Chapter C (2)

=Calydon=, a city of Ætolia, where Œneus the father of Meleager
reigned. The Evenus flows through it, and it receives its name from
Calydon the son of Ætolus. During the reign of Œneus, Diana sent
a wild boar to ravage the country, on account of the neglect which
had been shown to her divinity by the king. All the princes of the
age assembled to hunt this boar, which is greatly celebrated by the
poets, under the name of the chase of Calydon, or the Calydonian
boar. Meleager killed the animal with his own hand, and gave the
head to Atalanta, of whom he was enamoured. The skin of the boar was
preserved, and was still seen in the age of Pausanias, in the temple
of Minerva Alea. The tusks were also preserved by the Arcadians in
Tegea, and Augustus carried them away to Rome, because the people
of Tegea had followed the party of Antony. These tusks were shown
for a long time at Rome. One of them was about half an ell long, and
the other was broken. _See:_ Meleager and Atalanta. _Apollodorus_,
bk. 1, ch. 8.――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 45.――_Strabo_, bk. 8.
――_Homer_, ♦_Iliad_, bk. 9, li. 577.――_Hyginus_, fable 174.――_Ovid_,
_Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, fable 4, &c.――――A son of Ætolus and Pronoe
daughter of Phorbas. He gave his name to a town of Ætolia.

♦ Book reference omitted in text.

=Caly̆dōnis=, a name of Deianira, as living in Calydon. _Ovid_,
_Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, fable 4.

=Caly̆dōnius=, a surname of Bacchus.

=Calymne=, an island near Lebynthos. _Ovid_, _Ars Amatoria_, bk. 2,
li. 81.

=Calynda=, a town of Caria. _Ptolemy_, bk. 5, ch. 3.

=Calȳpso=, one of the Oceanides, or one of the daughters of Atlas,
according to some, was goddess of silence, and reigned in the island
of Ogygia, whose situation and even existence is doubted. When
Ulysses was shipwrecked on her coasts, she received him with great
hospitality, and offered him immortality if he would remain with
her as a husband. The hero refused, and after seven years’ delay,
he was permitted to depart from the island by order of Mercury
the messenger of Jupiter. During his stay, Ulysses had two sons by
Calypso, Nausithous, and Nausinous. Calypso was inconsolable at the
departure of Ulysses. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bks. 7 & 5.――_Hesiod_,
_Theogony_, li. 360.――_Ovid_, _ex Ponto_, bk. 4, ltr. 18; _Amores_,
bk. 2, poem 17.――_Propertius_, bk. 1, poem 15.

=Camalodūnum=, a Roman colony in Britain, supposed Malden, or
Colchester.

=Camantium=, a town of Asia Minor.

=Camarīna=, a town of Italy.――――A lake of Sicily, with a town of the
same name, built B.C. 552. It was destroyed by the Syracusans, and
rebuilt by a certain Hipponous. The lake was drained, contrary to
the advice of Apollo, as the ancients supposed, and a pestilence
was the consequence; but the lowness of the lake below the level of
the sea prevents it being drained. The words _Camarinam movere_ are
become proverbial to express an unsuccessful and dangerous attempt.
_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 701.――_Strabo_, bk. 6.――_Herodotus_,
bk. 7, ch. 134.

=Cambaules=, a general of some Gauls who invaded Greece. _Pausanias_,
bk. 10, ch. 19.

=Cambes=, a prince of Lydia, of such voracious appetite that he ate
his own wife, &c. _Ælian_, bk. 1, _Varia Historia_, ch. 27.

=Cambre=, a place near Puteoli. _Juvenal_, satire 7, li. 154.

=Cambunii=, mountains of Macedonia. _Livy_, bk. 4, ch. 53.

=Camby̆ses=, a king of Persia, was son of Cyrus the Great. He conquered
Egypt, and was so offended at the superstition of the Egyptians,
that he killed their god Apis, and plundered their temples. When
he wished to take Pelusium, he placed at the head of his army a
number of cats and dogs; and the Egyptians refusing, in the attempt
to defend themselves, to kill animals which they reverenced as
divinities, became an easy prey to the enemy. Cambyses afterwards
sent an army of 50,000 men to destroy Jupiter Ammon’s temple, and
resolved to attack the Carthaginians and Æthiopians. He killed his
brother Smerdis from mere suspicion, and flayed alive a partial
judge, whose skin he nailed on the judgment seat, and appointed his
son to succeed him, telling him to remember where he sat. He died
of a small wound he had given himself with his sword as he mounted
on horseback; and the Egyptians observed that it was the same
place on which he had wounded their god Apis, and that therefore he
was visited by the hand of the gods. His death happened 521 years
before the birth of Christ. He left no issue to succeed him, and his
throne was usurped by the magi, and ascended by Darius soon after.
_Herodotus_, bks. 2, 3, &c.――_Justin_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――_Valerius
Maximus_, bk. 6, ch. 3.――――A person of obscure origin, to whom king
Astyages gave his daughter Mandane in marriage. The king, who had
been terrified by dreams which threatened the loss of his crown by
the hand of his daughter’s son, had taken this step in hopes that
the children of so ignoble a bed would ever remain in obscurity.
He was disappointed. Cyrus, Mandane’s son, dethroned him when grown
to manhood. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, chs. 46, 107, &c.――_Justin_, bk. 1,
ch. 4.――――A river of Asia, which flows from mount Caucasus into the
Cyrus. _Mela_, bk. 3, ch. 5.

=Camelāni=, a people of Italy.

=Camelītæ=, a people of Mesopotamia.

=Camera=, a field of Calabria. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 582.

♦=Camerīnum= and =Camertium=, a town of Umbria, very faithful to Rome.
The inhabitants were called Camertes. _Livy_, bk. 9, ch. 36.

♦ ‘Camernīum’ replaced with ‘Camerīnum’

=Camerīnus=, a Latin poet who wrote a poem on the taking of Troy by
Hercules. _Ovid_, bk. 4, _ex Ponto_, poem 16, li. 19.――――Some of the
family of the Camerini were distinguished for their zeal as citizens,
as well as for their abilities as scholars, among whom was Sulpicius,
commissioned by the Roman senate to go to Athens, to collect the
best of Solon’s laws. _Juvenal_, satire 7, li. 90.

=Camerium=, an ancient town of Italy near Rome, taken by Romulus.
_Plutarch_, _Romulus_.

=Camertes=, a friend of Turnus killed by Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_,
bk. 10, li. 562. _See:_ Camerinum.

=Camilia=, queen of the Volsci, was daughter of Metabus and Casmilla.
She was educated in the woods, inured to the labours of hunting, and
fed upon the milk of mares. Her father devoted her, when young, to
the service of Diana. When she was declared queen, she marched at
the head of an army, and accompanied by three youthful females of
equal courage as herself, to assist Turnus against Æneas, where she
signalized herself by the numbers that perished by her hand. She
was so swift that she could run, or rather fly, over a field of corn
without bending the blades, and make her way over the sea without
wetting her feet. She died by a wound which she had received from
Aruns. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 803; bk. 11, li. 435.

=Camilli= and =Camillæ=, the priests instituted by Romulus for the
service of the gods.

=Camillus Lucius Furius=, a celebrated Roman, called a second Romulus,
from his services to his country. He was banished by the people,
for distributing, contrary to his vow, the spoils he had obtained at
Veii. During his exile, Rome was besieged by the Gauls under Brennus.
In the midst of their misfortunes, the besieged Romans elected him
dictator, and he forgot their ingratitude, and marched to the relief
of his country, which he delivered, after it had been for some time
in the possession of the enemy. He died in the 80th year of his
age, B.C. 365, after he had been five times dictator, once censor,
three times interrex, twice a military tribune, and obtained four
triumphs. He conquered the Hernici, Volsci, Latini, and Etrurians,
and dissuaded his countrymen from their intentions of leaving Rome
to reside at Veii. When he besieged Falisci, he rejected, with
proper indignation, the offers of a schoolmaster, who had betrayed
into his hands the sons of the most worthy citizens. _Plutarch_,
_Lives of the Roman Emperors_.――_Livy_, bk. 5.――_Florus_, bk. 1, ch.
13.――_Diodorus_, bk. 14.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 825.――――A
name of Mercury.――――An intimate friend of Cicero.

=Camīro= and =Clytia=, two daughters of Pandarus of Crete. When their
parents were dead, they were left to the care of Venus; who, with
the other goddesses, brought them up with tenderness, and asked
Jupiter to grant them kind husbands. Jupiter, to punish upon them
the crime of their father, who was accessary to the impiety of
Tantalus, ordered the harpies to carry them away and deliver them to
the furies. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 30.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 20,
li. 66.

=Camīrus= and =Camīra=, a town of Rhodes, which received its name
from Camirus, a son of Hercules and Iole. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2,
li. 163.

=Camissares=, a governor of part of Cilicia, father to Datames.
_Cornelius Nepos_, _Datames_.

=Camma=, a woman of Calatia, who avenged the death of her husband
Sinetus upon his murderer Sinorix, by making him drink in a cup, of
which the liquor was poisoned, on pretence of marrying him, according
to the custom of their country, which required that the bridegroom
and his bride should drink out of the same vessel. She escaped by
refusing to drink on pretence of illness. _Polyænus_, bk. 8.

=Camœnæ=, a name given to the muses from the sweetness and melody of
their songs, _à cantu amæno_, or, according to Varro, from _carmen_.
_Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 5, ch. 7.

=Campāna lex=, or Julian agrarian law, was enacted by Julius Cæsar,
A.U.C. 691, to divide some lands among the people.

=Campānia=, a country of Italy, of which Capua was the capital, bounded
by Latium, Samnium, Picenum, and part of the Mediterranean sea. It
is celebrated for its delightful views, and for its fertility. Capua
is often called _Campana urbs_. _Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Cicero_, _On
the Agrarian Law_, ch. 35.――_Justin_, bk. 20, ch. 1; bk. 22, ch. 1.
――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Florus_, bk. 1,
ch. 16.

=Campe=, kept the 100 handed monsters confined in Tartarus. Jupiter
killed her, because she refused to give them their liberty to come
to his assistance against the Titans. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 500.
――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 2.

=Campaspe=, or =Pancaste=, a beautiful concubine of Alexander, whom
the king gave to Apelles, who had fallen in love with her, as
he drew her picture in her naked charms. It is said that from
this beauty the painter copied the thousand charms of his Venus
Anadyomene. _Pliny_, bk. 35, ch. 10.

=Campi Diomēdis=, a plain situate in Apulia. _Martial_, bk. 13, ltr. 93.

=Campsa=, a town near Pallene. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 123.

=Campus Martius=, a large plain at Rome, without the walls of the
city, where the Roman youths performed their exercises, and learnt to
wrestle and box, to throw the discus, hurl the javelin, ride a horse,
drive a chariot, &c. The public assemblies were held there, and the
officers of state chosen, and audience given to foreign ambassadors.
It was adorned with statues, columns, arches, and porticoes, and its
pleasant situation made it very frequented. It was called Martius
because dedicated to Mars. It was sometimes called Tiberinus, from
its closeness to the Tiber. It was given to the Roman people by a
vestal virgin; but they were deprived of it by Tarquin the Proud,
who made it a private field, and sowed corn in it. When Tarquin
was driven from Rome the people recovered it, and threw away into
the Tiber the corn which had grown there, deeming it unlawful
for any man to eat of the produce of that land. The sheaves which
were thrown into the river stopped in a shallow ford, and by the
accumulated collection of mud became firm ground, and formed an
island, which was called the Holy Island, or the island of Æsculapius.
Dead carcases were generally burnt in the Campus Martius. _Strabo_,
bk. 5.――_Livy_, bk. 2, ch. 5; bk. 6, ch. 20.

=Camulogīnus=, a Gaul raised to great honours by Cæsar, for his
military abilities. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 7, ch. 57.

=Camŭlus=, a surname of Mars among the Sabines and Etrurians.

=Cana=, a city and promontory of Æolia. _Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 18.

=Canăce=, a daughter of Æolus and Enaretta, who became enamoured of
her brother Macareus, by whom she had a child, whom she exposed. The
cries of the child discovered the mother’s incest; and Æolus sent
his daughter a sword, and obliged her to kill herself. Macareus fled,
and became a priest of Apollo at Delphi. Some say that Canace was
ravished by Neptune, by whom she had many children, among whom were
Epopeus, Triops, and Alous. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1.――_Hyginus_, fables
238 & 242.――_Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 11; _Tristia_, bk. 2, li. 384.

=Canăche=, one of Actæon’s dogs.

=Canăchus=, a statuary of Sicyon. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 9.

=Canæ=, a city of Locris,――――of Æolia.

=Canārii=, a people near mount Atlas in Africa, who received this name
because they fed in common with their dogs. The islands which they
inhabited were called _Fortunate_ by the ancients, and are now known
by the name of the _Canaries_. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 1.

=Canăthus=, a fountain of Nauplia, where Juno yearly washed herself to
recover her infant purity. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 38.

=Candăce=, a queen of Æthiopia, in the age of Augustus, so prudent and
meritorious that her successors always bore her name. She was blind
of one eye. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 22.――_Dio Cassius_, bk. 54.――_Strabo_,
bk. 17.

=Candāvia=, a mountain of Epirus, which separates Illyria from
Macedonia. _Lucan_, bk. 6, li. 331.

=Candaules=, or =Myrsilus=, son of Myrsus, was the last of the
Heraclidæ who sat on the throne of Lydia. He showed his wife naked
to Gyges, one of his ministers; and the queen was so incensed,
that she ordered Gyges to murder her husband, 718 years before
the christian era. After this murder, Gyges married the queen and
ascended the throne. _Justin_, bk. 1, ch. 7.――_Herodotus_, bk. 1,
ch. 7, &c.――_Plutarch_, _Convivium Septem Sapientium_.

=Candēi=, a people of Arabia who fed on serpents.

=Candiŏpe=, a daughter of Œnopion, ravished by her brother.

=Candy̆ba=, a town of Lycia.

=Canens=, a nymph called also Venilia, daughter of Janus and wife
to Picus king of the Laurentes. When Circe had changed her husband
into a bird, she lamented him so much, that she pined away, and was
changed into a voice. She was reckoned as a deity by the inhabitants.
_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, fable 9.

=Canephŏria=, festivals at Athens in honour of Bacchus, or, according
to others, of Diana, in which all marriageable women offered small
baskets to the deity, and received the name of _Canephoræ_, whence
statues representing women in that attitude were called by the same
appellation. _Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 4.

=Canethum=, a place of Eubœa.――――A mountain in Bœotia.

=Căniculāres dies=, certain days in the summer, in which the star
Canis is said to influence the season, and to make the days more
warm during its appearance. _Marcus Manilius._

=Cānĭdia=, a certain woman of Neapolis, against whom Horace inveighed
as a sorceress. _Horace_, _Epodes_.

=Canĭdius=, a tribune, who proposed a law to empower Pompey to go
only with two lictors, to reconcile Ptolemy and the Alexandrians.
_Plutarch_, _Pompey_.

=Caninefātes=, a people near Batavia, where modern Holland now is
situate. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 4, ch. 15.

=Caius Caninius Rebilus=, a consul with Julius Cæsar, after the
death of Trebonius. He was consul only for seven hours, because his
predecessor died the last day of the year, and he was chosen only
for the remaining part of the day; whence Cicero observed, that
Rome was greatly indebted to him for his vigilance, as he had not
slept during the whole time of his consulship. _Cicero_, bk. 7,
_Letters to his Friends_, ltr. 33.――_Plutarch_, _Cæsar_.――――Lucius,
a lieutenant of Cæsar’s army in Gaul. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 7,
ch. 83.――――Rufus, a friend of Pliny the younger. _Pliny_, bk. 1,
ltr. 3.――――Gallus, an intimate friend of Cicero.

=Canistius=, a Lacedæmonian courier, who ran 1200 stadia in one day.
_Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 20.

=Canius=, a poet of Gades, contemporary with Martial. He was so
naturally merry that he always laughed. _Martial_, bk. 1, ltr. 62.
――――A Roman knight who went to Sicily for his amusement, where he
bought gardens well stocked with fish, which disappeared on the
morrow. _Cicero_, bk. 3, _de Officiis_, ch. 14.

=Cannæ=, a small village of Apulia near the Aufidus, where Hannibal
conquered the Roman consuls, Probus Æmylius and Terentius Varro, and
slaughtered 40,000 Romans, on the 21st of May, B.C. 216. The spot
where this famous battle was fought is now shown by the natives, and
denominated the field of blood. _Livy_, bk. 22, ch. 44.――_Florus_,
bk. 2, ch. 6.――_Plutarch_, _Life of Hannibal_.

=Canōpicum ostium=, one of the mouths of the Nile, 12 miles from
Alexandria. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 21.

=Cănōpus=, a city of Egypt, 12 miles from Alexandria, celebrated for
the temple of Serapis. It was founded by the Spartans, and therefore
called Amyclæa, and it received its name from Canopus the pilot of
the vessel of Menelaus, who was buried in this place. The inhabitants
were dissolute in their manners. Virgil bestows upon it the epithet
of _Pellæus_, because Alexander, who was born at Pella, built
Alexandria in the neighbourhood. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 11, li. 433.
――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――_Strabo_, bk. 17.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 31.
――_Virgil_, _Georgics_ bk. 4, li. 287.――――The pilot of the ship of
Menelaus, who died in his youth on the coast of Egypt, by the bite
of a serpent. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.

=Cantăbra=, a river falling into the Indus. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 20.

=Cantăbri=, a ferocious and warlike people of Spain, who rebelled
against Augustus, by whom they were conquered. Their country is now
called Biscay. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 326.――_Horace_, bk. 2,
odes 6 & 11.

=Cantăbriæ lacus=, a lake in Spain, where a thunderbolt fell, and in
which 12 axes were found. _Suetonius_, _Galba_, ch. 8.

=Canthărus=, a famous sculptor of Sicyon. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 17.
――――A comic poet of Athens.

=Canthus=, a son of Abas, one of the Argonauts.

=Cantium=, a country in the eastern parts of Britain, now called Kent.
_Cæsar_, _Gallic War_ bk. 5.

=Canuleia=, one of the first vestals chosen by Numa. _Plutarch._――――A
law. _See:_ Canuleius.

=Caius Canuleius=, a tribune of the people of Rome, A.U.C. 310,
who made a law to render it constitutional for the patricians and
plebeians to intermarry. It ordained also, that one of the consuls
should be yearly chosen from the plebeians. _Livy_, bk. 4, ch. 3,
&c.――_Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 17.

=Canulia=, a Roman virgin, who became pregnant by her brother, and
killed herself by order of her father. _Plutarch_, _Parallela
minora_.

=Canŭsium=, now _Canosa_, a town of Apulia, whither the Romans
fled after the battle of Cannæ. It was built by Diomedes, and its
inhabitants have been called _bilingues_, because they retained
the language of their founder and likewise adopted that of their
neighbours. Horace complained of the grittiness of their bread. The
wools and the cloths of the place were in high estimation. _Horace_,
bk. 1, satire 10, li. 30.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Pliny_, bk. 8,
ch. 11.

=Canŭsius=, a Greek historian under Ptolemy Auletes. _Plutarch._

=Canutius Tiberinus=, a tribune of the people, who, like Cicero,
furiously attacked Antony, when declared an enemy to the state. His
satire cost him his life. _Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 64.――――A Roman
actor. _Plutarch_, _Brutus_.

=Căpăneus=, a noble Argive, son of Hipponous and Astinome, and husband
to Evadne. He was so impious, that when he went to the Theban war,
he declared that he would take Thebes even in spite of Jupiter. Such
contempt provoked the god, who struck him dead with a thunderbolt.
His body was burnt separately from the others, and his wife threw
herself on the burning pile to mingle her ashes with his. It is said
that Æsculapius restored him to life. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9,
li. 404.――_Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 3, &c.――_Hyginus_, fables 68 &
70.――_Euripides_, _Phœnician Women_ & _Suppliants_.――_Aeschylus_,
_Seven Against Thebes_.

=Capella=, an elegiac poet in the age of Julius Cæsar. _Ovid_,
_ex Ponto_, bk. 4, poem 16, li. 36.――――Martianus, a Carthaginian,
A.D. 490, who wrote a poem on the marriage of Mercury and philology,
and in praise of the liberal arts. The best edition is that of
Walthardus, 8vo, Bernæ, 1763.――――A gladiator. _Juvenal_, satire 4,
li. 155.

=Capēna=, a gate of Rome. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 5, li. 192.

=Capēnas=, a small river of Italy. _Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 13,
li. 85.

=Capēni=, a people of Etruria, in whose territory Feronia had a grove
and a temple. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 697.――_Livy_, bks. 5, 22,
&c.

=Caper=, a river of Asia Minor.

=Capētus=, a king of Alba, who reigned 26 years. _Dionysius of
Halicarnassus._――――A suitor of Hippodamia. _Pausanias_, bk. 6,
ch. 21.

=Caphāreus=, a lofty mountain and promontory of Eubœa, where Nauplius
king of the country, to revenge the death of his son Palamedes,
slain by Ulysses, set a burning torch in the darkness of night,
which caused the Greeks to be shipwrecked on the coast. _Virgil_,
_Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 260.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 481.
――_Propertius_, bk. 4, poem 1, li. 115.

=Caphyæ=, a town of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 23.

=Capio=, a Roman, famous for his friendship with Cato. _Plutarch_,
♦_de Pat. Am_.

♦ reference unknown

=Capĭto=, the uncle of Paterculus, who joined Agrippa against Crassus.
_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 69.――――Fonteius, a man sent by Antony
to settle his disputes with Augustus. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 5,
li. 32.――――A man accused of extortion in Cilicia, and severely
punished by the senate. _Juvenal_, satire 8, li. 93.――――An epic
poet of Alexandria, who wrote on love.――――An historian of Lycia,
who wrote an account of Isauria in eight books.――――A poet who wrote
on illustrious men.

=Capĭtolīni ludi=, games yearly celebrated at Rome in honour of
Jupiter, who preserved the capitol from the Gauls.

=Capĭtolīnus=, a surname of Jupiter, from his temple on mount
Capitolinus.――――A surname of Marcus Manlius, who, for his ambition,
was thrown down from the Tarpeian rock which he had so nobly
defended.――――A mountain at Rome, called also Mons Tarpeius, and
Mons Saturni. The Capitol was built upon it.――――A man of lascivious
morals, consul with Marcellus. _Plutarch_, _Marcellus_.――――Julius,
an author in Diocletian’s reign, who wrote an account of the life of
Verus, Antoninus Pius, the Gordians, &c., most of which are now lost.

=Capĭtōlium=, a celebrated temple and citadel at Rome on the Tarpeian
rock, the plan of which was made by Tarquin Priscus. It was begun
by Servius Tullius, finished by Tarquin Superbus, and consecrated by
the consul Horatius after the expulsion of the Tarquins from Rome.
It was built upon four acres of ground, the front was adorned with
three rows of pillars, and the other sides with two. The ascent to
it from the ground was by 100 steps. The magnificence and richness
of this temple are almost incredible. All the consuls successively
made donations to the capitol, and Augustus bestowed upon it at one
time 2000 pounds weight of gold. Its thresholds were made of brass,
and its roof was gold. It was adorned with vessels and shields
of solid silver, with golden chariots, &c. It was burnt during
the civil war of Marius, and Sylla rebuilt it, but died before
the dedication, which was performed by Quintus Catulus. It was
again destroyed in the troubles under Vitellius; and Vespasian,
who endeavoured to repair it, saw it again in ruins at his death.
Domitian raised it again, for the last time, and made it more grand
and magnificent than any of his predecessors, and spent 12,000
talents in gilding it. When they first dug for the foundations, they
found a man’s head called Tolius, sound and entire in the ground,
and from thence drew an omen of the future greatness of the Roman
empire. The hill was from that circumstance called Capitolium, _a
capite Toli_. The consuls and magistrates offered sacrifices there,
when they first entered upon their offices, and the procession in
triumphs was always conducted to the capitol. _Virgil_, _Æneid_,
bk. 6, li. 136; bk. 8, li. 347.――_Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 3,
ch. 72.――_Plutarch_, _Publicola_.――_Livy_, bks. 1, 10, &c.――_Pliny_,
bk. 33, &c.――_Suetonius_, _Augustus_, ch. 40.

=Cappădŏcia=, a country of Asia Minor, between the Halys, the
Euphrates, and the Euxine. It receives its name from the river
Cappadox, which separates it from Galatia. The inhabitants were
called Syrians and Leuco-Syrians by the Greeks. They were of a dull
and submissive disposition, and addicted to every vice, according to
the ancients, who wrote this virulent epigram against them:

Vipera Cappadocem nocitura momordit; at illa
Gustato periit sanguine Cappadocis.

When they were offered their freedom and independence by the
Romans, they refused it, and begged of them a king, and they
received Ariobarzanes. It was some time after governed by a Roman
proconsul. Though the ancients have ridiculed this country for the
unfruitfulness of its soil, and the manners of its inhabitants, yet
it can boast of the birth of the geographer Strabo, St. Basil, and
Gregory Nazianzen, among other illustrious characters. The horses of
this country were in general esteem, and with these they paid their
tributes to the king of Persia, while under his power, for want of
money. The kings of Cappadocia mostly bore the name of Ariarathes.
_Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 6, li. 39.――_Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 3.――_Curtius_,
bks. 3 & 4.――_Strabo_, bks. 11 & 16.――_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 73;
bk. 5, ch. 49.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 2; bk. 3, ch. 8.

=Cappădox=, a river of Cappadocia. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 3.

=Caprăria=, now _Cabrera_, a mountainous island on the coast of Spain,
famous for its goats. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 6.

=Căpreæ=, now _Capri_, an island on the coast of Campania, abounding
in quails, and famous for the residence and debaucheries of the
emperor Tiberius, during the seven last years of his life. The
island, in which now several medals are dug up expressive of the
licentious morals of the emperor, is about 40 miles in circumference,
and surrounded by steep rocks. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15,
li. 709.――_Suetonius_, _Tiberius_.――_Statius_, _Sylvæ_, bk. 3, li. 5.

=Capræa Palus=, a place near Rome where Romulus disappeared.
_Plutarch_, _Romulus_.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 2, li. 491.

=Capricornus=, a sign of the zodiac, in which appear 28 stars in the
form of a goat, supposed by the ancients to be the goat Amalthæa,
which fed Jupiter with her milk. Some maintain that it is Pan,
who changed himself into a goat when frightened at the approach of
Typhon. When the sun enters this sign it is the winter solstice,
or the longest night in the year. _Marcus Manilius_, bks. 2 & 4.
――_Horace_, bk. 2, ode 17, li. 19.――_Hyginus_, fable 196; _Poetica
Astronomica_, bk. 2, ch. 28.

=Caprificiālis=, a day sacred to Vulcan, on which the Athenians offered
him money. _Pliny_, bk. 11, ch. 15.

=Caprīma=, a town of Caria.

=Caprĭpĕdes=, a surname of Pan, the Fauni and the Satyrs, from their
having goats’ feet.

=Caprias=, a great informer in Horace’s age. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 4,
li. 66.

=Caprotīna=, a festival celebrated at Rome in July in honour of Juno,
at which women only officiated. _See:_ Philotis. _Varro_, _de Lingua
Latina_, bk. 5.

=Caprus=, a harbour near mount Athos.

=Capsa=, a town of Libya, surrounded by vast deserts full of snakes.
_Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 1.――_Sallust_, _Jugurthine War_.

=Capsăge=, a town of Syria. _Curtius_, bk. 10.

=Căpua=, the chief city of Campania in Italy, supposed to have been
founded by Capys, the father, or rather the companion, of Anchises.
This city was very ancient, and so opulent that it even rivalled
Rome, and was called _altera Roma_. The soldiers of Annibal, after
the battle of Cannæ, were enervated by the pleasures and luxuries
which powerfully prevailed in this voluptuous city and under a soft
climate. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 145.――_Livy_, bks. 4, 7, 8,
&c.――_Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 7; bk. 2, ch. 44.――_Florus_, bk. 1,
ch. 16.――_Cicero_, _Philippics_, bk. 12, ch. 3.――_Plutarch_, _Life
of Hannibal_.

=Capys=, a Trojan, who came with Æneas into Italy, and founded Capua.
He was one of those who, against the advice of Thymœtes, wished
to destroy the wooden horse, which proved the destruction of Troy.
_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 145.――――A son of Assaracus by a
daughter of the Simois. He was father of Anchises by Themis. _Ovid_,
_Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 33.

=Capys Sylvius=, a king of Alba, who reigned 28 years. _Dionysius of
Halicarnassus._――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 768.

=Car=, a son of Phoroneus king of Megara. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, chs. 39
& 40.――――A son of Manes, who married Callirhoe daughter of the
Mæander. Caria received its name from him. _Herodotus_, bk. 1,
ch. 171.

=Carabactra=, a place in India.

=Carabis=, a town of Spain.

=Carăcalla.= _See:_ Antonius.

=Caracates=, a people of Germany.

=Caractăcus=, a king of the Britons, conquered by an officer of
Claudius Cæsar, A.D. 47. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, ♦bk. 12, chs. 33 & 37.

♦ ‘c. 12, 33,’ replaced with ‘12, chs. 33,’

=Caræ=, certain places between Susa and the Tigris, where Alexander
pitched his camp.

=Caræus=, a surname of Jupiter in Bœotia,――――in Caria.

=Carălis= (or es, ium), the chief city of Sardinia, _Pausanias_,
bk. 10, ch. 17.

=Carambis=, now _Kerempi_, a promontory of Paphlagonia. _Mela_, bk. 1,
ch. 19.

=Carānus=, one of the Heraclidæ, the first who laid the foundation
of the Macedonian empire, B.C. 814. He took Edessa, and reigned
28 years, which he spent in establishing and strengthening the
government of his newly founded kingdom. He was succeeded by
Perdiccas. _Justin_, bk. 7, ch. 1.――_Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 6.――――A
general of Alexander. _Curtius_, bk. 7.――――A harbour of Phœnicia.

=Carausius=, a tyrant of Britain for seven years, A.D. 293.

=Carro=, a Roman orator, who killed himself because he could not
curb the licentious manners of his countrymen. _Cicero_, _Brutus_.
――――Cneus, a son of the orator Carbo, who embraced the party of
Marius, and after the death of Cinna succeeded to the government.
He was killed in Spain in his third consulship, by order of Pompey.
_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 9, ch. 13.――――An orator, son of Carbo the
orator, killed by the army when desirous of re-establishing the
ancient military discipline. _Cicero_, _Brutus_.

=Carchēdon=, the Greek name of Carthage.

=Carcīnus=, a tragic poet of Agrigentum, in the age of Philip of
Macedon. He wrote on the rape of Proserpine. _Diodorus_, bk. 5.
――――Another of Athens.――――Another of Naupactum.――――A man of Rhegium,
who exposed his son Agathocles on account of some uncommon dreams
during his wife’s pregnancy. Agathocles was preserved. _Diodorus_,
bk. 19.――――An Athenian general, who laid waste Peloponnesus in the
time of Pericles. _Diodorus_, bk. 12.

=Carcĭnus=, a constellation, the same as the Cancer. _Lucan_, bk. 9,
li. 536.

=Cardaces=, a people of Asia Minor. _Strabo_, bk. 15.

=Cardămy̆le=, a town of Argos.

=Cardia=, a town in the Thracian Chersonesus. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 11.

=Cardŭchi=, a warlike nation of Media, along the borders of the Tigris.
_Diodorus_, bk. 14.

=Cāres=, a nation which inhabited Caria, and thought themselves
the original possessors of that country. They became so powerful
that their country was not sufficiently extensive to contain them
all, upon which they seized the neighbouring islands of the Ægean
sea. These islands were conquered by Minos king of Crete. Nileus
son of Codrus invaded their country, and slaughtered many of the
inhabitants. In this calamity, the Carians, surrounded on every side
by enemies, fortified themselves in the mountainous parts of the
country, and, soon after, made themselves terrible by sea. They
were anciently called Leleges. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, chs. 146 & 171.
――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 40.――_Strabo_, bk. 13.――_Curtius_, bk. 6,
ch. 3.――_Justin_, bk. 13, ch. 4.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 725.

=Caresa=, an island of the Ægean sea, opposite Attica.

=Caressus=, a river of Troas.

=Carfinia=, an immodest woman, mentioned _Juvenal_, satire 2, li. 69.

=Cāria=, now _Aidinelli_, a country of Asia Minor, whose boundaries
have been different in different ages. Generally speaking, it was
at the south of Iona, at the east and north of the Icarian sea, and
at the west of Phrygia Major, and Lycia. It has been called Phœnicia,
because a Phœnician colony first settled there; and afterwards it
received the name of Caria, from Car, a king who first invented the
auguries of birds. The chief town was called Halicarnassus, where
Jupiter was the chief deity. _See:_ Cares.――――A poet of Thrace.
_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 2.

=Carias=, a town of Peloponnesus.――――A general. _See:_ Laches.

=Cariate=, a town of Bactriana, where Alexander imprisoned Callisthenes.

=Carilla=, a town of the Piceni, destroyed by Annibal for its great
attachment to Rome. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 8.

=Carīna=, a virgin of Caria, &c. _Polyænus_, bk. 8.

=Carinæ=, certain edifices at Rome, built in the manner of ships,
which were in the temple of Tellus. Some suppose that it was a
street in which Pompey’s house was built. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8,
li. 361.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 7.

=Carīne=, a town near the Caicus in Asia Minor. _Herodotus_, bk. 7,
ch. 42.

=Carīnus Marcus Aurelius=, a Roman who attempted to succeed his father
Carus as emperor. He was famous for his debaucheries and cruelties.
Diocletian defeated him in Dalmatia, and he was killed by a soldier
whose wife he had debauched, A.D. 268.

=Carisiăcum=, a town of ancient Gaul, now Cressy in Picardy.

=Carissanum=, a place of Italy near which Milo was killed. _Pliny_,
bk. 2, ch. 56.

=Caristum=, a town of Liguria.

=Carmānia=, a country of Asia, between Persia and India. _Arrian._
――_Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 23.

=Carmānor=, a Cretan, who purified Apollo of slaughter. _Pausanias_,
bk. 2, ch. 30.

=Carme=, a nymph, daughter of Eubulus and mother of Britomartis by
Jupiter. She was one of Diana’s attendants. _Pausanias_, bk. 2,
ch. 30.

=Carmēlus=, a god among the inhabitants of ♦mount Carmel, situate
between Syria and Judæa. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 2, ch. 78.
――_Suetonius_, _Vespasian_, ch. 5.

♦ ‘muont’ replaced with ‘mount’

=Carmenta= and =Carmentīs=, a prophetess of Arcadia, mother of Evander,
with whom she came to Italy, and was received by king Faunus, about
60 years before the Trojan war. Her name was _Nicostrata_, and
she received that of _Carmentis_ from the wildness of her looks
when giving oracles, as if _carens mentis_. She was the oracle of
the people of Italy during her life, and after death she received
divine honours. She had a temple at Rome, and the Greeks offered
her sacrifices under the name of _Themis_. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 1,
li. 467; bk. 6, li. 530.――_Plutarch_, _Romulus_.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_,
bk. 8, li. 339.――_Livy_, bk. 5, ch. 47.

=Carmentāles=, festivals at Rome in honour of Carmenta, celebrated
the 11th of January, near the Porta Carmentalis, below the Capitol.
This goddess was entreated to render the Roman matrons prolific, and
their labours easy. _Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 7.

=Carmentālis porta=, one of the gates of Rome in the neighbourhood of
the Capitol. It was afterwards called _Scelerata_, because the Fabii
passed through it on going to that famous expedition where they
perished. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 338.

=Carmides=, a Greek of an uncommon memory. _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 24.

=Carna= and =Cardinea=, a goddess at Rome who presided over hinges,
as also over the entrails and secret parts of the human body. She
was originally a nymph called _Grane_, whom Janus ravished, and, for
the injury, he gave her the power of presiding over the exterior of
houses, and of removing all noxious birds from the doors. The Romans
offered her beans, bacon, and vegetables, to represent the simplicity
of their ancestors. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 6, li. 101, &c.

=Carnasius=, a village of Messenia in Peloponnesus. _Pausanias_, bk. 4,
ch. 33.

=Carneădes=, a philosopher of Cyrene in Africa, founder of a sect
called the third or new academy. The Athenians sent him with
Diogenes the Stoic, and Critolaus the Peripatetic, as ambassadors to
Rome, B.C. 155. The Roman youth were extremely fond of the company
of these learned philosophers; and when Carneades, in a speech,
had given an accurate and judicious dissertation upon justice, and
in another speech confuted all the arguments he had advanced, and
apparently given no existence to the virtue he had so much commended,
a report prevailed all over Rome, that a Grecian was come who had
so captivated by his words the rising generation, that they forgot
their usual amusements, and ran mad after philosophy. When this
reached the ears of Cato the censor, he gave immediate audience to
the Athenian ambassadors in the senate, and dismissed them in haste,
expressing his apprehensions of their corrupting the opinions of
the Roman people, whose only profession, he sternly observed, was
arms and war. Carneades denied that anything could be perceived
or understood in the world, and he was the first who introduced
a universal suspension of assent. He died in the 90th year of his
age, B.C. 128. _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 12, ltr. 23; _On
Oratory_, bks. 1 & 2.――_Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 30.――_Lactantius_, bk. 5,
ch. 14.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 8, ch. 8.

=Carneia=, a festival observed in most of the Grecian cities, but more
particularly at Sparta, where it was first instituted, about 675
B.C., in honour of Apollo, surnamed _Carneus_. It lasted nine days,
and was an imitation of the manner of living in camps among the
ancients.

=Carnion=, a town of Laconia.――――A river of Arcadia. _Pausanias_,
bk. 8, ch. 34.

=Carnus=, a prophet of Acarnania, from whom Apollo was called
_Carneus_. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 13.

=Carnūtes=, a people of Celtic Gaul. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 6,
ch. 4.

=Carpasia= and =Carpasium=, a town of Cyprus.

=Carpăthus=, an island in the Mediterranean between Rhodes and Crete,
now called _Scapanto_. It has given its name to a part of the
neighbouring sea, thence called the _Carpathian sea_, between Rhodes
and Crete. Carpathus was at first inhabited by some Cretan soldiers
of Minos. It was 20 miles in circumference, and was sometimes called
Tetrapolis, from its four capital cities. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.
――_Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 45.――_Diodorus_, bk. 5.――_Strabo_, bk. 10.

=Carpia=, an ancient name of Tartessus. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 19.

=Carpis=, a river of Mysia. _Herodotus._

=Carpo=, a daughter of Zephyrus, and one of the Seasons. She was loved
by Calamus the son of Mæander, whom she equally admired. She was
drowned in the Mæander, and was changed by Jupiter into all sorts of
fruit. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 35.

=Carpophŏra=, a name of Ceres and Proserpine in Tegea. _Pausanias_,
bk. 8, ch. 53.

=Carpophŏrus=, an actor greatly esteemed by Domitian. _Martial._
――_Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 198.

=Carræ= and =Carrhæ=, a town of Mesopotamia, near which Crassus was
killed. _Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 105.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 14.

=Carrīnātes Secundus=, a poor but ingenious rhetorician, who came from
Athens to Rome, where the boldness of his expressions, especially
against tyrannical power, exposed him to Caligula’s resentment, who
banished him. _Juvenal_, satire 7, li. 205.

=Carrūca=, a town of Spain. _Hirtius_, _Hispanic War_, ch. 27.

=Carseŏli=, a town of the Æqui, at the west of the lake Fucinus.
_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 683.

=Cartalias=, a town of Spain.

=Carteia=, a town at the extremity of Spain, near the sea of Gades,
supposed to be the same as Calpe.

=Cartēna=, a town of Mauritania, now _Tenez_, on the shores of the
Mediterranean.

=Carthæa=, a town in the island of Cea, whence the epithet of
Cartheius. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 368.

=Carthāgĭnienses=, the inhabitants of Carthage, a rich and commercial
nation. _See:_ Carthago.

=Carthāgo=, a celebrated city of Africa, the rival of Rome, and
long the capital of the country, and mistress of Spain, Sicily, and
Sardinia. The precise time of its foundation is unknown, yet most
writers seem to agree that it was first built by Dido, about 869
years before the christian era, or, according to others, 72 or
93 years before the foundation of Rome. This city and republic
flourished for 737 years, and the time of its greatest glory was
under Annibal and Amilcar. During the first Punic war, it contained
no less than 700,000 inhabitants. It maintained three famous wars
against Rome, called the Punic wars [_See:_ Punicum bellum], in the
third of which Carthage was totally destroyed by Scipio the second
Africanus, B.C. 147, and only 5000 persons were found within the
walls. It was 23 miles in circumference, and when it was set on
fire by the Romans, it burned incessantly during 17 days. After
the destruction of Carthage, Utica became powerful, and the Romans
thought themselves secure; and as they had no rival to dispute with
them in the field, they fell into indolence and inactivity. Cæsar
planted a small colony on the ruins of Carthage. Augustus sent there
3000 men; and Adrian, after the example of his imperial predecessors,
rebuilt part of it, which he called Adrianopolis. Carthage was
conquered from the Romans by the arms of Genseric, A.D. 439; and it
was for more than a century the seat of the Vandal empire in Africa,
and fell into the hands of the Saracens in the seventh century.
The Carthaginians were governed as a republic, and had two persons
yearly chosen among them with regal authority. They were very
superstitious, and generally offered human victims to their gods; an
unnatural custom, which their allies wished them to abolish, but in
vain. They bore the character of a faithless and treacherous people,
and the proverb _Punica fides_ is well known. _Strabo_, bk. 17.
――_Virgil_, _Æneid_ bk. 1, &c.――_Mela_, bk. 1, &c.――_Ptolemy_
bk. 4.――_Justin._――_Livy_, bk. 4, &c.――_Paterculus_, bks. 1 & 2.
――_Plutarch_, _Life of Hannibal_, &c.――_Cicero._――――Nŏva, a town
built in Spain, on the coasts of the Mediterranean, by Asdrubal the
Carthaginian general. It was taken by Scipio when Hanno surrendered
himself after a heavy loss. It now bears the name of _Carthagena_.
_Polybius_, bk. 10.――_Livy_, bk. 26, ch. 43, &c.――_Silius Italicus_,
bk. 15, li. 220, &c.――――A daughter of Hercules.

=Carthasis=, a Scythian, &c. _Curtius_, bk. 7, ch. 7.

=Carthea=, a town of Cos. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, fable 9.

=Carvilius=, a king of Britain, who attacked Cæsar’s naval station by
order of Cassivelaunus, &c. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 5, ch. 22.
――――Spurius, a Roman, who made a large image of the breastplates
taken from the Samnites, and placed it in the capitol. _Pliny_, bk.
34, ch. 7.――――The first Roman who divorced his wife during the space
of about 600 years. This was for barrenness, B.C. 231. _Dionysius of
Halicarnassus_, bk. 2.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 2, ch. 1.

=Carus=, a Roman emperor who succeeded Probus. He was a prudent and
active general; he conquered the Sarmatians, and continued the
Persian war which his predecessor had commenced. He reigned two
years, and died on the banks of the Tigris as he was going in an
expedition against Persia, A.D. 283. He made his two sons, Carinus
and Numerianus, Cæsars; and as his many virtues had promised the
Romans happiness, he was made a god after death. _Eutropius._――――One
of those who attempted to scale the rock Aornus, by order of
Alexander. _Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 11.

=Carya=, a town of Arcadia.――――A city of Laconia. _Pausanias_, bk. 3,
ch. 10. Here a festival was observed in honour of Diana _Caryatis_.
It was then usual for virgins to meet at the celebration and join
in a certain dance, said to have been first instituted by Castor
and Pollux. When Greece was invaded by Xerxes, the Laconians did not
appear before the enemy, for fear of displeasing the goddess by not
celebrating her festival. At that time the peasants assembled at the
usual place, and sang pastorals called Βουκολισμοι, from Βουκολος,
a _neatherd_. From this circumstance some suppose that Bucolics
originated. _Statius_, bk. 4, _Thebiad_, li. 225.

=Caryanda=, a town and island on the coast of Caria, now Karacoion.

=Caryātæ=, a people of Arcadia.

=Carystius Antigonus=, an historian, &c. B.C. 248.

=Carystus=, a maritime town on the south of Eubœa, still in existence,
famous for its marble. _Statius_, bk. 2, _Sylvæ_, poem 2, li. 93.
――_Martial_, bk. 9, ltr. 76.

=Caryum=, a place of Laconia, where Aristomenes preserved some virgins,
&c. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 16.

=Casca=, one of Cæsar’s assassins, who gave him the first blow.
_Plutarch_, _Cæsar_.

=Cascellius Aulus=, a lawyer of great merit in the Augustan age.
_Horace_, _Art of Poetry_, li. 371.

=Casilīnum=, a town of Campania. When it was besieged by Hannibal,
a mouse sold for 200 denarii. The place was defended by 540 or 570
natives of Præneste, who, when half their number had perished either
by war or famine, surrendered to the conqueror. _Livy_, bk. 23,
ch. 19.――_Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Cicero_, _De Inventione_, bk. 2, ch. 5.
――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5.

=Casīna= and =Casīnum=, a town of Campania. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 4,
li. 227.

=Casius=, a mountain near the Euphrates.――――Another at the east
of Pelusium, where Pompey’s tomb was raised by Adrian. Jupiter,
surnamed _Casius_, had a temple there. _Lucan_, bk. 8, li. 858.
――――Another in Syria, from whose top the sun can be seen rising,
though it be still the darkness of night at the bottom of the
mountain. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 22.――_Mela_, bks. 1 & 3.

=Casmenæ=, a town built by the Syracusans in Sicily. _Thucydides_,
bk. 6, ch. 5.

=Casmilla=, the mother of Camilla. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 543.

=Caspĕria=, wife of Rhœtus king of the Marrubii, committed adultery
with her son-in-law. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 388.――――A town
of the Sabines. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 714.

=Caspĕrŭla=, a town of the Sabines. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 416.

=Caspiæ portæ=, certain passes of Asia, which some place about Caucasus
and the Caspian sea, and others between Persia and the Caspian sea,
or near mount Taurus, or Armenia, or Cilicia. _Diodorus_, bk. 1.
――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 27; bk. 6, ch. 13.

=Caspiana=, a country of Armenia.

=Caspii=, a Scythian nation near the Caspian sea. Such as had lived
beyond their 70th year were starved to death. Their dogs were
remarkable for their fierceness. _Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 92, &c.;
bk. 7, ch. 67, &c.――_Cornelius Nepos_, bk. 14, ch. 8.――_Virgil_,
_Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 798.

=Caspium mare=, or =Hyrcānum=, a large sea in the form of a lake,
which has no communication with other seas, and lies between the
Caspian and Hyrcanian mountains, at the north of Parthia, receiving
in its capacious bed the tribute of several large rivers. Ancient
authors assure us that it produced enormous serpents and fishes,
different in colour and kind from those of all other waters. The
eastern parts are more particularly called the _Hyrcanian sea_, and
the western the _Caspian_. It is now called the sea of _Sala_ or
_Baku_. The Caspian is about 680 miles long, and in no part more
than 260 in breadth. There are no tides in it, and on account of
its numerous shoals, it is navigable to vessels drawing only nine
or ten feet of water. It has strong currents, and, like inland seas,
is liable to violent storms. Some navigators examined it in 1708, by
order of the Czar Peter, and after the labour of three years, a map
of its extent was published. Its waters are described as brackish,
and not impregnated with salt so much as the wide ocean. _Herodotus_,
bk. 1, ch. 202, &c.――_Curtius_, bk. 3, ch. 2; bk. 6, ch. 4; bk. 7,
ch. 3.――_Strabo_, bk. 11.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 2; bk. 3, chs. 5 & 6.
――_Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 13.――_Dionysius Periegetes_, li. 50.

=Caspius mons=, a branch of mount Taurus, between Media and Armenia,
at the east of the Euphrates. The Caspiæ portæ are placed in the
defiles of the mountain by some geographers.

=Cassandāne=, the mother of Cambyses by Cyrus. _Herodotus_, bk. 2,
ch. 1; bk. 3, ch. 2.

=Cassander=, son of Antipater, made himself master of Macedonia
after his father’s death, where he reigned for 18 years. He married
Thessalonica the sister of Alexander, to strengthen himself on his
throne. Olympias the mother of Alexander wished to keep the kingdom
of Macedonia for Alexander’s young children; and therefore she
destroyed the relations of Cassander, who besieged her in the town
of Pydna, and put her to death. Roxane, with her son Alexander, and
Barsane the mother of Hercules, both wives of Alexander, shared the
fate of Olympias with their children. Antigonus, who had been for
some time upon friendly terms with Cassander, declared war against
him; and Cassander, to make himself equal with his adversary, made
a league with Lysimachus and Seleucus, and obtained a memorable
victory at Ipsus, B.C. 301. He died three years after this victory,
of a dropsy. His son Antipater killed his mother; and for his
unnatural murder he was put to death by his brother Alexander, who,
to strengthen himself, invited Demetrius the son of Antigonus from
Asia. Demetrius took advantage of the invitation, and put to death
Alexander, and ascended the throne of Macedonia. _Pausanias_, bk. 1,
ch. 15.――_Diodorus_, bk. 19.――_Justin_, bks. 12, 13, &c.

=Cassandra=, daughter of Priam and Hecuba, was passionately loved by
Apollo, who promised to grant her whatever she might require, if she
would gratify his passion. She asked the power of knowing futurity;
and as soon as she had received it, she refused to perform her
promise, and slighted Apollo. The god, in his disappointment, wetted
her lips with his tongue, and by this action effected that no credit
or reliance should ever be put upon her predictions, however true or
faithful they might be. Some maintain that she received the gift of
prophecy with her brother Helenus, by being placed when young one
night in the temple of Apollo, where serpents were found wreathed
round their bodies and licking their ears, which circumstance gave
them the knowledge of futurity. She was looked upon by the Trojans
as insane, and she was even confined, and her predictions were
disregarded. She was courted by many princes during the Trojan war.
When Troy was taken, she fled for shelter to the temple of Minerva,
where Ajax found her, and offered her violence, with the greatest
cruelty, at the foot of Minerva’s statue. In the division of the
spoils of Troy, Agamemnon, who was enamoured of her, took her as
his wife, and returned with her to Greece. She repeatedly foretold
to him the sudden calamities that awaited his return; but he gave
no credit to her, and was assassinated by his wife Clytemnestra.
Cassandra shared his fate, and saw all her prophecies but too truly
fulfilled. _See:_ Agamemnon. _Aeschylus_, _Agamemnon_.――_Homer_,
_Iliad_, bk. 13, li. 363; _Odyssey_, bk. 4.――_Hyginus_, fable 117.
――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 2, li. 246, &c.――_Quintus Calaber
[Smyrnæus]_, bk. 13, li. 421.――_Euripides_, _Trojan Women_.
――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 16; bk. 3, ch. 19.

=Cassandria=, a town of the peninsula of Pallene in Macedonia, called
also _Potidæa_. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 23.

=Cassia lex=, was enacted by Cassius Longinus, A.U.C. 649. By it no
man condemned or deprived of military power was permitted to enter
the senate house.――――Another, enacted by Caius Cassius the pretor,
to choose some of the plebeians to be admitted among the patricians.
――――Another. A.U.C. 616, to make the suffrages of the Roman people
free and independent. It ordained that they should be received upon
tablets. _Cicero_, _de Amicitia_.――――Another, A.U.C. 267, to make
a division of the territories taken from the Hernici, half to the
Roman people and half to the Latins.――――Another, enacted A.U.C. 596,
to grant a consular power to Publius Anicius and Octavius on the day
they triumphed over Macedonia. _Livy._

=Cassiodōrus=, a great statesman and writer in the sixth century. He
died A.D. 562, at the age of 100.――His works were edited by Chandler,
8vo, London, 1722.

=Cassiŏpe= and =Cassiŏpea=, married Cepheus king of Æthiopia, by
whom she had Andromeda. She boasted herself to be fairer than the
Nereides; upon which Neptune, at the request of these despised
nymphs, punished the insolence of Cassiope, and sent a huge sea
monster to ravage Æthiopia. The wrath of Neptune could be appeased
only by exposing Andromeda, whom Cassiope tenderly loved, to the
fury of this sea monster; and just as she was going to be devoured,
Perseus delivered her. _See:_ Andromeda. Cassiope was made a
southern constellation, consisting of 13 stars called Cassiope.
_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 2, ch. 43.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2,
ch. 4.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 738.――_Hyginus_, fable
64.――_Propertius_, bk. 1, poem 17, li. 3.――_Marcus Manilius_, bk. 1.
――――A city of Epirus near Thesprotia. Another in the island of
Corcyra. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.――――The wife of Epaphus. _Statius_,
_Sylvæ_.

=Cassitĕrĭdes=, islands in the western ocean, where tin was found,
supposed to be the _Scilly_ islands, the _Land’s End_, and _Lizard
Point_, of the moderns. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 22.

=Cassivelaunus=, a Briton invested with sovereign authority when
Julius Cæsar made a descent upon Britain. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_,
bk. 5, ch. 19, &c.