied; and their tumult was increased by their
consciousness of their power and numbers, which Macrinus had the
imprudence to betray, by keeping almost all the military force of
Rome encamped together in the plains of Syria. Heliogabalus was
proclaimed emperor, and Macrinus attempted to save his life by flight.
He was, however, seized in Cappadocia, and his head was cut off and
sent to his successor, June 7th, A.D. 218. Macrinus reigned about
two months and three days. His son, called Diadumenianus, shared his
father’s fate.――――A friend of the poet Persius, to whom his second
satire is inscribed.

♦ ‘sacrified’ replaced with ‘sacrificed’

=Macro=, a favourite of the emperor Tiberius, celebrated for his
intrigues, perfidy, and cruelty. He destroyed Sejanus, and raised
himself upon the ruins of that unfortunate favourite. He was
accessary to the murder of Tiberius, and conciliated the good opinion
of Caligula, by prostituting to him his own wife called Ennia. He
soon after became unpopular, and was obliged by Caligula to kill
himself together with his wife, A.D. 38.

=Macrŏbii=, a people of Æthiopia, celebrated for their justice and
the innocence of their manners. They generally lived to their 120th
year, some say 1000 years; and indeed from that longevity they have
obtained their name (μακρος βιος, _long life_), to distinguish them
more particularly from the other inhabitants of Æthiopia. After
so long a period spent in virtuous actions, and freed from the
♦indulgences of vice, and from maladies, they dropped into the
grave as to sleep, without pain and without terror. _Orpheus_,
_Argonautica_, li. 1105.――_Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 17.――_Mela_, bk. 3,
ch. 9.――_Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 48.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 8, ch. 3.

♦ ‘induligencies’ replaced with ‘indulgences’

=Macrobius=, a Latin writer, who died A.D. 415. Some suppose that
he was chamberlain to the emperor Theodosius II.; but this appears
groundless, when we observe that Macrobius was a follower of paganism,
and that none were admitted to the confidence of the emperor, or to
the enjoyment of high stations, except such as were of the christian
religion. Macrobius has rendered himself famous for a composition
called _Saturnalia_, a miscellaneous collection of antiquities and
criticism, supposed to have been the result of a conversation of
some of the learned Romans during the celebration of the Saturnalia.
This was written for the use of his son, and the bad latinity which
the author has often introduced, proves that he was not born in a
part of the Roman empire where the Latin tongue was spoken, as he
himself candidly confesses. The Saturnalia are useful for the learned
reflections which they contain, and particularly for some curious
observations on the two greatest epic poets of antiquity. Besides
this, Macrobius wrote a commentary on Cicero’s _Somnium Scipionis_,
which was likewise composed for the improvement of the author’s son,
and dedicated to him. The best editions are that of Gronovius, 8vo,
Leiden, 1670, and that of Lipscomb, 8vo, 1777.

=Macrŏchir=, a Greek name of Artaxerxes, the same as _Longimanus_.
This surname arises from his having one _hand longer_ than the other.
_Cornelius Nepos_, _Kings_.

=Macrōnes=, a nation of Pontus, on the confines of Colchis and Armenia.
_Flaccus_, bk. 5, li. 153.――_Herodotus._

=Mactorium=, a town of Sicily at the south, near Gela.

=Măcŭlōnus=, a rich and penurious Roman, &c. _Juvenal_, satire 7,
li. 40.

=Madaura=, a town on the borders of Numidia and Gætulia, of which the
inhabitants were called _Madaurenses_. It was the native place of
Apuleius. _Apuleius_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11.

=Madestes=, a town of Thrace.

=Madetes=, a general of Darius, who bravely defended a place against
Alexander. The conqueror resolved to put him to death, though 30
orators pleaded for his life. Sisygambis prevailed over the almost
inexorable Alexander, and Madetes was pardoned. _Curtius_, bk. 5,
ch. 3.

=Maduatēni=, a people of Thrace. _Livy_, bk. 38, ch. 40.

=Madyes=, a Scythian prince who pursued the Cimmerians in Asia, and
conquered Cyaxares, B.C. 623. He held for some time the supreme power
of Asia Minor. _Herodotus_, bk. 8, ch. 103.

=Mæander=, a son of Oceanus and Tethys.――――A celebrated river of Asia
Minor, rising near Celænæ, and flowing through Caria and Ionia into
the Ægean sea between Miletus and Priene, after it has been increased
by the waters of the Marsyas, Lycus, Eudon, Lethæus, &c. It is
celebrated among the poets for its windings, which amount to no less
than 600, and from which all obliquities have received the name of
_Mæanders_. It forms in its course, according to the observations of
some travellers, the Greek letters ε, ζ, ξ, ς, and ω, and from its
windings Dædalus had the first idea of his famous labyrinth. _Ovid_,
_Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, li. 145, &c.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li.
254.――_Lucan_, bk. 5, li. 208; bk. 6, li. 471.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk.
2.――_Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 29.――_Cicero_, _Piso_, ch. 22.――_Strabo_,
bk. 12, &c.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 17.

=Mæandria=, a city of Epirus.

=Mæatæ=, a people at the south of Scotland. _Dio Cassius_, bk. 76,
ch. 12.

=Mæcenas.= _See:_ Mecænas.

=Mædi=, a people of _Mædica_, a district of Thrace, near Rhodope.
_Livy_, bk. 26, ch. 25; bk. 40, ch. 21.

=Mælius=, a Roman, thrown down from the Tarpeian rock, for aspiring to
tyranny at Rome in the early ages of the republic.

=Mæmacteria=, sacrifices offered to Jupiter at Athens in the winter
month Mæmacterion. The god surnamed _Mæmactes_ was intreated to send
mild and temperate weather, as he presided over the seasons, and was
the god of the air.

=Mænădes=, a name of the Bacchantes, or priestesses of Bacchus. The
word is derived from μαινομαι, _to be furious_, because in the
celebration of their festivals, their gestures and actions were those
of mad women. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 458.

=Mænăla=, a town of Spain.

=Mænălus= (plural, Mænala), a mountain of Arcadia sacred to the god
Pan, and greatly frequented by shepherds. It received its name from
Mænalus, a son of Lycaon. It was covered with pine trees, whose echo
and shade have been greatly celebrated by all the ancient poets.
_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 216.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_,
bk. 1, li. 17; _Eclogues_ poem 8, li. 24.――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 3.
――_Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.――――A town of Arcadia.――――A
son of Lycaon.――――The father of Atalanta.

=Mænius=, a Roman consul.――――A dictator accused and honourably
acquitted, &c.――――A spendthrift at Rome. _Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 15,
li. 26.

=Mænon=, a tyrant of Sicily, B.C. 285.

=Mænus=, a river of Germany, now called _the Mayne_, falling into the
Rhine at Mayence.

=Mæŏnia=, a country of Asia Minor, the same as Lydia. It is to be
observed, that only part of Lydia was known by the name of Mæonia,
that is, the neighbourhood of mount Tmolus, and the country watered
by the Pactolus. The rest on the sea coast was called Lydia. _Strabo_,
bk. 12.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_.――――The Etrurians, as being
descended from a Lydian colony, are often called _Mæonidæ_ (_Virgil_,
_Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 759), and even the lake Thrasymenus in their
country is called _Mæonius lacus_. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 15, li. 35.

=Mæŏnĭdes=, a name given to the Muses, because Homer, their greatest
and worthiest favourite, was supposed to be a native of Mæonia.

=Mæŏnĭdes=, a surname of Homer, because, according to the opinion of
some writers, he was born in Mæon. _Ovid._――――The surname is also
applied to Bacchus, as he was worshipped in Mæonia.

=Mæŏnis=, an epithet applied to Omphale, as queen of Lydia or Mæonia.
_Ovid._――――The epithet is also applied to Arachne, as a native of
Lydia. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6.

=Mæōtæ=, a people of Asiatic Sarmatia.

=Mæōtis Palus=, a large lake, or part of the sea between Europe and
Asia, at the north of the Euxine, to which it communicates by the
Cimmerian Bosphorus, now called the _sea of Azof_ or _Zaback_. It
was worshipped as a deity by the Massagetæ. It extends about 390
miles from south-west to north-east, and is about 600 miles in
circumference. The Amazons are called _Mæotides_, as living in
the neighbourhood. _Strabo._――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 1, &c.――_Justin_,
bk. 2, ch. 1.――_Curtius_, bk. 5, ch. 4.――_Lucan_, bk. 2, &c.――_Ovid_,
♦_Tristia_, bk. 3, poem 12; _epistles of Sabinus_, ltr. 2, li. 9.
――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 739.

♦ ‘Fasti’ replaced with ‘Tristia’

=Mæsia sylva=, a wood in Etruria, near the mouth of the Tiber. _Livy_,
bk. 1, ch. 33.

=Mævia=, an immodest woman. _Juvenal_, satire 1, li. 22.

=Mævius=, a poet of inferior note in the Augustan age, who made himself
known by his illiberal attacks on the character of the first writers
of his time, as well as by his affected compositions. His name would
have sunk in oblivion if Virgil had not ridiculed him in his third
eclogue, and Horace in his 10th epode.

=Magas=, a king of Cyrene, in the age of Ptolemy Philadelphus. He
reigned 50 years, and died B.C. 257. _Polyænus_, bk. 2.

=Magella=, a town of Sicily about the middle of the island.

=Magetæ=, a people of Africa.

=Magi=, a religious sect among the eastern nations of the world, and
particularly in Persia. They had great influence in the political as
well as religious affairs of the state, and a monarch seldom ascended
the throne without their previous approbation. Zoroaster was founder
of their sect. They paid particular homage to fire, which they deemed
a deity, as pure in itself, and the purifier of all things. In their
religious tenets they had two principles, one good, the source of
everything good; and the other evil, from whence sprang all manner
of ills. Their professional skill in the mathematics and philosophy
rendered everything familiar to them, and from their knowledge of the
phenomena of the heavens, the word Magi was applied to all learned
men; and in process of time, the Magi, from their experience and
profession, were confounded with the magicians who impose upon the
superstitious and credulous. Hence the word _Magi_ and _Magicians_
became synonymous among the vulgar. Smerdis, one of the Magi, usurped
the crown of Persia after the death of Cambyses, and the fraud was
not discovered till the seven noble Persians conspired against the
usurper, and elected Darius king. From this circumstance there was
a certain day on which none of the Magi were permitted to appear in
public, as the populace had the privilege of murdering whomsoever of
them they met. _Strabo._――_Cicero_, _de Divinatione_, bk. 1.
――_Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 62, &c.

=Magius=, a lieutenant of Piso, &c.――――A man in the interest of Pompey,
grandfather to the historian Velleius Paterculus, &c. _Paterculus_,
bk. 2, ch. 115.

=Magna Græcia=, a part of Italy. _See:_ Græcia Magna.

=Magna Mater=, a name given to Cybele.

=Magnentius=, an ambitious Roman, who distinguished himself by his
cruelty and perfidy. He conspired against the life of Constans,
and murdered him in his bed. This cruelty was highly resented by
Constantius; and the assassin, unable to escape from the fury of his
antagonist, murdered his own mother and the rest of his relations,
and afterwards killed himself by falling upon a sword, which he
had thrust against a wall. He was the first of the followers of
christianity who ever murdered his lawful sovereign, A.D. 353.

=Magnes=, a young man who found himself detained by the iron nails
which were under his shoes as he walked over a stone mine. This was
no other than the magnet, which received its name from the person
who had been first sensible of its powers. Some say that Magnes was a
slave of Medea, whom that enchantress changed into a magnet. _Orphic
Lithica_, bk. 10, li. 7.――――A son of Æolus and Anaretta, who married
Nais, by whom he had Pierus, &c. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 7.――――A
poet and musician of Smyrna, in the age of Gyges king of Lydia.

=Magnēsia=, a town of Asia Minor on the Mæander, about 15 miles from
Ephesus, now called _Guzelhizar_. It is celebrated for the death
of Themistocles, and for a battle which was fought there 187 years
before the christian era, between the Romans and Antiochus king of
Syria. The forces of Antiochus amounted to 70,000 men, according to
Appian, or 70,000 foot and 12,000 horse, according to Livy, which
have been exaggerated by ♦Florus to 300,000 men; the Roman army
consisted of about 28,000 or 30,000 men, 2000 of which were employed
in guarding the camp. The Syrians lost 50,000 foot and 4000 horse,
and the Romans only 300 killed, with 25 horse. It was founded by a
colony from Magnesia in Thessaly, and was commonly called _Magnesia
ad Mæandrum_, to distinguish it from another called _Magnesia ad
Sipylum_ in Lydia, at the foot of mount Sipylus. This last was
destroyed by an earthquake in the reign of Tiberius.――――A country on
the eastern parts of Thessaly, at the south of Ossa. It was sometimes
called _Æmonia_ and _Magnes Campus_. The capital was also called
Magnesia.――――A promontory of Magnesia in Thessaly. _Livy_, bk. 37.
――_Florus_, bk. 2.――_Appian._

♦ ‘Florius’ replaced with ‘Florus’

=Mago=, a Carthaginian general sent against Dionysius tyrant of Sicily.
He obtained a victory, and granted peace to the conquered. In a
battle which soon after followed this treaty of peace, Mago was
killed. His son, of the same name, succeeded to the command of the
Carthaginian army, but he disgraced himself by flying at the approach
of Timoleon, who had come to assist the Syracusans. He was accused
in the Carthaginian senate, and he prevented by suicide the execution
of the sentence justly pronounced against him. His body was hung on
a gibbet, and exposed to public ignominy.――――A brother of Annibal the
Great. He was present at the battle of Cannæ, and was deputed by his
brother to carry to Carthage the news of the celebrated victory which
had been obtained over the Roman armies. His arrival at Carthage was
unexpected, and more powerfully to astonish his countrymen on account
of the victory of Cannæ, he emptied in the senate-house the three
bushels of golden rings which had been taken from the Roman knights
slain in battle. He was afterwards sent to Spain, where he defeated
the two Scipios, and was himself, in another engagement, totally
ruined. He retired to the Baleares, which he conquered; and one of
the cities there still bears his name, and is called Portus Magonis,
_Port Mahon_. After this he landed in Italy with an army, and took
possession of part of Insubria. He was defeated in a battle by
Quintilius Varus, and died of a mortal wound 203 years before the
christian era. _Livy_, bk. 30, &c. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Hannibal_,
ch. 8, gives a very different account of his death, and says he either
perished in a shipwreck, or was murdered by his servants. Perhaps
Annibal had two brothers of that name.――――A Carthaginian, more known
by the excellence of his writings than by his military exploits. He
wrote 28 volumes upon husbandry; these were preserved by Scipio, at
the taking of Carthage, and presented to the Roman senate. They were
translated into Greek by Cassius Dionysius of Utica, and into Latin
by order of the Roman senate, though Cato had already written so
copiously upon the subject; and the Romans, as it has been observed,
consulted the writings of Mago with greater earnestness than the
books of the Sybilline verses. _Columella._――――A Carthaginian sent
by his countrymen to assist the Romans against Pyrrhus and the
Tarentines, with a fleet of 120 sail. This offer was politely refused
by the Roman senate. This Mago was father of Asdrubal and Hamilcar.
_Valerius Maximus._

=Magon=, a river of India falling into the Ganges. _Arrian._

=Māgrontiăcum=, or =Magontea=, a large city of Germany, now called
_Mentz_. _Tacitus_, bk. 4, _Histories_, bks. 15 & 23.

=Magus=, an officer of Turnus, killed by Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_,
bk. 10, li. 522.

=Maherbal=, a Carthaginian who was at the siege of Saguntum, and who
commanded the cavalry of Annibal at the battle of Cannæ. He advised
the conqueror immediately to march to Rome, but Annibal required
time to consider on so bold a measure; upon which Maherbal observed,
that Annibal knew how to conquer, but not how to make a proper use of
victory.

=Maīa=, a daughter of Atlas and Pleione, mother of Mercury by Jupiter.
She was one of the Pleiades, the most luminous of the seven sisters.
_See:_ Pleiades. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 10.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_,
bk. 1, li. 301.――――A surname of Cybele.

=Majestas=, a goddess among the Romans, daughter of Honour and
Reverence. _Ovid_, bk. 5; _Fasti_, li. 25.

=Majoriānus Julius Valerius=, an emperor of the western Roman empire,
raised to the imperial throne A.D. 457. He signalized himself by his
private as well as public virtues. He was massacred, after a reign
of 37 years, by one of his generals, who envied in his master the
character of an active, virtuous, and humane emperor.

=Majorca=, the greatest of the islands called Baleares, on the coast of
Spain, in the Mediterranean. _Strabo._

=Mala Fortuna=, the goddess of evil fortune, was worshipped among the
Romans. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3.

=Malēa=, a promontory of Lesbos.――――Another in Peloponnesus, at the
south of Laconia. The sea is so rough and boisterous there, that the
dangers which attended a voyage round it gave rise to the proverb
of _Cum ad Maleam deflexeris, obliviscere quæ sunt domi_. _Strabo_,
bks. 8 & 9.――_Lucan_, bk. 6, li. 58.――_Plutarch_, _Aratus_.――_Virgil_,
_Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 193.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.――_Livy_, bk. 21,
ch. 44.――_Ovid_, _Amores_, bk. 2, poem 16, li. 24; poem 11, li. 20.
――_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 23.

=Maleventum=, the ancient name of Beneventum. _Livy_, bk. 9, ch. 27.

=Malho=, or =Matho=, a general of an army of Carthaginian mercenaries,
258 B.C.

=Malia=, a city of Phthiotis, near mount Œta and Thermopylæ. There were
in its neighbourhood some hot mineral waters which the poet Catullus
has mentioned. From Malia a gulf or small bay in the neighbourhood,
at the western extremities of the island of Eubœa, has received the
name of the gulf of Malia, _Maliacum Fretum_, or _Maliacus Sinus_.
Some call it the gulf of Lamia, from its vicinity to Lamia. It is
often taken for the _Sinus Pelasgicus_ of the ancients. _Pausanias_,
bk. 1, ch. 4.――_Herodotus._

=Malii=, a people of Mesopotamia.

=Malis=, a servant-maid of Omphale, beloved by Hercules.

=Mallea=, or =Mallia aqua=. _See:_ Malia.

=Malleŏlus=, a man who murdered his mother, &c. _Cicero_, _Rhetorica ad
Herennium_, bk. 1, ch. 13.

=Mallius=, a Roman consul defeated by the Gauls, &c.

=Mallophŏra= (_lanam ferens_), a surname under which Ceres had a temple
at Megara, because she had taught the inhabitants the utility of
wool, and the means of tending sheep to advantage. This temple is
represented as so old in the age of Pausanias, that it was falling
to decay. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 44.

=Mallos=, a town of Cilicia. _Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 227.

=Malthīnus=, a name under which Horace has lashed some of his friends
or enemies. Bk. 1, satire 2, li. 27.

=Mamaus=, a river of Peloponnesus.

=Mamercus=, a tyrant of Catana, who surrendered to Timoleon. His
attempts to speak in a public assembly at Syracuse were received
with groans and hisses, upon which he dashed his head against a
wall, and endeavoured to destroy himself. The blows were not fatal,
and Mamercus was soon after put to death as a robber, B.C. 340.
_Polyænus_, bk. 5.――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Timoleon_.――――A dictator at
Rome, B.C. 437.――――A consul with Decimus Brutus.

=Mamerthes=, a Corinthian who killed his brother’s son in hopes of
reigning, upon which he was torn to pieces by his brother. _Ovid_,
_Ibis_.

=Mamertīna=, a town of Campania, famous for its wines.――――A name of
Messana in Sicily. _Martial_, bk. 13, ltr. 117.――_Strabo_, bk. 7.

=Mamertīni=, a mercenary band of soldiers which passed from Campania
into Sicily, at the request of Agathocles. When they were in the
service of Agathocles, they claimed the privilege of voting at the
election of magistrates at Syracuse, and had recourse to arms to
support their unlawful demands. The sedition was appeased by the
authority of some leading men, and the Campanians were ordered to
leave Sicily. In their way to the coast they were received with great
kindness by the people of Messana, and soon returned perfidy for
hospitality. They conspired against the inhabitants, murdered all
the males in the city, and married their wives and daughters, and
rendered themselves masters of the place. After this violence they
assumed the name of Mamertini, and called their city _Mamertina_,
from a provincial word, which in their language signified _martial_
or _warlike_. The Mamertines were afterwards defeated by Hiero, and
totally disabled from repairing their ruined affairs. _Plutarch_,
_Pyrrhus_, &c.

=Mamilia lex=, _de limitibus_, by the tribune Mamilius. It ordained
that in the boundaries of the lands five or six feet of land should
be left uncultivated, which no person could convert into private
property. It also appointed commissioners to see it carried into
execution.

=Mamilii=, a plebeian family at Rome, descended from the Aborigines.
They first lived at Tusculum, from whence they came to Rome. _Livy_,
bk. 3, ch. 29.

=Mamilius Octavius=, a son-in-law of Tarquin, who behaved with uncommon
bravery at the battle of Regillæ. He is also called Manilius. _See:_
Manilius.

=Mammea=, the mother of the emperor Severus, who died A.D. 235.

=Mamŭrius Veturius=, a worker in brass in Numa’s reign. He was ordered
by the monarch to make a number of ancylia or shields, like that
one which had fallen from heaven, that it might be difficult to
distinguish the true one from the others. He was very successful in
his undertaking, and he asked for no other reward, but that his name
might be frequently mentioned in the hymns which were sung by the
Salii in the feast of the Ancylia. This request was granted. _Ovid_,
_Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 392.――_Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 5, ch. 6.

=Mamurra=, a Roman knight born at Formiæ. He followed the fortune of
Julius Cæsar in Gaul, where he greatly enriched himself. He built a
magnificent palace on mount Cœlius, and was the first who incrusted
his walls with marble. Catullus has attacked him in his epigrams.
Formiæ is sometimes called _Mamurrarum urbs_. _Pliny_, bk. 36, ch. 6.

=Manastăbal=, son of Masinissa, who was father to the celebrated
Jugurtha. _Sallust_, _Jugurthine War_.

=Caius Mancīnus=, a Roman general, who, though at the head of an army
of 30,000 men, was defeated by 4000 Numantians, B.C. 138. He was
dragged from the senate, &c. _Cicero_, _Orator_, bk. 1, ch. 40.

=Mandāne=, a daughter of king Astyages, married by her father to
Cambyses, an ignoble person of Persia. The monarch had dreamed
that his daughter’s urine had drowned all his city, which had been
interpreted in an unfavourable manner by the soothsayers, who assured
him that his daughter’s son would dethrone him. The marriage of
Mandane with Cambyses would, in the monarch’s opinion, prevent the
effects of the dream, and the children of this connection would, like
their father, be poor and unnoticed. The expectations of Astyages
were frustrated. He was dethroned by his grandson. _See:_ Cyrus.
_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 107.

=Mandānes=, an Indian prince and philosopher, whom Alexander invited
by his ambassador, on pain of death, to come to his banquet, as
being the son of Jupiter. The philosopher ridiculed the threats and
promises of Alexander, &c. _Strabo_, bk. 15.

=Mandēla=, a village in the country of the Sabines, near Horace’s
country seat. _Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 18, li. 105.

=Mandonius=, a prince of Spain, who for some time favoured the cause
of the Romans. When he heard that Scipio the Roman commander was
ill, he raised commotions in the provinces, for which he was severely
reprimanded and punished. _Livy_, bk. 29.

=Mandrŏcles=, a general of Artaxerxes, &c. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Datames_.

=Mandron=, a king of the Bebryces, &c. _Polyænus_, bk. 8.

=Mandubii=, a people of Gaul (now _Burgundy_), in Cæsar’s army, &c.
_Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 7, ch. 78.

=Mandubratius=, a young Briton who came over to Cæsar in Gaul. His
father Immanuentius was king in Britain, and had been put to death by
order of Cassivelaunus. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 5, ch. 20.

=Manduria=, a city of Calabria near Tarentum, whose inhabitants were
famous for eating dog’s flesh. _Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 103.――_Livy_,
bk. 27, ch. 15.

=Manes=, a son of Jupiter and Tellus, who reigned in Mæonia. He was
father of Cotys, by Callirrhoe the daughter of Oceanus.

=Mānes=, a name generally applied by the ancients to the souls when
separated from the body. They were reckoned among the infernal
deities, and generally supposed to preside over the burying places
and the monuments of the dead. They were worshipped with great
solemnity, particularly by the Romans. The augurs always invoked
them when they proceeded to exercise their sacerdotal offices. Virgil
introduces his hero as sacrificing to the infernal deities, and
to the Manes, a victim whose blood was received in a ditch. The
word _manes_ is supposed to be derived from Mania, who was by some
reckoned the mother of those tremendous deities. Others derive it
from _manare, quod per omnia ætherea terrenaque manabant_, because
they filled the air, particularly in the night, and were intent
to molest and disturb the peace of mankind. Some say that _manes_
comes from _manis_, an old Latin word which signified _good_ or
_propitious_. The word _manes_ is differently used by ancient authors;
sometimes it is taken for the infernal regions, and sometimes it is
applied to the deities of Pluto’s kingdom, whence the epitaphs of the
Romans were always superscribed with D. M., _Dîs Manibus_, to remind
the sacrilegious and profane not to molest the monuments of the dead,
which were guarded with such sanctity. _Propertius_, bk. 1, poem 19.
――_Virgil_, bk. 4, _Georgics_, li. 469; _Æneid_, bk. 3, &c.――_Horace_,
bk. 1, satire 8, li. 28.――――A river of Locris.

=Manētho=, a celebrated priest of Heliopolis in Egypt, surnamed the
Mendesian, B.C. 261. He wrote in Greek a history of Egypt, which
has been often quoted and commended by the ancients, particularly
by Josephus. It was chiefly collected from the writings of Mercury,
and from the journals and annals which are preserved in the Egyptian
temples. This history has been greatly corrupted by the Greeks. The
author supported that all the gods of the Egyptians had been mere
mortals, and had all lived upon earth. This history, which is now
lost, had been epitomized, and some fragments of it are still extant.
There is extant a Greek poem ascribed to Manetho, in which the power
of the stars, which preside over the birth and fate of mankind, is
explained. The Apotelesmata of this author were edited in 4to, by
Gronovious, Leiden, 1698.

=Mania=, a goddess, supposed to be the mother of the Lares and Manes.
――――A female servant of queen Berenice the daughter of Ptolemy.――――A
mistress of Demetrius Poliorcetes, called also Demo, and Mania, from
her folly. _Plutarch_, _Demetrius_.

=Manilia lex=, by Manilius the tribune, A.U.C. 678. It required that
all the forces of Lucullus and his province, together with Bithynia,
which was then under the command of Glabrio, should be delivered to
Pompey, and that this general should, without any delay, declare war
against Mithridates, and still retain the command of the Roman fleet,
and the empire of the Mediterranean, as before.――――Another, which
permitted all those whose fathers had not been invested with public
offices, to be employed in the management of affairs.――――A woman
famous for her debaucheries. _Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 242.

=Mānīlius=, a Roman who married the daughter of Tarquin. He lived
at Tusculum, and received his father-in-law in his house, when
banished from Rome, &c. _Livy_, bk. 2, ch. 15.――――Caius, a celebrated
mathematician and poet of Antioch, who wrote a poetical treatise
on astronomy, of which five books are extant, treating of the fixed
stars. The style is not elegant. The age in which he lived is not
known, though some suppose that he flourished in the Augustan age. No
author, however, in the age of Augustus has made mention of Manilius.
The best editions of Manilius are those of Bentley, 4to, London, 1739,
and Stoeberus, 8vo, Strasbourg, 1767.――――Titus, a learned historian
in the age of Sylla and Marius. He is greatly commended by Cicero,
_pro Roscio_.――――Marcus, another mentioned by _Cicero_, _On Oratory_,
bk. 1, ch. 48, as supporting the character of a great lawyer, and of
an eloquent and powerful orator.

=Manĭmi=, a people in Germany. _Tacitus_, _Germania_, ch. 43.

=Manlia lex=, by the tribune Publius Manlius, A.U.C. 557. It revived
the office of _treviri epulones_, first instituted by Numa. The
_epulones_ were priests, who prepared banquets for Jupiter and the
gods at public festivals, &c.

=Manlius Torquātus=, a celebrated Roman, whose youth was distinguished
by a lively and cheerful disposition. These promising talents
were, however, impeded by a difficulty of speaking; and the father,
unwilling to expose his son’s rusticity at Rome, detained him in
the country. The behaviour of the father was publicly censured, and
Marius Pomponius the tribune cited him to answer for his unfatherly
behaviour to his son. Young Manlius was informed of this, and with
a dagger in his hand he entered the house of the tribune, and made
him solemnly promise that he would drop the accusation. This action
of Manlius endeared him to the people, and soon after he was chosen
military tribune. In a war against the Gauls, he accepted the
challenge of one of the enemy, whose gigantic stature and ponderous
arms had rendered him terrible and almost invincible in the eyes of
the Romans. The Gaul was conquered, and Manlius stripped him of his
arms, and from the collar (_torquis_) which he took from the enemy’s
neck, he was ever after surnamed _Torquatus_. Manlius was the
first Roman who was raised to the dictatorship without having been
previously consul. The severity of Torquatus to his son has been
deservedly censured. This father had the courage and heart to put to
death his son, because he had engaged one of the enemy, and obtained
an honourable victory, without his previous permission. This uncommon
rigour displeased many of the Romans; and though Torquatus was
honoured with a triumph, and commended by the senate for his services,
yet the Roman youth showed their disapprobation of the consul’s
severity, by refusing him at his return the homage which every other
conqueror received. Some time after the censorship was offered to
him, but he refused it, observing that the people could not bear
his severity, nor he the vices of the people. From the rigour of
Torquatus, all edicts and actions of severity and justice have been
called _Manliana edicta_. _Livy_, bk. 7, ch. 10.――_Valerius Maximus_,
bk. 6, ch. 9.――――Marcus, a celebrated Roman, whose valour was
displayed in the field of battle, even at the early age of 16. When
Rome was taken by the Gauls, Manlius with a body of his countrymen
fled into the Capitol, which he defended when it was suddenly
surprised in the night by the enemy. This action gained him the
surname of _Capitolinus_, and the geese, which by their clamour had
awakened him to arm himself in his own defence, were ever after held
sacred among the Romans. A law which Manlius proposed to abolish
the taxes on the common people, raised the senators against him. The
dictator Cornelius Cossus seized him as a rebel, but the people put
on mourning, and delivered from prison their common father. This did
not in the least check his ambition; he continued to raise factions,
and even secretly to attempt to make himself absolute, till at
last the tribunes of the people themselves became his accusers. He
was tried in the Campius Martius; but when the distant view of the
Capitol which Manlius had saved seemed to influence the people in his
favour, the court of justice was removed, and Manlius was condemned.
He was thrown down from the Tarpeian rock, A.U.C. 371, and to
render his ignominy still greater, none of his family were afterwards
permitted to bear the surname of _Marcus_, and the place where his
house had stood was deemed unworthy to be inhabited. _Livy_, bk. 5,
ch. 31; bk. 6, ch. 5.――_Florus_, bk. 1, chs. 13 & 26.――_Valerius
Maximus_, bk. 6, ch. 3.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 825.
――――Imperiosus, father of Manlius Torquatus. He was made dictator. He
was accused of detaining his son at home. _See:_ Manlius Torquatus.
――――Volsco, a Roman consul who received an army of Scipio in Asia,
and made war against the Gallo-grecians, whom he conquered. He
was honoured with a triumph at his return, though it was at first
strongly opposed. _Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 11.――_Livy_, bk. 38, ch. 12,
&c.――――Caius, or Aulus, a senator sent to Athens to collect the best
and wisest laws of Solon, A.U.C. 300. _Livy_, bk. 2, ch. 54; bk. 3,
ch. 31.――――Another, called also Cincinnatus. He made war against the
Etrurians and Veientes with great success, and he died of a wound
which he had received in a battle.――――Another, who in his pretorship
reduced Sardinia. He was afterwards made dictator.――――Another, who
was defeated by a rebel army of slaves in Sicily.――――A pretor in Gaul,
who fought against the Boii, with very little success.――――Another,
called Attilius, who defeated a Carthaginian fleet, &c.――――Another,
who conspired with Catiline against the Roman republic.――――Another,
in whose consulship the temple of Janus was shut.――――Another, who was
banished under Tiberius for his adultery.――――A Roman appointed judge
between his son Silanus and the province of Macedonia. When all the
parties had been heard, the father said, “It is evident that my son
has suffered himself to be bribed, therefore I deem him unworthy
of the republic and of my house, and I order him to depart from my
presence.” Silanus was so struck at the rigour of his father, that
he hanged himself. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 5, ch. 5.――――A learned man
in the age of Cicero.

=Mannus=, the son of Thiasto, both famous divinities among the Germans.
_Tacitus_, _Germania_, ch. 2.

=Julius Mansuētus=, a friend of Vitellius, who entered the Roman armies,
and left his son, then very young, at home. The son was promoted by
Galba, and soon after met a detachment of the partisans of Vitellius
in which his father was. A battle was fought, and Mansuetus was
wounded by the hand of his son, &c. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 3,
ch. 25.

=Mantinea=, a town of Arcadia in Peloponnesus. It was taken by Aratus
and Antigonus, and, on account of the latter, it was afterwards
called _Antigonia_. The emperor Adrian built there a temple in honour
of his favourite Alcinous. It is famous for the battle which was
fought there between Epaminondas at the head of the Thebans, and
the combined forces of Lacedæmon, Achaia, Elis, Athens, and Arcadia,
about 363 years before Christ. The Theban general was killed in the
engagement, and from that time Thebes lost its power and consequence
among the Grecian states. _Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Cornelius Nepos_,
_Epaminondas_.――_Diodorus_, bk. 15.――_Ptolemy_, bk. 3, ch. 16.

=Mantineus=, the father of Ocalea, who married Abas the son of Lynceus
and Hypermnestra. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 9.

=Mantinōrum oppidum=, a town of Corsica, now supposed to be _Bastia_.

=Mantius=, a son of Melampus.

=Manto=, a daughter of the prophet Tiresias, endowed with the gift
of prophecy. She was made prisoner by the Argives when the city of
Thebes fell into their hands, and as she was the worthiest part of
the booty, the conquerors sent her to Apollo the god of Delphi, as
the most valuable present they could make. Manto, often called Daphne,
remained for some time at Delphi, where she officiated as priestess,
and where she gave oracles. From Delphi she came to Claros in Ionia,
where she established an oracle of Apollo. Here she married Rhadius
the sovereign of the country, by whom she had a son called Mopsus.
Manto afterwards visited Italy, where she married Tiberinus the king
of Alba, or, as the poets mention, the god of the river Tiber. From
this marriage sprang Ocnus, who built a town in the neighbourhood,
which, in honour of his mother, he called Mantua. Manto, according to
a certain tradition, was so struck at the misfortunes which afflicted
Thebes, her native country, that she gave way to her sorrow, and was
turned into a fountain. Some suppose her to be the same who conducted
Æneas into hell, and who sold the Sibylline books to Tarquin the
Proud. She received divine honours after death. _Virgil_, _Æneid_,
bk. 1, li. 199; bk. 10, li. 199.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6,
li. 157.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 7.――_Strabo_,
bks. 14 & 16.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, chs. 10 & 33; bk. 7, ch. 3.

=Mantua=, a town of Italy beyond the Po, founded about 300 years before
Rome, by Bianor or Ocnus the son of Manto. It was the ancient capital
of Etruria. When Cremona, which had followed the interest of Brutus,
was given to the soldiers of Octavius, Mantua also, which was in the
neighbourhood, shared the common calamity, though it had favoured
the party of Augustus, and many of the inhabitants were tyrannically
deprived of their possessions. Virgil, who was among them, and a
native of the town, and from thence often called _Mantuanus_, applied
for redress to Augustus, and obtained it by means of his poetical
talents. _Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 1, &c.;
_Georgics_, ch. 3, li. 12; _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 180.――_Ovid_,
_Amores_, bk. 3, poem 15.

=Maracanda=, a town of Sogdiana.

=Mărătha=, a village of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 28.

=Mărăthon=, a village of Attica, 10 miles from Athens, celebrated for
the victory which the 10,000 Athenians and 1000 Platæans, under the
command of Miltiades, gained over the Persian army, consisting of
100,000 foot and 10,000 horse, or, according to Valerius Maximus,
of 300,000, or, as Justin says, of 600,000, under the command of
Datis and Artaphernes, on the 28th of Sept. 490, B.C. In this battle,
according to Herodotus, the Athenians lost only 192 men, and the
Persians 6300. Justin has raised the loss of the Persians in this
expedition and in the battle to 200,000 men. To commemorate this
immortal victory of their countrymen, the Greeks raised small
columns, with the names inscribed on the tombs of the fallen heroes.
It was also in the plains of Marathon that Theseus overcame a
celebrated bull, which ravaged the neighbouring country. Erigone
is called _Marathonia virgo_, as being born at Marathon. _Statius_,
bk. 5, _Sylvæ_, poem 3, li. 74.――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Miltiades._
――_Herodotus_, bk. 6, &c.――_Justin_, bk. 2, ch. 9.――_Valerius
Maximus_, bk. 5, ch. 3.――_Plutarch_, _Parallela minora_――――A king of
Attica, son of Epopeus, who gave his name to a small village there.
_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 1.――――A king of Sicyon.

=Marăthos=, a town of Phœnicia. _Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 12.

=Marcella=, a daughter of Octavia the sister of Augustus by Marcellus.
She married Agrippa.

=Marcellīnus Ammiānus=, a celebrated historian who carried arms under
Constantius, Julian, and Valens, and wrote a history of Rome from the
reign of Domitian, where Suetonius stops, to the emperor Valens. His
style is neither elegant nor laboured, but it is greatly valuable
for its veracity, and in many of the actions he mentions, the author
was nearly concerned. This history was composed at Rome, where
Ammianus retired from the noise and troubles of the camp, and does
not betray that severity against the christians which other writers
have manifested, though the author was warm in favour of paganism,
the religion which for a while was seated on the throne. It was
divided into 31 books, of which only the 18 last remain, beginning at
the death of Magnentius. Ammianus has been liberal in his encomiums
upon Julian, whose favours he enjoyed and who so eminently patronised
his religion. The negligence with which some facts are sometimes
mentioned, has induced many to believe that the history of Ammianus
has suffered much from the ravages of time, and that it has descended
to us mutilated and imperfect. The best editions of Ammianus are
those of Gronovius, folio, and 4to, Leiden, 1693, and of Ernesti,
8vo, Lipscomb, 1773.――――An officer under Julian.