Chapter L (3)

=Levāna=, a goddess of Rome, who presided over the action of the person
who took up from the ground a newly born child, after it had been
placed there by the midwife. This was generally done by the father,
and so religiously observed was this ceremony, that the legitimacy of
a child could be disputed without it.

=Leuca=, a town of the Salentines, near a cape of the same name in
Italy. _Lucan_, bk. 5, li. 376.――――A town of Ionia,――――of Crete,
――――of Argolis. _Strabo_, bk. 6, &c.

=Leucas=, or =Leucadia=, an island of the Ionian sea, now called
_St. Maura_, near the coast of Epirus, famous for a promontory called
_Leucate_, _Leucas_, or _Leucates_, where desponding lovers threw
themselves into the sea. Sappho had recourse to this leap to free
herself from the violent passion which she entertained for Phaon. The
word is derived from λευκος, _white_, on account of the whiteness of
its rocks. Apollo had a temple on the promontory, whence he is often
called _Leucadius_. The island was formerly joined to the continent
by a narrow isthmus, which the inhabitants dug through after the
Peloponnesian war. _Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 15, li. 171.――_Strabo_,
bk. 6, &c.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 15, li. 302.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_,
bk. 3, li. 274; bk. 8, li. 677.――――A town of Phœnicia.

=Leucasion=, a village of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 25.

=Leucaspis=, a Lycian, one of the companions of Æneas, drowned in the
Tyrrhene sea. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 334.

=Leucate.= _See:_ Leucas.

=Leuce=, a small island in the Euxine sea, of a triangular form,
between the mouths of the Danube and the Borysthenes. According to
the poets, the souls of the ancient heroes were placed there as in
the Elysian fields, where they enjoyed perpetual felicity, and reaped
the repose to which their benevolence to mankind, and their exploits
during life, seemed to entitle them. From that circumstance it has
often been called the island of the blessed, &c. According to some
accounts Achilles celebrated there his nuptials with Iphigenia, or
rather Helen, and shared the pleasures of the place with the manes
of Ajax, &c. _Strabo_, bk. 2.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Ammianus_,
bk. 22.――_Quintus Calaber [Smyrnæus]_, bk. 2, li. 773.――――One of the
Oceanides whom Pluto carried into his kingdom.

=Leuci=, a people of Gaul, between the Moselle and the Maese. Their
capital is now called _Toul_. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 1, ch. 40.
――――Mountains on the west of Crete, appearing at a distance like
_white_ clouds, whence the name.

=Leucippe=, one of the Oceanides.

=Leucippĭdes=, the daughters of Leucippus. _See:_ Leucippus.

=Leucippus=, a celebrated philosopher of Abdera, about 428 years before
Christ, disciple to Zeno. He was the first who invented the famous
system of atoms and of a vacuum, which was afterwards more fully
explained by Democritus and Epicurus. Many of his hypotheses have
been adopted by the moderns, with advantage. _Diogenes Laërtius_
has written his life.――――A brother of Tyndarus king of Sparta, who
married Philodice daughter of Inachus, by whom he had two daughters,
Hilaira and Phœbe, known by the patronymic of Leucippides. They were
carried away by their cousins Castor and Pollux, as they were going
to celebrate their nuptials with Lynceus and Idas. _Ovid_, _Fasti_,
bk. 4, li. 701.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 10, &c.――_Pausanias_,
bk. 3, chs. 17 & 26.――――A son of Xanthus, descended from Bellerophon.
He became deeply enamoured of one of his sisters, and when he was
unable to restrain his unnatural passion, he resolved to gratify it.
He acquainted his mother with it, and threatened to murder himself
if she attempted to oppose his views or remove the object of his
affection. The mother, rather than lose a son whom she tenderly
loved, cherished his passion, and by her consent her daughter yielded
herself to the arms of her brother. Some time after the father
resolved to give his daughter in marriage to a Lycian prince. The
future husband was informed that the daughter of Xanthus secretly
entertained a lover, and he communicated the intelligence to the
father. Xanthus upon this secretly watched his daughter, and when
Leucippus had introduced himself to her bed, the father, in his
eagerness to discover the seducer, occasioned a little noise in
the room. The daughter was alarmed, and as she attempted to escape
she received a mortal wound from her father, who took her to be
the lover. Leucippus came to her assistance, and stabbed his father
in the dark, without knowing who he was. This accidental parricide
obliged Leucippus to fly from his country. He came to Crete, where
the inhabitants refused to give him an asylum, when acquainted with
the atrociousness of his crime, and he at last came to Ephesus, where
he died in the greatest misery and remorse. _Hermesianax referenced
by Parthenius_, ch. 5.――――A son of Œnomaus, who became enamoured of
Daphne, and to obtain her confidence disguised himself in a female
dress, and attended his mistress as a companion. He gained the
affections of Daphne by his obsequiousness and attention, but his
artifice at last proved fatal through the influence and jealousy of
his rival Apollo; for when Daphne and her attendants were bathing
in the Ladon, the sex of Leucippus was discovered, and he perished
by the darts of the females. _Parthenius_, _Narrationes Amatoriæ_,
ch. 15.――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 20.――――A son of Hercules by Marse,
one of the daughters of Thespius. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 7.

=Leucŏla=, a part of Cyprus.

=Leucon=, a tyrant of Bosphorus, who lived in great intimacy with
the Athenians. He was a firm patron of the useful arts, and greatly
encouraged commerce. _Strabo._――_Dio Cassius_, bk. 14.――――A son of
Athamas and Themisto. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 22.――――A king of Pontus
killed by his brother, whose bed he had defiled. _Ovid_, _Ibis_,
li. 3.――――A town of Africa near Cyrene. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 160.

=Leucōne=, a daughter of Aphidas, who gave her name to a fountain of
Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 44.

=Leucōnes=, a son of Hercules. _Apollodorus._

=Leuconoe=, a daughter of Lycambes. The Leuconoe to whom Horace
addressed his bk. 1, ode 11, seems to be a fictitious name.

=Leucopĕtra=, a place on the isthmus of Corinth, where the Achæans were
defeated by the consul Mummius.――――A promontory six miles east from
Rhegium in Italy, where the Apennines terminate and sink into the sea.

=Leucŏphrys=, a temple of Diana, with a city of the same name, near the
Mæander. The goddess was represented under the figure of a woman with
many breasts, and crowned with victory.――――An ancient name of Tenedos.
_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 14.――_Strabo_, bks. 13 & 14.

=Leucopŏlis=, a town of Caria.

=Leucos=, a river of Macedonia near Pydna.――――A man, &c. _See:_
Idomeneus.

=Leucosia=, a small island in the Tyrrhene sea. It received its name
from one of the companions of Æneas, who was drowned there, or from
one of the Sirens, who was thrown there by the sea. _Strabo_, bk. 5.
――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 708.

=Leucosy̆rii=, a people of Asia Minor, called afterwards Cappadocians.
_Strabo_, bk. 12.――――The same name is given to the inhabitants of
Cilicia, where it borders on Cappadocia. _Cornelius Nepos_, bk. 14,
ch. 1.

=Leucŏthoe=, or =Leucothea=, the wife of Athamas, changed into a sea
deity. _See:_ Ino. She was called Matuta by the Romans, who raised
her a temple, where all the people, particularly women, offered
vows to their brother’s children. They did not entreat the deity to
protect their own children, because Ino had been unfortunate in hers.
No female slaves were permitted to enter the temple; or if their
curiosity tempted them to transgress this rule, they were beaten away
with the greatest severity. To this supplicating for other people’s
children, Ovid alludes in these lines, _Fasti_, bk. 6:

_Non tamen hanc pro stirpe suâ pia mater adorat,
Ipsa parum felix visa fuisse parens._

――――A daughter of king Orchamus by Eurynome. Apollo became enamoured
of her, and to introduce himself to her with greater facility, he
assumed the shape and features of her mother. Their happiness was
complete, when Clytia, who tenderly loved Apollo, and was jealous
of his amours with Leucothoe, discovered the whole intrigue to her
father, who ordered his daughter to be buried alive. The lover,
unable to save her from death, sprinkled nectar and ambrosia on
her tomb, which, penetrating as far as the body, changed it into a
beautiful tree, which bears frankincense. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
bk. 4, li. 196.――――An island in the Tyrrhene sea, near Capreæ.――――A
fountain of Samos.――――A town of Egypt,――――of Arabia. _Mela_, bk. 2,
ch. 7.――――A part of Asia which produces frankincense.

=Leuctra=, a village of Bœotia, between Platæa and Thespia, famous for
the victory which Epaminondas the Theban general obtained over the
superior force of Cleombrotus king of Sparta, on the 8th of July,
B.C. 371. In this famous battle 4000 Spartans were killed with their
king Cleombrotus, and no more than 300 Thebans. From that time the
Spartans lost the empire of Greece, which they had obtained for
nearly 500 years. _Plutarch_, _Pelopidas_ & _Agesilaus_.――_Cornelius
Nepos_, _Epaminondas_.――_Justin_, bk. 6, ch. 6.――_Xenophon_,
_Hellenica_.――_Diodorus_, bk. 15.――_Pausanias_, _Laconia_.――_Cicero_,
_de Officiis_, bk. 1, ch. 18; _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 1,
ch. 46; _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 6, ltr. 1.――_Strabo_, bk. 9.

=Leuctrum=, a town of Laconia. _Strabo_, bk. 8.

=Leucus=, one of the companions of Ulysses, killed before Troy by
Antiphus son of Priam. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 4, li. 491.

=Leucyanias=, a river of Peloponnesus, flowing into the Alpheus.
_Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 21.

=Levinus.= _See:_ Lævinus.

=Leutychĭdes=, a Lacedæmonian, made king of Sparta on the expulsion of
Demaratus. _Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 65, &c. _See:_ Leotychides.

=Lexovii=, a people of Gaul, at the mouth of the Seine, conquered with
great slaughter by a lieutenant of Julius Cæsar. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_.

=Libānius=, a celebrated sophist of Antioch in the age of the emperor
Julian. He was educated at Athens, and opened a school at Antioch,
which produced some of the best and most learned of the literary
characters of the age. Libanius was naturally vain and arrogant,
and he contemptuously refused the offers of the emperor Julian, who
wished to purchase his friendship and intimacy by raising him to
offices of the highest splendour and affluence in the empire. When
Julian had imprisoned the senators of Antioch for their impertinence,
Libanius undertook the defence of his fellow-citizens, and paid a
visit to the emperor, in which he astonished him by the boldness and
independence of his expressions, and the firmness and resolution of
his mind. Some of his orations, and above 1600 of his letters, are
extant; they discover much affectation and obscurity of style, and
we cannot perhaps much regret the loss of writings which afforded
nothing but a display of pedantry, and quotations from Homer.
Julian submitted his writings to the judgment of Libanius with the
greatest confidence, and the sophist freely rejected or approved, and
showed that he was more attached to the person than the fortune and
greatness of his prince. The time of his death is unknown. The best
edition of Libanius seems to be that of Paris, folio, 1606, with a
second volume published by Morell, 1627. His epistles have been
edited by Wolf, folio, 1738.

=Libănus=, a high mountain of Syria, famous for its cedars. _Strabo_,
bk. 6.

=Libentīna=, a surname of Venus, who had a temple at Rome, where the
young women used to dedicate the toys and childish amusements of
their youth, when arrived at nubile years. _Varro_, _de Lingua
Latina_, bk. 5, ch. 6.

=Līber=, a surname of Bacchus, which signifies _free_. He received
this name from his delivering some cities of Bœotia from slavery,
or, according to others, because wine, of which he was the patron,
delivered mankind from their cares, and made them speak with freedom
and unconcern. The word is often used for wine itself. _Seneca_, _de
Tranquilitate Animi_.

=Libĕra=, a goddess, the same as Proserpine. _Cicero_, _Against Verres_,
bk. 4, ch. 48.――――A name given to Ariadne by Bacchus, or Liber, when
he had married her. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 513.

=Libĕrālia=, festivals yearly celebrated in honour of Bacchus, the
17th of March. Slaves were then permitted to speak with freedom, and
everything bore the appearance of independence. They were much the
same as the Dionysia of the Greeks. _Varro._

=Libertas=, a goddess of Rome who had a temple on mount Aventine,
raised by Tiberius Gracchus, and improved and adorned by Pollio
with many elegant statues and brazen columns, and a gallery in which
were deposited the public acts of the state. She was represented
as a woman in a light dress, holding a rod in one hand and a cap in
the other, both signs of independence, as the former was used by the
magistrates in the manumission of slaves, and the latter was worn
by slaves, who were soon to be set at liberty. Sometimes a cat was
placed at her feet, as this animal is very fond of liberty, and
impatient when confined. _Livy_, bk. 24, ch. 16; bk. 25, ch. 7.
――_Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 3, poem 1, li. 72.――_Plutarch_, _Gracchus_.
――_Dio Cassius_, bk. 44.

=Lībēthra=, a fountain of Magnesia in Thessaly, or of Bœotia,
according to some, sacred to the muses, who from thence are called
_Libethrides_. _Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 7, li. 21.――_Pliny_, bk. 4,
ch. 9.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.――_Strabo_, bks. 9 & 10.

=Lībethrĭdes=, a name given to the Muses from the fountain Libethra, or
from mount Libethrus in Thrace.

=Libici=, =Libecii=, or =Libri=, a people of Gaul who passed into Italy,
A.U.C. 364. _Livy_, bk. 5, ch. 35; bk. 21, ch. 38.――_Pliny_, bk. 3,
ch. 17.――_Polybius_, bk. 2.

=Libĭtīna=, a goddess at Rome, who presided over funerals. According to
some, she is the same as Venus, or rather Proserpine. Servius Tullius
first raised her a temple at Rome, where everything necessary for
funerals was exposed to sale, and where the registers of the dead
were usually kept. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 4.――_Livy_,
bk. 40, ch. 19.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 5, ch. 2.――_Plutarch_,
_Quæstiones Romanæ_.

=Libo=, a friend of Pompey, who watched over the fleet, &c. _Plutarch._
――――A Roman citizen, &c. _Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 19.――――A friend of the
first triumvirate, who killed himself and was condemned after death.

=Libon=, a Greek architect who built the famous temple of Jupiter
Olympius. He flourished about 450 years before the christian era.

=Libophœnīces=, the inhabitants of the country near Carthage.

=Liburna=, a town of Dalmatia.

=Liburnia=, now _Croatia_, a country of Illyricum, between Istria and
Dalmatia, whence a colony came to settle in Apulia, in Italy. There
were at Rome a number of men whom the magistrates employed as public
heralds, who were called _Liburni_, probably from being originally
of Liburnian extraction. Some ships of a light construction but with
strong beaks were also called _Liburnian_. _Propertius_, bk. 2, poem
11, li. 44.――_Juvenal_, satire 4, li. 75.――_Martial_, bk. 1, ltr. 50,
li. 33.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 37, li. 30; Epode 1, li. 1.――_Lucan_,
bk. 3, li. 534.――_Pliny the Younger_, bk. 6, ltr. 16.――_Mela_, bk. 2,
ch. 3.――_Strabo_, bk. 7.――_Ptolemy_, bk. 2, ch. 17.

=Liburnĭdes=, an island on the coast of Liburnia, in the Adriatic.
_Strabo_, bk. 5.

=Liburnum mare=, the sea which borders on the coasts of Liburnia.

=Liburnus=, a mountain of Campania.

=Lĭbya=, a daughter of Epaphus and ♦Cassiope, who became mother of
Agenor and Belus by Neptune. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1; bk. 3, ch.
1.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 44.――――A name given to Africa, one of the
three grand divisions of the ancient globe. Libya, properly speaking,
is only a part of Africa, bounded on the east by Egypt, and on the
west by that part called by the moderns the kingdom of Tripoli. The
ancients, according to some traditions mentioned by Herodotus and
others, sailed round Africa, by steering westward from the Red sea,
and entered the Mediterranean by the columns of Hercules, after a
perilous navigation of three years. From the word Libya, are derived
the epithets of _Libys_, _Libyssa_, _Libysis_, _Libystis_, _Libycus_,
_Libysticus_, _Libystinus_, _Libystæus_. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4,
li. 106; bk. 5, li. 37.――_Lucan_, bk. 4.――_Sallust_, &c.

♦ ‘Cassiopea’ replaced with ‘Cassiope’ for consistency

=Liby̆cum mare=, that part of the Mediterranean which lies on the coast
of Cyrene. _Strabo_, bk. 2.

=Libycus= and =Libystis=. _See:_ Libya.

=Libys=, a sailor, &c. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3.

=Libyssa=, a river of Bithynia, with a town of the same name, where was
the tomb of Annibal, still extant in the age of Pliny.

=Licates=, a people of Vindelicia.

=Licha=, a city near Lycia.

=Lichades=, small islands near Cæneum, a promontory of Eubœa, called
from Lichas. _See:_ Lichas. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, lis. 155,
218.――_Strabo_, bk. 9.

=Lichas=, a servant of Hercules who brought him the poisoned tunic
from Dejanira. He was thrown by his master into the sea with
great violence, and changed into a rock in the Eubœan sea, by the
compassion of the gods. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 211.

=Liches=, an Arcadian who found the bones of Orestes buried at Tegea,
&c. _Herodotus._

=Licĭnia lex=, was enacted by Lucius Licinius Crassus and Quintus
Mutius, consuls, A.U.C. 659. It ordered all the inhabitants of Italy
to be enrolled on the list of citizens in their respective cities.
――――Another, by Caius Licinius Crassus the tribune, A.U.C. 608. It
transferred the right of choosing priests from the college to the
people. It was proposed, but did not pass.――――Another, by Caius
Licinius Stolo the tribune. It forbade any person to possess 500
acres of land, or keep more than 100 head of large cattle, or 500 of
small.――――Another, by Publius Licinius Varus, A.U.C. 545, to settle
the day for the celebration of the _Ludi Apollinares_, which was
before uncertain.――――Another, by Publius Licinius Crassus Dives,
B.C. 110. It was the same as the Fannian law, and further required
that no more than 30 _asses_ should be spent at any table on the
Calends, nones, or nundinæ, and only three pounds of fresh and one
of salt meat, on ordinary days. None of the fruits of the earth
were forbidden.――――Another, _de sodalitiis_, by Marcus Licinius the
consul, 692. It imposed a severe penalty on party clubs, or societies
assembled or frequented for election purposes, as coming under the
definition of _ambitus_, and of offering violence in some degree to
the freedom and independence of the people.――――Another, called also
_Æbutia_, by Licinius and Æbutius the tribunes. It enacted, that when
any law was proffered with respect to any office or power, the person
who proposed the bill, as well as his colleagues in office, his
friends and relations, should be declared incapable of being invested
with the said office or power.

=Licĭnia=, the wife of Caius Gracchus, who attempted to dissuade her
husband from his seditious measures by a pathetic speech. She was
deprived of her dowry after the death of Caius.――――A vestal virgin
accused of incontinence, but acquitted, A.U.C. 636.――――Another vestal,
put to death for her lasciviousness under Trajan.――――The wife of
Mæcenas, distinguished for conjugal tenderness. She was sister to
Proculeius, and bore also the name of Terentia. _Horace_, bk. 2,
ode 12, li. 13.

=Caius Licĭnius=, a tribune of the people, celebrated for the
consequence of his family, for his intrigues and abilities. He was a
plebeian, and was the first of that body who was raised to the office
of a master of horse to the dictator. He was surnamed _Stolo_, or
_useless sprout_, on account of the law which he had enacted during
his tribuneship. _See:_ Licinia lex, by Stolo. He afterwards made a
law which permitted the plebeians to share the consular dignity with
the patricians, A.U.C. 388. He reaped the benefit of this law, and
was one of the first plebeian consuls. This law was proposed and
passed by Licinius, as it is reported, at the instigation of his
ambitious wife, who was jealous of her sister, who had married a
patrician, and who seemed to be of a higher dignity in being the wife
of a consul. _Livy_, bk. 6, ch. 34.――_Plutarch._――――Caius Calvus,
a celebrated orator and poet in the age of Cicero. He distinguished
himself by his eloquence in the forum, and his poetry, which some
of the ancients have compared to Catullus. His orations are greatly
commended by Quintilian. Some believe that he wrote annals quoted
by Dionysius of Halicarnassus. He died in the 30th year of his age.
_Quintilian._――_Cicero_, _Brutus_, ch. 81.――――Macer, a Roman accused
by Cicero when pretor. He derided the power of his accuser, but when
he saw himself condemned he grew so desperate that he killed himself.
_Plutarch._――――Publius Crassus, a Roman sent against Perseus king
of Macedonia. He was at first defeated, but afterwards repaired his
losses and obtained a complete victory, &c.――――A consul sent against
Annibal.――――Another, who defeated the robbers that infested the
Alps.――――A high priest.――――Caius Imbrex, a comic poet in the age
of Africanus, preferred by some in merit to Ennius and Terence.
His Nævia and Neæra are quoted by ancient authors, but of all his
poetry only two verses are preserved. _Aulus Gellius._――――A consul,
&c.――――Lucullus. _See:_ Lucullus.――――Crassus. _See:_ Crassus.
――――Mucianus, a Roman who wrote about the history and geography of
the eastern countries, often quoted by Pliny. He lived in the reign
of Vespasian.――――Publius Tegula, a comic poet of Rome about 200
years before Christ. He is ranked as the fourth of the best comic
poets which Rome produced. Few lines of his compositions are extant.
He wrote an ode, which was sung all over the city of Rome by nine
virgins during the Macedonian war. _Livy_, bk. 31, ch. 12.――――Varro
Muræna, a brother of Proculeius, who conspired against Augustus with
Fannius Cæpio, and suffered for his crime. Horace addressed his bk. 2,
ode 10 to him, and recommended equanimity in every situation. _Dio
Cassius_, bk. 54.――――Caius Flavius Valerianus, a celebrated Roman
emperor. His father was a poor peasant of Dalmatia, and himself a
common soldier in the Roman armies. His valour recommended him to
the notice of Galerius Maximianus, who had once shared with him the
inferior and subordinate offices of the army, and had lately been
invested with the imperial purple by Diocletian. Galerius loved him
for his friendly services, particularly during the Persian war, and
he showed his regard for his merit by taking him as a colleague in
the empire, and appointing him over the province of Pannonia and
Rhœtia. Constantine, who was also one of the emperors, courted the
favour of Licinius, and made his intimacy more durable by giving him
his sister Constantia in marriage, A. D. 313. The continual successes
of Licinius, particularly against Maximinus, increased his pride,
and rendered him jealous of the greatness of his brother-in-law. The
persecutions of the christians, whose doctrines Constantine followed,
soon caused a rupture, and Licinius had the mortification to lose two
battles, one in Pannonia, and the other near Adrianopolis. Treaties
of peace were made between the contending powers, but the restless
ambition of Licinius soon broke them; and after many engagements
a decisive battle was fought near Chalcedonia. Ill fortune again
attended Licinius, who was conquered, and fled to Nicomedia, where
soon the conqueror obliged him to surrender, and to resign the
imperial purple. The tears of Constantia obtained forgiveness for
her husband, yet Constantine knew what a turbulent and active enemy
had fallen into his hands therefore he ordered him to be strangled
at Thessalonica, A.D. 324. His family was involved in his ruin. The
avarice, licentiousness, and cruelty of Licinius are as conspicuous
as his misfortunes. He was an enemy to learning, and this aversion
totally proceeded from his ignorance of letters, and the rusticity
of his education. His son by Constantia bore also the same name.
He was honoured with the title of Cæsar when scarce 20 months old.
He was involved in his father’s ruin, and put to death by order of
Constantine.

=Licīnus=, a barber and freedman of Augustus, raised by his master to
the rank and dignity of a senator, merely because he hated Pompey’s
family. _Horace_, _Art of Poetry_, li. 301.

=Licymnius=, a son of Electryon and brother of Alcmena. He was so
infirm in his old age, that when he walked, he was always supported
by a slave. Triptolemus son of Hercules, seeing the slave inattentive
to his duty, threw a stick at him, which unfortunately killed
Licymnius. The murderer fled to Rhodes. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.
――_Diodorus_, bk. 5.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2.――_Pindar_, _Olympian_,
poem 7.

=Lide=, a mountain of Caria. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 105.

=Quintus Ligarius=, a Roman proconsul of Africa, after Confidius. In
the civil wars he followed the interest of Pompey, and was pardoned
when Cæsar had conquered his enemies. Cæsar, however, and his
adherents were determined upon the ruin of Ligarius; but Cicero, by
an eloquent oration, still extant, defeated his accusers, and he was
pardoned. He became afterwards one of Cæsar’s murderers. _Cicero_,
_For Ligarius_.――_Plutarch_, _Cæsar_.

=Ligea=, one of the Nereides. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4.

=Liger=, a Rutulian killed by Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 576.

=Liger=, or =Ligĕris=, now _La Loire_, a large river of Gaul, falling
into the Atlantic ocean near Nantes. _Strabo_, bk. 4.――_Pliny_, bk. 4,
ch. 18.――_Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 7, chs. 55 & 75.

=Ligŏras=, an officer of Antiochus king of Syria, who took the town of
Sardis by stratagem, &c.

=Ligŭres=, the inhabitants of Liguria. _See:_ Liguria.

=Ligŭria=, a country on the west of Italy, bounded on the east by the
river Macra, on the south by part of the Mediterranean called the
_Ligustic sea_, on the west by the Varus, and on the north by the
Po. The commercial town of Genoa was anciently and is now the capital
of the country. The origin of the inhabitants is not known, though
in their character they are represented as vain, unpolished, and
addicted to falsehood. According to some they were descended from the
ancient Gauls and Germans, or, as others support, they were of Greek
origin, perhaps the posterity of the Ligyes mentioned by Herodotus.
Liguria was subdued by the Romans, and its chief harbour now bears
the name of _Leghorn_. _Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 442.――_Mela_, bk. 2,
ch. 1.――_Strabo_, bk. 4, &c.――_Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 2, ch. 15.
――_Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 5, &c.――_Livy_, bk. 5, ch. 35; bk. 22, ch. 33;
bk. 39, ch. 6, &c.――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Hannibal_.――_Florus_, bk. 2,
ch. 8.

=Ligurīnus=, a poet. _Martial_, bk. 3, ltr. 50.――――A beautiful youth in
the age of Horace, bk. 4, ode 1, li. 33.

=Ligus=, a woman who inhabited the Alps. She concealed her son from the
pursuit of Otho’s soldiers, &c. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 2, ch. 13.

=Ligustĭcæ Alpes=, a part of the Alps which borders on Liguria,
sometimes called _Maritimi_.

=Ligusticum mare=, the north part of the Tyrrhene sea, now the gulf of
Genoa. _Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 47.

=Ligyes=, a people of Asia who inhabited the country between Caucasus
and the river Phasis. Some suppose them to be a colony of the Ligyes
of Europe, more commonly called Ligures. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 72.
――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1, ch. 10.――_Strabo_, bk. 4.
――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.

=Ligyrgum=, a mountain of Arcadia.

=Lilæa=, a town of Achaia near the Cephisus. _Statius_, _Thebiad_,
bk. 7, li. 348.

=Lĭly̆bæum=, now _Boco_, a promontory of Sicily, with a town of the same
name near the Ægates, now _Marsalla_. The town was strong and very
considerable, and it maintained long sieges against the Carthaginians,
Romans, &c., particularly one of 10 years against Rome in the first
Punic war. It had a port large and capacious, which the Romans, in
the wars with Carthage, endeavoured in vain to stop and fill up with
stones, on account of its convenience and vicinity to the coast of
Africa. Nothing now remains of this once powerful city but the ruins
of temples and aqueducts. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 706.――_Mela_,
bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Strabo_, bk. 6.――_Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 5.
――_Cæsar_, _African War_.――_Diodorus_, bk. 22.

=Limæa=, a river of Lusitania. _Strabo_, bk. 3.

=Limenia=, a town of Cyprus. _Strabo_, bk. 14.

=Limnæ=, a fortified place on the borders of Laconia and Messenia.
_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 14.――――A town of the Thracian Chersonesus.

=Limnæum=, a temple of Diana at Limnæ, from which the goddess was called
Limnæa, and worshipped under that appellation at Sparta and in Achaia.
The Spartans wished to seize the temple in the age of Tiberius, but
the emperor interfered, and gave it to its lawful possessors the
Messenians. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 14; bk. 7, ch. 20.――_Tacitus_,
_Annals_, bk. 4, ch. 43.

=Limnatidia=, a festival in honour of Diana, surnamed _Limnatis_, from
Limnæ, a school of exercise at Trœzene, where she was worshipped, or
from λιμναι, _ponds_, because she presided over fishermen.

=Limniăce=, the daughter of the Ganges, mother of Atys. _Ovid_,
_Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 48.

=Limnonia=, one of the Nereides. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 18.

=Limon=, a place of Campania between Neapolis and Puteoli. _Statius_,
bk. 3, _Sylvæ_, poem 1.

=Limonum=, a town of Gaul, afterwards Pictavi, _Poictiers_. _Cæsar_,
_Gallic War_, bk. 8, ch. 26.

=Limyra=, a town of Lycia at the mouth of the Limyrus. _Ovid_,
_Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 645.――_Velleius_, bk. 2, ch. 102.

=Lincasii=, a people of Gaul Narbonensis.

=Lindum=, a colony of Britain, now Lincoln.

=Lindus=, a city on the south-east part of Rhodes, built by Cercaphus
son of Sol and Cydippe. The Danaides built there a temple to Minerva,
and one of its colonies founded Gela in Sicily. It gave birth to
Cleobulus, one of the seven wise men, and to Chares and Laches, who
were employed in making and finishing the famous Colossus of Rhodes.
_Strabo_, bk. 14.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.
――_Pliny_, bk. 34.――_Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 153.――――A grandson of
Apollo. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3.

=Lingrŏnes=, now _Langres_, a people of Gallia Belgica, made tributary
to Rome by Julius Cæsar. They passed into Italy, where they made some
settlements near the Alps at the head of the Adriatic. _Tacitus_,
_Histories_, bk. 4, ch. 55.――_Martial_, bk. 11, ltr. 57, li. 9; bk.
14, ltr. 159.――_Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 398.――_Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 1,
ch. 26.

=Linterna palus=, a lake of Campania. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 7, li. 278.

=Linternum=, a town of Campania at the mouth of the river Clanis,
where Scipio Africanus died and was buried. _Livy_, bk. 34, ch. 45.
――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 6, li. 654; bk. 7, li. 278.――_Cicero_,
bk. 10, _Letters to Atticus_, ltr. 13.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
bk. 15, li. 713.

=Linus.= This name is common to different persons whose history is
confused, and who are often taken one for the other. One was son of
Urania and Amphimarus the son of Neptune. Another was son of Apollo
by Psammathe, daughter of Crotopus king of Argos. Martial mentions
him in his ltr. 78, bk. 9. The third, son of Ismenius, and born at
Thebes in Bœotia, taught music to Hercules, who in a fit of anger
struck him on the head with his lyre and killed him. He was son of
Mercury and Urania, according to Diogenes, who mentions some of his
philosophical compositions, in which he asserted that the world had
been created in an instant. He was killed by Apollo for presuming to
compare himself to him. Apollodorus, however, and Pausanius mention
that his ridicule of Hercules on his awkwardness in holding the lyre
was fatal to him. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Diogenes Laërtius_,
bk. 1.――_Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 4.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 15;
bk. 9, ch. 20.――――A fountain in Arcadia, whose waters were said to
prevent abortion. _Pliny_, bk. 31, ch. 2.

=Liodes=, one of Penelope’s suitors, killed by Ulysses. _Homer_,
_Odyssey_, 22, &c.

=Lipăra=, the largest of the Æolian islands, on the coast of Sicily, now
called the _Lipari_. It had a city of the same name, which, according
to Diodorus, it received from Liparus the son of Auson, king of these
islands, whose daughter Cyane was married by his successor Æolus,
according to Pliny. The inhabitants of this island were powerful by
sea, and from the great tributes which they paid to Dionysius the
tyrant of Syracuse, they may be called very opulent. The island was
celebrated for the variety of its fruits, and its raisins are still
in general repute. It had some convenient harbours, and a fountain
whose waters were much frequented on account of their medicinal
powers. According to Diodorus, Æolus reigned at Lipara before Liparus.
_Livy_, bk. 5, ch. 28.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 9.――_Silius Italicus_,
bk. 14, li. 57.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 56; bk. 8, li. 417.
――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Strabo_, bk. 6.――――A town of Etruria.

=Lipăris=, a river of Cilicia, whose waters were like oil. _Pliny_,
bk. 5, ch. 27.――_Vitruvius_, bk. 8, ch. 3.

=Liphlum=, a town of the Æqui, taken by the Romans.

=Lipodorus=, one of the Greeks settled in Asia by Alexander, &c.

=Liquentia=, now _Livenza_, a river of Cisalpine Gaul, falling into the
Adriatic sea. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 18.

=Lircæus=, a fountain near Nemæa. _Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 4, li. 711.

=Liriŏpe=, one of the Oceanides, mother of Narcissus by the Cephisus.
_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3, li. 311.――――A fountain of Bœotia on
the borders of Thespis, where Narcissus was drowned, according to
some accounts.

=Liris=, now _Garigliano_, a river of Campania, which it separates from
Latium. It falls into the Mediterranean sea. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.
――_Horace_, bk. 3, ode 17.――_Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 424.――――A warrior
killed by Camilla, &c. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 670.

=Lisinias=, a town of Thessaly. _Livy_, bk. 32, ch. 14.

=Lissa=, the name of a fury which Euripides introduces on the stage,
as conducted by Iris at the command of Juno, to inspire Hercules with
that fatal rage which ended in his death.

=Lisson=, a river of Sicily.

=Lissus=, now _Alesso_, a town of Macedonia, on the confines of
Illyricum. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 2.――_Livy_, bk. 44, ch. 10.――_Lucan_,
bk. 5, li. 719.――――A river of Thrace, falling into the Ægean sea,
between Thasos and Samothracia. It was dried up by the army of Xerxes,
when he invaded Greece. _Strabo_, bk. 7.――_Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 109.

=Lista=, a town of the Sabines, whose inhabitants are called Listini.

=Litabrum=, now _Buitrago_, a town of Spain Tarraconensis. _Livy_,
bk. 32, ch. 14; bk. 35, ch. 22.

=Litana=, a wood in Gallia Togata. _Livy_, bk. 23, ch. 24.

=Litavĭcus=, one of the Ædui, who assisted Cæsar with 10,000 men.
_Cæsar_, _Gallic Wars_, bk. 7, ch. 37.

=Liternum=, a town of Campania.

=Lithobŏlia=, a festival celebrated at Trœzene in honour of Lamia and
Auxesia, who came from Crete, and were sacrificed by the fury of
the seditious populace, and stoned to death. Hence the name of the
solemnity, λιθοβολια, _lapidation_.

=Lithrus=, a town of Armenia Minor. _Strabo._

=Lithubium=, a town of Liguria. _Livy_, bk. 32, ch. 29.

=Lityersas=, an illegitimate son of Midas king of Phrygia. He made
strangers prepare his harvest, and afterwards put them to death. He
was at last killed by Hercules. _Theocritus_, _Idylls_, poem 10.

=Līvia Drusilla=, a celebrated Roman lady, daughter of Lucius Drusus
Calidianus. She married Tiberius Claudius Nero, by whom she had the
emperor Tiberius and Drusus Germanicus. The attachment of her husband
to the cause of Antony was the beginning of her greatness. Augustus
saw her as she fled from the danger which threatened her husband, and
he resolved to marry her, though she was then pregnant. He divorced
his wife Scribonia, and with the approbation of the augurs, he
celebrated his nuptials with Livia. She now took advantage of the
passion of Augustus, in the share that she enjoyed of his power
and imperial dignity. Her children by Drusus were adopted by the
complying emperor; and, that she might make the succession of her
son Tiberius more easy and undisputed, Livia is accused of secretly
involving in one common ruin the heirs and nearest relations of
Augustus. Her cruelty and ingratitude are still more strongly marked,
when she is charged with having murdered her own husband to hasten
the elevation of Tiberius. If she was anxious for the aggrandizement
of her son, Tiberius proved ungrateful, and hated a woman to whom
he owed his life, his elevation, and his greatness. Livia died
in the 86th year of her age, A.D. 29. Tiberius showed himself as
undutiful after her death as before, for he neglected her funeral,
and expressly commanded that no honours, either private or public,
should be paid to her memory. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 1, ch. 3.
――_Suetonius_, _Augustus_ and _Tiberias_.――_Dio Cassius._――――Another.
_See:_ Drusilla.――――Another, called Horestilla, &c. She was debauched
by Galba, as she was going to marry Piso. _Suetonius_, _Galba_,
ch. 25.――――Another, called also Ocellina. She was Galba’s stepmother,
and committed adultery with him. _Suetonius_, _Galba_, ch. 3.

=Līvia lex=, _de sociis_, proposed to make all the inhabitants of Italy
free citizens of Rome. Marcus Livius Drusus, who framed it, was found
murdered in his house before it passed.――――Another by Marcus Livius
Drusus the tribune, A.U.C. 662, which required that the judicial
power should be lodged in the hands of an equal number of knights and
senators.

=Livineius=, a friend of Pompey, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 3, ch. 11,
&c.

=Livilla=, a daughter of Drusus.――――A sister of Caligula, &c. _See:_
Julia.

=Līvius Andronīcus=, a dramatic poet, who flourished at Rome about
240 years before the christian era. He was the first who turned the
personal satires and fescennine verses, so long the admiration of the
Romans, into the form of a proper dialogue and regular play. Though
the character of a player, so valued and applauded in Greece, was
reckoned vile and despicable among the Romans, Andronicus acted a
part in his dramatic compositions and engaged the attention of his
audience, by repeating what he had laboriously formed after the
manner of the Greeks. Andronicus was the freedman of Marcus Livius
Salinator, whose children he educated. His poetry was grown obsolete
in the age of Cicero, whose nicety and judgment would not even
recommend the reading of it. Some few of his verses are preserved
in the _Corpus Poetarum_.――――Marcus Salinator, a Roman consul,
sent against the Illyrians. The success with which he finished the
campaign, and the victory which some years after he obtained over
Asdrubal, who was passing into Italy with a reinforcement for his
brother Annibal, show how deserving he was to be at the head of the
Roman armies. _Livy._――――Drusus, a tribune who joined the patricians
in opposing the ambitious views of Caius Gracchus. _Plutarch_,
_Tiberius Gracchus_.――――An uncle of Cato of Utica. _Plutarch.
_――――Titus, a native of Padua, celebrated for his writings. He
passed the greatest part of his life at Naples and Rome, but more
particularly at the court of Augustus, who liberally patronized the
learned, and encouraged the progress of literature. Few particulars
of his life are known, yet his fame was so universally spread even
in his lifetime, that an inhabitant of Gades traversed Spain, Gaul,
and Italy, merely to see the man whose writings had given him such
pleasure and satisfaction in the perusal. Livy died at Padua, in
his 67th year, and according to some, on that same day Rome was also
deprived of another of its brightest ornaments, by the death of the
poet Ovid, A.D. 17. It is said that Livia had appointed Livy to be
the preceptor to young Claudius the brother of Germanicus, but death
prevented the historian from enjoying an honour to which he was
particularly entitled by his learning and his universal knowledge.
The name of Livy is rendered immortal by his history of the Roman
empire. Besides this, he wrote some philosophical treatises and
dialogues, with a letter addressed to his son, on the merit of
authors, which ought to be read by young men. This letter is
greatly commended by Quintilian, who expatiates with great warmth
on the judgment and candour of the author. His Roman history was
comprehended in 140 books, of which only 35 are extant. It began with
the foundation of Rome, and was continued till the death of Drusus
in Germany. The merit of this history is well known, and the high
rank which Livy holds among historians will never be disputed. He is
always great; his style is clear and intelligible, laboured without
affectation, diffusive without tediousness, and argumentative without
pedantry. In his harangues he is bold and animated, and in his
narrations and descriptions he claims a decided superiority. He is
always elegant, and though many have branded his provincial words
with the name of _Patavinity_, yet the expressions, or rather the
orthography of words, which in Livy are supposed to distinguish a
native of a province of Italy from a native of Rome, are not loaded
with obscurity, and the perfect classic is as familiarly acquainted
with the one as with the other. Livy has been censured, and perhaps
with justice, for being too credulous, and burdening his history
with vulgar notions and superstitious tales. He may disgust when he
mentions that milk and blood were rained from heaven, or that an ox
spoke, or a woman changed her sex, yet he candidly confesses that
he recorded only what made an indelible impression upon the minds of
a credulous age. His candour has also been called in question, and
he has sometimes shown himself too partial to his countrymen, but
everywhere he is an indefatigable supporter of the cause of justice
and virtue. The works of Livy have been divided by some of the
moderns into 14 decades, each consisting of 10 books. The first
decade comprehends the history of 460 years. The second decade is
lost, and the third comprehends the history of the second Punic war,
which includes about 18 years. In the fourth decade, Livy treats of
the wars with Macedonia and Antiochus, which contain about 23 years.
For the first five books of the fifth decade, we are indebted to the
researches of the moderns. They were found at Worms, A.D. 1431. These
are the books that remain of Livy’s history, and the loss which the
celebrated work has sustained by the ravages of time, has in some
measure been compensated by the labours of Johann Freinshemius, who
with great attention and industry has made an epitome of the Roman
history, which is now incorporated with the remaining books of Livy.
The third decade seems to be superior to the others, yet the author
has not scrupled to copy from his contemporaries and predecessors,
and we find many passages taken word for word from Polybius, in which
the latter has shown himself more informed in military affairs, and
superior to his imitator. The best editions of Livy will be found to
be those of Maittaire, 6 vols., 12mo, London, 1722; of Drakenborch,
7 vols., 4to, Amsterdam, 1731; and of Ruddiman, 4 vols., 12mo,
Edinburgh, 1751.――――A governor of Tarentum, who delivered his trust
to Annibal, &c.――――A high priest who devoted Decius to the Dii
Manes.――――A commander of a Roman fleet sent against Antiochus in the
Hellespont.

=Lixus=, a river of Mauritania, with a city of the same name. Antæus
had a palace there, and according to some accounts it was in the
neighbourhood that Hercules conquered him. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 3,
li. 258.――_Mela_, bk. 3, ch. 10.――_Strabo_, bk. 2.――――A son of
Ægyptus. _Apollodorus._

=Lobon=, a native of Argos, who wrote a book concerning poets.
_Diogenes Laërtius._

=Lŏceus=, a man who conspired against Alexander with Dymnus, &c.
_Curtius_, bk. 6, ch. 7.

=Locha=, a large city of Africa, taken and plundered by Scipio’s
soldiers.

=Lochias=, a promontory and citadel of Egypt near Alexandria.

=Locri=, a town of Magna Græcia in Italy on the Adriatic, not far from
Rhegium. It was founded by a Grecian colony about 757 years before
the christian era, as some suppose. The inhabitants were called
_Locri_ or _Locrenses_. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 399――_Strabo.
_――_Pliny._――_Livy_, bk. 22, ch. 6; bk. 23, ch. 30.――――A town of
Locris in ♦Greece.

♦ ‘Greeee’ replaced with ‘Greece’

=Locris=, a country of Greece, whose inhabitants are known by the name
of _Ozolæ_, _Epicnemidii_, and _Opuntii_. The country of the Ozolæ,
called also _Epizephyrii_ from their westerly situation, was at the
north of the bay of Corinth, and extended above 12 miles northward.
On the west it was separated from Ætolia by the Evenus, and it
had Phocis at the east. The chief city was called Naupactus. The
Epicnemidii were at the north of the Ozolæ, and had the bay of Malia
at the east, and Œta on the north. They received their name from the
situation of their residence, near a mountain called Cnemis. They
alone, of all the Locrians, had the privilege of sending members
to the council of the Amphictyons. The Opuntii, who received their
name from their chief city called Opus, were situated on the borders
of the Euripus, and near Phocis and Eubœa. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5.
――_Strabo_, bk. 6, &c.――_Ptolemy._――_Mela._――_Livy_, bk. 26, ch. 26;
bk. 28, ch. 6.――_Pausanias_, _Achaia_ & _Phocis_.

=Locusta=, a celebrated woman at Rome in the favour of Nero. She
poisoned Claudius and Britannicus, and at last attempted to destroy
Nero himself, for which she was executed. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 12,
ch. 66, &c.――_Suetonius_, _Nero_, ch. 33.

=Locutius.= _See:_ Aius.

=Lollia Paulīna=, a beautiful woman, daughter of Marcus Lollius, who
married Caius Memmius Regulus, and afterwards Caligula. She was
divorced and put to death by means of Agrippina. _Tacitus_, _Annals_,
bk. 12, ch. 1, &c.

=Lolliānus Spurius=, a general proclaimed emperor by his soldiers in
Gaul, and soon after murdered, &c.――――A consul, &c.

=Marcus Lollius=, a companion and tutor of Caius Cæsar the son-in-law
of Tiberius. He was consul, and offended Augustus by his rapacity in
the provinces. Horace has addressed two of his epistles to him, &c.
_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 3.

=Londīnum=, the capital of Britain, founded, as some suppose, between
the age of Julius Cæsar and Nero. It has been severally called
_Londinium_, _Lundinum_, &c. Ammianus calls it _vetustum oppidum_.
It is represented as a considerable, opulent, and commercial town,
in the age of Nero. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 14, ch. 33.――_Ammianus._

=Longārēnus=, a man guilty of adultery with Fausta, Sylla’s daughter.
_Horace_, bk. 1, satire 2, li. 67.

=Longimănus=, a surname of Artaxerxes, from his having one hand longer
than the other. The Greeks called him _Macrochir_. _Cornelius Nepos_,
_Kings_.

=Longīnus Dionysius Cassius=, a celebrated Greek philosopher and critic
of Athens. He was preceptor of the Greek language, and afterwards
minister, to Zenobia the famous queen of Palmyra, and his ardent
zeal and spirited activity in her cause proved at last fatal to him.
When the emperor Aurelian entered victorious the gates of Palmyra,
Longinus was sacrificed to the fury of the Roman soldiers, A.D. 273.
At the moment of death he showed himself great and resolute, and with
a philosophical and unparalleled firmness of mind, he even repressed
the tears and sighs of the spectators who pitied his miserable end.
Longinus has rendered his name immortal by his critical remarks on
ancient authors. His treatise on the sublime gives the world reason
to lament the loss of his other valuable compositions. The best
editions of this author are that of Tollius, 4to, Traja. ad Rhen.
1694, and that of Toup, 8vo, Oxford, 1778.――――Cassius, a tribune
driven out of the senate for favouring the interest of Julius Cæsar.
He was made governor of Spain by Cæsar, &c.――――A governor of Judæa.
――――A proconsul.――――A lawyer whom, though blind and respected, Nero
ordered to be put to death, because he had in his possession a
picture of Cassius, one of Cæsar’s murderers. _Juvenal_, satire 10,
li. 6.

=Longobardi=, a nation of Germany. _Tacitus_, _Germania_.

=Longŭla=, a town of Latium on the borders of the Volsci. _Livy_, bk. 2,
chs. 33 & 39; bk. 9, ch. 39.

=Longuntĭca=, a maritime city of Spain Tarraconensis. _Livy_, bk. 22,
ch. 20.

=Longus=, a Roman consul, &c.――――A Greek author who wrote a novel
called the amours of Daphnis and Chloe. The age in which he lived is
not precisely known. The best editions of this pleasing writer are
that of Paris, 4to, 1754, and that of Villoison, 8vo, Paris, 1778.

=Lordi=, a people of Illyricum.

=Lory̆ma=, a town of Doris. _Livy_, bk. 37, ch. 17.

=Lotis=, or =Lotos=, a beautiful nymph, daughter of Neptune. Priapus
offered her violence, and to save herself from his importunities
she implored the gods, who changed her into a tree called _Lotus_,
consecrated to Venus and Apollo. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9,
li. 348.

=Lotŏphăgi=, a people on the coast of Africa near the Syrtes. They
received this name from their living upon the lotus. Ulysses visited
their country, at his return from the Trojan war. _Herodotus_, bk. 4,
ch. 177.――_Strabo_, bk. 17.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 7.――_Pliny_, bk. 5,
ch. 7; bk. 13, ch. 17.

=Lōus=, or =Aous=, a river of Macedonia near Apollonia.

=Lua=, a goddess at Rome, who presided over things which were purified
by lustrations, whence the name (_à luendo_). She is supposed to be
the same as Ops or Rhea.

=Luca=, now _Lucca_, a city of Etruria on the river Arnus. _Livy_,
bk. 21, ch. 5; bk. 41, ch. 13.――_Cicero_, bk. 13, _Letters to his
Friends_, ltr. 13.

=Lucăgus=, one of the friends of Turnus, killed by Æneas. _Virgil_,
_Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 575.

=Lūcāni=, a people of Italy, descended from the Samnites, or from the
Brutii.

=Lūcānia=, a country of Italy between the Tyrrhene and Sicilian seas,
and bounded by Pucetia, the Picentini, and the country of the Brutii.
The country was famous for its grapes. _Strabo_, bk. 6.――_Pliny_,
bk. 3, ch. 5.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Livy_, bk. 8, ch. 17; bk. 9,
ch. 2; bk. 10, ch. 11.――_Horace_, bk. 2, ltr. 2, li. 178.

=Quintus Lucanius=, a centurion in Cæsar’s army, &c. _Cæsar_, _Gallic
War_, bk. 5.

=Lūcānus Marcus Annæus=, a native of Corduba in Spain. He was early
removed to Rome, where his rising talents, and more particularly his
lavished praises and panegyrics, recommended him to the emperor Nero.
This intimacy was soon productive of honour, and Lucan was raised to
the dignity of an augur and questor before he had attained the proper
age. The poet had the imprudence to enter the lists against his
imperial patron; he chose for his subject Orpheus, and Nero took the
tragical story of Niobe. Lucan obtained an easy victory, but Nero
became jealous of his poetical reputation, and resolved upon revenge.
The insults to which Lucan was daily exposed, provoked at last his
resentment, and he joined Piso in a conspiracy against the emperor.
The whole was discovered, and the poet had nothing left but to choose
the manner of his execution. He had his veins opened in a warm bath,
and as he expired he pronounced with great energy the lines which,
in his Pharsalia, bk. 3, lis. 639‒642, he had put into the mouth of
a soldier, who died in the same manner as himself. Some have accused
him of pusillanimity at the moment of his death, and say that, to
free himself from the punishment which threatened him, he accused
his own mother, and involved her in the crime of which he was guilty.
This circumstance, which throws an indelible blot upon the character
of Lucan, is not mentioned by some writers, who observe that he
expired with all the firmness of a philosopher. He died in his 26th
year, A.D. 65. Of all his compositions none but his _Pharsalia_
remains. This poem, which is an account of the civil wars of Cæsar
and Pompey, is unfinished. Opinions are various as to the merit of
the poetry. It possesses neither the fire of Homer, nor the melodious
numbers of Virgil. If Lucan had lived to a greater age, his judgment
and genius would have matured, and he might have claimed a more
exalted rank among the poets of the Augustan age. His expressions,
however, are bold and animated, his poetry entertaining, though his
irregularities are numerous, and, to use the words of Quintilian, he
is more an orator than a poet. He wrote a poem upon the burning of
Rome, now lost. It is said that his wife Polla Argentaria not only
assisted him in the composition of his poem, but even corrected it
after his death. Scaliger says that Lucan rather barks than sings.
The best editions of Lucan are those of Oudendorp, 4to, Leiden, 1728;
of Bentley, 4to, printed at Strawberry-hill, 1760; and of Barbou,
12mo, Paris, 1767. _Quintilian_, bk. 10.――_Suetonius._――_Tacitus_,
_Annals_, bk. 15, &c.――_Martial_, bk. 7, ltr. 20.――――Ocellus, or
Ucellus, an ancient Pythagorean philosopher, whose age is unknown.
He wrote, in the Attic dialect, a book on the nature of the universe,
which he deemed eternal, and from it were drawn the systems adopted
by Aristotle, Plato, and Philo Judæus. This work was first translated
into Latin by Nogarola. Another book of Ocellus on laws, written
in the Doric dialect, was greatly esteemed by Archytas and Plato, a
fragment of which has been preserved by Stobæus, of which, however,
Ocellus is disputed to be the author. There is an edition of Ocellus,
with a learned commentary, by C. Emman. Vizzanius, Bononiæ, 1646, in
4to.

=Lŭcăria=, or =Lŭcĕria=, festivals at Rome, celebrated in a large grove
between the Via Salaria and the Tiber, where the Romans hid themselves
when besieged by the Gauls. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 1, ch. 77.

=Lucius Lucceius=, a celebrated historian, asked by Cicero to write
a history of his consulship. He favoured the cause of Pompey, but
was afterwards pardoned by Julius Cæsar. _Cicero_, _Letters to his
Friends_, bk. 5, ltr. 12, &c.

=Lucceius Albīnus=, a governor of Mauritania after Galba’s death, &c.
_Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 2, ch. 58.

=Lucentum= (or ia), a town of Spain, now _Alicant_.