Chapter M (26)

=Pythagŏras=, a celebrated philosopher, born at Samos. His father
Mnesarchus was a person of distinction, and therefore the son
received that education which was most calculated to enlighten his
mind and invigorate his body. Like his contemporaries, he was early
made acquainted with poetry and music; eloquence and astronomy became
his private studies, and in gymnastic exercises he often bore the
palm for strength and dexterity. He first made himself known in
Greece, at the Olympic games, where he obtained, in the 18th year
of his age, the prize for wrestling; and, after he had been admired
for the elegance and the dignity of his person, and the brilliancy
of his understanding, he retired into the east. In Egypt and Chaldæa
he gained the confidence of the priests, and learned from them the
artful policy, and the symbolic writings, by which they governed the
prince as well as the people, and, after he had spent many years in
gathering all the information which could be collected from antique
tradition concerning the nature of the gods and the immortality
of the soul, Pythagoras revisited his native island. The tyranny
of Polycrates at Samos disgusted the philosopher, who was a great
advocate for national independence; and though he was the favourite
of the tyrant, he retired from the island, and a second time assisted
at the Olympic games. His fame was too well known to escape notice;
he was saluted in the public assembly by the name of _Sophist_, or
wise man; but he refused the appellation, and was satisfied with that
of philosopher, or, _the friend of wisdom_. “At the Olympic games,”
said he, in explanation of this new appellation he wished to assume,
“some are attracted with the desire of obtaining crowns and honours,
others come to expose their different commodities to sale, while
curiosity draws a third class, and the desire of contemplating
whatever deserves notice in that celebrated assembly; thus, on the
more extensive theatre of the world, while many struggle for the
glory of a name, and many pant for the advantages of fortune, a few,
and indeed but a few, who are neither desirous of money nor ambitious
of fame, are sufficiently gratified to be spectators of the wonder,
the hurry, and the magnificence of the scene.” From Olympia, the
philosopher visited the republics of Elis and Sparta, and retired
to Magna Græcia, where he fixed his habitation in the town of
Crotona, about the 40th year of his age. Here he founded a sect
which has received the name of _the Italian_, and he soon saw himself
surrounded by a great number of pupils, which the recommendation of
his mental as well as his personal accomplishments had procured. His
skill in music and medicine, and his knowledge of mathematics and of
natural philosophy, gained him friends and admirers, and amidst the
voluptuousness that prevailed among the inhabitants of Crotona, the
Samian sage found his instructions respected and his approbation
courted; the most debauched and effeminate were pleased with the
eloquence and the graceful delivery of the philosopher, who boldly
upbraided them for their vices, and called them to more virtuous and
manly pursuits. These animated harangues were attended with rapid
success, and a reformation soon took place in the morals and the life
of the people of Crotona. The females were exhorted to become modest,
and they left off their gaudy ornaments; the youths were called away
from their pursuits of pleasure, and instantly they forgot their
intemperance, and paid to their parents that submissive attention and
deference which the precepts of Pythagoras required. As to the old,
they were directed no longer to spend their time in amassing money,
but to improve their understanding, and to seek that peace and those
comforts of mind which frugality, benevolence, and philanthropy alone
can produce. The sober and religious behaviour of the philosopher
strongly recommended the necessity and importance of these precepts.
Pythagoras was admired for his venerable aspect; his voice was
harmonious, his eloquence persuasive, and the reputation he had
acquired by his distant travels, and by being crowned at the Olympic
games, was great and important. He regularly frequented the temples
of the gods, and paid his devotion to the divinity at an early
hour; he lived upon the purest and most innocent food, he clothed
himself like the priests of the Egyptian gods, and by his continual
purifications and regular offerings, he seemed to be superior to the
rest of mankind in sanctity. These artful measures united to render
him an object not only of reverence, but of imitation. To set himself
at a greater distance from his pupils, a number of years was required
to try their various dispositions; the most talkative were not
permitted to speak in the presence of their master before they had
been his auditors for five years, and those who possessed a natural
taciturnity were allowed to speak after a probation of two years.
When they were capable of receiving the secret instructions of the
philosopher, they were taught the use of cyphers and hieroglyphic
writings, and Pythagoras might boast that his pupils could correspond
together, though in the most distant regions, in unknown characters;
and by the signs and words which they had received, they could
discover, though strangers and barbarians, those that had been
educated in the Pythagorean school. So great was his authority among
his pupils, that to dispute his word was deemed a crime, and the most
stubborn were drawn to coincide with the opinions of their opponent,
when they helped their arguments by the words of _the master said so_,
an expression which became proverbial in _jurare in verba magistri_.
The great influence which the philosopher possessed in his school
was transferred to the world: the pupils divided the applause and
the approbation of the people with their venerable master, and in
a short time the rulers and the legislators of all the principal
towns of Greece, Sicily, and Italy, boasted in being the disciples
of Pythagoras. The Samian philosopher was the first who supported
the doctrine of _metempsychosis_, or transmigration of the soul into
different bodies, and those notions he seemed to have imbibed among
the priests of Egypt, or in the solitary retreats of the Brachmans.
More strenuously to support his chimerical system, he declared he
recollected the different bodies which his soul had animated before
that of the son of Mnesarchus. He remembered to have been Æthalides
the son of Mercury, to have assisted the Greeks during the Trojan
war in the character of Euphorbus [_See:_ Euphorbus], to have been
Hermotimus, afterwards a fisherman, and last of all Pythagoras.
He forbade his disciples to eat flesh, as also beans, because he
supposed them to have been produced from the same putrefied matter
from which, at the creation of the world, man was formed. In his
theological system Pythagoras supported that the universe was created
from a shapeless heap of passive matter by the hands of a powerful
being, who himself was the mover and soul of the world, and of whose
substance the souls of mankind were a portion. He considered numbers
as the principles of everything, and perceived in the universe
regularity, correspondence, beauty, proportion, and harmony, as
intentionally produced by the Creator. In his doctrines of morality,
he perceived in the human mind propensities common to us with the
brute creation; but besides these, and the passions of avarice and
ambition, he discovered the nobler seeds of virtue, and supported
that the most ample and perfect gratification was to be found in
the enjoyment of moral and intellectual pleasures. The thoughts
of the past he considered as always present to us, and he believed
that no enjoyment could be had where the mind was disturbed by
consciousness of guilt, or fears about futurity. This opinion induced
the philosopher to recommend to his followers a particular mode
of education. The tender years of the Pythagoreans were employed
in continual labour, in study, in exercise, and repose; and the
philosopher maintained his well-known and important maxim, that many
things, especially love, are best learnt late. In a more advanced age,
the adult was desired to behave with caution, spirit, and patriotism,
and to remember that the community and civil society demanded
his exertions, and that the good of the public, and not his own
private enjoyments, were the ends of his creation. From lessons like
these, the Pythagoreans were strictly enjoined to call to mind, and
carefully to review, the actions, not only of the present, but of the
preceding days. In their acts of devotion, they early repaired to the
most solitary places of the mountains, and after they had examined
their private and public conduct, and conversed with themselves,
they joined in the company of their friends, and early refreshed
their body with light and frugal aliments. Their conversation was
of the most innocent nature; political or philosophic subjects were
discussed with propriety, but without warmth, and after the conduct
of the following day was regulated, the evening was spent with the
same religious ceremony as the morning, in a strict and partial
self-examination. From such regularity nothing but the most salutary
consequences could arise, and it will not appear wonderful that
the disciples of Pythagoras were so much respected and admired
as legislators, and imitated for their constancy, friendship, and
humanity. The authors that lived in, and after, the age of Alexander,
have rather tarnished than brightened the glory of the founder of the
Pythagorean school, and they have obscured his fame by attributing
to him actions which were dissonant with his character as a man and
a moralist. To give more weight to his exhortations, as some writers
mention, Pythagoras retired into a subterraneous cave, where his
mother sent him intelligence of everything which happened during
his absence. After a certain number of months he again reappeared on
the earth, with a grim and ghastly countenance, and declared, in the
assembly of the people, that he was returned from hell. From similar
exaggerations, it has been asserted that he appeared at the Olympic
games with a golden thigh, and that he could write in letters of
blood whatever he pleased on a looking-glass, and that, by setting it
opposite to the moon, when full, all the characters which were on the
glass became legible on the moon’s disc. They also support that, by
some magical words, he tamed a bear, stopped the flight of an eagle,
and appeared on the same day and at the same instant in the cities
of Crotona and Metapontum, &c. The time and the place of the death
of this great philosopher are unknown; yet many suppose that he died
at Metapontum about 497 years before Christ; and so great was the
veneration of the people of Magna Græcia for him, that he received
the same honours as were paid to the immortal gods, and his house
became a sacred temple. Succeeding ages likewise acknowledged his
merits, and when the Romans, A.U.C. 411, were commanded by the oracle
of Delphi to erect a statue to the bravest and wisest of the Greeks,
the distinguished honour was conferred on Alcibiades and Pythagoras.
Pythagoras had a daughter, called Damo. There is now extant a
poetical composition ascribed to the philosopher, and called the
_golden verses of Pythagoras_, which contain the greatest part of
his doctrines and moral precepts; but many support that it is a
supposititious composition, and that the true name of the writer was
Lysis. Pythagoras distinguished himself also by his discoveries in
geometry, astronomy, and mathematics, and it is to him that the world
is indebted for the demonstration of the 47th proposition of the
first book of Euclid’s elements, about the square of the hypothenuse.
It is said that he was so elated after making the discovery, that
he made an offering of a hecatomb to the gods; but the sacrifice
was undoubtedly of small oxen, made with wax, as the philosopher was
ever an enemy to shedding the blood of all animals. His system of
the universe, in which he placed the sun in the centre, and all the
planets moving in elliptical orbits round it, was deemed chimerical
and improbable, till the deep inquiries and the philosophy of the
16th century proved it, by the most accurate calculations, to be true
and incontestable. Diogenes Laërtius, Porphyry, Iamblicus, and others,
have written an account of his life, but with more erudition, perhaps,
than veracity. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 1, ch. 5; _Tusculanæ
Disputationes_, bk. 4, ch. 1.――_Diogenes Laërtius_, bk. 8, &c.
――_Hyginus_, fable 112.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 60,
&c.――_Plato._――_Pliny_, bk. 34, ch. 6.――_Aulus Gellius_, bk. 9.
――_Iamblic._――_Porphyry._――_Plutarch._――――A soothsayer of Babylon,
who foretold the death of Alexander and of Hephæstion, by consulting
the entrails of victims.――――A tyrant of Ephesus.――――One of Nero’s
wicked favourites.

=Pytheas=, an archon at Athens.――――A native of Massilia, famous for
his knowledge of astronomy, mathematics, philosophy, and geography.
He also distinguished himself by his travels, and, with a mind that
wished to seek information in every corner of the earth, he advanced
far into the northern seas, and discovered the island of Thule, and
entered that then unknown sea, which is now called the _Baltic_. His
discoveries in astronomy and geography were ingenious, and, indeed,
modern navigators have found it expedient to justify and accede
to his conclusions. He was the first who established a distinction
of climate by the length of days and nights. He wrote different
treatises in Greek, which have been lost, though some of them
were extant in the beginning of the fifth century. Pytheas lived,
according to some, in the age of Aristotle. _Strabo_, bk. 2,
&c.――_Pliny_, bk. 37.――――An Athenian rhetorician, in the age of
Demosthenes, who distinguished himself by his intrigues, rapacity,
and his opposition to the measures of Demosthenes, of whom he
observed that his orations smelt of the lamp. Pytheas joined
Antipater after the death of Alexander the Great. His orations were
devoid of elegance, harsh, unconnected, and diffuse, and from this
circumstance he has not been ranked among the orators of Athens.
_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 7, ch. 7.――_Plutarch_, _Demosthenes_
& _Politica Præcepta_.

=Pythes=, a native of Abdera, in Thrace, son of Andromache, who
obtained a crown at the Olympian games. _Pliny_, bk. 34, ch. 7.
――_Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 14.

=Pytheus=, a Lydian in the age of Xerxes, famous for his riches. He
kindly entertained the monarch and all his army, when he was marching
on his expedition against Greece, and offered him to defray the
expenses of the whole war. Xerxes thanked him with much gratitude,
and promised to give him whatever he should require. Pytheus asked
him to dismiss his son from the expedition; upon which the monarch
ordered the young man to be cut in two, and one half of the body to
be placed on the right hand of the way, and the other on the left,
that his army might march between them. _Plutarch_, _de Mulierum
Virtutes_.――_Herodotus._

=Pythia=, the priestess of Apollo at Delphi. She delivered the answer
of the god to such as came to consult the oracle, and was supposed
to be suddenly inspired by the sulphureous vapours which issued from
the hole of a subterraneous cavity within the temple, over which
she sat bare on a three-legged stool, called a tripod. In this
stool was a small aperture, through which the vapour was inhaled by
the priestess, and, at this divine inspiration, her eyes suddenly
sparkled, her hair stood on end, and a shivering ran over all her
body. In this convulsive state she spoke the oracles of the god,
often with loud howlings and cries, and her articulations were
taken down by the priest, and set in order. Sometimes the spirit of
inspiration was more gentle, and not always violent; yet Plutarch
mentions one of the priestesses who was thrown into such an excessive
fury, that not only those that consulted the oracle, but also the
priest that conducted her to the sacred tripod, and attended her
during the inspiration, were terrified and forsook the temple; and
so violent was the fit, that she continued for some days in the most
agonizing situation, and at last died. The Pythia, before she placed
herself on the tripod, used to wash her whole body, and particularly
her hair, in the waters of the fountain Castalis, at the foot of
mount Parnassus. She also shook a laurel tree that grew near the
place, and sometimes ate the leaves with which she crowned herself.
The priestess was originally a virgin, but the institution was
changed when Echecrates, a Thessalian, had offered violence to one of
them, and none but women who were above the age of 50 were permitted
to enter upon that sacred office. They always appeared dressed in the
garments of virgins, to intimate their purity and modesty, and they
were solemnly bound to observe the strictest laws of temperance and
chastity, that neither fantastical dresses nor lascivious behaviour
might bring the office, the religion, or the sanctity of the
place into contempt. There was originally but one Pythia, besides
subordinate priests, and afterwards two were chosen, and sometimes
more. The most celebrated of all these is Phemonoe, who is supposed
by some to have been the first who gave oracles at Delphi. The
oracles were always delivered in hexameter verses, a custom which was
some time after discontinued. The Pythia was consulted only one month
in the year, about the spring. It was always required that those
who consulted the oracle should make large presents to Apollo, and
from thence arose the opulence, splendour, and the magnificence of
that celebrated temple of Delphi. Sacrifices were also offered to the
divinity, and if the omens proved unfavourable, the priestess refused
to ♦give an answer. There were generally five priests who assisted
at the offering of the sacrifices, and there was also another who
attended the Pythia, and assisted her in receiving the oracle. _See:_
♠Delphi, Oraculum. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 5.――_Diodorus_, bk. 16.
――_Strabo_, bks. 6 & 9.――_Justin_, bk. 24, ch. 5.――_Plutarch_, _De
Defectu Oraculorum_.――_Euripides_, _Ion_.――_Dio Chrysostom._――――Games
celebrated in honour of Apollo, near the temple of Delphi. They
were at first instituted, according to the more received opinion, by
Apollo himself, in commemoration of the victory which he had obtained
over the serpent Python, from which they received their name; though
others maintain that they were first established by Agamemnon, or
Diomedes, or by Amphictyon, or, lastly, by the council of Amphictyons,
B.C. 1263. They were originally celebrated once in nine years, but
afterwards every fifth year, or the second year of every olympiad,
according to the number of the Parnassian nymphs who congratulated
Apollo after his victory. The gods themselves were originally among
the combatants, and, according to some authors, the first prize was
won by Pollux, in boxing; by Castor, in horse-races; by Hercules,
in the pancratium; by Zetes, in fighting with the armour; by Calais,
in running; by Telamon, in wrestling; and by Peleus in throwing the
quoit. These illustrious conquerors were rewarded by Apollo himself,
who was present, with crowns and laurels. Some, however, observe
that it was nothing but a musical contention, in which he who sung
best the praises of Apollo obtained the prize, which was presents
of gold or silver, which were afterwards exchanged for a garland
of the palm tree, or of beech leaves. It is said that Hesiod was
refused admission to these games because he was not able to play upon
the harp, which was required of all such as entered the lists. The
songs which were sung were called Πυθικοι νομοι, _the Pythian modes_,
divided into five parts, which contained a representation of the
fight and victory of Apollo over Python; ἀνακρουσις, _the preparation
for the fight_; ἐμπειρα, _the first attempt_; κατακελευσμος, _taking
breath and collecting courage_; ἰαμβοι και δακτυλοι, _the insulting
sarcasms of the god over his vanquished enemy_; συριγγες, _an
imitation of the hisses of the serpent_, just as he expired under
the blows of Apollo. A dance was also introduced; and in the 48th
Olympiad, the Amphictyons, who presided over the games, increased
the number of musical instruments by the addition of a flute; but,
as it was more peculiarly used in funeral songs and lamentations,
it was soon rejected as unfit for merriment, and the festivals which
represented the triumph of Apollo over the conquered serpent. The
Romans, according to some, introduced them into their city, and
called them Apollinares ludi. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, chs. 13 & 37.
――_Strabo_, bk. 9.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 447.――_Pliny_,
bk. 7.――_Livy_, bk. 25.

♦ ‘gave’ replaced with ‘give’

♠ ‘Delphia’ replaced with ‘Delphi’

=Pythias=, a Pythagorean philosopher, intimate with Damon. _See:_
Phintias.――――A road which led from Thessaly to Tempe. _Ælian._――――A
comic character, &c.

=Pythion=, an Athenian killed, with 420 soldiers, when he attempted to
drive the garrison of Demetrius from Athens, &c. _Polyænus_, bk. 5.

=Pythium=, a town of Thessaly. _Livy_, bk. 42, ch. 53; bk. 44, ch. 2.

=Pythius=, a Syracusan, who defrauded Canius, a Roman knight, to
whom he had sold his gardens, &c. _Cicero_, _de Officiis_, bk. 3,
ch. 14.――――A surname of Apollo, which he had received for his
having conquered the serpent Python, or because he was worshipped at
Delphi; called also Pytho. _Macrobius_, bk. 1, _Saturnalia_, ch. 17.
――_Propertius_, bk. 2, poem 33, li. 16.

=Pytho=, the ancient name of the town of Delphi, which it received
ἀπο του πυθεσθαι, because the serpent which Apollo killed, _rotted
there_. It was also called Parnassia Nape. _See:_ Delphi.

=Pythochăris=, a musician, who assuaged the fury of some wolves by
playing on a musical instrument, &c. _Ælian._

=Pythŏcles=, an Athenian descended from Aratus. It is said, that on his
account, and for his instruction, Plutarch wrote the life of Aratus.
――――A man put to death with Phocion.――――A man who wrote on Italy.

=Pythodōrus=, an Athenian archon in the age of Themistocles.

=Pytholāus=, the brother of Theba, the wife of Alexander tyrant of
Pheræ. He assisted his sister in despatching her husband. _Plutarch._

=Python=, a native of Byzantium, in the age of Philip of Macedonia. He
was a great favourite of the monarch who sent him to the Thebes, when
that city, at the instigation of Demosthenes, was going to take arms
against Philip. _Plutarch_, _Demosthenes_.――_Diodorus._――――One of
the friends of Alexander, put to death by Ptolemy Lagus.――――A man who
killed Cotys king of Thrace at the instigation of the Athenians.――――A
celebrated serpent sprung from the mud and stagnated waters which
remained on the surface of the earth after the deluge of Deucalion.
Some, however, suppose that it was produced from the earth by Juno,
and sent by the goddess to persecute Latona, who was then pregnant by
Jupiter. Latona escaped his fury by means of her lover, who changed
her into a quail during the remaining months of her pregnancy, and
afterwards restored her to her original shape in the island of Delos,
where she gave birth to Apollo and Diana. Apollo, as soon as he was
born, attacked the monster and killed him with his arrows, and in
commemoration of the victory which he had obtained, he instituted the
celebrated Pythian games. _Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 7;
bk. 10, ch. 6.――_Hyginus._――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 438,
&c.――_Lucan_, bk. 5, li. 134.

=Pythonĭce=, an Athenian prostitute greatly honoured by Harpalus,
whom Alexander some time before had entrusted with the treasures of
Babylon. He married her; and according to some, she died at the very
moment that the nuptials were going to be celebrated. He raised her
a splendid monument on the road which led from Athens to Eleusis,
which cost him 30 talents. _Diodorus_, bk. 17.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1.
――_Athenæus_, bk. 13, &c.

=Pythonissa=, a name given to the priestess of Apollo’s temple at
Delphi. She is more generally called Pythia. _See:_ Pythia. The word
_Pythonissa_ was commonly applied to women who attempted to explain
futurity.

=Pytna=, a part of mount Ida.

=Pyttalus=, a celebrated athlete, son of Lampis of Elis, who obtained a
prize at the Olympic games. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 16.

Q

=Quaderna=, a town of Italy.

=Quadi=, an ancient nation of Germany, near the country of the
Marcomanni, on the borders of the Danube, in modern Moravia. They
rendered themselves celebrated by their opposition to the Romans, by
whom they were often defeated, though not totally subdued. _Tacitus_,
_Germania_, chs. 42 & 43; _Annals_, bk. 2, ch. 63.

=Quadrātus=, a surname given to Mercury, because some of his statues
were square. The number 4, according to Plutarch, was sacred to
Mercury, because he was born on the 4th day of the month. _Plutarch_,
_Convivium Septem Sapientium_, ch. 9.――――A governor of Syria in the
age of Nero.

=Quadrĭfrons=, or =Quadrĭceps=, a surname of Janus, because he was
represented with four heads. He had a temple on the Tarpeian rock,
raised by Lucius Catulus.

=Quæstōres=, two officers at Rome, first created A.U.C. 269. They
received their name _a quærendo_, because they collected the revenues
of the state, and had the total management of the public treasury.
The questorship was the first office which could be had in the state.
It was requisite that the candidates should be 24 or 25 years of age,
or, according to some, 27. In the year 332, A.U.C., two more were
added to the others, to attend the consuls, to take care of the
pay of the armies abroad, and sell the plunder and booty which had
been acquired by conquest. These were called _Peregrini_, whilst
the others, whose employment was in the city, received the name of
_Urbani_. When the Romans were masters of all Italy, four more were
created, A.U.C. 439, to attend the proconsuls and propretors in
their provinces, and to collect all the taxes and customs which
each particular district owed to the republic. They were called
_Provinciales_. Sylla the dictator created 20 questors, and Julius
Cæsar 40, to fill up the vacant seats in the senate; from whence it
is evident that the questors ranked as senators in the senate. The
questors were always appointed by the senate at Rome, and if any
person was appointed to the questorship without their permission, he
was only called _proquestor_. The quæstores urbani were apparently of
more consequence than the rest, the treasury was entrusted to their
care, they kept an account of all the receipts and disbursements,
and the Roman eagles or ensigns were always in their possession when
the armies were not on an expedition. They required every general
before he triumphed to tell them, upon his oath, that he had given
a just account of the number of the slain on both sides, and that
he had been saluted _imperator_ by the soldiers, a title which every
commander generally received from his army after he had obtained
a victory, and which was afterwards confirmed and approved by the
senate. The city questors had also the care of the ambassadors; they
lodged and received them, and some time after, when Augustus was
declared emperor, they kept the decrees of the senate, which had been
before entrusted with the ediles and the tribunes. This gave rise
to two new offices of trust and honour, one of which was _quæstor
palatii_, and the other _quæstor principis_, or _augusti_, sometimes
called _candidatus principis_. The tent of the questor in the camp
was called _quæstorium_. It stood near that of the general. _Varro_,
_de Lingua Latina_, bk. 4.――_Livy_, bk. 4, ch. 43.――_Dio Cassius_,
bk. 43.

=Quari=, a people of Gaul.

=Quarius=, a river of Bœotia.

=Quercens=, a Rutulian who fought against the Trojans. _Virgil_,
_Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 684.

=Querquetulānus=, a name given to mount Cœlius at Rome, from the oaks
which grew there. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 4, ch. 65.

=Quiētis fanum=, a temple without the walls of the city of Rome. Quies
was the goddess of rest. Her temple was situate near the Colline gate.
_Livy_, bk. 4, ch. 4.――_Augustine_, _City of God_, bk. 4, ch. 16.

=Lucius Quiētus=, an officer under the emperor Trajan, who behaved with
great valour in the expeditions which were undertaken by the army
which he commanded. He was put to death by Adrian.

=Quinctia prata.= _See:_ Quintia.

=Quinctiānus=, a man who conspired against Nero, for which he was put
to death.

=Quinctilia=, a comedian who refused to betray a conspiracy which had
been formed against Caligula.

=Quinctius Titus=, a Roman consul who gained some victories over the
Æqui and the Volsci, and obtained a triumph for subduing Præneste.
――――Cæso, a man accused before the Roman people, and vindicated by
his father Cincinnatus.――――A Roman celebrated for his frugality.
_See:_ Cincinnatus.――――A master of horse.――――A Roman consul when
Annibal invaded Italy.――――A brother of Flaminius, banished from
the senate by Cato, for killing a Gaul.――――An officer killed by the
Carthaginians.――――An officer under Dolabella.――――Another who defeated
the Latins.――――A consul who obtained a victory over the Volsci.
――――Hirpinus. _See:_ Hirpinus.

=Quinda=, a town of Cilicia.

=Quindecimvĭri=, an order of priests whom Tarquin the Proud appointed
to take care of the Sibylline books. They were originally two, but
afterwards the number was increased to 10, to whom Sylla added five
more, whence their name. _See:_ Decemviri and Duumviri.

=Quinquatria=, a festival in honour of Minerva at Rome, which continued
during five days. The beginning of the celebration was the 18th of
March. The first day sacrifices and oblations were presented, but,
however, without the effusion of blood. On the second, third, and
fourth days, shows of gladiators were exhibited, and on the fifth day
there was a solemn procession through the streets of the city. On the
days of the celebration, scholars obtained holidays, and it was usual
for them to offer prayers to Minerva for learning and wisdom, which
the goddess patronized; and on their return to school they presented
their master with a gift which has received the name of _Minerval_.
They were much the same as the Panathenæa of the Greeks. Plays were
also acted, and disputations were held on subjects of literature.
They received their name from the _five_ days which were devoted for
the celebration.

=Quinquennāles ludi=, games celebrated by the Chians in honour of Homer
every fifth year. There were also some games among the Romans which
bore this name. They are the same as the Actian games. _See:_ Actia.

=Quintia Prata=, a place on the borders of the Tiber near Rome, which
had been cultivated by the great Cincinnatus. _Livy_, bk. 3, ch. 26.

=Quintiliānus Marcus Fabius=, a celebrated rhetorician born in Spain.
He opened a school of rhetoric at Rome, and was the first who
obtained a salary from the state as being a public teacher. After
he had remained 20 years in this laborious employment, and obtained
the merited applause of the most illustrious Romans, not only as a
preceptor, but as a pleader at the bar, Quintilian, by the permission
of the emperor Domitian, retired to enjoy the fruits of his labours
and industry. In his retirement he assiduously dedicated his time
to the study of literature, and wrote a treatise on the causes
of the corruption of eloquence. Some time after, at the pressing
solicitations of his friends, he wrote his _institutiones oratoricæ_,
the most perfect and complete system of oratory extant. It is divided
into 12 books, in which the author explains from observation, as well
as from experience, what can constitute a good and perfect orator,
and in this he not only mentions the pursuits and the employments
of the rhetorician, but he also speaks of his education, and begins
with the attention which ought to be shown him even in his cradle.
He was appointed preceptor to the two young princes whom Domitian
destined for his successors on the throne, but the pleasures which
the rhetorician received from the favours and the attention of the
emperor and from the success which his writings met in the world,
were embittered by the loss of his wife, and of his two sons. It
is said that Quintilian was poor in his retirement, and that his
indigence was relieved by the liberality of his pupil Pliny the
younger. He died A.D. 95. His Institutions were discovered in the
1415th year of the christian era, in an old tower of a monastery
at St. Gal, by Poggio Bracciolini, a native of Florence. The best
editions of Quintilian are those of Gesner, 4to, Göttingen, 1738; of
Leiden, 8vo, _cum notis variorum_, 1665; of Gibson, 4to, Oxford, 1693;
and that of Rollin, republished in 8vo, London, 1792.

=Quintilius Varus=, a Roman governor of Syria. _See:_ Varus.――――A
friend of the emperor Alexander.――――A man put to death by the emperor
Severus.

=Quintilla=, a courtesan at Rome, &c. _Juvenal_, satire 7, li. 75.

=Quintillus Marcus Aurelius Claudius=, a brother of Claudius, who
proclaimed himself emperor, and 17 days after destroyed himself by
opening his veins in a bath, when he heard that Aurelian was marching
against him, about the 270th year of the christian era.

=Quintius Curtius Rufus=, a Latin historian, who flourished, as some
suppose, in the reign of Vespasian or Trajan. He has rendered himself
known by his history of the reign of Alexander the Great. This
history was divided into 10 books, of which the two first, the end
of the fifth, and the beginning of the sixth, are lost. This work is
admired for the elegance, the purity, and the floridness of its style.
It is, however, blamed for great anachronisms and glaring mistakes in
geography as well as history. Freinshemius has written a supplement
to Curtius, in which he seems to have made some very satisfactory
amends for the loss of which the history had suffered, by a learned
collection of facts and circumstances from all the different authors
who have employed their pen in writing an account of Alexander, and
of his Asiatic conquests. Some suppose that the historian is the same
with that Curtius Rufus who lived in the age of Claudius, under whom
he was made consul. This Rufus was born of an obscure family, and he
attended a Roman questor in Africa, when he was met at Adrumentum by
a woman above a human shape, as he was walking under the porticoes
in the middle of the day. This extraordinary character addressed
the indigent Roman, and told him that the day should come in which
he should govern Africa with consular power. This strange prophecy
animated Rufus; he repaired to Rome, where he gained the favours
of the emperor, obtained consular honours, and at last retired as
proconsul to Africa, where he died. The best editions of Curtius are
those of Elzevir, 8vo, Amsterdam, 1673; of Snakenburg, 4to, Leiden,
1724; and of Barbou, 12mo, Paris, 1757. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 11,
ch. 23, &c.

♦=Quintus=, or =Quinctius=, one of the names of Cincinnatus. _Persius_,
bk. 1, li. 73.――――Pedius, a painter. _See:_ Pedius.

♦ Out of alphabetical order in the text.

=Quintus Veranius=, a governor of Cappadocia.――――Cicero, the brother of
Cicero.――――Catulus, a Roman consul.――――A friend of Cæsar.

=Quirinalia=, festivals in honour of Romulus, surnamed Quirinus,
celebrated on the 13th of the calends of March.

=Quirinālis=, a hill at Rome, originally called _Agonius_, and
afterwards _Collinus_. The name of Quirinalis is obtained from the
inhabitants of Cures, who settled there under their king Tatius. It
was also called _Cabalinus_, from two marble statues of a horse, one
of which was the work of Phidias, and the other of Praxiteles. _Livy_,
bk. 1, ch. 44.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, li. 375; _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14,
li. 843.――――One of the gates of Rome near mount Quirinalis.

=Quirīnus=, a surname of Mars among the Romans. This name was also
given to Romulus when he had been made a god by his superstitious
subjects. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 2, li. 475.――――Also a surname of the
god Janus.――――Sulpitius, a Roman consul, born at Lanuvium. Though
descended of an obscure family, he was raised to the greatest honours
by Augustus. He was appointed governor of Syria, and was afterwards
made preceptor to Caius the grandson of the emperor. He married
Æmilia Lepida the granddaughter of Sylla and Pompey, but some time
after he shamefully repudiated her. He died A.D. 22. _Tacitus_,
_Annals_, bk. 3, &c.

=Quirītes=, a name given to the Roman citizens, because they admitted
into their city the Sabines, who inhabited the town of Cures, and
who on that account were called _Quirites_. After this union, the
two nations were indiscriminately and promiscuously called by that
name. It is, however, to be observed that the word was confined to
Rome, and not used in the armies, as we find some of the generals
applying it only to such of their soldiers as they dismissed or
disgraced. Even some of the emperors appeased a sedition, by calling
their rebellious soldiers by the degrading appellation of Quirites.
_Suetonius_, _Cæsar_, ch. 170.――_Lampridius_, bk. 53.――_Lucan_,
bk. 5, li. 558.――_Horace_, bk. 4, ode 14, li. 1.――_Varro_, _de Lingua
Latina_, bk. 4.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 13.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 2,
li. 479.

R

=Rabirius Caius=, a Roman knight, who lent an immense sum of money
to Ptolemy Auletes king of Egypt. The monarch afterwards not only
refused to repay him, but even confined him, and endangered his life.
Rabirius escaped from Egypt with difficulty, but at his return to
Rome, he was accused by the senate of having lent money to an African
prince, for unlawful purposes. He was ably defended by Cicero, and
acquitted with difficulty. _Cicero_, _For Rabirius_.――――A Latin poet
in the age of Augustus, who wrote, besides satires and epigrams,
a poem on the victory which the emperor had gained over Antony at
Actium. Seneca has compared him to Virgil for elegance and majesty,
but Quintilian is not so favourable to his poetry.――――An architect in
the reign of Domitian, who built a celebrated palace for the emperor,
of which the ruins are still seen at Rome.

=Racillia=, the wife of Cincinnatus. _Livy_, bk. 3, ch. 26.

=Racilius=, a tribune who complained in the senate of the faction of
Clodius. _Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 2, ch. 12; _Letters to his
brother Quintus_, bk. 2, ch. 1.

=Ræsaces=, an officer of Artaxerxes. He revolted from his master, and
fled to Athens.

=Ramises=, a king of Egypt. _See:_ Rhamses.

=Ramnes=, or =Rhamnenses=, one of the three centuries instituted by
Romulus. After the Roman people had been divided into three tribes,
the monarch elected out of each 100 young men of the best and noblest
families, with which he formed three companies of horse. One of them
was called _Ramnes_, either from the tribe of which it was chosen, or
from Romulus. Another was called _Tatian_, and the third _Luceres_.
_Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 4, ch. 9.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 13.
――_Horace_, _Art of Poetry_, li. 304.――_Plutarch_, _Romulus_.

=Randa=, a village of Persia, where 3000 rebellious Persians were slain
by Chiles. _Polyænus_, bk. 7.

=Rapo=, a Rutulian chief, &c. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 748.

=Rascipŏlis=, a Macedonian sent to the assistance of Pompey. _Cæsar_,
_Civil War_, bk. 3, ch. 4.

=Ravenna=, a town of Italy on the Adriatic, which became celebrated
under the Roman emperors for its capacious harbour, which could
contain 250 ships, and for being for some time the seat of the
western empire. It was difficult of access by land, as it stood on a
small peninsula; and so ill supplied with water, that it was sold at
a higher price than wine, according to Martial. The emperors kept one
of their fleets there, and the other at Misenum, on the other side
of Italy. It was founded by a colony of Thessalians, or, according
to others, of Sabines. It is now fallen from its former grandeur, and
is a wretched town situate at the distance of about four miles from
the sea, and surrounded with swamps and marshes. _Strabo_, bk. 5.
――_Suetonius_, _Augustus_, ch. 49.――_Pliny_, bk. 36, ch. 12.――_Mela_,
bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Martial_, bk. 3, ltr. 93, li. 8, &c.

=Rāvŏla=, a celebrated debauchee, &c. _Juvenal._

=Rauraci=, a people of Gaul, whose chief town is now Augst on the Rhine.
_Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 1, ch. 5.

=Reāte=, a pleasant town of Umbria, built, as some suppose, before the
Trojan war, about 15 miles from Fanum Vacunæ, near the lake Velinus.
Cybele was the chief deity of the place. It was famous for its asses.
_Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1.――_Varro_, _de
Re Rustica_, bk. 1.――_Livy_, bk. 25, ch. 7; bk. 26, ch. 11; bk. 28,
ch. 45.――_Cicero_, _Against Catiline_, bk. 3, ch. 2; _de Natura
Deorum_, bk. 2, ch. 2.

=Redicŭlus=, a deity whose name is derived from the word _redire_ (to
return). The Romans raised a temple to this imaginary deity on the
spot where Annibal had retired when he approached Rome, as if to
besiege it. _Festus_, _Lexicon of Festus_.

=Redŏnes=, a nation among the Armorici, now the people of _Rennes_ and
_St. Maloes_, in Brittany. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 2, ch. 41.

=Regillæ=, or =Regillum=, a town in the country of the Sabines in Italy,
about 20 miles from Rome, celebrated for a battle which was fought
there, A.U.C. 258, between 24,000 Romans and 40,000 Etrurians, who
were headed by the Tarquins. The Romans obtained the victory, and
scarce 10,000 of the enemy escaped from the field of battle. Castor
and Pollux, according to some accounts, were seen mounted on white
horses, and fighting at the head of the Roman army. _Livy_, bk. 2,
ch. 16.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 5.――_Plutarch_, _Caius
Marcius Coriolanus_.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 1.――_Florus_, bk. 1.
――_Suetonius_, _Tiberias_, ch. 1.

=Regilliānus Q. Nonius=, a Dacian who entered the Roman armies, and was
raised to the greatest honours under Valerian. He was elected emperor
by the populace, who were dissatisfied with Gallienus, and was soon
after murdered by his soldiers, A.D. 262.

=Regillus=, a small lake of Latium, whose waters fall into the Anio,
at the east of Rome. The dictator Posthumius defeated the Latin army
near it. _Livy_, bk. 2, ch. 19.

=Regīnum=, a town of Germany, now supposed Ratisbon or Regensburg.

=Regium Lepidum=, a town of Modena, now _Regio_, at the south of the Po.
_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 15.――_Cicero_, bk. 12, _Letters to his Friends_,
ltr. 5; bk. 13, ltr. 7.

=Marcus Attilius Regŭlus=, a consul during the first Punic war. He
reduced Brundusium, and in his second consulship he took 64, and
sunk 30 galleys of the Carthaginian fleet, on the coast of Sicily.
Afterwards he landed in Africa, and so rapid was his success, that in
a short time he defeated three generals, and made himself master of
about 200 places of consequence on the coast. The Carthaginians sued
for peace, but the conqueror refused to grant it, and soon after he
was defeated in a battle by Xanthippus, and 30,000 of his men were
left on the field of battle, and 15,000 taken prisoners. Regulus
was in the number of the captives, and he was carried in triumph to
Carthage. He was afterwards sent by the enemy to Rome, to propose an
accommodation, and an exchange of prisoners; and if his commission
was unsuccessful, he was bound by the most solemn oaths to return to
Carthage without delay. When he came to Rome, Regulus dissuaded his
countrymen from accepting the terms which the enemy proposed, and
when his opinion had had due influence on the senate, he then retired
to Carthage agreeable to his engagements. The Carthaginians were told
that their offers of peace had been rejected at Rome by the means of
Regulus, and therefore they prepared to punish him with the greatest
severity. His eyebrows were cut, and he was exposed for some days to
the excessive heat of the meridian sun, and afterwards confined in
a barrel, whose sides were everywhere filled with large iron spikes,
till he died in the greatest agonies. His sufferings were heard
at Rome, and the senate permitted his widow to inflict whatever
punishments she pleased on some of the most illustrious captives of
Carthage, who were in their hands. She confined them also in presses
filled with sharp iron points, and was so exquisite in her cruelty,
that the senate at last interfered, and stopped the barbarity of
her punishments. Regulus died about 251 years before Christ. _Silius
Italicus_, bk. 6, li. 319.――_Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 3.――_Horace_, bk. 3,
ode 5.――_Cicero_, _de Officiis_, bk. 1, ch. 13.――_Valerius Maximus_,
bk. 1, ch. 1; bk. 9, ch. 2.――_Livy_, ltr. 16.――――Memmius, a Roman
made governor of Greece by Caligula. While Regulus was in this
province, the emperor wished to bring the celebrated statue of
Jupiter Olympius, by Phidias, to Rome; but this was supernaturally
prevented, and according to ancient authors, the ship which was to
convey it was destroyed by lightning, and the workmen who attempted
to remove the statue were terrified away by sudden noises. _Dio
Cassius._――――A man who condemned Sejanus.――――Roscius, a man who held
the consulship but for one day, in the reign of Vitellius.

=Remi=, a nation of Gaul, whose principal town, Duricortorium, is now
Rheims, in the north of Champagne. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 17.――_Cæsar_,
_Gallic War_, bk. 2, ch. 5.

=Remmia lex=, _de judiciis_, was enacted to punish all calumniators.
The letter K was marked on their forehead. This law was abolished by
Constantine the Great. _Cicero_, _For Quintus Roscius_.

=Rĕmŭlus=, a chief of Tibur, whose arms were seized by the Rutulians,
and afterwards became part of the plunder which Euryalus obtained.
_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 360.――――A friend of Turnus, trampled to
death by his horse, which Orsilochus had wounded. _Virgil_, _Æneid_,
bk. 11, li. 636, &c.

=Rĕmŭlus Sylvius=, a king of Alba, destroyed by lightning on account of
his impiety. _Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 4, li. 50.

=Remuria=, festivals established at Rome by Romulus, to appease the
manes of his brother Remus. They were afterwards called _Lemuria_,
and celebrated yearly.

=Remus=, the brother of Romulus, was exposed, together with him, by the
cruelty of his grandfather. In the contest which happened between the
two brothers about building a city, Romulus obtained the preference,
and Remus, for ridiculing the rising walls, was put to death by his
brother’s orders, or by Romulus himself. _See:_ Romulus. The Romans
were afflicted with a plague after this murder, upon which the oracle
was consulted, and the manes of Remus appeased by the institution
of the Remuria. _Ovid._――――One of the auxiliaries of Turnus against
Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 330.

=Resæna=, a town of Mesopotamia, famous for the defeat of Sapor by
Gordian.

=Resus=, a small river of Asia Minor, falling into the Mæander.

=Retina=, a village near Misenum. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ltr. 16.

=Reudigni=, a nation of Germany. _Tacitus_, _Germania_, ch. 40.

=Rha=, a large river, now the _Volga_, of Russia. A medicinal root
which grew on its bank was called _Rha barbarum_, _Rhubarb_.

=Rhacia=, a promontory in the Mediterranean sea, projecting from the
Pyrenean mountains.

=Rhacius=, a Cretan prince, the first of that nation who entered Ionia
with a colony. He seized Claros, of which he became the sovereign.
He married Manto the daughter of Tiresias, who had been seized on his
coasts. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 3.

=Rhacōtis=, an ancient name of Alexandria the capital of Egypt.
_Strabo._――_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 21.

=Rhadamanthus=, a son of Jupiter and Europa. He was born in Crete,
which he abandoned about the 30th year of his age. He passed into
some of the Cyclades, where he reigned with so much justice and
impartiality, that the ancients have said he became one of the judges
of hell, and that he was employed in the infernal regions in obliging
the dead to confess their crimes, and in punishing them for their
offences. Rhadamanthus reigned not only over some of the Cyclades,
but over many of the Greek cities of Asia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8,
ch. 53.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 435.――_Diodorus_, bk. 5.
――_Plato._――_Homer_. _Iliad_, bk. 4, li. 564.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_,
bk. 6, li. 566.

=Rhadamistus=, a son of Pharnasmanes king of Iberia. He married Zenobia,
the daughter of his uncle Mithridates king of Armenia, and some
time after put him to death. He was put to death by his father for
his cruelties, about the year 52 of the christian era. _Tacitus_,
_Annals_, bk. 13, ch. 37.

=Rhadius=, a son of Neleus.

=Rhæteum=, a city of Phrygia.

=Rhæti=, or =Ræti=, an ancient and warlike nation of Etruria. They were
driven from their native country by the Gauls, and went to settle on
the other side of the Alps. _See:_ Rhætia. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 10.
――_Justin_, bk. 20, ch. 5.

=Rhætia=, a country at the north of Italy, between the Alps and the
Danube, which now forms the territories of the Grisons, of the Tyrol,
and part of Italy. It was divided into two parts, _Rhætia prima_ and
_Rhætia secunda_. The first extended from the sources of the Rhine
to those of the Licus or Lek, a small river which falls into the
Danube. The other, called also _Vindelicia_, extended from the Licus
to another small river called Œnus, or Inn, towards the east. The
principal towns of Rhætia were called Curia, Tridentum, Belunum,
Feltria. The Rhætians rendered themselves formidable by the frequent
invasions which they made upon the Roman empire, and were at last
conquered by Drusus the brother of Tiberius, and others under the
Roman emperors. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2, li. 96.――_Strabo_, bk. 4.
――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 20; bk. 14, ch. 2, &c.――_Horace_, bk. 4, ode 4
& 14.

=Rhamnes=, a king and augur, who assisted Turnus against Æneas. He was
killed in the night by Nisus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 325.

=Rhamnus=, a town of Attica, famous for a temple of Amphiaraus, and a
statue of the goddess Nemesis, who was from thence called _Rhamnusia_.
This statue was made by Phidias, out of a block of Parian marble,
which the Persians intended as a pillar to be erected to commemorate
their expected victory over Greece. _Pausanias_, bk. 1.――_Pliny_,
bk. 36.

=Rhamnusia=, a name of Nemesis. _See:_ Rhamnus.

=Rhampsinītus=, an opulent king of Egypt, who succeeded Proteus.
He built a large tower with stones at Memphis, where his riches
were deposited, and of which he was robbed by the artifice of the
architect, who had left a stone in the wall easily movable, so as to
admit a plunderer. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 121, &c.

=Rhamses=, or =Ramises=, a powerful king of Egypt, who, with an army
of 700,000 men, conquered Æthiopia, Libya, Persia, and other eastern
nations. In his reign, according to Pliny, Troy was taken. Some
authors consider him to be the same as Sesostris. _Tacitus_, _Annals_,
bk. 2, ch. 60.――_Pliny_, bk. 36, ch. 8.

=Rhanis=, one of Diana’s attendant nymphs. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
bk. 3.

=Rharos=, or =Rharium=, a plain of Attica, where corn was first sown
by Triptolemus. It received its name from the sower’s father, who was
called Rharos. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, chs. 14 & 38.

=Rhascupŏris=, a king of Thrace, who invaded the possessions of Cotys,
and was put to death by order of Tiberius, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_,
bk. 2, ch. 64.

=Rhea=, a daughter of Cœlus and Terra, who married Saturn, by whom she
had Vesta, Ceres, Juno, Pluto, Neptune, &c. Her husband, however,
devoured them all as soon as born, as he had succeeded to the throne
with the solemn promise that he would raise no male children, or,
according to others, because he had been informed by an oracle
that one of his sons would dethrone him. To stop the cruelty of her
husband, Rhea consulted her parents, and was advised to impose upon
him, or perhaps to fly into Crete. Accordingly, when she brought
forth, the child was immediately concealed, and Saturn devoured up
a stone which his wife had given him as her own child. The fears
of Saturn were soon proved to be well founded. A year after, the
child, whose name was Jupiter, became so strong and powerful, that
he drove his father from his throne. Rhea has been confounded by
the mythologists with some of the other goddesses, and many have
supposed that she was the same divinity that received adoration
under the various names of Bona Dea, Cybele, Dindymena, Magna mater,
Ceres, Vesta, Titæa, and Terra, Tellus, and Ops. _See:_ Cybele,
Ceres, Vesta, &c. Rhea, after the expulsion of her husband from his
throne, followed him to Italy, where he established a kingdom. Her
benevolence in this part of Europe was so great, that the golden
age of Saturn is often called the age of Rhea. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_.
――_Orpheus_, _Hymns_.――_Homer_, _Hymns_.――_Æschylus_, _Prometheus
Bound_.――_Euripides_, _Bacchæ_ & _Electra_.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4,
li. 197.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 1, &c.――――Sylvia, the mother
of Romulus and Remus. She is also called Ilia. _See:_ Ilia.――――A
nymph of Italy, who is said to have borne a son called Aventinus to
Hercules. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 659.

=Rhebas=, or =Rhebus=, a river of Bithynia, flowing from mount Olympus
into the Euxine sea. _Flaccus_, bk. 7, li. 698.

=Rhedŏnes.= _See:_ Redones.

=Rhegium=, now _Rheggio_, a town of Italy, in the country of the
Brutii, opposite Messana in Sicily, where a colony of Messenians
under Alcidamidas settled, B.C. 723. It was originally called
_Rhegium_, and afterwards _Rhegium Julium_, to distinguish it from
_Rhegium Lepidi_, a town of Cisalpine Gaul. Some suppose that it
received its name from the Greek word ῥηγνυμι, _to break_, because
it is situate on the straits of Charybdis, which were formed when
the island of Sicily, as it were, was broken and separated from
the continent of Italy. This town has always been subject to great
earthquakes, by which it has often been destroyed. The neighbourhood
is remarkable for its great fertility, and for its delightful views.
_Silius Italicus_, bk. 13, li. 94.――_Cicero_, _For Archias_, ch. 3.
――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, lis. 5 & 48.――_Justin_, bk. 4,
ch. 1.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Strabo_, bk. 6.