Chapter XI: Preface: To the Original Edition (10)

=Apollināres ludi=, games celebrated at Rome in honour of Apollo. They
originated from the following circumstance. An old prophetic poem
informed the Romans, that if they instituted yearly games to Apollo,
and made a collection of money for his service, they would be
able to repel the enemy whose approach already threatened their
destruction. The first time they were celebrated, Rome was alarmed
by the approach of the enemy, and instantly the people rushed out
of the city, and saw a cloud of arrows discharged from the sky on
the troops of the enemy. With this heavenly assistance they easily
obtained the victory. The people generally sat crowned with laurel
at the representation of these games, which were usually celebrated
at the option of the pretor, till the year A.U.C. 545, when a law
was passed to settle the celebration yearly on the same day about
the nones of July. When this alteration happened, Rome was infested
with a dreadful pestilence, which, however, seemed to be appeased by
this act of religion. _Livy_, bk. 25, ch. 12.

=Apollināris, Caius Sulpitius=, a grammarian of Carthage, in the second
century, who is supposed to be the author of the verses prefixed to
Terence’s plays as arguments.――――A writer better known by the name
of Sidonius. _See:_ Sidonius.

=Apollinīdes=, a Greek in the wars of Darius and Alexander, &c.
_Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 5.

=Apollĭnis arx=, a place at the entrance of the Sibyl’s cave. _Virgil_,
_Æneid_, bk. 6.――――Promontorium, a promontory of Africa. _Livy_,
bk. 30, ch. 24.――――Templum, a place in Thrace,――――in Lycia. _Ælian_,
_Varia Historia_, bk. 6, ch. 9.

=Apollo=, son of Jupiter and Latona, called also Phœbus, is often
confounded with the sun. According to Cicero, bk. 3, _de Natura
Deorum_, there were four persons of this name. The first was son
of Vulcan, and the tutelary god of the Athenians. The second was
son of Corybas, and was born in Crete, for the dominion of which he
disputed even with Jupiter himself. The third was son of Jupiter and
Latona, and came from the nations of the Hyperboreans to Delphi. The
fourth was born in Arcadia, and called Nomion, because he gave laws
to the inhabitants. To the son of Jupiter and Latona all the actions
of the others seem to have been attributed. The Apollo, son of
Vulcan, was the same as the Orus of the Egyptians, and was the most
ancient, from whom the actions of the others have been copied. The
three others seem to be of Grecian origin. The tradition that the
son of Latona was born in the floating island of Delos, is taken
from the Egyptian mythology, which asserts that the son of Vulcan,
which is supposed to be Orus, was saved by his mother Isis from
the persecution of Typhon, and entrusted to the care of Latona, who
concealed him in the island of Chemmis. When Latona was pregnant by
Jupiter, Juno, who was ever jealous of her husband’s amours, raised
the serpent Python to torment Latona, who was refused a place to
give birth to her children, till Neptune, moved at the severity of
her fate, raised the island of Delos from the bottom of the sea,
where Latona brought forth Apollo and Diana. Apollo was the god of
all the fine arts, of medicine, music, poetry, and eloquence, of
all which he was deemed the inventor. He had received from Jupiter
the power of knowing futurity, and he was the only one of the gods
whose oracles were in general repute over the world. His amours with
Leucothoe, Daphne, Issa, Bolina, Coronis, Clymene, Cyrene, Chione,
Acacallis, Calliope, &c., are well known, and the various shapes he
assumed to gratify his passion. He was very fond of young Hyacinthus,
whom he accidentally killed with a quoit; as also of Cyparissus, who
was changed into a cypress tree. When his son Æsculapius had been
killed with the thunders of Jupiter for raising the dead to life,
Apollo, in his resentment, killed the Cyclops who had fabricated
the thunderbolts. Jupiter was incensed at this act of violence, and
he banished Apollo from heaven, and deprived him of his dignity.
The exiled deity came to Admetus king of Thessaly, and hired
himself to be one of his shepherds, in which ignoble employment he
remained nine years; from which circumstance he was called the god
of shepherds, and at his sacrifices a wolf was generally offered,
as that animal is the declared enemy of the sheepfold. During his
residence in Thessaly, he rewarded the tender treatment of Admetus.
He gave him a chariot drawn by a lion and a bull, with which he was
able to obtain in marriage Alceste the daughter of Pelias; and soon
after, the Parcæ granted, at Apollo’s request, that Admetus might be
redeemed from death, if another person laid down his life for him.
He assisted Neptune in building the walls of Troy; and when he was
refused the promised reward from Laomedon the king of the country,
he destroyed the inhabitants by a pestilence. As soon as he was born,
Apollo destroyed with arrows the serpent Python, whom Juno had sent
to persecute Latona; hence he was called Pythius; and he afterwards
vindicated the honour of his mother, by putting to death the
children of the proud Niobe. _See:_ Niobe. He was not the inventor
of the lyre, as some have imagined, but Mercury gave it him, and
received as a reward the famous caduceus with which Apollo was wont
to drive the flocks of Admetus. His contest with Pan and Marsyas,
and the punishment inflicted upon Midas, are well known. He
received the surnames of Phœbus, Delius, Cynthius, Pœan, Delphicus,
Nomius, Lycius, Clarius, Ismenius, Vulturius, Smintheus, &c., for
reasons which are explained under those words. Apollo is generally
represented with long hair, and the Romans were fond of imitating
his figure, and therefore in their youth they were remarkable for
their fine heads of hair, which they cut short at the age of 17 or
18. He is always represented as a tall, beardless young man, with a
handsome shape, holding in his hand a bow, and sometimes a lyre; his
head is generally surrounded with beams of light. He was the deity
who, according to the notions of the ancients, inflicted plagues,
and in that moment he appeared surrounded with clouds. His worship
and power were universally acknowledged: he had temples and statues
in every country, particularly in Egypt, Greece, and Italy. His
statue, which stood upon mount Actium, as a mark to mariners to
avoid the dangerous coasts, was particularly famous, and it appeared
to a great distance at sea. Augustus, before the battle of Actium,
addressed himself to it for victory. The griffin, the cock, the
grasshopper, the wolf, the crow, the swan, the hawk, the olive, the
laurel, the palm tree, &c., were sacred to him; and in his
sacrifices, wolves and hawks were offered, as they were the natural
enemies of the flocks, over which he presided. Bullocks and lambs
were also immolated to him. As he presided over poetry, he was often
seen on mount Parnassus with the nine muses. His most famous oracles
were at Delphi, Delos, Claros, Tenedos, Cyrrha, and Patara. His most
splendid temple was at Delphi, where every nation and individual
made considerable presents when they consulted the oracle. Augustus,
after the battle of Actium, built him a temple on mount Palatine,
which he enriched with a valuable library. He had a famous colossus
in Rhodes, which was one of the seven wonders of the world. Apollo
has been taken for the sun; but it may be proved by different
passages in the ancient writers, that Apollo, the Sun, Phœbus,
and Hyperion, were all different characters and deities, though
confounded together. When once Apollo was addressed as the Sun,
and represented with a crown of rays on his head, the idea was
adopted by every writer, and from thence arose the mistake.
_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, fables 9 & 10; bk. 4, fable 3, &c.
――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 7; bk. 5, ch. 7; bk. 7, ch. 20; bk. 9, ch.
30, &c.――_Hyginus_, fables 9, 14, 50, 93, 140, 161, 202, 203, &c.
――_Statius_, bk. 1, _Thebiad_, li. 560.――_Tibullus_, bk. 2, poem 3.
――_Plutarch_, _de Amore Prolis_.――_Homer_, _Iliad_ & _Hymn to
Apollo_.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bks. 2, 3, &c.; _Georgics_, bk. 4,
li. 323.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 10.――_Lucian_, ♦_Dialogi Deorum_.
――_Propertius_, bk. 1, poem 28.――_Callimachus_, _Hymn to Apollo_.
――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, chs. 3, 4, & 9; bk. 2, ch. 5; bk. 3, chs.
5, 10, & 12.――――One of the ships in the fleet of Æneas. _Virgil_,
_Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 171.――――Also a temple of Apollo upon mount
Leucas, which appeared at a great distance at sea; and served as a
guide to mariners, and reminded them to avoid the dangerous rocks
that were along the coast. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 275.

♦ ‘Dial. Mer. & Vulc.’ replaced with ‘Dialogi Deorum’

=Apollocrătes=, a friend of Dion, supposed by some to be the son of
Dionysius.

=Apollodōrus=, a famous grammarian and mythologist of Athens, son
of Asclepias and disciple to Panætius the Rhodian philosopher. He
flourished about 115 years before the christian era, and wrote a
history of Athens, besides other works. But of all his compositions,
nothing is extant but his _Bibliotheca_, a valuable work, divided
into three books. It is an abridged history of the gods, and of the
ancient heroes, of whose actions and genealogy it gives a true and
faithful account. The best edition is that of Heyne, Göttingen, in
8vo, 4 vols., 1782. _Athenæus._――_Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 37.――_Diodorus_,
bks. 4 & 13.――――A tragic poet of Cilicia, who wrote tragedies
entitled Ulysses, Thyestes, &c.――――A comic poet of Gela in Sicily,
in the age of Menander, who wrote 47 plays.――――An architect of
Damascus, who directed the building of Trajan’s bridge across the
Danube. He was put to death by Adrian, to whom, when in a private
station, he had spoken in too bold a manner.――――A writer who
composed a history of Parthia.――――A disciple of Epicurus, the most
learned of his school, and deservedly surnamed the illustrious. He
wrote about 40 volumes on different subjects. _Diogenes Laërtius._
――――A painter of Athens, to whom Zeuxis was a pupil. Two of his
paintings were admired at Pergamus, in the age of Pliny; a priest
in a suppliant posture, and Ajax struck with Minerva’s thunders.
_Pliny_, bk. 35, ch. 9.――――A statuary in the age of Alexander. He
was of such an irascible disposition, that he destroyed his own
pieces upon the least provocation. _Pliny_, bk. 34, ch. 8.――――A
rhetorician of Pergamus, preceptor and friend to Augustus, who wrote
a book on rhetoric. _Strabo_, bk. 13.――――A tragic poet of Tarsus.
――――A Lemnian who wrote on husbandry.――――A physician of Tarentum.
――――Another of Cytium.

=Apollonia=, a festival at Ægialea in honour of Apollo and Diana. It
arose from this circumstance: these two deities came to Ægialea,
after the conquest of the serpent Python; but they were frightened
away, and fled to Crete. Ægialea was soon visited with an epidemical
distemper, and the inhabitants, by the advice of their prophets,
sent seven chosen boys, with the same number of girls, to entreat
them to return to Ægialea. Apollo and Diana granted their petition,
in honour of which a temple was raised to πειθω, the goddess of
_persuasion_; and ever after a number of youths, of both sexes,
were chosen to march in solemn procession, as if anxious to bring
back Apollo and Diana. _Pausanias_, _Corinth_.――――A town of Mygdonia,
――――of Crete,――――of Sicily,――――on the coast of Asia Minor.――――Another
on the coast of Thrace, part of which was built on a small island of
Pontus, where Apollo had a temple.――――A town of Macedonia, on the
coasts of the Adriatic.――――A city of Thrace.――――Another on mount
Parnassus.

=Apolloniădes=, a tyrant of Sicily, compelled to lay down his power by
Timoleon.

=Apollonias=, the wife of Attalus king of Phrygia, to whom she bore
four children.

=Apollonĭdes=, a writer of Nicæa.――――A physician of Cos at the court
of Artaxerxes, who became enamoured of Amytis, the monarch’s sister,
and was some time after put to death for slighting her after the
reception of her favours.

=Apollonius=, a Stoic philosopher of Chalcis, sent for by Antoninus
Pius, to instruct his adopted son Marcus Antoninus. When he came
to Rome, he refused to go to the palace, observing that the master
ought not to wait upon his pupil, but the pupil upon him. The
emperor hearing this, said, laughing, “It was then easier for
Apollonius to come from Chalcis to Rome, than from Rome to the
palace.”――――A geometrician of Perge in Pamphylia, whose works
are now lost. He lived about 240 years before the christian era,
and composed a commentary on Euclid, whose pupils he attended at
Alexandria. He wrote treatises on conic sections, eight of which
are now extant; and he first endeavoured to explain the causes
of the apparent stopping and retrograde motion of the planets, by
cycles and epicycles, or circles within circles. The best edition
of Apollonius is Dr. Halley’s, Oxford, folio, 1710.――――A poet
of Naucratis in Egypt, generally called Apollonius of _Rhodes_,
because he lived for some time there. He was pupil, when young,
to Callimachus and Panætius, and succeeded to Eratosthenes as
third librarian of the famous library of Alexandria, under Ptolemy
Evergetes. He was ungrateful to his master Callimachus, who wrote
a poem against him, in which he denominated him _Ibis_. Of all
his works, nothing remains but his poem on the expedition of the
Argonauts, in four books. The best editions of Apollonius are those
printed at Oxford, in 4to, by Shaw, 1777, 2 vols.; and in 1 vol.,
8vo, 1779; and that of Brunck, Strasbourg, 12mo, 1780. _Quintilian_,
bk. 10, ch. 1.――――A Greek orator, surnamed Molo, was a native of
Alabanda in Caria. He opened a school of rhetoric at Rhodes and Rome,
and had Julius Cæsar and Cicero among his pupils. He discouraged
the attendance of those whom he supposed incapable of distinguishing
themselves as orators, and he recommended to them pursuits more
congenial to their abilities. He wrote a history, in which he did
not candidly treat the people of Judæa, according to the complaint
of Josephus, _against Apion_.――_Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 1, chs.
28, 75, 126, & 130; _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 3, ltr. 16; _De
Inventione_, bk. 1, ch. 81.――_Quintilian_, bk. 3, ch. 1; bk. 12,
ch. 6.――_Suetonius_, _Cæsar_, ch. 4.――_Plutarch_, _Cæsar_.――――A
Greek historian about the age of Augustus, who wrote upon the
philosophy of Zeno and of his followers. _Strabo_, bk. 14.――――A
Stoic philosopher, who attended Cato of Utica in his last moments.
_Plutarch_, _Cato_.――――An officer set over Egypt by Alexander.
_Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 8.――――A wrestler. _Pausanias_, bk. 5.――――A
physician of Pergamus, who wrote on agriculture. _Varro._――――A
grammarian of Alexandria.――――A writer in the age of Antoninus Pius.
――――Thyaneus, a Pythagorean philosopher, well skilled in the secret
arts of magic. Being one day haranguing the populace at Ephesus,
he suddenly exclaimed, “Strike the tyrant, strike him; the blow is
given, he is wounded, and fallen!” At that very moment the emperor
Domitian had been stabbed at Rome. The magician acquired much
reputation when this circumstance was known. He was courted by
kings and princes, and commanded unusual attention by his numberless
artifices. His friend and companion, called Damis, wrote his life,
which 200 years after engaged the attention of Philostratus. In his
history the biographer relates so many curious and extraordinary
anecdotes of the hero, that many have justly deemed it a romance;
yet for all this, Hierocles had the presumption to compare the
impostures of Apollonius with the miracles of Jesus Christ.――――A
sophist of Alexandria, distinguished for his _Lexicon Græcum Iliadis
et Odysseæ_, a book that was beautifully edited by Villoison, in 4to,
2 vols., Paris, 1773. Apollonius was one of the pupils of Didymus,
and flourished in the beginning of the first century.――――A physician.
――――A son of Sotades at the court of Ptolemy Philadelphus.――――Syrus,
a Platonic philosopher.――――Herophilus, wrote concerning ointments.
――――A sculptor of Rhodes.

=Apollŏphănes=, a Stoic, who greatly flattered king Antigonus, and
maintained that there existed but one virtue, prudence. _Diogenes
Laërtius._――――A physician in the court of Antiochus. _Polybius_,
bk. 5.――――A comic poet. _Ælian_, _De Natura Animalium_, bk. 6.

=Apomyīos=, a surname of Jupiter.

=Aponiana=, an island near Lilybæum. _Hirtius_, _African War_, ch. 2.

=Marcus Aponius=, a governor of Mœsia, rewarded with a triumphal statue
by Otho, for defeating 9000 barbarians. _Tacitus_, _Histories_,
bk. 1, ch. 79.

=Apŏnus=, now _Abano_, a fountain, with a village of the same name,
near Patavium in Italy. The waters of the fountain, which were hot,
were wholesome, and were supposed to have an oracular power. _Lucan_,
bk. 7, li. 194.――_Suetonius_, _Tiberius_, ch. 14.

=Apostrophia=, a surname of Venus in Bœotia, who was distinguished
under these names, Venus Urania, Vulgaria, and Apostrophia. The
former was the patroness of a pure and chaste love; the second of
carnal and sensual desires; and the last incited men to illicit and
unnatural gratifications, to incests, and rapes. Venus Apostrophia
was invoked by the Thebans, that they might be saved from such
unlawful desires. She is the same as the Verticordia of the Romans.
_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 16.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 8, ch. 15.

=Apotheōsis=, a ceremony observed by the ancient nations of the world,
by which they raised their kings, heroes, and great men to the rank
of deities. The nations of the east were the first who paid divine
honours to their great men, and the Romans followed their example,
and not only deified the most prudent and humane of their emperors,
but also the most cruel and profligate. _Herodian_, bk. 4, ch. 2,
has left us an account of the apotheosis of a Roman emperor. After
the body of the deceased was burnt, an ivory image was laid on a
couch for seven days, representing the emperor under the agonies of
disease. The city was in sorrow, the senate visited it in mourning,
and the physicians pronounced it every day in a more decaying state.
When the death was announced, a band of young senators carried the
couch and image to the Campus Martius, where it was deposited on
an edifice in the form of a pyramid, where spices and combustible
materials were thrown. After this the knights walked round the pile
in solemn procession, and the images of the most illustrious Romans
were drawn in state, and immediately the new emperor, with a torch,
set fire to the pile, and was assisted by the surrounding multitude.
Meanwhile an eagle was let fly from the middle of the pile, which
was supposed to carry the soul of the deceased to heaven, where he
was ranked among the gods. If the deified was a female, a peacock,
and not an eagle, was sent from the flames. The Greeks observed
ceremonies much of the same nature.

=Appia via=, a celebrated road leading from the porta Capena at
Rome to Brundusium, through Capua. Appius Claudius made it as
far as Capua, and it received its name from him. It was continued
and finished by Gracchus, Julius Cæsar, and Augustus. _See:_ Via.
_Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 285.――_Statius_, bk. 2, _Sylvæ_, poem 2, li.
12.――_Martial_, bk. 9, ltr. 104.――_Suetonius_, _Tiberias_, ch. 14.

=Appiădes=, a name given to these five deities, Venus, Pallas, Vesta,
Concord, and Peace, because a temple was erected to them near the
Appian road. The name was also applied to those courtesans at Rome
who lived near the temple of Venus by Appiæ Aquæ, and the forum of
Julius Cæsar. _Ovid_, _de Ars Amatoria_, bk. 3, li. 452.

=Appiānus=, a Greek historian of Alexandria, who flourished A.D. 123.
His universal history, which consisted of 24 books, was a series of
history of all the nations that had been conquered by the Romans,
in the order of time; and in the composition, the writer displayed,
with a style simple and unadorned, a great knowledge of military
affairs, and described his battles in a masterly manner. This
excellent work is greatly mutilated, and there is extant now only
the account of the Punic, Syrian, Parthian, Mithridatic, and Spanish
wars, with those of Illyricum and the civil dissensions, with a
fragment of the Celtic wars. In his preface, Appian has enlarged on
the boundaries of that mighty empire, of which he was the historian.
The best editions are those of Tollius and Variorum, 2 vols., 8vo,
Amsterdam, 1670, and that of Schweigheuserus, 3 vols., 8vo, Lipscomb,
1785. He was so eloquent that the emperor highly promoted him in the
state.

=Appii Forum=, now _Borgo Longo_, a little village not far from Rome,
built by the consul Appius. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 5.

=Appius=, the prænomen of an illustrious family at Rome.――――A censor
of that name, A.U.C. 442. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 6.

=Appius Claudius=, a decemvir who obtained his power by force and
oppression. He attempted the virtue of Virginia, whom her father
killed to preserve her chastity. This act of violence was the cause
of a revolution in the state, and the ravisher destroyed himself
when cited to appear before the tribunal of his country. _Livy_, bk.
3, ch. 33.――――Claudius Cæcus, a Roman orator, who built the Appian
way and many aqueducts in Rome. When Pyrrhus, who was come to
assist the Tarentines against Rome, demanded peace of the senators,
Appius, grown old in the service of the republic, caused himself
to be carried to the senate house, and by his authority dissuaded
them from granting a peace which would prove dishonourable to the
Roman name. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 6, li. 203.――_Cicero_, _Brutus_
& _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 4.――――A Roman who, when he heard
that he had been proscribed by the triumvirs, divided his riches
among his servants, and embarked with them for Sicily. In their
passage the vessel was shipwrecked, and Appius alone saved his life.
_Appian_, bk. 4.――――Claudius Crassus, a consul, who, with Spurius
Naut. Rutilius, conquered the Celtiberians, and was defeated by
Perseus king of Macedonia. _Livy._――――Claudius Pulcher, a grandson
of Appius Claudius Cæcus, consul in the age of Sylla, retired from
grandeur to enjoy the pleasures of a private life.――――Clausus,
a general of the Sabines, who, upon being ill treated by his
countrymen, retired to Rome with 5000 of his friends, and was
admitted into the senate in the early ages of the republic.
_Plutarch_, _Poplicola [Publicola]_.――――Herdonius, seized the
capitol with 4000 exiles, A.U.C. 292, and was soon after overthrown.
_Livy_, bk. 3, ch. 15.――_Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 19.――――Claudius
Lentulus, a consul with Marcus Perpenna.――――A dictator who conquered
the Hernici.――――The name of Appius was common in Rome, and
particularly to many consuls, whose history is not marked by any
uncommon event.

=Appŭla=, an immodest woman, &c. _Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 64.

=Apries= and =Aprius=, one of the kings of Egypt in the age of Cyrus,
supposed to be the Pharaoh Hophra of Scripture. He took Sidon, and
lived in great prosperity till his subjects revolted to Amasis, by
whom he was conquered and strangled. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 159,
&c.――_Diodorus_, bk. 1.

=Apsinthii=, a people of Thrace. They received their name from a river
called Apsinthus, which flowed through their territory. _Dionysius
Periegetes._

=Apsinus=, an Athenian sophist in the third century, author of a work
called _Præceptor de Arte Rhetoricâ_.

=Apsus=, a river of Macedonia falling into the Ionian sea between
Dyrrhachium and Apollonia. _Lucan_, bk. 5, li. 46.

=Aptĕra=, an inland town of Crete. _Ptolemy._――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.

=Apuleia lex=, was enacted by Lucius Apuleius the tribune, A.U.C.
652, for inflicting a punishment upon such as were guilty of
raising seditions, or showing violence in the city.――――Varilia,
a granddaughter of Augustus, convicted of adultery with a certain
Manlius, in the reign of Tiberius. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, ch. 50.

=Apuleius=, a learned man, born at Madaura in Africa. He studied at
Carthage, Athens, and Rome, where he married a rich widow called
Pudentilla, for which he was accused by some of her relations of
using magical arts to win her heart. His apology was a masterly
composition. In his youth, Apuleius had been very expensive; but
he was, in a maturer age, more devoted to study, and learnt Latin
without a master. The most famous of his works extant is the _Golden
Ass_, in 11 books, an allegorical piece, replete with morality. The
best editions of Apuleius are the Delphin, 2 vols., 4to, Paris, 1688,
and Pricæi, 8vo, Goudæ, 1650.

=Apūlia=, now _Puglia_, a country of Italy between Daunia and Calabria.
It was part of the ancient Magna Græcia, and generally divided
into Apulia Daunia and Apulia Peucetia. It was famous for its wool,
superior to all the produce of Italy. Some suppose that it is called
after Apulus, an ancient king of the country before the Trojan war.
_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 11.――_Cicero_, _de Divinatione_, bk. 1, ch. 43.
――_Strabo_, bk. 6.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Martial_, _Apophoreta_,
ltr. 155.

=Apuscidāmus=, a lake of Africa. All bodies, however heavy, were said
to swim on the surface of its waters. _Pliny_, bk. 32, ch. 2.

=Aquarius=, one of the signs of the zodiac, rising in January and
setting in February. Some suppose that Ganymede was changed into
this sign. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 304.

=Aquilaria=, a place of Africa. _Cæsar_, bk. 2, _Civil War_, ch. 23.

=Aquileia=, or =Aquilegia=, a town founded by a Roman colony, called
from its grandeur, _Roma secunda_, and situate at the north of
the Adriatic sea, on the confines of Italy. The Romans built it
chiefly to oppose the frequent incursions of the barbarians. The
Roman emperors enlarged and beautified it, and often made it their
residence. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 605.――_Martial_, bk. 4,
ltr. 25.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.

=Aquilius Niger=, an historian mentioned by _Suetonius_, _Augustus_,
ch. 11.――――Marcus, a Roman consul who had the government of Asia
Minor. _Justin_, bk. 36, ch. 4.――――Sabinus, a lawyer of Rome,
surnamed the Cato of his age. He was father to Aquilia Severus, whom
Heliogabalus married.――――Severus, a poet and historian in the age of
Valentinian.

=Aquillia= and =Aquilia=, a patrician family at Rome, from which few
illustrious men rose.

=Aquĭlo=, a wind blowing from the north. Its name is derived, according
to some, from _Aquila_, on account of its keenness and velocity.

=Aquilonia=, a city of the Hirpini in Italy. _Livy_, bk. 10, ch. 38.

=Aquinius=, a poet of moderate capacity. _Cicero_, bk. 5, _Tusculanæ
Disputationes_.

=Aquīnum=, a town of Latium, on the borders of the Samnites, where
Juvenal was born. A dye was invented there, which greatly resembled
the real purple. _Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 10, li. 27.――_Strabo._――
_Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 404.――_Juvenal_, satire 3, li. 319.

=Aquitania=, a country of Gaul, bounded on the west by Spain, north
by the province of Lugdunum, south by the province called Gallia
Narbonensis. Its inhabitants are called Aquitani. _Pliny_, bk. 4,
ch. 17.――_Strabo_, bk. 4.

=Ara=, a constellation, consisting of seven stars, near the tail of
the Scorpion. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 138.

=Ara lugdunensis=, a place at the confluence of the Arar and Rhone.
_Juvenal_, satire 1, li. 44.

=Arabarches=, a vulgar person among the Egyptians, or perhaps an
unusual expression for the leaders of the Arabians, who resided in
Rome. _Juvenal_, satire 1, li. 130. Some believe that Cicero, bk. 2,
ltr. 17, _Letters to Atticus_, alluded to Pompey under the name of
Arabarches.

=Arăbia=, a large country of Asia, forming a peninsula between the
Arabian and Persian gulfs. It is generally divided into three
different parts, Petræa, Deserta, and Felix. It is famous for its
frankincense and aromatic plants. The inhabitants were formerly
under their own chiefs, an uncivilized people, who paid adoration to
the sun, moon, and even serpents, and who had their wives in common,
and circumcised their children. The country has often been invaded,
but never totally subdued. Alexander the Great expressed his wish to
place the seat of his empire in their territories. The soil is rocky
and sandy, the inhabitants are scarce, the mountains rugged, and
the country without water. In Arabia, whatever woman was convicted
of adultery was capitally punished. The Arabians for some time
supported the splendour of literature which was extinguished by
the tyranny and superstition which prevailed in Egypt, and to them
we are indebted for the invention of algebra, or the application
of signs and letters to represent lines, numbers, and quantities,
and also for the numerical characters of 1, 2, 3, &c., first used
in Europe, A.D. 1253.――_Herodotus_, bks. 1, 2, 3.――_Diodorus_,
bks. 1 & 2.――_Pliny_, bks. 12 & 14.――_Strabo_, bk. 16.――_Xenophon._
――_Tibullus_, bk. 2, poem 2.――_Curtius_, bk. 5, ch. 1.――_Virgil_,
_Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 57.――――Also the name of the wife of Ægyptus.
_Apollodorus._

=Arabĭcus sinus=, a sea between Egypt and Arabia, different, according
to some authors, from the Red sea, which they supposed to be between
Æthiopia and India, and the Arabian gulf further above, between Egypt
and Arabia. It is about 40 days’ sail in length, and not half a day’s
in its most extensive breadth. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 11.――_Strabo._

=Arăbis=, =Arabius=, =Arbis=, an Indian river. _Curtius_, bk. 9,
ch. 10.

=Arabs= and =Arăbus=, a son of Apollo and Babylone, who first invented
medicine, and taught it in Arabia, which is called after his name.
_Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 56.

=Aracca= and =Arecca=, a city of Susiana. _Tibullus_, bk. 4, poem 1.

=Arachne=, a woman of Colophon, daughter to Idmon a dyer. She was so
skilful in working with the needle, that she challenged Minerva, the
goddess of the art, to a trial of skill. She represented on her work
the amours of Jupiter with Europa, Antiope, Leda, Asteria, Danae,
Alcmene, &c.; but though her piece was perfect and masterly, she was
defeated by Minerva, and hanged herself in despair, and was changed
into a spider by the goddess. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, fable
1, &c.――――A city of Thessaly.

=Arachosia=, a city of Asia, near the Massagetæ. It was built by
Semiramis.――――One of the Persian provinces beyond the Indus. _Pliny_,
bk. 6, ch. 23.――_Strabo_, bk. 11.

=Arachōtæ= and =Arachōti=, a people of India, who received their
name from the river Arachotus which flows down from mount Caucasus.
_Dionysius Periegetes._――_Curtius_, bk. 9, ch. 7.

=Arachthias=, one of the four capital rivers of Epirus near Nicopolis,
falling into the bay of Ambracia. _Strabo_, bk. 7.

=Aracillum=, a town of Hispania Tarraconensis. _Florus_, bk. 4, ch. 12.

=Aracosii=, an Indian nation. _Justin_, bk. 13, ch. 4.

=Aracynthus=, a mountain of Acarnania, between the Achelous and Evenus,
not far from the shore, and thence called Actæus. _Pliny_, bk. 4,
ch. 2.――_Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 2, li. 24.

=Arădus=, an island near Phœnicia, joined to the continent by a bridge.
_Dionysius Periegetes._

=Aræ=, rocks in the middle of the Mediterranean, between Africa and
Sardinia, where the Romans and Africans ratified a treaty. It was
upon them that Æneas lost the greatest part of his fleet. They are
supposed to be those islands which are commonly called Ægates.
_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 113.

=Aræ Philænorum=, a maritime city of Africa, on the borders of Cyrene.
_Sallust_, _Jugurthine War_, chs. 19 & 79.

=Arar=, now the _Saone_, a river of Gaul, flowing into the Rhone, over
which Cæsar’s soldiers made a bridge in one day. _Cæsar_, _Gallic
War_, bk. 1, ch. 12.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 452.

=Arărus=, a Scythian river flowing through Armenia. _Herodotus_, bk. 4,
ch. 48.

=Arathyrea=, a small province of Achaia, afterwards called Asophis,
with a city of the same name. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2.――_Strabo_,
bk. 8.

=Arātus=, a Greek poet of Cilicia, about 277 B.C. He was greatly
esteemed by Antigonus Gonatas king of Macedonia, at whose court he
passed much of his time, and by whose desire he wrote a poem on
astronomy, in which he gives an account of the situations, rising
and setting, number and motion of the stars. Cicero represented him
as unacquainted with astrology, yet capable of writing upon it in
elegant and highly finished verses, which, however, from the subject,
admit of little variety. Aratus wrote, besides, hymns and epigrams,
&c., and had among his interpreters and commentators many of the
learned men of Greece whose works are lost, besides Cicero, Claudius,
and Germanicus Cæsar, who in their youth, or moments of relaxation,
translated the _Phænomena_ into Latin verse. The best editions of
Aratus are, Grotius, 4to, apud Raphalengius, 1600; and Oxford, 8vo,
1672. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 2, ch. 41.――_Pausanias_,
bk. 1, ch. 2.――_Ovid_, _Amores_, bk. 1, poem 15, li. 26.――――The son
of Clinias and Aristodama, was born at Sicyon in Achaia, near the
river Asopus. When he was but seven years of age, his father, who
held the government of Sicyon, was assassinated by Abantidas, who
made himself absolute. After some revolutions, the sovereignty came
into the hands of Nicocles, whom Aratus murdered to restore his
country to liberty. He was so jealous of tyrannical power, that he
even destroyed a picture which was the representation of a tyrant.
He joined the republic of Sicyon to the Achæan league, which he
strengthened, by making a treaty of alliance with the Corinthians,
and with Ptolemy king of Egypt. He was chosen chief commander of the
forces of the Achæans, and drove away the Macedonians from Athens
and Corinth. He made war against the Spartans, but was conquered
in a battle by their king Cleomenes. To repair the losses he had
sustained, he solicited the assistance of king Antigonus, and drove
away Cleomenes from Sparta, who fled to Egypt, where he killed
himself. The Ætolians soon after attacked the Achæans; and Aratus,
to support his character, was obliged to call to his aid Philip
king of Macedonia. His friendship with this new ally did not long
continue. Philip showed himself cruel and oppressive; and put to
death some of the noblest of the Achæans, and even seduced the
wife of the son of Aratus. Aratus, who was now advanced in years,
showed his displeasure by withdrawing himself from the society and
friendship of Philip. But this rupture was fatal. Philip dreaded the
power and influence of Aratus, and therefore he caused him and his
son to be poisoned. Some days before his death, Aratus was observed
to spit blood; when apprised of it by his friends, he replied, “Such
are the rewards which a connection with kings will produce.” He was
buried with great pomp by his countrymen; and two solemn sacrifices
were annually made to him, the first on the day that he delivered
Sicyon from tyranny, and the second on the day of his birth. During
those sacrifices, which were called _Arateia_, the priests wore
a ribbon bespangled with white and purple spots, and the public
schoolmaster walked in procession at the head of his scholars, and
was always accompanied by the richest and most eminent senators,
adorned with garlands. Aratus died in the 62nd year of his age, B.C.
213. He wrote a history of the Achæan league, much commended by
Polybius. _Plutarch_, _Lives of the Roman Emperors_.――_Pausanias_,
bk. 2, ch. 8.――_Cicero_, _de Officiis_, bk. 2, ch. 23.――_Strabo_,
bk. 14.――_Livy_, bk. 27, ch. 31.――_Polybius_, bk. 2.

=Araxes=, now _Arras_, a celebrated river which separates Armenia
from Media, and falls into the Caspian sea. _Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 19;
bk. 7, li. 188.――_Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 728.
――_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 202, &c.――――Another in Europe, now called
Wolga.

=Arbāces=, a Mede who revolted with Belesis against Sardanapalus, and
founded the empire of Media upon the ruins of the Assyrian power,
820 years before the christian era. He reigned above 50 years, and
was famous for the greatness of his undertakings, as well as for his
valour. _Justin_, bk. 1, ch. 3.――_Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 6.

=Arbēla= (orum), now _Irbil_, a town of Persia, on the river Lycus,
famous for a battle fought there between Alexander and Darius, the
2nd of October, B.C. 331. _Curtius_, bk. 5, ch. 1.――_Plutarch_,
_Alexander_.

=Arbĕla=, a town of Sicily, whose inhabitants were very credulous.

=Arbis=, a river on the western boundaries of India. _Strabo._

=Arbocāla=, a city taken by Annibal as he marched against Rome.

=Arbuscŭla=, an actress on the Roman stage, who laughed at the hisses
of the populace while she received the applauses of the knights.
_Horace_, bk. 1, satire 10, li. 77.

=Arcădia=, a country in the middle of Peloponnesus, surrounded on
every side by land, situate between Achaia, Messenia, Elis, and
Argolis. It received its name from Arcas son of Jupiter, and was
anciently called Drymodes, on account of the great number of _oaks_
(δρυς) which it produced, and afterwards Lycaonia and Pelasgia. The
country has been much celebrated by the poets, and was famous for
its mountains. The inhabitants were for the most part all shepherds,
who lived upon acorns, were skilful warriors, and able musicians.
They thought themselves more ancient than the moon. Pan, the god of
shepherds, chiefly lived among them.――Aristotle, bk. 4, _Metaphysics_,
says that the wine of Arcadia, when placed in a goat’s skin near a
fire, will become chalky, and at last be turned into salt. _Strabo_,
bk. 1.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 5.――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, chs. 1, 2, &c.
――_Athenæus_, bk. 14.――――A fortified village of Zacynthus.

=Arcadius=, eldest son of Theodosius the Great, succeeded his father
A.D. 395. Under him the Roman power was divided into the eastern
and western empire. He made the eastern empire his choice, and fixed
his residence at Constantinople; while his brother Honorius was
made emperor of the west, and lived in Rome. After this separation
of the Roman empire, the two powers looked upon one another with
indifference; and, soon after, their indifference was changed into
jealousy, and contributed to hasten their mutual ruin. In the reign
of Arcadius, Alaricus attacked the western empire, and plundered
Rome. Arcadius married Eudoxia, a bold and ambitious woman, and died
in the 31st year of his age, after a reign of 13 years, in which
he bore the character of an effeminate prince, who suffered himself
to be governed by favourites, and who abandoned his subjects to the
tyranny of ministers, while he lost himself in the pleasures of a
voluptuous court.

=Arcānum=, a villa of Cicero’s near the Minturni. _Cicero_, bk. 7,
_Letters to Atticus_, ltr. 10.

=Arcas=, a son of Jupiter and Calisto. He nearly killed his mother,
whom Juno had changed into a bear. He reigned in Pelasgia, which
from him was called Arcadia, and taught his subjects agriculture
and the art of spinning wool. After his death, Jupiter made him a
constellation with his mother. As he was one day hunting, he met
a wood nymph, who begged his assistance, because the tree over
which she presided, and on whose preservation her life depended,
was going to be carried away by the impetuous torrent of a river.
Arcas changed the course of the waters, and preserved the tree, and
married the nymph, by whom he had three sons, Azan, Aphidas, and
Elatus, among whom he divided his kingdom. The descendants of Azan
planted colonies in Phrygia. Aphidas received for his share Tegea,
which on that account has been called the inheritance of Aphidas;
and Elatus became master of mount Cyllene, and some time after
passed into Phocis. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 4.――_Hyginus_, fables
155 & 176.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 8.――_Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Ovid_,
_Fasti_, bk. 1, li. 470.――――One of Actæon’s dogs.

=Arce=, a daughter of Thaumas, son of Pontus and Terra. _Ptolemy
Hephæstion_.

=Arcēna=, a town of Phœnicia, where Alexander Severus was born.

=Arcens=, a Sicilian who permitted his son to accompany Æneas into
Italy, where he was killed by Mezentius. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9,
li. 581, &c.

=Arcesilāus=, son of Battus king of Cyrene, was driven from his kingdom
in a sedition, and died B.C. 575. The second of that name died B.C.
550. _Polyænus_, bk. 8, ch. 41.――_Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 159.――――One
of Alexander’s generals, who obtained Mesopotamia at the general
division of the provinces after the king’s death.――――A chief of
Catana, which he betrayed to Dionysius the elder. _Diodorus_, bk.
14.――――A philosopher of Pitane in Æolia, disciple of Polemon. He
visited Sardis and Athens, and was the founder of the middle academy,
as Socrates founded the ancient, and Carneades the new one. He
pretended to know nothing, and accused others of the same ignorance.
He acquired many pupils in the character of teacher; but some of
them left him for Epicurus, though no Epicurean came to him; which
gave him occasion to say that it is easy to make a eunuch of a man,
but impossible to make a man of a eunuch. He was very fond of Homer,
and generally divided his time among the pleasures of philosophy,
love, reading, and the table. He died in his 75th year, B.C. 241,
or 300 according to some. _Diogenes Laërtius_, _Lives and Opinions
of Eminent Philosophers_.――_Persius_, bk. 3, li. 78.――_Cicero_, _de
Finibus_.――――The name of two painters,――――a statuary,――――a leader of
the Bœotians during the Trojan war.――――A comic and elegiac poet.

=Arcēsius=, son of Jupiter, was grandfather to Ulysses. _Ovid_,
_Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 144.

=Archæa=, a city of Æolia.

=Archæănax= of Mitylene, was intimate with Pisistratus tyrant of
Athens. He fortified Sigæum with a wall from the ruins of ancient
Troy. _Strabo_, bk. 13.

=Archæatĭdas=, a country of Peloponnesus. _Polybius._

=Archăgăthus=, son of Archagathus, was slain in Africa by his soldiers,
B.C. 285. He killed his grandfather, Agathocles tyrant of Syracuse.
_Diodorus_, bk. 20.――_Justin_, bk. 22, ch. 5, &c., says that he was
put to death by Archesilaus.――――A physician at Rome, B.C. 219.

=Archander=, father-in-law to Danaus. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 98.

=Archandros=, a town of Egypt.

=Arche=, one of the Muses, according to Cicero.

=Archegētes=, a surname of Hercules.

=Archelāus=, a name common to some kings of Cappadocia. One of them
was conquered by Sylla, for assisting Mithridates.――――A person
of that name married Berenice, and made himself king of Egypt; a
dignity he enjoyed only six months, as he was killed by the soldiers
of Gabinius, B.C. 56. He had been made priest of Comana by Pompey.
His grandson was made king of Cappadocia by Antony, whom he assisted
at Actium, and he maintained his independence under Augustus, till
Tiberius perfidiously destroyed him.――――A king of Macedonia, who
succeeded his father Perdiccas II. As he was but a natural child, he
killed the legitimate heirs to gain the kingdom. He proved himself
to be a great monarch; but he was at last killed by one of his
favourites, because he had promised him his daughter in marriage,
and given her to another, after a reign of 23 years. He patronized
the poet Euripides. _Diodorus_, bk. 14.――_Justin_, bk. 7, ch. 4.
――_Ælian_. _Varia Historia_, bks. 2, 8, 12, 14.――――A king of the
Jews, surnamed Herod. He married Glaphyre, daughter of Archelaus
king of Macedonia, and widow of his brother Alexander. Cæsar
banished him, for his cruelties, to Vienna, where he died. _Dio
Cassius._――――A king of Lacedæmon, son of Agesilaus. He reigned 42
years with Charilaus, of the other branch of the family. _Herodotus_,
bk. 7, ch. 204.――_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 2.――――A general of
Antigonus the younger appointed governor of the Acrocorinth, with
the philosopher Persæus. _Polyænus_, bk. 6, ch. 5.――――A celebrated
general of Mithridates against Sylla. _Polyænus_, bk. 8, ch. 8.――――A
philosopher of Athens or Messenia, son of Apollodorus and successor
to Anaxagoras. He was preceptor to Socrates, and was called
_Physicus_. He supposed that heat and cold were the principles of
all things. He first discovered the voice to be propagated by the
vibration of the air. _Cicero_, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 5.
――_Diogenes Laërtius_, _Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers_.
――_Augustine_, _City of God_, bk. 8.――――A man set over Susa by
Alexander, with a garrison of 3000 men. _Curtius_, bk. 5, ch. 2.
――――A Greek philosopher, who wrote a history of animals, and
maintained that goats breathed not through the nostrils, but through
the ears. _Pliny_, bk. 8, ch. 50.――――A son of Electryon and Anaxo.
_Apollodorus_, bk. 2.――――A Greek poet who wrote epigrams. _Varro_,
_de Re Rustica_, bk. 3, ch. 16.――――A sculptor of Priene, in the age
of Claudius. He made an apotheosis of Homer, a piece of sculpture
highly admired, and said to have been discovered under ground, A.D.
1658.――――A writer of Thrace.

=Archemăchus=, a Greek writer, who published a history of Eubœa.
_Athenæus_, bk. 6.――――A son of Hercules,――――of Priam. _Apollodorus_,
bks. 2 & 3.

=Archemŏrus=, or =Opheltes=, son of Lycurgus king of Nemæa, in Thrace,
by Eurydice, was brought up by Hypsipyle queen of Lemnos, who had
fled to Thrace, and was employed as a nurse in the king’s family.
Hypsipyle was met by the army of Adrastus, who was going against
Thebes: and she was forced to show them a fountain where they might
quench their thirst. To do this more expeditiously, she put down
the child on the grass, and at her return found him killed by a
serpent. The Greeks were so afflicted at this misfortune, that they
instituted games in honour of Archemorus, which were called Nemæan,
and king Adrastus enlisted among the combatants, and was victorious.
_Apollodorus_, bks. 2 & 3.――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 48.――_Statius_,
_Thebiad_, bk. 6.

=Archepŏlis=, a man in Alexander’s army, who conspired against the
king with Dymnus. _Curtius_, bk. 6, ch. 7.

=Archeptolĕmus=, son of Iphitus king of Elis, went to the Trojan war,
and fought against the Greeks. As he was fighting near Hector, he
was killed by Ajax son of Telamon. It is said that he re-established
the Olympic games. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 8, li. 128.

=Archestrătus=, a tragic poet, whose pieces were acted during the
Peloponnesian war. _Plutarch_, _Aristotle_.――――A man so small and
lean, that he could be placed in a dish without filling it, though
it contained no more than an obolus.――――A follower of Epicurus, who
wrote a poem in commendation of gluttony.

=Archetīmus=, the first philosophical writer in the age of the seven
wise men of Greece. _Diogenes Laërtius._

=Archetius=, a Rutulian, killed by the Trojans. _Virgil_, _Æneid_,
bk. 12, li. 459.

=Archia=, one of the Oceanides, wife to Inachus. _Hyginus_, fable 143.

=Archias=, a Corinthian descended from Hercules. He founded Syracuse,
B.C. 732. Being told by an oracle to make choice of health or riches,
he chose the latter. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 2.――――A poet
of Antioch, intimate with the Luculli. He obtained the rank and
name of a Roman citizen by the means of Cicero, who defended him
in an elegant oration, when his enemies had disputed his privileges
of citizen of Rome. He wrote a poem on the Cimbrian war and began
another concerning Cicero’s consulship, which are now lost. Some
of his epigrams are preserved in the Anthologia. _Cicero_, _For
Archias_.――――A polemarch of Thebes, assassinated in the conspiracy
of Pelopidas, which he could have prevented, if he had not deferred
to the morrow the reading of a letter which he had received from
Archias the Athenian high priest, and which gave him information
of his danger. _Plutarch_, _Pelopidas_.――――A high priest of Athens,
contemporary and intimate with the polemarch of the same name.
_Plutarch_, _Pelopidas_.――――A Theban taken in the act of adultery,
and punished according to the law, and tied to a post in the public
place, for which punishment he abolished the oligarchy. _Aristotle._

=Archibiădes=, a philosopher of Athens, who affected the manners of
the Spartans, and was very inimical to the views and measures of
Phocion. _Plutarch_, _Phocion_.――――An ambassador of Byzantium, &c.
_Polyænus_, bk. 4, ch. 44.

=Archibius=, the son of the geographer Ptolemy.

=Archidamia=, a priestess of Ceres, who, on account of her affection
for Aristomenes, restored him to liberty when he had been taken
prisoner by her female attendants at the celebration of their
festivals. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 17.――――A daughter of Cleadas, who
upon hearing that her countrymen the Spartans were debating whether
they should send away their women to Crete against the hostile
approach of Pyrrhus, seized a sword, and ran to the senate house,
exclaiming that the women were as able to fight as the men. Upon
this the decree was repealed. _Plutarch_, _Pyrrhus_.――_Polyænus_,
bk. 8, ch. 8.

=Archidāmus=, son of Theopompus king of Sparta, died before his
father. _Pausanias._――――Another, king of Sparta, son of Anaxidamus,
succeeded by Agasicles.――――Another, son of Agesilaus of the family
of the Proclidæ.――――Another, grandson of Leotychidas by his son
Zeuxidamus. He succeeded his grandfather, and reigned in conjunction
with Plistoanax. He conquered the Argives and Arcadians, and
privately assisted the Phocians in plundering the temple of Delphi.
He was called to the aid of Tarentum against the Romans, and killed
there in a battle, after a reign of 33 years. _Diodorus_, bk. 16.
――_Xenophon._――――Another, son of Eudamidas.――――Another, who conquered
the Helots, after a violent earthquake. _Diodorus_, bk. 11.――――A son
of Agesilaus, who led the Spartan auxiliaries to Cleombrotus at the
battle of Leuctra, and was killed in a battle against the Lucanians.
B.C. 338.――――A son of Xenius Theopompus. _Pausanias._

=Archidas=, a tyrant of Athens, killed by his troops.

=Archidēmus=, a Stoic philosopher, who willingly exiled himself among
the Parthians. _Plutarch_, _de Exilio_.

=Archidēus=, a son of Amyntas king of Macedonia. _Justin_, bk. 7,
ch. 4.

=Archidium=, a city of Crete, named after Archidius son of Tegeates.
_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 53.

=Archigallus=, the high priest of Cybele’s temple. _See:_ Galli.

=Archigĕnes=, a physician, born at Apamea in Syria. He lived in the
reign of Domitian, Nerva, and Trajan, and died in the 73rd year of
his age. He wrote a treatise on adorning the hair, as also 10 books
on fevers. _Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 235.

=Archilŏchus=, a poet of Paros; who wrote elegies, satires, odes, and
epigrams, and was the first who introduced iambics in his verses.
He had courted Neobule the daughter of Lycambes, and had received
promises of marriage; but the father gave her to another superior
to the poet in rank and fortune; upon which Archilochus wrote such a
bitter satire, that Lycambes hanged himself in a fit of despair. The
Spartans condemned his verses on account of their indelicacy, and
banished him from their city as a petulant and dangerous citizen.
He flourished 685 B.C., and it is said that he was assassinated.
Some fragments of his poetry remain, which display vigour and
animation, boldness and vehemence, in the highest degree; from which
reason, perhaps, Cicero calls virulent edicts, _Archilochia edicta_.
_Cicero_, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 1.――_Quintilian_, bk. 10,
ch. 1.――_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 12.――_Horace_, _Art of Poetry_, li.
79.――_Athenæus_, bks. 1, 2, &c.――――A son of Nestor, killed by Memnon
in the Trojan war. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2.――――A Greek historian who
wrote a chronological table, and other works, about the 20th or 30th
olympiad.

=Archimēdes=, a famous geometrician of Syracuse, who invented a machine
of glass that faithfully represented the motion of all the heavenly
bodies. When Marcellus the Roman consul besieged Syracuse Archimedes
constructed machines which suddenly raised up in the air the ships
of the enemy from the bay before the city, and let them fall with
such violence into the water that they sunk. He set them also on
fire with his burning glasses. When the town was taken, the Roman
general gave strict orders to his soldiers not to hurt Archimedes,
and he even offered a reward to him who should bring him alive and
safe into his presence. All these precautions were useless; the
philosopher was so deeply engaged in solving a problem, that he was
even ignorant that the enemy were in possession of the town; and a
soldier, without knowing who he was, killed him, because he refused
to follow him, B.C. 212. Marcellus raised a monument over him,
and placed upon it a cylinder and a sphere; but the place remained
long unknown, till Cicero, during his questorship in Sicily, found
it near one of the gates of Syracuse, surrounded with thorns and
brambles. Some suppose that Archimedes raised the site of the towns
and villages of Egypt, and began those mounds of earth by means of
which communication is kept from town to town during the inundations
of the Nile. The story of his burning glasses had always appeared
fabulous to some of the moderns, till the experiments of Buffon
demonstrated it beyond contradiction. These celebrated glasses were
supposed to be reflectors made of metal, and capable of producing
their effect at the distance of a bowshot. The manner in which
he discovered how much brass a goldsmith had mixed with gold in
making a golden crown for the king is well known to every modern
hydrostatic, as well as the pumping screw which still bears his
name. Among the wild schemes of Archimedes, is his saying that, by
means of his machines, he could move the earth with ease, if placed
on a fixed spot near it. Many of his works are extant, especially
treatises _de sphærâ et cylindro, circuli dimensio_, _de lineis
spiralibus_, _de quadraturâ paraboles_, _de numero arenæ_, &c.;
the best edition of which is that of David Rivaltius, folio, Paris,
1615. _Cicero_, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 1, ch. 25; _De Natura
Deorum_, bk. 2, ch. 34.――_Livy_, bk. 24, ch. 34.――_Quintilian_,
bk. 1, ch. 10.――_Vitruvius_, bk. 9, ch. 3.――_Polybius_, bk. 7.
――_Plutarch_, _Marcellus_.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 8, ch. 7.

=Archīnus=, a man who, when he was appointed to distribute new arms
among the populace of Argos, raised a mercenary band, and made
himself absolute. _Polyænus_, bk. 3, ch. 8.――――A rhetorician of
Athens.

=Archipĕlăgus=, a part of the sea where islands in great number are
interspersed such as that part of the Mediterranean which lies
between Greece and Asia Minor, and is generally called Mare Ægeum.

=Archipŏlis=, or =Archepolis=, a soldier who conspired against
Alexander with Dymnus. _Curtius_, bk. 6, ch. 7.

=Archippe=, a city of the Marsi, destroyed by an earthquake, and lost
in the lake of Fucinus. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 19.