Chapter D (15)

=Iōpe= and =Joppa=, now _Jafa_, a famous town of Phœnicia, more
ancient than the deluge, according to some traditions. It was about
40 miles from the capital of Judæa, and was remarkable for a seaport
much frequented, though very dangerous on account of the great rocks
that lie before it. _Strabo_, bk. 16, &c.――_Propertius_, bk. 2,
poem 28, li. 51.――――A daughter of Iphicles, who married Theseus.
_Plutarch._

=Iŏphon=, a son of Sophocles, who accused his father of imprudence
in the management of his affairs, &c. _Lucian_, _de Macrobii_.――――A
poet of Gnossus, in Crete. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 34.

=Jordānes=, a river of Judæa, illustrious in sacred history. It rises
near mount Libanus, and after running through the lake Samachonitis,
and that of Tiberias, it falls, after a course of 150 miles, into
the Dead sea. _Strabo_, bk. 16.

=Jornandes=, an historian who wrote a book on the Goths. He died
A.D. 552.

=Ios=, now _Nio_, an island in the Myrtoan sea, at the south of Naxos,
celebrated, as some say, for the tomb of Homer, and the birth of his
mother. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.

=Josēphus Flavius=, a celebrated Jew, born in Jerusalem, who
signalized his military abilities in supporting a siege of 47 days
against Vespasian and Titus, in a small town of Judæa. When the city
surrendered, there were not found less than 40,000 Jews slain, and
the number of captives amounted to 1200. Josephus saved his life
by flying into a cave, where 40 of his countrymen had also taken
refuge. He dissuaded them from committing suicide, and when they had
all drawn lots to kill one another, Josephus fortunately remained
the last, and surrendered himself to Vespasian. He gained the
conqueror’s esteem, by foretelling that he would become one day
the master of the Roman empire. Josephus was present at the siege
of Jerusalem by Titus, and received all the sacred books which it
contained from the conqueror’s hands. He came to Rome with Titus,
where he was honoured with the name and privileges of a Roman
citizen. Here he made himself esteemed by the emperors Vespasian
and Titus, and dedicated his time to study. He wrote the history of
the wars of the Jews, first in Syriac, and afterwards translated it
into Greek. This composition so pleased Titus, that he authenticated
it by placing his signature upon it, and preserving it in one of
the public libraries. He finished another work, which he divided
into 20 books, containing the history of the Jewish antiquities, in
some places subversive of the authority and miracles mentioned in
the scriptures. He also wrote two books to defend the Jews against
Apion their greatest enemy; besides an account of his own life, &c.
Josephus has been admired for his lively and animated style, the
bold propriety of his expressions, the exactness of his descriptions,
and the persuasive eloquence of his orations. He has been called the
Livy of the Greeks. Though in some cases inimical to the christians,
yet he has commended our Saviour so warmly, that St. Jerome calls
him a christian writer. Josephus died A.D. 93, in the 56th year of
his age. The best editions of his works are Hudson’s, 2 vols., folio,
Oxford, 1720, and Havercamp’s, 2 vols., folio, Amsterdam, 1726.
_Suetonius_, _Vespasian_, &c.

=Joviānus Flavius Claudius=, a native of Pannonia, elected emperor of
Rome by the soldiers after the death of Julian. He at first refused
to be invested with the imperial purple, because his subjects
followed the religious principles of the late emperor; but they
removed his groundless apprehensions, and when they assured him
that they were warm for christianity, he accepted the crown. He
made a disadvantageous treaty with the Persians, against whom Julian
was marching with a victorious army. Jovian died seven months and
20 days after his ascension, and was found in his bed suffocated
by the vapour of charcoal, which had been lighted in the room,
A.D. 364. Some attribute his death to intemperance, and say that he
was the son of a baker. He burned a celebrated library at Antioch.
_Marcellinus._

=Iphianassa=, a daughter of Prœtus king of Argos, who, with her
sisters Iphinoe and Lysippe, ridiculed Juno, &c. _See:_ Prœtides.
――――The wife of Endymion.

=Iphĭclus=, or =Iphicles=, a son of Amphitryon and Alcmena, born at
the same birth with Hercules. As these two children were together
in the cradle, Juno, jealous of Hercules, sent two large serpents
to destroy him. At the sight of the serpents, Iphicles alarmed the
house; but Hercules, though not a year old, boldly seized them,
one in each hand, and squeezed them to death. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2,
ch. 4.――_Theocritus._――――A king of Phylace, in Phthiotis, son of
Phylacus and Clymene. He had bulls famous for their bigness, and
the monster which kept them. Melampus, at the request of his brother
[_See:_ Melampus], attempted to steal them away, but he was caught
in the act, and imprisoned. Iphicles soon received some advantages
from the prophetical knowledge of his prisoner, and not only
restored him to liberty, but also presented him with the oxen.
Iphicles, who was childless, learned from the soothsayer how
to become a father. He had married Automedusa, and afterwards
a daughter of Creon king of Thebes. He was father to Podarce
and Protesilaus. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 11; _Iliad_, bk. 13.
――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――_Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 36.――――A
son of Thestius king of Pleuron. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1.

=Iphicrătes=, a celebrated general of Athens, who, though son of
a shoemaker, rose from the lowest station to the highest offices
in the state. He made war against the Thracians, obtained some
victories over the Spartans, and assisted the Persian king against
Egypt. He changed the dress and arms of his soldiers, and rendered
them more alert and expeditious in using their weapons. He married
a daughter of Cotys king of Thrace, by whom he had a son called
Mnesteus, and died 380 B.C. When he was once reproached for the
meanness of his origin, he observed that he would be the first of
his family, but that his detractor would be the last of his own.
_Cornelius Nepos_, _Iphicrates_.――――A sculptor of Athens.――――An
Athenian sent to Darius III. king of Persia, &c. _Curtius_, bk. 3,
ch. 13.

=Iphĭdămus=, a son of Antenor and Theano, killed by Agamemnon. _Homer_,
_Iliad_, bk. 11.

=Iphĭdĕmīa=, a Thessalian woman, ravished by the Naxians, &c.

=Iphĭgēnĭa=, a daughter of Agamemnon and Clytemnestra. When the
Greeks, going to the Trojan war, were detained by contrary winds at
Aulis, they were informed by one of the soothsayers, that to appease
the gods, they must sacrifice Iphigenia, Agamemnon’s daughter, to
Diana. _See:_ Agamemnon. The father, who had provoked the goddess
by killing her favourite stag, heard this with the greatest horror
and indignation, and rather than to shed the blood of his daughter,
he commanded one of his heralds, as chief of the Grecian forces,
to order all the assembly to depart each to his respective home.
Ulysses and the other generals interfered, and Agamemnon consented
to immolate his daughter for the common cause of Greece. As
Iphigenia was tenderly loved by her mother, the Greeks sent for
her on pretence of giving her in marriage to Achilles. Clytemnestra
gladly permitted her departure, and Iphigenia came to Aulis: here
she saw the bloody preparations for the sacrifice; she implored the
forgiveness and protection of her father, but tears and entreaties
were unavailing. Calchas took the knife in his hand, and as he was
going to strike the fatal blow, Iphigenia suddenly disappeared,
and a goat of uncommon size and beauty was found in her place for
the sacrifice. This supernatural change animated the Greeks, the
wind suddenly became favourable, and the combined fleet set sail
from Aulis. Iphigenia’s innocence had raised the compassion of
the goddess on whose altar she was going to be sacrificed, and she
carried her to Taurica, where she entrusted her with the care of her
temple. In this sacred office Iphigenia was obliged, by the command
of Diana, to sacrifice all the strangers who came into that country.
Many had already been offered as victims on the bloody altar, when
Orestes and Pylades came to Taurica. Their mutual and unparalleled
friendship [_See:_ Pylades and Orestes] disclosed to Iphigenia
that one of the strangers whom she was going to sacrifice was her
brother; and, upon this, she conspired with the two friends to
fly from the barbarous country, and carry away the statue of the
goddess. They successfully effected their enterprise, and murdered
Thoas, who enforced the human sacrifices. According to some authors,
the Iphigenia who was sacrificed at Aulis was not a daughter of
Agamemnon, but a daughter of Helen by ♦Theseus. Homer does not speak
of the sacrifice of Iphigenia, though very minute in the description
of the Grecian forces, adventures, &c. The statue of Diana, which
Iphigenia brought away, was afterwards placed in the grove of
Aricia in Italy. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 22; bk. 3, ch. 16.――_Ovid_,
_Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 31.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 2, ch. 116.
――_Aeschylus._――_Euripides._

♦ ‘Thesus’ replaced with ‘Theseus’

=Iphĭmĕdīa=, a daughter of Tropias, who married the giant Alœus. She
fled from her husband, and had two sons, Otus and Ephialtes, by
Neptune, her father’s father. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 11, li. 124.
――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 22.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 7.

=Iphimedon=, a son of Eurystheus, killed in a war against the Athenians
and Heraclidæ. _Apollodorus._

=Iphĭmĕdūsa=, one of the daughters of Danaus, who married Euchenor.
_See:_ Danaides.

=Iphinoe=, one of the principal women of Lemnos, who conspired to
destroy all the males of the island after their return from a
Thracian expedition. _Flaccus_, bk. 2, li. 163.――――One of the
daughters of Prœtus. She died of a disease while under the care of
Melampus. _See:_ Prœtides.

=Iphinous=, one of the centaurs. _Ovid._

=Iphis=, son of Alector, succeeded his father on the throne of Argos.
He advised Polynices, who wished to engage Amphiaraus in the Theban
war, to bribe his wife Eriphyle, by giving her the golden collar
of Harmonia. This succeeded, and Eriphyle betrayed her husband.
_Apollodorus_, bk. 3.――_Flaccus_, bks. 1, 3, & 7.――――A beautiful
youth of Salamis, of ignoble birth. He became enamoured of Anaxarete,
and the coldness and contempt he met with rendered him so desperate
that he hung himself. Anaxarete saw him carried to his grave
without emotion, and was instantly changed into a stone. _Ovid_,
_Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 703.――――A daughter of Thespius.
_Apollodorus._――――A mistress of Patroclus, given him by Achilles.
_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 9.――――A daughter of Ligdus and Telethusa, of
Crete. When Telethusa was pregnant, Ligdus ordered her to destroy
her child, if it proved a daughter, because his poverty could
not afford to maintain a useless charge. The severe orders of her
husband alarmed Telethusa, and she would have obeyed, had not Isis
commanded her in a dream to spare the life of her child. Telethusa
brought forth a daughter, which was given to a nurse, and passed
for a boy under the name of Iphis. Ligdus continued ignorant of the
deceit, and when Iphis was come to the years of puberty, her father
resolved to give her in marriage to Ianthe, the beautiful daughter
of Telestes. A day to celebrate the nuptials was appointed, but
Telethusa and her daughter were equally anxious to put off the
marriage; and, when all was unavailing, they implored the assistance
of Isis, by whose advice the life of Iphis had been preserved. The
goddess was moved; she changed the sex of Iphis, and, on the morrow,
the nuptials were consummated with the greatest rejoicings. _Ovid_,
_Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 666, &c.

=Iphition=, an ally of the Trojans, son of Otryntheus and Nais, killed
by Achilles. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 20, li. 382.

=Iphĭtus=, a son of Eurytus king of Œchalia. When his father had
promised his daughter Iole to him who could overcome him or his sons
in drawing the bow, Hercules accepted the challenge, and came off
victorious. Eurytus refused his daughter to the conqueror, observing
that Hercules had killed one of his wives in a fury, and that Iole
might perhaps share the same fate. Some time after, Autolycus stole
away the oxen of Eurytus, and Hercules was suspected of the theft.
Iphitus was sent in quest of the oxen, and in his search he met with
Hercules, whose good favours he had gained by advising Eurytus to
give Iole to the conqueror. Hercules assisted Iphitus in seeking
the lost animals; but when he recollected the ingratitude of Eurytus,
he killed Iphitus by throwing him down from the walls of Tirynthus.
_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 21.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 6.――――A
Trojan, who survived the ruin of his country, and fled with Æneas
to Italy. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 2, li. 340, &c.――――A king of Elis,
son of Praxonides, in the age of Lycurgus. He re-established the
olympic games 338 years after their institution by Hercules, or
about 884 years before the christian era. This epoch is famous in
chronological history, as everything previous to it seems involved
in fabulous obscurity. _Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 8.――_Pausanias_,
bk. 5, ch. 4.

=Iphthime=, a sister of Penelope, who married Eumelus. She appeared,
by the power of Minerva, to her sister in a dream, to comfort her
in the absence of her son Telemachus. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 4,
li. 795.

=Ipsea=, the mother of Medea. _Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 17, li. 232.

=Ipsus=, a place of Phrygia, celebrated for a battle which was fought
there, about 301 years before the christian era, between Antigonus
and his son, and Seleucus, Ptolemy, Lysimachus, and Cassander. The
former led into the field an army of above 70,000 foot and 10,000
horse, with 75 elephants. The latter’s forces consisted of above
64,000 infantry, besides 10,500 horse, 400 elephants, and 120
armed chariots. Antigonus and his son were defeated. _Plutarch_,
_Demetrius_.

=Ira=, a city of Messenia, which Agamemnon promised to Achilles, if
he would resume his arms to fight against the Trojans. This place is
famous in history, as having supported a siege of 11 years against
the Lacedæmonians. Its capture, B.C. 671, put an end to the second
Messenian war. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 9, lis. 150 & 292.――_Strabo_,
bk. 7.

=Irenæus=, a native of Greece, disciple of Polycarp, and bishop
of Lyons in France. He wrote on different subjects; but, as what
remains is in Latin, some suppose that he composed in that language,
and not in the Greek. Fragments of his works in Greek are, however,
preserved, which prove that his style was simple, though clear and
often animated. His opinions concerning the soul are curious. He
suffered martyrdom, A.D. 202. The best edition of his works is that
of Grabe, Oxford, folio, 1702.

=Irēne=, a daughter of Cratinus the painter. _Pliny_, bk. 35, ch. 11.
――――One of the seasons among the Greeks, called by the moderns Horæ.
Her two sisters were Dia and Eunomia, all daughters of Jupiter and
Themis. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 3.

=Iresus=, a delightful spot in Libya, near Cyrene, where Battus
fixed his residence. The Egyptians were once defeated there by the
inhabitants of Cyrene. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 158, &c.

=Iris=, a daughter of Thaumas and Electra, one of the Oceanides,
messenger of the gods, and more particularly of Juno. Her office
was to cut the thread which seemed to detain the soul in the body
of those that were expiring. She is the same as the rainbow, and,
from that circumstance, she is represented with wings, with all the
variegated and beautiful colours of the rainbow, and appears sitting
behind Juno ready to execute her commands. She is likewise described
as supplying the clouds with water to deluge the world. _Hesiod_,
_Theogony_, li. 266.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 271 _et
seq._; bk. 4, li. 481; bk. 10, li. 585.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4,
li. 694.――――A river of Asia Minor, rising in Cappadocia, and falling
into the Euxine sea. _Flaccus_, bk. 5, li. 121.――――A river of Pontus.

=Irus=, a beggar of Ithaca, who executed the commissions of Penelope’s
suitors. When Ulysses returned home, disguised in a beggar’s dress,
Irus hindered him from entering the gates, and even challenged
him. Ulysses brought him to the ground with a blow, and dragged
him out of the house. From his poverty originates the proverb,
_Iro pauperior_. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 8, lis. 1 & 35.――_Ovid_,
_Tristia_, bk. 3, poem 7, li. 42.――――A mountain of India.

=Is=, a small river falling into the Euphrates. Its waters abound with
bitumen. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 179.――――A small town on the river
of the same name. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 179.

=Isădas=, a Spartan, who, upon seeing the Thebans entering the city,
stripped himself naked, and with a spear and sword engaged the enemy.
He was rewarded with a crown for his valour. _Plutarch._

=Isæa=, one of the Nereides.

=Isæus=, an orator of Chalcis, in Eubœa, who came to Athens, and
became there the pupil of Lysias, and soon after the master
of Demosthenes. Some suppose that he reformed the dissipation
and imprudence of his early years by frugality and temperance.
Demosthenes imitated him in preference to Isocrates, because he
studied force and energy of expression rather than floridness of
style. Ten of his 64 orations are extant. _Juvenal_, satire 3,
li. 74.――_Plutarch_, _Lives of the Ten Orators_.――_Demosthenes._
――――Another Greek orator, who came to Rome, A.D. 17. He is greatly
recommended by Pliny the younger, who observes that he always spoke
extempore, and wrote with elegance, unlaboured ease, and great
correctness.

=Isamus=, a river of India.

=Isander=, a son of Bellerophon, killed in the war which his father
made against the Solymi. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 6.

=Isāpis=, a river of Umbria. _Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 406.

=Isar= and =Isara=, the _Isore_, a river of Gaul, where Fabius routed
the Allobroges. It rises at the east of Savoy, and falls into the
Rhone near Valence. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 4.――_Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 399.
――――Another called the Oyse, which falls into the Seine below Paris.

=Isar= and =Isæus=, a river of Vindelicia. _Strabo_, bk. 4.

=Isarchus=, an Athenian archon, B.C. 424.

=Isaura= (a, or orum), the chief town of Isauria. _Pliny_, bk. 5,
ch. 27.

=Isauria=, a country of Asia Minor, near mount Taurus, whose
inhabitants were bold and warlike. The Roman emperors, particularly
Probus and Gallus, made war against them and conquered them.
_Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 6.――_Strabo._――_Cicero_, bk. 15, _Letters to
his Friends_, ltr. 2.

=Isaurĭcus=, a surname of Publius Servilius, from his conquests over
the Isaurians. _Ovid_, bk. 1, _Fasti_, li. 594.――_Cicero_, bk. 5,
_Letters to Atticus_, ltr. 21.

=Isaurus=, a river of Umbria, falling into the Adriatic.――――Another in
Magna Græcia. _Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 406.

=Ischenia=, an annual festival at Olympia, in honour of Ischenus the
grandson of Mercury and Hiera, who, in a time of famine, devoted
himself for his country, and was honoured with a monument near
Olympia.

=Ischolaus=, a brave and prudent general of Sparta, &c. _Polyænus._

=Ischomăchus=, a noble athlete of Crotona, about the consulship of
Marcus Valerius and Publius Posthumius.

=Ischopŏlis=, a town of Pontus.

=Iscia.= _See:_ Œnotrides.

=Isdegerdes=, a king of Persia, appointed by the will of Arcadius,
guardian to Theodosius II. He died in his 31st year, A.D. 408.

=Isia=, certain festivals observed in honour of Isis, which continued
nine days. It was usual to carry vessels full of wheat and barley,
as the goddess was supposed to be the first who taught mankind the
use of corn. These festivals were adopted by the Romans, among whom
they soon degenerated into licentiousness. They were abolished by a
decree of the senate, A.U.C. 696. They were introduced again, about
200 years after, by Commodus.

=Isiacōrum portus=, a harbour on the shore of the Euxine, near Dacia.

=Isidōrus=, a native of Charax, in the age of Ptolemy Lagus, who wrote
some historical treatises, besides a description of Parthia.――――A
disciple of Chrysostom, called _Pelusiota_, from his living in Egypt.
Of his epistles 2012 remain written in Greek, with conciseness
and elegance. The best edition is that of Paris, folio, 1638.――――A
christian Greek writer, who flourished in the seventh century. He is
surnamed _Hispalensis_. His works have been edited, folio, de Breul,
Paris, 1601.

=Isis=, a celebrated deity of the Egyptians, daughter of Saturn and
Rhea, according to Diodorus of Sicily. Some suppose her to be the
same as Io, who was changed into a cow, and restored to her human
form in Egypt, where she taught agriculture, and governed the people
with mildness and equity, for which reason she received divine
honours after death. According to some traditions mentioned by
Plutarch, Isis married her brother Osiris, and was pregnant by
him even before she had left her mother’s womb. These two ancient
deities, as some authors observe, comprehended all nature, and all
the gods of the heathens. Isis was the Venus of Cyprus, the Minerva
of Athens, the Cybele of the Phrygians, the Ceres of Eleusis, the
Proserpine of Sicily, the Diana of Crete, the Bellona of the Romans,
&c. Osiris and Isis reigned conjointly in Egypt; but the rebellion
of Typhon the brother of Osiris proved fatal to this sovereign.
_See:_ Osiris and Typhon. The ox and cow were the symbols of Osiris
and Isis, because these deities, while on earth, had diligently
applied themselves in cultivating the earth. _See:_ Apis. As Isis
was supposed to be the moon, and Osiris the sun, she was represented
as holding a globe in her hand, with a vessel full of ears of corn.
The Egyptians believed that the yearly and regular inundations of
the Nile proceeded from the abundant tears which Isis shed for the
loss of Osiris, whom Typhon had basely murdered. The word _Isis_,
according to some, signifies _ancient_, and, on that account, the
inscriptions on the statues of the goddess were often in these words:
_I am all that has been, that shall be, and none among mortals has
hitherto taken off my veil_. The worship of Isis was universal in
Egypt; the priests were obliged to observe perpetual chastity, their
head was closely shaved, and they always walked barefooted, and
clothed themselves in linen garments. They never ate onions, they
abstained from salt with their meat, and were forbidden to eat the
flesh of sheep and of hogs. During the night they were employed in
continual devotion near the statue of the goddess. Cleopatra the
beautiful queen of Egypt was wont to dress herself like this goddess,
and affected to be called a second Isis. _Cicero_, _De Divinatione_,
bk. 1.――_Plutarch_, _De Iside et Osiride_.――_Diodorus_, bk. 1.
――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1.――_Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 59.
――_Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 831.

=Ismărus= (Ismăra, plural), a rugged mountain of Thrace, covered with
vines and olives, near the Hebrus, with a town of the same name. Its
wines are excellent. The word _Ismarius_ is indiscriminately used
for Thracian. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 9.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk.
2, li. 37; _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 351.――――A Theban, son of Astacus.
――――A son of Eumolpus. _Apollodorus._――――A Lydian who accompanied
Æneas to Italy, and fought with great vigour against the Rutuli.
_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 139.

=Ismēne=, a daughter of Œdipus and Jocasta, who, when her sister
Antigone had been condemned to be buried alive by Creon, for giving
burial to her brother Polynices against the tyrant’s positive orders,
declared herself as guilty as her sister, and insisted upon being
equally punished with her. This instance of generosity was strongly
opposed by Antigone, who wished not to see her sister involved in
her calamities. _Sophocles_, _Antigone_.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch.
5.――――A daughter of the river Asopus, who married the hundred-eyed
Argus, by whom she had Jasus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 2.

=Ismēnias=, a celebrated musician of Thebes. When he was taken
prisoner by the Scythians, Atheas the king of the country observed
that he liked the music of Ismenias better than the braying of an
ass. _Plutarch_, _Apophthegmata Laconica_.――――A Theban, bribed by
Timocrates of Rhodes, that he might use his influence to prevent the
Athenians and some other Grecian states from assisting Lacedæmon,
against which Xerxes was engaged in war. _Pausanias_, bk. 3,
ch. 9.――――A Theban general, sent to Persia with an embassy by
his countrymen. As none were admitted into the king’s presence
without prostrating themselves at his feet, Ismenias had recourse
to artifice to avoid doing an action which would have proved
disgraceful to his country. When he was introduced he dropped
his ring, and the motion he made to recover it from the ground
was mistaken for the most submissive homage, and Ismenias had a
satisfactory audience of the monarch.――――A river of Bœotia, falling
into the Euripus, where Apollo had a temple, from which he was
called _Ismenius_. A youth was yearly chosen by the Bœotians to
be the priest of the god, an office to which Hercules was once
appointed. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 10.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_
bk. 2.――_Strabo_, bk. 9.

=Ismenĭdes=, an epithet applied to the Theban women, as being near the
Ismenus, a river of Bœotia. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 31.

=Ismenius=, a surname of Apollo at Thebes, where he had a temple on
the borders of the Ismenus.

=Ismēnus=, a son of Apollo and Melia, one of the Nereides, who gave
his name to the Ladon, a river of Bœotia, near Thebes, falling into
the Asopus, and thence into the Euripus. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 10.
――――A son of Asopus and Metope. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 12.――――A
son of Amphion and Niobe, killed by Apollo. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3,
ch. 5.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, fable 6.

=Isŏcrătes=, a celebrated orator, son of Theodorus, a rich musical
instrument maker at Athens. He was taught in the schools of Georgias
and Prodicus, but his oratorical abilities were never displayed in
public, and Isocrates was prevented by an unconquerable timidity
from speaking in the popular assemblies. He opened a school of
eloquence at Athens, where he distinguished himself by the number,
character, and fame of his pupils, and by the immense riches which
he amassed. He was intimate with Philip of Macedon, and regularly
corresponded with him; and to his familiarity with that monarch the
Athenians were indebted for some of the few peaceful years which
they passed. The aspiring ambition of Philip, however, displeased
Isocrates, and the defeat of the Athenians at Cheronæa had such an
effect upon his spirits, that he did not survive the disgrace of
his country, but died, after he had been four days without taking
any aliment, in the 99th year of his age, about 338 years before
Christ. Isocrates has always been much admired for the sweetness and
graceful simplicity of his style, for the harmony of his expressions,
and the dignity of his language. The remains of his orations extant
inspire the world with the highest veneration for his abilities as
a moralist, an orator, and, above all, as a man. His merit, however,
is lessened by those who accuse him of plagiarism from the works of
Thucydides, Lysias, and others, seen particularly in his panegyric.
He was so studious of correctness, that his lines are sometimes
poetry. The severe conduct of the Athenians against Socrates highly
displeased him, and, in spite of all the undeserved unpopularity
of that great philosopher, he put on mourning the day of his death.
About 31 of his orations are extant. Isocrates was honoured after
death with a brazen serpent by Timotheus, one of his pupils, and
Aphareus his adopted son. The best editions of Isocrates are that of
Battie, 2 vols., 8vo, Cambridge, 1729, and that of Auger, 3 vols.,
8vo, Paris, 1782. _Plutarch_, _Lives of the Ten Orators_, &c.
――_Cicero_, _Orator_, ch. 20; _De Inventione_, bk. 2, ch. 126;
_Brutus_, ch. 15; _On Oratory_, bk. 2, ch. 6.――_Quintilian_, bk. 2,
&c.――_Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 16.――――One of the officers of the
Peloponnesian fleet, &c. _Thucydides._――――One of the disciples of
Isocrates.――――A rhetorician of Syria, enemy to the Romans, &c.

=Issa=, now _Lissa_, an island in the Adriatic sea, on the coast of
Dalmatia.――――A town of Illyricum. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Strabo_,
bk. 1, &c.――_Marcellinus_, bk. 26, ch. 25.

=Isse=, a daughter of Macareus the son of Lycaon. She was beloved
by Apollo, who, to obtain her confidence, changed himself into the
form of a shepherd, to whom she was attached. This metamorphosis
of Apollo was represented on the web of Arachne. _Ovid_,
_Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, li. 124.

=Issus=, now _Aisse_, a town of Cilicia, on the confines of Syria,
famous for a battle fought there between Alexander the Great and
the Persians under Darius their king, in October, B.C. 333, in
consequence of which it was called _Nicopolis_. In this battle
the Persians lost, in the field of battle, 100,000 foot and 10,000
horse, and the Macedonians only 300 foot and 150 horse, according to
Diodorus Siculus. The Persian army, according to Justin, consisted
of 400,000 foot and 100,000 horse, and 61,000 of the former and 10,
000 of the latter were left dead on the spot, and 40,000 were taken
prisoners. The loss of the Macedonians, as he further adds, was
no more than 130 foot and 150 horse. According to Curtius, the
Persians slain amounted to 100,000 foot and 10,000 horse; and those
of Alexander to 32 foot and 150 horse killed, and 504 wounded. This
spot is likewise famous for the defeat of Niger by Severus, A.D. 194.
_Plutarch_, _Alexander_.――_Justin_, bk. 11, ch. 9.――_Curtius_, bk. 3,
ch. 7.――_Arrian._――_Diodorus_, bk. 17.――_Cicero_, bk. 5, _Letters to
Atticus_, ltr. 20; _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 2, ltr. 10.

=Ister= and =Istrus=, an historian, disciple to Callimachus. _Diogenes
Laërtius._――――A large river of Europe, falling into the Euxine sea,
called also the _Danube_. _See:_ Danubius.――――A son of Ægyptus.
_Apollodorus._

=Isthmia=, sacred games among the Greeks, which received their names
from the Isthmus of Corinth, where they were observed. They were
celebrated in commemoration of Melicerta, who was changed into a sea
deity, when his mother Ino had thrown herself into the sea with him
in her arms. The body of Melicerta, according to some traditions,
when cast upon the sea-shore, received an honourable burial, in
memory of which the Isthmian games were instituted, B.C. 1326.
They were interrupted after they had been celebrated with great
regularity during some years, and Theseus at last reinstituted them
in honour of Neptune, whom he publicly called his father. These
games were observed every third, or rather fifth, year, and held so
sacred and inviolable that even a public calamity could not prevent
the celebration. When Corinth was destroyed by Mummius the Roman
general, they were observed with the usual solemnity, and the
Sicyonians were entrusted with the superintendence, which had been
before one of the privileges of the ruined Corinthians. Combats
of every kind were exhibited, and the victors were rewarded with
garlands of pine leaves. Some time after the custom was changed, and
the victor received a crown of dry and withered parsley. The years
were reckoned by the celebration of the Isthmian games, as among
the Romans from the consular government. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 44;
bk. 2, chs. 1 & 2.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 5.――_Plutarch_, _Theseus_.

=Isthmius=, a king of Messenia, &c. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 3.

=Isthmus=, a small neck of land which joins one country to another,
and prevents the sea from making them separate, such as that of
Corinth, called often the Isthmus by way of eminence, which joins
Peloponnesus to Greece. Nero attempted to cut it across and make a
communication between the two seas, but in vain. It is now called
_Hexamili_. _Strabo_, bk. 1.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 2.――_Pliny_, bk. 4,
ch. 4.――_Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 101.

=Istiæotis=, a country of Greece, near Ossa. _See:_ Histiæotis.

=Istria=, a province at the west of Illyricum, at the top of the
Adriatic sea, whose inhabitants were originally pirates, and lived
on plunder. They were not subjected to Rome till six centuries after
the foundation of that city. _Strabo_, bk. 1.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.
――_Livy_, bk. 10, &c.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 19.――_Justin_, bk. 9,
ch. 2.

=Istropŏlis=, a city of Thrace near the mouth of the Ister, founded by
a Milesian colony. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 11.

=Isus= and =Antĭphus=, sons of Priam, the latter by Hecuba, and the
former by a concubine. They were seized by Achilles, as they fed
their father’s flocks on mount Ida; but they were redeemed by Priam,
and fought against the Greeks. They were both killed by Agamemnon.
_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 11.――――A city of Bœotia. _Strabo_, bk. 9.

=Itălia=, a celebrated country of Europe, bounded by the Adriatic and
Tyrrhene seas, and by the Alpine mountains. It has been compared,
and with some similitude, to a man’s leg. It has borne, at different
periods, the different names of Saturnia, Œnotria, Hesperia,
Ausonia, and Tyrrhenia, and it received the name of Italy either
from Italus, a king of the country, or from Italos, a Greek word
which signifies _an ox_, an animal very common in that part of
Europe. The boundaries of Italy appear to have been formed by nature
itself, which seems to have been particularly careful in supplying
this country with whatever may contribute not only to the support,
but also to the pleasures and luxuries of life. It has been called
the garden of Europe; and the panegyric which Pliny bestows upon it
seems not in any degree exaggerated. The ancient inhabitants called
themselves _Aborigines_, offspring of the soil, and the country
was soon after peopled by colonies from Greece. The Pelasgi and the
Arcadians made settlements there, and the whole country was divided
into as many different governments as there were towns, till the
rapid increase of the Roman power [_See:_ Roma] changed the face
of Italy, and united all its states in support of one common cause.
Italy has been the mother of arts as well as of arms, and the
immortal monuments which remain of the eloquence and poetical
abilities of its inhabitants are universally known. It was divided
into 11 small provinces or regions by Augustus, though sometimes
known under the three greater divisions of Cisalpine Gaul, Italy
properly so called, and Magna Græcia. The sea above was called
_Superum_, and that at the south _Inferum_. _Ptolemy_, bk. 3, ch. 1.
――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus._――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Justin_, bk. 4,
&c.――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Dion_, _Alcibiades_, &c.――_Livy_, bk. 1,
ch. 2, &c.――_Varro_, _de Re Rustica_, bk. 2, chs. 1 & 5.――_Virgil_,
_Æneid_, bk. 1, &c.――_Polybius_, bk. 2.――_Florus_, bk. 2.――_Ælian_,
_Varia Historia_, bk. 1, ch. 16.――_Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 397, &c.
――_Pliny_, bk. 3, chs. 5 & 8.

=Italĭca=, a town of Italy, called also Corfinium.――――A town of Spain,
now _Sevilla la Vieja_, built by Scipio for the accommodation of his
wounded soldiers. _Aulus Gellius_, bk. 16, ch. 13.――_Appian_, _Wars
in Spain_.

=Italĭcus=, a poet. _See:_ Silius Italicus.

=Itălus=, a son of Telegonus. _Hyginus_, fable 127.――――An Arcadian
prince, who came to Italy, where he established a kingdom, called
after him. It is supposed that he received divine honours after
death, as Æneas calls upon him among the deities to whom he paid his
adoration when he entered Italy. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 178.
――――A prince, whose daughter Roma by his wife Leucaria is said to
have married Æneas or Ascanius. _Plutarch_, _Romulus_.――――A king of
the Cherusci, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 1, ch. 16.

=Itargris=, a river of Germany.

=Itea=, a daughter of Danaus. _Hyginus_, fable 170.

=Itemales=, an old man who exposed Œdipus on mount Cithæron, &c.
_Hyginus_, fable 65.

=Ithăca=, a celebrated island in the Ionian sea, on the western parts
of Greece, with a city of the same name, famous for being part of
the kingdom of Ulysses. It is very rocky and mountainous, measures
about 25 miles in circumference, and is now known by the name of
_Isola del Compare_, or _Thiachi_. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2, li. 139;
_Odyssey_, bk. 1, li. 186; bk. 4, li. 601; bk. 9, li. 20.――_Strabo_,
bks. 1 & 8.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.

=Ithacesiæ=, three islands opposite Vibo, on the coast of the Brutii.
――――Baiæ was called also _Ithacesiæ_, because built by Bajus the
pilot of Ulysses. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 540; bk. 12, li. 113.

=Ithobălus=, a king of Tyre, who died B.C. 595. _Josephus._

=Ithōme=, a town of Phthiotis. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2.――――Another of
Messenia, which surrendered, after 10 years’ siege, to Lacedæmon,
724 years before the christian era. Jupiter was call _Ithomates_,
from a temple which he had there, where games were also celebrated,
and the conqueror rewarded with an oaken crown. _Pausanias_, bk. 4,
ch. 32.――_Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 4, li. 179.――_Strabo_, bk. 8.

=Ithomaia=, a festival in which musicians contended, observed at
Ithome, in honour of Jupiter, who had been nursed by the nymphs
Ithome and Neda, the former of whom gave her name to a city, and
the latter to a river.

=Ithyphallus=, an obscene name of Priapus. _Columella_, bk. 10.
――_Diodorus_, bk. 1.

=Itius Portus=, a town of Gaul, now Wetsand, or Boulogne, in Picardy.
Cæsar set sail from thence on his passage into Britain. _Cæsar_,
_Gallic War_, bk. 4, ch. 21; bk. 5, chs. 2 & 5.

=Itōnia=, a surname of Minerva, from a place in Bœotia, where she was
worshipped.

=Itōnus=, a king of Thessaly, son of Deucalion, who first invented the
manner of polishing metals. _Lucan_, bk. 6, li. 402.

=Ituna=, a river of Britain, now Eden, in Cumberland.

=Itūræa=, a country of Palestine, whose inhabitants were very skilful
in drawing the bow. _Lucan_, bk. 7, lis. 230 & 514.――_Virgil_,
_Æneid_, bk. 2, li. 448.――_Strabo_, bk. 17.

=Itūrum=, a town of Umbria.

=Ity̆lus=, a son of Zetheus and Ædon, killed by his mother. _See:_
Ædon. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 19, li. 462.

=Ityræi=, a people of Palestine. _See:_ Ituræa.

=Itys=, a son of Tereus king of Thrace by Procne, daughter of Pandion
king of Athens. He was killed by his mother when he was about six
years old, and served up as meat before his father. He was changed
into a pheasant, his mother into a swallow, and his father into
an owl. _See:_ Philomela. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, li. 620;
_Amores_, bk. 2, poem 14, li. 29.――_Horace_, bk. 4, ode 12.――――A
Trojan who came to Italy with Æneas, and was killed by Turnus.
_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 574.

=Juba=, a king of Numidia and Mauritania, who succeeded his father
Hiempsal, and favoured the cause of Pompey against Julius Cæsar.
He defeated Curio, whom Cæsar had sent to Africa, and after the
battle of Pharsalia, he joined his forces to those of Scipio. He
was conquered in a battle at Thapsus, and totally abandoned by his
subjects. He killed himself with Petreius, who had shared his good
fortune and his adversity. His kingdom became a Roman province, of
which Sallust was the first governor. _Plutarch_, _Pompey_ & _Cæsar_.
――_Florus_, bk. 4, ch. 12.――_Suetonius_, _Cæsar_, ch. 35.――_Dio
Cassius_, bk. 41.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 6.――_Lucan_, bk. 3, &c.
――_Cæsar_, _Civil War_, bk. 2.――_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 54.――――The
second of that name was the son of Juba I. He was led among the
captives to Rome, to adorn the triumph of Cæsar. His captivity
was the source of the greatest honours, and his application to
study procured him more glory than he could have obtained from the
inheritance of a kingdom. He gained the hearts of the Romans by the
courteousness of his manners, and Augustus rewarded his fidelity
by giving him in marriage Cleopatra the daughter of Antony, and
conferring upon him the title of king, and making him master of all
the territories which his father once possessed. His popularity was
so great, that the Mauritanians rewarded his benevolence by making
him one of their gods. The Athenians raised him a statue, and the
Æthiopians worshipped him as a deity. Juba wrote a history of Rome
in Greek, which is often quoted and commended by the ancients, but
of which only a few fragments remain. He also wrote on the history
of Arabia and the antiquities of Assyria, chiefly collected from
Berosus. Besides these he composed some treatises upon the drama,
Roman antiquities, the nature of animals, painting, grammar, &c.,
now lost. _Strabo_, bk. 17.――_Suetonius_, _Caligula_, ch. 26.
――_Pliny_, bk. 5, chs. 25 & 32.――_Dio Cassius_, bk. 51, &c.

=Judacilius=, a native of Asculum celebrated for his patriotism, in
the age of Pompey, &c.

=Judæa=, a famous country of Assyria, bounded by Arabia, Egypt,
Phœnicia, the Mediterranean sea, and part of Syria. The inhabitants,
whose history is best collected from the Holy Scriptures, were
chiefly governed after their Babylonish captivity by the high
priests, who raised themselves to the rank of princes, B.C. 153, and
continued in the enjoyment of regal power till the age of Augustus.
_Plutarch_, _de Iside et Osiride_.――_Strabo_, bk. 16.――_Dio Cassius_,
bk. 36.――_Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 5, ch. 6.――_Lucan_, bk. 2,
li. 593.

=Jugālis=, a surname of Juno, because she presided over marriage.
_Festus_, _Lexicon of Festus_.

=Jugantes=, a people of Britain. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 12, ch. 32.

=Jugarius=, a street in Rome, below the Capitol.

=Jugurtha=, the illegitimate son of Manastabal the brother of Micipsa.
Micipsa and Manastabal were the sons of Masinissa king of Numidia.
Micipsa, who had inherited his father’s kingdom, educated his nephew
with his two sons, Adherbal and Hiempsal; but, as he was of an
aspiring disposition, he sent him with a body of troops to the
assistance of Scipio, who was besieging Numantia, hoping to lose
a youth whose ambition seemed to threaten the tranquillity of his
children. His hopes were frustrated; Jugurtha showed himself brave
and active, and endeared himself to the Roman general. Micipsa
appointed him successor to his kingdom with his two sons, but
the kindness of the father proved fatal to the children. Jugurtha
destroyed Hiempsal, and stripped Adherbal of his possessions, and
obliged him to fly to Rome for safety. The Romans listened to the
well-grounded complaints of Adherbal, but Jugurtha’s gold prevailed
among the senators, and the suppliant monarch, forsaken in his
distress, perished by the snares of his enemy. Cæcilius Metellus
was at last sent against Jugurtha, and his firmness and success
soon reduced the crafty Numidian, and obliged him to fly among his
savage neighbours for support. Marius and Sylla succeeded Metellus,
and fought with equal success. Jugurtha was at last betrayed by his
father-in-law Bocchus, from whom he claimed assistance, and he was
delivered into the hands of Sylla, after carrying on a war of five
years. He was exposed to the view of the Roman people, and dragged
in chains to adorn the triumph of Marius. He was afterwards put
in a prison, where he died six days after of hunger, B.C. 106. The
name and the wars of Jugurtha have been immortalized by the pen
of Sallust. _Sallust_, _Jugurthine War_.――_Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 1.
――_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 10, &c.――_Plutarch_, _Caius Marius_ &
_Sulla_.――_Eutropius_, bk. 4, ch. 3.

=Julia lex=, _prima de provinciis_, by Julius Cæsar, A.U.C. 691. It
confirmed the freedom of all Greece; it ordained that the Roman
magistrates should act there as judges, and that the towns and
villages through which the Roman magistrates and ambassadors passed
should maintain them during their stay; that the governors, at the
expiration of their office, should leave a scheme of their accounts
in two cities of their province, and deliver a copy of it at the
public treasury; that the provincial governors should not accept
of a golden crown unless they were honoured with a triumph by the
senate; that no supreme commander should go out of his province,
enter any dominions, lead an army, or engage in a war, without the
previous approbation and command of the Roman senate and people.
――――Another, _de sumptibus_, in the age of Augustus. It limited the
expense of provisions on the _dies profesti_, or days appointed for
the transaction of business, to 200 sesterces; on common calendar
festivals to 300; and on all extraordinary occasions, such as
marriages, births, &c., to 1000.――――Another, _de provinciis_, by
Julius Cæsar Dictator. It ordained that no pretorian province should
be held more than one year, and a consular province more than two
years.――――Another, called also _Campana agraria_, by the same, A.U.C.
691. It required that all the lands of Campania, formerly rented
according to the estimation of the state, should be divided among
the plebeians, and that all the members of the senate should bind
themselves by an oath to establish, confirm, and protect that law.
――――Another, _de civitate_, by Lucius Julius Cæsar, A.U.C. 664. It
rewarded with the name and privileges of citizens of Rome all such
as, during the civil wars, had remained the constant friends of
the republican liberty. When that civil war was at an end, all the
Italians were admitted as free denizens, and composed eight new
tribes.――――Another, _de judicibus_, by Julius Cæsar. It confirmed
the Pompeian law in a certain manner, requiring the judges to be
chosen from the richest people in every _century_, allowing the
senators and knights in the number, and excluding the _tribuni
ærarii_.――――Another, _de ambitu_, by Augustus. It restrained the
illicit measures used at elections, and restored to the _comitia_
their ancient privileges, which had been destroyed by the ambition
and bribery of Julius Cæsar.――――Another, by Augustus, _de adulterio
& pudicitiâ_. It punished adultery with death. It was afterwards
confirmed and enforced by Domitian. _Juvenal_, satire 2, li. 30,
alludes to it.――――Another, called also _Papia_, or _Papia Poppæa_,
which was the same as the following, only enlarged by the consuls
Papius and Poppæus, A.U.C. 762.――――Another, _de maritandis
ordinibus_, by Augustus. It proposed rewards to such as engaged in
matrimony, of a particular description. It inflicted punishment on
celibacy, and permitted the patricians, the senators and sons of
senators excepted, to intermarry with the _libertini_, or children
of those that had been _liberti_, or servants manumitted. Horace
alludes to it when he speaks of _lex marita_.――――Another, _de
majestate_, by Julius Cæsar. It punished with _aquæ & ignis
interdictio_ all such as were found guilty of the _crimen
majestatis_, or treason against the state.

=Julia=, a daughter of Julius Cæsar, by Cornelia, famous for her
personal charms and for her virtues. She married Cornelius Cæpio,
whom her father obliged her to divorce to marry Pompey the Great.
Her amiable disposition more strongly cemented the friendship of the
father and of the son-in-law; but her sudden death in child-bed, B.C.
53, broke all ties of intimacy and relationship, and soon produced
a civil war. _Plutarch._――――The mother of Marcus Antony, whose
humanity is greatly celebrated in saving her brother-in-law Julius
Cæsar from the cruel prosecutions of her son.――――An aunt of Julius
Cæsar, who married Caius Marius. Her funeral oration was publicly
pronounced by her nephew.――――The only daughter of the emperor
Augustus, remarkable for her beauty, genius, and debaucheries.
She was tenderly loved by her father, who gave her in marriage to
Marcellus; after whose death she was given to Agrippa, by whom she
had five children. She became a second time a widow, and was married
to Tiberius. Her lasciviousness and debaucheries so disgusted her
husband, that he retired from the court of the emperor; and Augustus,
informed of her lustful propensities and infamy, banished her
from his sight, and confined her in a small island on the coast of
Campania. She was starved to death, A.D. 14, by order of Tiberius,
who had succeeded to Augustus as emperor of Rome. _Plutarch._――――A
daughter of the emperor Titus, who prostituted herself to her
brother Domitian.――――A daughter of Julia the wife of Agrippa, who
married Lepidas, and was banished for her licentiousness.――――A
daughter of Germanicus and Agrippina, born in the island of Lesbos,
A.D. 17. She married a senator called Marcus Vinucius, at the age
of 16, and enjoyed the most unbounded favours in the court of her
brother Caligula, who is accused of being her first seducer. She was
banished by Caligula on suspicion of conspiracy. Claudius recalled
her; but she was soon after banished by the powerful intrigues of
Messalina, and put to death about the 24th year of her age. She
was no stranger to the debaucheries of the age, and she prostituted
herself as freely to the meanest of the people as to the nobler
companions of her brother’s extravagance. Seneca, as some suppose,
was banished to Corsica for having seduced her.――――A celebrated
woman, born in Phœnicia. She is also called Domna. She applied
herself to the study of geometry and philosophy, &c., and rendered
herself conspicuous, as much by her mental as by her personal charms.
She came to Rome, where her learning recommended her to all the
literati of the age. She married Septimius Severus, who, 20 years
after this matrimonial connection, was invested with the imperial
purple. Severus was guided by the prudence and advice of Julia, but
he was blind to her foibles, and often punished with the greatest
severity those vices which were enormous in the empress. She is
even said to have conspired against the emperor, but she resolved to
blot out, by patronizing literature, the spots which her debauchery
and extravagance had rendered indelible in the eyes of virtue. Her
influence, after the death of Severus, was for some time productive
of tranquillity and cordial union between his two sons and
successors. Geta at last, however, fell a sacrifice to his brother
Caracalla, and Julia was even wounded in the arm while she attempted
to screen her favourite son from his brother’s dagger. According to
some, Julia committed incest with her son Caracalla, and publicly
married him. She starved herself when her ambitious views were
defeated by Macrinus, who aspired to the empire in preference to
her, after the death of Caracalla.――――A town of Gallia Togata.

=Juliacum=, a town of Germany, now _Juliers_.