Chapter M (33)

=Somnus=, son of Erebus and Nox, was one of the infernal deities, and
presided over sleep. His palace, according to some mythologists,
is a dark cave where the sun never penetrates. At the entrance
are a number of poppies and somniferous herbs. The god himself is
represented as asleep on a bed of feathers with black curtains. The
dreams stand by him, and Morpheus, as his principal minister, watches
to prevent the noise from awaking him. The Lacedæmonians always
placed the image of Somnus near that of death. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_.
――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 14.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 893.
――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11.

=Sonchis=, an Egyptian priest, in the age of Solon. It was he who told
that celebrated philosopher a number of traditions, particularly
about the Atlantic isles, which he represented as more extensive than
the continent of Africa and Asia united. This island disappeared, it
is said, in one day and one night. _Plutarch_, _de Iside et Osiride_,
&c.

=Sontiătes=, a people in Gaul.

=Sopăter=, a philosopher of Apamea, in the age of the emperor
Constantine. He was one of the disciples of Iamblicus, and after his
death he was at the head of the Platonic philosophers.

=Sophax=, a son of Hercules and Tinga the widow of Antæus, who founded
the kingdom of Tingis, in Mauritania, and from whom were descended
Diodorus, and Juba king of Mauritania. _Strabo_, bk. 3.

=Sophēne=, a country of Armenia, on the borders of Mesopotamia. _Lucan_,
bk. 2, li. 593.

=Sŏphŏcles=, a celebrated tragic poet of Athens, educated in the school
of Æschylus. He distinguished himself not only as a poet, but also as
a statesman. He commanded the Athenian armies, and in several battles
he shared the supreme command with Pericles, and exercised the office
of archon with credit and honour. The first appearance of Sophocles
as a poet reflects great honour on his abilities. The Athenians had
taken the island of Scyros, and to celebrate that memorable event, a
yearly contest for tragedy was instituted. Sophocles on this occasion
obtained the prize over many competitors, in the number of whom
was Æschylus, his friend and his master. This success contributed
to encourage the poet; he wrote for the stage with applause, and
obtained the poetical prize 20 different times. Sophocles was the
rival of Euripides for public praise; they divided the applause
of the populace, and while the former surpassed in the sublime and
majestic, the other was not inferior in the tender and pathetic. The
Athenians were pleased with their contention, and as the theatre was
at that time an object of importance and magnitude, and deemed an
essential and most magnificent part of the religious worship, each
had his admirers and adherents; but the two poets, captivated at
last by popular applause, gave way to jealousy and rivalship. Of
120 tragedies which Sophocles composed, only seven are extant: Ajax,
Electra, Œdipus the tyrant, Antigone, the Trachiniæ, Philoctetes, and
Œdipus at Colonos. The ingratitude of the children of Sophocles is
well known. They wished to become immediate masters of their father’s
possessions, and therefore, tired of his long life, they accused
him before the Areopagus of insanity. The only defence the poet made
was to read his tragedy of Œdipus at Colonos, which he had lately
finished, and then he asked his judges, whether the author of such
a performance could be taxed with insanity? The father upon this
was acquitted, and the children returned home covered with shame
and confusion. Sophocles died in the 91st year of his age, 406 years
before Christ, through excess of joy, as some authors report, of
having obtained a poetical prize at the Olympic games. Athenæus has
accused Sophocles of licentiousness and debauchery, particularly when
he commanded the armies of Athens. The best editions of Sophocles are
those of Capperonier, 2 vols., 4to, Paris, 1780; of Glasgow, 2 vols.,
12mo, 1745; of Geneva, 4to, 1603; and that by Brunck, 4 vols., 8vo,
1786. _Cicero_, _Against Catiline_; _de Divinatione_, bk. 1, ch. 25.
――_Plutarch_, _Cimon_, &c.――_Quintilian_, bk. 1, ch. 10; bk. 10,
ch. 1.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 8, ch. 7; bk. 9, ch. 12.――_Pliny_,
bk. 7, ch. 53.――_Athenæus_, bk. 10, &c.

=Sophonisba=, a daughter of Asdrubal the Carthaginian, celebrated for
her beauty. She married Syphax, a prince of Numidia, and when her
husband was conquered by the Romans and Masinissa, she fell a captive
into the hands of the enemy. Masinissa became enamoured of her, and
married her. This behaviour displeased the Romans; and Scipio, who
at that time had the command of the armies of the republic in Africa,
rebuked the monarch severely, and desired him to part with Sophonisba.
This was an arduous task for Masinissa, yet he dreaded the Romans.
He entered Sophonisba’s tent with tears in his eyes, and told her
that, as he could not deliver her from captivity and the jealousy of
the Romans, he recommended her, as the strongest pledge of his love
and affection for her person, to die like the daughter of Asdrubal.
Sophonisba obeyed, and drank, with unusual composure and serenity,
the cup of poison which Masinissa sent to her, about 203 years before
Christ. _Livy_, bk. 30, ch. 12, &c.――_Sallust_, _Jugurthine War_.
――_Justin._

=Sophron=, a comic poet of Syracuse, son of Agathocles and Damasyllis.
His compositions were so universally esteemed, that Plato is said
to have read them with rapture. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 8, ch. 7.
――_Quintilian_, bk. 1, ch. 10.

=Sophroniscus=, the father of Socrates.

=Sophronia=, a Roman lady whom Maxentius took by force from her
husband’s house, and married. Sophronia killed herself when she saw
that her affections were abused by the tyrant.

=Sophrosy̆ne=, a daughter of Dionysius by Dion’s sister.

=Sopŏlis=, the father of Hermolaus. _Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 7.――――A
painter in Cicero’s age. _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 4,
ltr. 16.

=Sora=, a town of the Volsci, of which the inhabitants were called
_Sorani_. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 395.――_Cicero_, _For
Plancius_.

=Soractes= and =Soracte=, a mountain of Etruria, near the Tiber, seen
from Rome, at the distance of 26 miles. It was sacred to Apollo, who
is from thence surnamed _Soractis_; and it is said that the priests
of the god could walk over burning coals without hurting themselves.
There was, as some report, a fountain on mount Soracte, whose waters
boiled at sunrise, and instantly killed all such birds as drank
of them. _Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 93; bk. 7, ch. 2.
――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 9.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 785.
――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 5.

=Sorānus=, a man put to death by Nero. _See:_ Valerius.――――The father
of Atilia the first wife of Cato.

=Sorex=, a favourite of Sylla, and the companion of his debaucheries.
_Plutarch._

=Sorge=, a daughter of Œneus king of Calydon, by Æthea daughter
of Thestius. She married Andremon, and was mother of Oxilus.
_Apollodorus_, bks. 1 & 2.

=Soritia=, a town of Spain.

=Sosia Galla=, a woman at the court of Tiberius, banished, &c.
_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 4, ch. 19.

=Sosibius=, a grammarian of Laconia, B.C. 255. He was a great favourite
of Ptolemy Philopator, and advised him to murder his brother, and
the queen his wife, called Arsinoe. He lived to a great age, and was
on that account called _Polychronos_. He was afterwards permitted
to retire from the court, and spend the rest of his days in peace
and tranquillity after he had disgraced the name of minister by the
most abominable crimes, and the murder of many of the royal family.
His son, of the same name, was preceptor to king Ptolemy Epiphanes.
――――The preceptor of Britannicus the son of Claudius. _Tacitus_,
_Annals_, bk. 11, ch. 1.

=Sosĭcles=, a Greek who behaved with great valour when Xerxes invaded
Greece.

=Sosicrătes=, a noble senator among the Achæans, put to death because
he wished his countrymen to make peace with the Romans.

=Sosigĕnes=, an Egyptian mathematician, who assisted Julius Cæsar in
regulating the Roman calendar. _Suetonius._――_Diodorus._――_Pliny_,
bk. 18, ch. 25.――――A commander of the fleet of Eumenes. _Polyænus_,
bk. 4.――――A friend of Demetrius Poliorcetes.

=Sosii=, celebrated booksellers at Rome, in the age of Horace, bk. 1,
ltr. 20, li. 2.

=Sosĭlus=, a Lacedæmonian in the age of Annibal. He lived in great
intimacy with the Carthaginian, taught him Greek, and wrote the
history of his life. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Hannibal_.

=Sosipăter=, a grammarian in the reign of Honorius. He published five
books of observations on grammar.――――A Syracusan magistrate.――――A
general of Philip king of Macedonia.

=Sosis=, a seditious Syracusan, who raised tumults against Dion.
When accused before the people he saved himself by flight, and thus
escaped a capital punishment.

=Sosistrătus=, a tyrant of Syracuse, in the age of Agathocles. He
invited Pyrrhus into Sicily, and afterwards revolted from him. He was
at last removed by Hermocrates. _Polyænus_, bk. 1.――――Another tyrant.
_Polyænus_, bk. 1.

=Sospis=, a consul who followed the interest of Mark Antony.――――A
governor of Syria.――――A Roman consular dignity, to whom Plutarch
dedicated his Lives.

=Sospĭta=, a surname of Juno in Latium. Her most famous temple was at
Lanuvium. She had also two at Rome, and her statue was covered with
a goat-skin, with a buckler, &c. _Livy_, bks. 3, 6, 8, &c.――_Festus_,
_Lexicon of Festus_.

=Sosthĕnes=, a general of Macedonia, who flourished B.C. 281. He
defeated the Gauls under Brennus, and was killed in the battle.
_Justin_, bk. 24, ch. 5.――――A native of Cnidos, who wrote a history
of Iberia. _Plutarch._

=Sostrătus=, a friend of Hermolaus, put to death for conspiring against
Alexander. _Curtius_, bk. 1, ch. 6.――――A grammarian in the age of
Augustus. He was Strabo’s preceptor. _Strabo_, bk. 14.――――A statuary.
――――An architect of Cnidos, B.C. 284, who built the white tower of
Pharos, in the bay of Alexandria. He inscribed his name upon it.
_See:_ Pharos. _Strabo_, bk. 17.――_Pliny_, bk. 30, ch. 12.――――A
priest of Venus at Paphos, among the favourites of Vespasian.
_Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――――A favourite of Hercules.
――――A Greek historian, who wrote an account of Etruria.――――A poet,
who wrote a poem on the expedition of Xerxes into Greece. _Juvenal_,
satire 10, li. 178.

=Sotădes=, an athlete. A Greek poet of Thrace. He wrote verses against
Philadelphus Ptolemy, for which he was thrown into the sea in a cage
of lead. He was called _Cinædus_, not only because he was addicted
to the abominable crime which the surname indicates, but because he
wrote a poem in commendation of it. Some suppose, that instead of
the word _Socraticos_ in the 2nd satire, verse the 10th, of Juvenal,
the word _Sotadicos_ should be inserted, as the poet Sotades, and
not the philosopher Socrates, deserved the appellation of Cinædus.
Obscene verses were generally called _Sotadea carmina_ from him.
They could be turned and read different ways without losing their
measure or sense, such as the following, which can be read
backwards:

_Roma tibi subito motibus ibit amor.
Si bene te tua laus taxat, sua laute tenebis.
Sole medere pede, ede, perede melos._

_Quintilian_, bk. 1, ch. 8; bk. 9, ch. 4.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ltr. 3.
――_Ausonius_, ltr. 17, li. 29.

=Soter=, a surname of the first Ptolemy.――――It was also common to other
monarchs.

=Soteria=, days appointed for thanksgivings and the offerings of
sacrifices for deliverance from danger. One of these was observed at
Sicyone, to ♦commemorate the deliverance of that city from the hands
of the Macedonians, by Aratus.

♦ ‘commemmorate’ replaced with ‘commemorate’

=Soterĭcus=, a poet and historian in the age of Diocletian. He wrote
a panegyric on that emperor, as also a life of Apollonius Thyanæus.
His works, greatly esteemed, are now lost, except some few fragments
preserved by the scholiast of Lycophron.

=Sothis=, an Egyptian name of the constellation called Sirius, which
received divine honours in that country.

=Sotiates=, a people of Gaul, conquered by Cæsar. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_,
bk. 3, chs. 20 & 21.

=Sotion=, a grammarian and philosopher of Alexandria, preceptor to
Seneca. _Seneca_, ltrs. 49 & 58.

=Sotius=, a philosopher in the reign of Tiberius.

=Sous=, a king of Sparta, who made himself known by his valour, &c.

=Sozŏmen=, an ecclesiastical historian, who died 450 A.D. His history
extends from the year 324 to 429, and is dedicated to Theodosius the
younger, being written in a style of inelegance and mediocrity. The
best edition is that of Reading, folio, Cambridge, 1720.

=Spaco=, the name of Cyrus. _Justin_, bk. 1, ch. 4.――_Herodotus._

=Sparta=, a celebrated city of Peloponnesus, the capital of Laconia,
situate on the Eurotas, at the distance of about 30 miles from its
mouth. It received its name from Sparta the daughter of Eurotas, who
married Lacedæmon. It was also called Lacedæmon. _See:_ Lacedæmon.

=Spartăcus=, a king of Pontus.――――Another, king of Bosphorus, who
died B.C. 433. His son and successor of the same name died B.C. 407.
――――Another, who died 284 B.C.――――A Thracian shepherd, celebrated for
his abilities and the victories which he obtained over the Romans.
Being one of the gladiators who were kept at Capua in the house of
Lentulus, he escaped from the place of his confinement, with 30 of
his companions, and took up arms against the Romans. He soon found
himself with 10,000 men equally resolute with himself, and though
at first obliged to hide himself in the woods and solitary retreats
of Campania, he soon laid waste the country; and when his followers
were increased by additional numbers, and better disciplined, and
more completely armed, he attacked the Roman generals in the field
of battle. Two consuls and other officers were defeated with much
loss, and Spartacus, superior in counsel and abilities, appeared more
terrible, though often deserted by his fickle attendants. Crassus
was sent against him, but this celebrated general at first despaired
of success. A bloody battle was fought, in which, at last, the
gladiators were defeated. Spartacus ♦behaved with great valour: when
wounded in the leg, he fought on his knees, covering himself with his
buckler in one hand, and using his sword with the other; and when at
last he fell, he fell upon a heap of Romans, whom he had sacrificed
to his fury, B.C. 71. In this battle no less than 40,000 of the
rebels were slain, and the war totally finished. _Florus_, bk. 3,
ch. 20.――_Livy_, bk. 95.――_Eutropius_, bk. 6, ch. 2.――_Plutarch_,
_Crassus_.――_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 30.――_Appian._

♦ ‘bahaved’ replaced with ‘behaved’

=Spartæ=, or =Sparti=, a name given to those men who sprang from the
dragon’s teeth which Cadmus sowed. They all destroyed one another,
except five, who survived and assisted Cadmus in building Thebes.

=Spartāni=, or =Spartiātæ=, the inhabitants of Sparta. _See:_ Sparta,
Lacedæmon.

=Spartiānus Ælius=, a Latin historian who wrote the lives of all
the Roman emperors, from Julius Cæsar to Diocletian. He dedicated
them to Diocletian, to whom, according to some, he was related. Of
these compositions only the life of Adrian, Verus, Didius Julianus,
Septimus Severus, Caracalla, and Geta, are extant, published among
the Scriptores Historiæ Augustæ. Spartianus is not esteemed as an
historian or biographer.

=Spechia=, an ancient name of the island of Cyprus.

=Spendius=, a Campanian deserter who rebelled against the Romans and
raised tumults, and made war against Amilcar the Carthaginian general.

=Spendon=, a poet of Lacedæmon.

=Sperchīa=, a town of Thessaly, on the banks of the Sperchius.
_Ptolemy._

=Sperchīus=, a river of Thessaly, rising on mount Œta, and falling
into the sea in the bay of Malia, near Anticyra. The name is supposed
to be derived from its rapidity (σπερχειν, _festinare_). Peleus
vowed to the god of this river the hair of his son Achilles, if ever
he returned safe from the Trojan war. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 198.
――_Strabo_, bk. 9.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 23, li. 144.――_Apollodorus_,
bk. 3, ch. 13.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1,
li. 557; bk. 2, li. 250; bk. 7, li. 230.

=Spermatophăgi=, a people who lived in the extremest parts of Egypt.
They fed upon the fruits that fell from the trees.

=Speusippus=, an Athenian philosopher, nephew, as also successor, of
Plato. His father’s name was Eurymedon, and his mother’s Potone. He
presided in Plato’s school for eight years, and disgraced himself
by his extravagance and debauchery. Plato attempted to check him,
but to no purpose. He died of the lousy sickness, or killed himself,
according to some accounts, B.C. 339. _Plutarch_, _Lysander_.
――_Diogenes Laërtius_, bk. 4.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 4, ch. 1.

=Sphacteriæ=, three small islands opposite Pylos, on the coast of
Messenia. They are also called _Sphagiæ_.

=Spherus=, an arm-bearer of Pelops son of Tantalus. He was buried in
a small island near the isthmus of Corinth, which, from him, was
called _Sphetia_. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 10.――――A Greek philosopher,
disciple to Zeno of Cyprus, 243 B.C. He came to Sparta in the age of
Agis and Cleomenes, and opened a school there. _Plutarch_, _Agis_.
――_Diodorus._

=Sphinx=, a monster which had the head and breasts of a woman, the body
of a dog, the tail of a serpent, the wings of a bird, the paws of a
lion, and a human voice. It sprang from the union of Orthos with the
Chimæra, or of Typhon with Echidna. The Sphinx had been sent into
the neighbourhood of Thebes by Juno, who wished to punish the family
of Cadmus, which she persecuted with immortal hatred, and it laid
this part of Bœotia under continual alarms by proposing enigmas, and
devouring the inhabitants if unable to explain them. In the midst
of their consternation the Thebans were told by the oracle, that
the Sphinx would destroy herself as soon as one of the enigmas she
proposed was explained. In this enigma she wished to know what animal
walked on four legs in the morning, two at noon, and three in the
evening. Upon this, Creon king of Thebes promised his crown and his
sister Jocasta in marriage to him who could deliver his country from
the monster by a successful explanation of the enigma. It was at
last happily explained by Œdipus, who observed that man walked on
his hands and feet when young, or in the morning of life, at the noon
of life he walked erect, and in the evening of his days he supported
his infirmities upon a stick. _See:_ Œdipus. The Sphinx no sooner
heard this explanation than she dashed her head against a rock, and
immediately expired. Some mythologists wish to unriddle the fabulous
traditions about the Sphinx, by the supposition that one of the
daughters of Cadmus, or Laius, infested the country of Thebes by
her continual depredations, because she had been refused a part of
her father’s possessions. The lion’s paw expressed, as they observe,
her cruelty, the body of the dog her lasciviousness, her enigmas
the snares she laid for strangers and travellers, and her wings
the despatch she used in her expeditions. _Plutarch._――_Hesiod_,
_Theogony_, li. 326.――_Hyginus_, fable 68.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3,
ch. 5.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Ovid_, _Ibis_, li. 378.――_Strabo_, bk. 9.
――_Sophocles_, _Œdipus Tyrannus_.

=Sphodrias=, a Spartan who, at the instigation of Cleombrotus,
attempted to seize the Piræus. _Diodorus_, bk. 15.

=Sphragidium=, a retired cave on mount Cithæron in Bœotia. The nymphs
of the place, called _Sphragitides_, were yearly honoured with a
sacrifice by the Athenians, by order of the oracle of Delphi, because
they had lost few men at the battle of Platæa. _Pliny_, bk. 35, ch. 6.
――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 3.――_Plutarch_, _Aristeides_.

=Spicillus=, a favourite of Nero. He refused to assassinate his master,
for which he was put to death in a cruel manner.

=Spina=, now _Primaso_, a town on the most southern mouth of the Po.
_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 16.

=Spintharus=, a Corinthian architect, who built Apollo’s temple at
Delphi. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 5.――――A freedman of Cicero. _Letters
to Atticus_, bk. 13, ltr. 25.

=Spinther=, a Roman consul. He was one of Pompey’s friends, and
accompanied him at the battle of Pharsalia, where he betrayed his
meanness by being too confident of victory, and contending for
the possession of Cæsar’s offices and gardens before the action.
_Plutarch._

=Spio=, one of the Nereides. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 26.

=Spitamĕnes=, one of the officers of king Darius, who conspired against
the murderer Bessus, and delivered him to Alexander. _Curtius_, bk. 7,
ch. 5.

=Spithobătes=, a satrap of Ionia, son-in-law of Darius. He was killed
at the battle of the Granicus. _Diodorus_, bk. 17.

=Spithridates=, a Persian killed by Clitus as he was going to strike
Alexander dead.――――A Persian satrap in the age of Lysander.

=Spoletium=, now _Spoleto_, a town of Umbria, which bravely withstood
Annibal while he was in Italy. The people were called _Spoletani_.
Water is conveyed to the town from a neighbouring ♦fountain by an
aqueduct of such a great height, that in one place the top is raised
above the foundation 230 yards. An inscription over the gates still
commemorates the defeat of Annibal. _Martial_, bk. 13, ltr. 20.

♦ ‘fountani’ replaced with ‘fountain’

=Spŏrădes=, a number of islands in the Ægean sea. They received their
name _à_ σπειρω, _spargo_, because they are scattered in the sea at
some distance from Delos, and in the neighbourhood of Crete. Those
islands that are contiguous to Delos, and that encircle it, are
called _Cyclades_. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Strabo_, bk. 2.

=Spurīna=, a mathematician and astrologer, who told Julius Cæsar to
beware of the ides of March. As he went to the senate-house on the
morning of the ides, Cæsar said to Spurina, “The ides are at last
come.” “Yes,” replied Spurina, “but not yet past.” Cæsar was murdered
a few moments after. _Suetonius_, _Cæsar_, ch. 81.――_Valerius
Maximus_, bks. 1 & 8.

=Spurius=, a prænomen common to many of the Romans.――――One of Cæsar’s
murderers.――――Latius, a Roman who defended the bridge over the Tiber
against Porsenna’s army.――――A friend of Otho, &c.

=Lucius Staberius=, a friend of Pompey, set over Apollonia, which he
was obliged to yield to Cæsar, because the inhabitants favoured his
cause. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_.――――An avaricious fellow, who wished it
to be known that he was uncommonly rich. _Horace_, bk. 2, satire 3,
li. 89.

=Stabiæ=, a maritime town of Campania on the bay of Puteoli, destroyed
by Sylla, and converted into a villa, whither Pliny endeavoured to
escape from the eruption of Vesuvius, in which he perished. _Pliny_,
bk. 3, ch. 5; bk. 6, ch. 16.

=Stabŭlum=, a place in the Pyrenees, where a communication was open
from Gaul into Spain.

=Stagīra=, a town on the borders of Macedonia, near the bay into
which the Strymon discharges itself, at the south of Amphipolis;
founded 665 years before Christ. Aristotle was born there, from
which circumstance he is called _Stagirites_. _Thucydides_, bk. 4.
――_Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 4.――_Diogenes Laërtius_, _Solon_.――_Ælian_,
_Varia Historia_, bk. 3, ch. 46.

=Staius=, an unprincipled wretch, in Nero’s age, who murdered all his
relations. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 19.

=Stalēnus=, a senator who sat as judge in the trial of Cluentius, &c.
_Cicero_, _For Aulus Cluentius_.

=Staphy̆lus=, one of the Argonauts, son of Theseus, or, according to
others, of Bacchus and Ariadne. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.

=Stasander=, an officer of Alexander, who had Aria at the general
division of the provinces. _Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 3.

=Staseas=, a peripatetic philosopher, engaged to instruct young Marcus
Piso in philosophy. _Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 1, ch. 22.

=Stasicrătes=, a statuary and architect in the wars of Alexander, who
offered to make a statue of mount Athos, which was rejected by the
conqueror, &c.

=Stasileus=, an Athenian killed at the battle of Marathon. He was one
of the 10 pretors.

=Statilli=, a people of Liguria, between the Tænarus and the Apennines.
_Livy_, bk. 42, ch. 7.――_Cicero_, bk. 11, _Letters to his Friends_,
ltr. 11.

=Statilia=, a woman who lived to a great age, as mentioned by Seneca,
ltr. 77.――――Another. _See:_ Messalina.

=Statilius=, a young Roman celebrated for his courage and constancy.
He was an inveterate enemy to Cæsar, and when Cato murdered himself,
he attempted to follow his example, but was prevented by his friends.
The conspirators against Cæsar wished him to be in their number, but
the answer which he gave displeased Brutus. He was at last killed by
the army of the triumvirs. _Plutarch._――――Lucius, one of the friends
of Catiline. He joined in his conspiracy, and was put to death.
_Cicero_, _Against Catiline_, ch. 2.――――A young general in the
war which the Latins undertook against the Romans. He was killed,
with 25,000 of his troops.――――A general who fought against Antony.
――――Taurus, a proconsul of Africa. He was accused of consulting
magicians, upon which he put himself to death. _Tacitus_, _Annals_,
bk. 12, ch. 59.

=Statĭnæ=, islands on the coast of Campania, raised from the sea by an
earthquake. _Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 88.

=Statīra=, a daughter of Darius, who married Alexander. The conqueror
had formerly refused her, but when she had fallen into his hands at
Issus, the nuptials were celebrated with uncommon splendour. No less
than 9000 persons attended, to each of whom Alexander gave a golden
cup, to be offered to the gods. Statira had no children by Alexander.
She was cruelly put to death by Roxana, after the conqueror’s death.
_Justin_, bk. 12, ch. 12.――――A sister of Darius the last king of
Persia. She also became his wife, according to the manners of the
Persians. She died after an abortion, in Alexander’s camp, where
she was detained as a prisoner. She was buried with great pomp by
the conqueror. _Plutarch_, _Alexander_.――――A wife of Artaxerxes
Memnon, poisoned by her mother-in-law queen Parysatis. _Plutarch_,
_Artaxerxes_.――――A sister of Mithridates the Great. _Plutarch._

=Statius Cæcilius=, a comic poet in the age of Ennius. He was a
native of Gaul, and originally a slave. His latinity was bad, yet
he acquired great reputation by his comedies. He died a little after
Ennius. _Cicero_, _de Senectute_.――――Annæus, a physician, the friend
of the philosopher Seneca. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 15, ch. 64.
――――Publius Papinius, a poet born at Naples, in the reign of the
emperor Domitian. His father’s name was Statius of Epirus, and his
mother’s Agelina. Statius has made himself known by two epic poems,
the _Thebais_ in 12 books, and the _Achilleis_ in two books, which
remained unfinished on account of his premature death. There are,
besides, other pieces composed on several subjects, which are extant,
and well known under the name of _Sylvæ_, divided into four books.
The two epic poems of Statius are dedicated to Domitian, whom the
poet ranks among the gods. They were universally admired in his age
at Rome, but the taste of the times was corrupted, though some of
the moderns have called them inferior to no Latin compositions except
Virgil’s. The style of Statius is bombastic and affected, and he
often forgets the poet to become the declaimer and the historian.
In his _Sylvæ_, which were written generally extempore, are many
beautiful expressions and strokes of genius. Statius, as some suppose,
was poor, and he was obliged to maintain himself by writing for
the stage. None of his dramatic pieces are extant. Martial has
satirized him, and what Juvenal has written in his praise, some have
interpreted as an illiberal reflection upon him. Statius died about
the 100th year of the christian era. The best editions of his works
are that of Barthius, 2 vols., 4to, Zwickau, 1664, and that of the
Variorum, 8vo, Leiden, 1671; and of the Thebais, separate, that of
Warrington, 2 vols., 12mo, 1778.――――Domitius, a tribune in the age of
Nero, deprived of his office when Piso’s conspiracy was discovered.
_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 15, ch. 17.――――A general of the Samnites.
――――An officer of the pretorian guards, who conspired against Nero.

=Stator=, a surname of Jupiter, given him by Romulus, because he
_stopped_ (_sto_) the flight of the Romans in a battle against the
Sabines. The conqueror erected him a temple under that name. _Livy_,
bk. 1, ch. 12.

=Stellates=, a field remarkable for its fertility, in Campania.
_Cicero_, _On the Agrarian Law_, bk. 1, ch. 70.――_Suetonius_, _Cæsar_,
ch. 20.

=Stellio=, a youth turned into an elf by Ceres, because he derided the
goddess, who drank with avidity when tired and afflicted in her vain
pursuit of her daughter Proserpine. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5,
li. 445.

=Stena=, a narrow passage on the mountains near Antigonia, in Chaonia.
_Livy_, bk. 32, ch. 5.

=Stenobœa.= _See:_ Sthenobœa.

=Stenocrătes=, an Athenian who conspired to murder the commander of the
garrison which Demetrius had placed in the citadel, &c. _Polyænus_,
bk. 5.

=Stentor=, one of the Greeks who went to the Trojan war. His voice
alone was louder than that of 50 men together. _Homer_, _Iliad_,
bk. 5, li. 784.――_Juvenal_, satire 13, li. 112.

=Stentoris lacus=, a lake near Enos in Thrace. _Herodotus_, bk. 7,
ch. 58.

=Stephănus=, a musician of Media, upon whose body Alexander made an
experiment in burning a certain sort of bitumen called naphtha.
_Strabo_, bk. 16.――_Plutarch_, _Alexander_.――――A Greek writer of
Byzantium, known for his dictionary giving an account of the towns
and places of the ancient world, of which the best edition is that
of Gronovius, 2 vols., folio, Leiden, 1694.

=Sterŏpe=, one of the Pleiades, daughters of Atlas. She married Œnomaus
king of Pisa, by whom she had Hippodamia, &c.――――A daughter of
Parthaon, supposed by some to be the mother of the Sirens.――――A
daughter of Cepheus.――――A daughter of Pleuron,――――of Acastus,――――of
Danaus,――――of Cebrion.

=Sterŏpes=, one of the Cyclops. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 425.

=Stersichŏrus=, a lyric Greek poet of Himera, in Sicily. He was
originally called _Tisias_, and obtained the name of Stersichorus
from the alterations which he made in music and dancing. His
compositions were written in the Doric dialect, and comprised in
26 books, all now lost, except a few fragments. Some say he lost his
eyesight for writing invectives against Helen, and that he received
it only upon making a recantation of what he had said. He was the
first inventor of that fable of the horse and the stag, which Horace
and some other poets have imitated, and this he wrote to prevent
his countrymen from making an alliance with Phalaris. According to
some, he was the first who wrote an epithalamium. He flourished 556
B.C., and died at Cantana, in the 85th year of his age. _Isocrates_,
_Helen_.――_Aristotle_, _Rhetoric_.――_Strabo_, bk. 3.――_Lucian_,
_Macrobii_.――_Cicero_, _in Against Verres_, bk. 2, ch. 35.
――_Plutarch_, _de Musica_.――_Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1.――_Pausanias_,
bk. 3, ch. 19; bk. 10, ch. 26.

=Stertinius=, a stoic philosopher, ridiculed by Horace, bk. 2, satire 3.
He wrote in Latin verse 220 books on the philosophy of the stoics.

=Stesagŏras=, a brother of Miltiades. _See:_ Miltiades.

=Stesilēa=, a beautiful woman of Athens, &c.

=Stesilēus=, a beautiful youth of Cos, loved by Themistocles and
Aristides, and the cause of jealousy and dissension between these
celebrated men. _Plutarch_, _Cimon_.

=Stesimbrŏtus=, an historian very inconsistent in his narrations. He
wrote an account of Cimon’s exploits. _Plutarch_, _Cimom_.――――A son
of Epaminondas, put to death by his father, because he had fought the
enemy without his orders, &c. _Plutarch._――――A musician of Thasos.

=Sthenele=, a daughter of Acastus, wife of Menœtius. _Apollodorus_,
bk. 3, ch. 13.――――A daughter of Danaus by Memphis. _Apollodorus_,
bk. 2, ch. 1.

=Sthenĕlus=, a king of Mycenæ, son of Perseus and Andromeda. He married
Nicippe the daughter of Pelops, by whom he had two daughters, and a
son called Eurystheus, who was born, by Juno’s influence, two months
before the natural time, that he might obtain a superiority over
Hercules, as being older. Sthenelus made war against Amphitryon, who
had killed Electryon and seized his kingdom. He fought with success,
and took his enemy prisoner, whom he transmitted to Eurystheus.
_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 19, li. 91.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 4.
――――One of the sons of Ægyptus by Tyria.――――A son of Capaneus. He
was one of the Epigoni, and of the suitors of Helen. He went to the
Trojan war, and was one of those who were shut up in the wooden horse,
according to Virgil. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 18.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_,
bks. 2 & 10.――――A son of Androgeus the son of Minos. Hercules made
him king of Thrace. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 5.――――A king of Argos,
who succeeded his father Crotopus. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 16.――――A
son of Actor, who accompanied Hercules in his expedition against the
Amazons. He was killed by one of these females.――――A son of Melas,
killed by Tydeus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 8.

=Sthenis=, a statuary of Olynthus.――――An orator of Himera in Sicily,
during the civil wars of Pompey. _Plutarch_, _Pompey_.

=Stheno=, one of the three Gorgons.

=Sthenobœa=, a daughter of Jobates king of Lycia, who married Prœtus
king of Argos. She became enamoured of Bellerophon, who had taken
refuge at her husband’s court, after the murder of his brother, and
when he refused to gratify her criminal passion, she accused him
before Prœtus of attempts upon her virtue. According to some she
killed herself after his departure. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 6, li. 162.
――_Hyginus_, fable 57.――――Many mythologists call her Antæa.

=Stilbe=, or =Stilbia=, a daughter of Peneus by Creusa, who became
mother of Centaurus and Lapithus by Apollo. _Diodorus_, bk. 4.

=Stilbo=, a name given to the planet Mercury by the ancients, from its
shining appearance. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 2, ch. 20.

=Stĭlĭcho=, a general of the emperor Theodosius the Great. He behaved
with much courage, but under the emperor Honorius he showed himself
turbulent and disaffected. As being of barbarian extraction, he
wished to see the Roman provinces laid desolate by his countrymen,
but in this he was disappointed. Honorius discovered his intrigues,
and ordered him to be beheaded about the year of Christ 408. His
family were involved in his ruin. Claudian has been loud in his
praises, and Zosimus, _Historia Nova_, bk. 5, denies the truth of
the charges laid against him.

=Stilpo=, a celebrated philosopher of Megara, who flourished 336
years before Christ, and was greatly esteemed by Ptolemy Soter.
He was naturally addicted to riot and debauchery, but he reformed
his manners when he opened a school at Megara. He was universally
respected, his school was frequented, and Demetrius, when he
plundered Megara, ordered the house of the philosopher to be left
safe and unmolested. It is said that he intoxicated himself when
ready to die, to alleviate the terrors of death. He was one of the
chiefs of the Stoics. _Plutarch_, _Demosthenes_.――_Diogenes Laërtius_,
bk. 2.――_Seneca_, _de Constantia_.

=Stĭmĭcon=, a shepherd’s name in Virgil’s fifth eclogue.

=Stiphĭlus=, one of the Lapithæ, killed in the house of Pirithous.
_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12.

=Stobæus=, a Greek writer who flourished A.D. 405. His work is valuable
for the precious relics of ancient literature which he has preserved.
The best edition is that of Geneva, folio, 1609.

=Stobi=, a town of Pœonia, in Macedonia. _Livy_, bk. 33, ch. 19; bk. 40,
ch. 21.

=Stœchădes=, five small islands in the Mediterranean, on the coast of
Gaul, now the _Hieres_, near Marseilles. They were called Ligustides
by some, but Pliny speaks of them as only three in number. _Stephanus
Byzantius._――_Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 515.――_Strabo_, bk. 4.

=Stœni=, a people living among the Alps. _Livy_, bk. 62.

=Stoĭci=, a celebrated sect of philosophers founded by Zeno of
Citium. They received the name from the _portico_ (στυα), where
the philosopher delivered his lectures. They preferred virtue to
everything else, and whatever was opposite to it, they looked upon
as the greatest of evils. They required, as well as the disciples of
Epicurus, an absolute command over the passions, and they supported
that man alone, in the present state of his existence, could attain
perfection and felicity. They encouraged suicide, and believed that
the doctrine of future punishments and rewards was unnecessary to
excite or intimidate their followers. _See:_ Zeno.

=Strabo=, a name among the Romans, given to those whose eyes were
naturally deformed or distorted. Pompey’s father was distinguished
by that name.――――A native of Amasia, on the borders of Cappadocia,
who flourished in the age of Augustus and Tiberius. He first studied
under Xenarchus the peripatetic, and afterwards warmly embraced the
tenets of the Stoics. Of all his compositions nothing remains but
his geography, divided into 17 books, a work justly celebrated for
its elegance, its purity, the erudition and universal knowledge of
the author. It contains an account, in Greek, of the most celebrated
places of the world, the origin, the manners, religion, prejudices,
and government of nations; the foundation of cities, and the accurate
history of each separate province. Strabo travelled over great part
of the world in quest of information, and to examine with the most
critical inquiry, not only the situation of the places, but also the
manners of the inhabitants, whose history he meant to write. In the
two first books the author wishes to show the necessity of geography;
in the 3rd he gives a description of Spain; in the 4th of Gaul and
the British isles. The 5th and 6th contain an account of Italy and
the neighbouring islands; the 7th, which is mutilated at the end,
gives a full description of Germany, and the country of the Getæ,
Illyricum, Taurica, Chersonesus, and Epirus. The affairs of Greece
and the adjacent islands are separately treated in the 8th, 9th, and
10th; and in the four next Asia, within mount Taurus; and in the 15th
and 16th, Asia without Taurus, India, Persia, Syria, and Arabia; the
last book gives an account of Egypt, Æthiopia, Carthage, and other
places of Africa. Among the books of Strabo which have been lost,
were historical commentaries. This celebrated geographer died A.D.
25. The best editions of his geography are those of Casaubon, folio,
Paris, 1620; and of Amsterdam, 2 vols., folio, 1707.――――A Sicilian,
so clear-sighted, that he could distinguish objects at the distance
of 130 miles, with the same ease as if they had been near.

=Stratarchas=, the grandfather of the geographer Strabo. His father’s
name was Dorylaus. _Strabo_, bk. 10.

=Strato=, or =Straton=, a king of the island Aradus, received into
alliance by Alexander. _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 1.――――A king of Sidon,
dependent upon Darius. Alexander deposed him, because he refused to
surrender. _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 1.――――A philosopher of Lampsacus,
disciple and successor in the school of Theophrastus, about 289 years
before the christian era. He applied himself with uncommon industry
to the study of nature, and was surnamed _Physicus_; and after the
most mature investigations, he supported that nature was inanimate,
and that there was no god but nature. He was appointed preceptor
to Ptolemy Philadelphus, who not only revered his abilities and
learning, but also rewarded his labours with unbounded liberality.
He wrote different treatises, all now lost. _Diogenes Laërtius_,
bk. 5.――_Cicero_, _Academica_, bk. 1, ch. 9; bk. 4, ch. 38, &c.――――A
physician.――――A peripatetic philosopher.――――A native of Epirus, very
intimate with Brutus the murderer of Cæsar. He killed his friend
at his own request.――――A rich Orchomenian who destroyed himself,
because he could not obtain in marriage a young woman of Haliartus.
_Plutarch._――――A Greek historian who wrote the life of some of the
Macedonian kings.――――An athlete of Achaia, twice crowned at the
Olympic games. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 23.

=Stratŏcles=, an Athenian general at the battle of Cheronæ, &c.,
_Polyænus._――――A stage-player in Domitian’s reign. _Juvenal_,
satire 3, li. 99.

=Straton.= _See:_ Strato.

=Stratŏnīce=, a daughter of Thespius. _Apollodorus._――――A daughter
of Pleuron. _Apollodorus._――――A daughter of Ariarathes king of
Cappadocia, who married Eumenes king of Pergamus, and became mother
of Attalus. _Strabo_, bk. 13.――――A daughter of Demetrius Poliorcetes,
who married Seleucus king of Syria. Antiochus, her husband’s son
by a former wife, became enamoured of her, and married her with his
father’s consent, when the physicians had told him that if he did not
comply, his son’s health would be impaired. _Plutarch_, _Demetrius_.
――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 5, ch. 7.――――A concubine of Mithridates
king of Pontus. _Plutarch_, _Pompey_.――――The wife of Antigonus,
mother of Demetrius Poliorcetes.――――A town of Caria, made a
Macedonian colony. _Strabo_, bk. 14.――_Livy_, bk. 33, chs. 18 & 33.
――――Another, in Mesopotamia.――――A third, near mount Taurus.

=Stratonīcus=, an opulent person in the reign of Philip, and of his son
Alexander, whose riches became proverbial. _Plutarch._――――A musician
of Athens in the age of Demosthenes. _Athenæus_, bk. 6, ch. 6; bk. 8,
ch. 12.

=Stratonis turris=, a city of Judea, afterwards called Cæsarea by Herod
in honour of Augustus.

=Stratos=, a city of Æolia. _Livy_, bk. 36, ch. 11.――――Of Acarnania.

=Strenua=, a goddess at Rome, who gave vigour and energy to the weak
and indolent. _Augustine_, _City of God_, bk. 4, chs. 11 & 16.

=Strongy̆le=, now _Strombolo_, one of the islands called Æolides in the
Tyrrhene sea, near the coast of Sicily. It has a volcano, 10 miles
in circumference, which throws up flame continually, and of which
the crater is on the side of the mountain. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.
――_Strabo_, bk. 6.――_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 11.

=Strophădes=, two islands in the Ionian sea, on the western coasts of
the Peloponnesus. They were anciently called _Plotæ_, and received
the name of Strophades from στρεφω, _verto_, because Zethes and
Calais, the sons of Boreas, returned from thence by order of Jupiter,
after they had driven the Harpies there from the tables of Phineus.
The fleet of Æneas stopped near the Strophades. The largest of these
two islands is not above five miles in circumference. _Hyginus_,
fable 19.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13,
li. 709.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 210.――_Strabo_, bk. 8.

=Strophius=, a son of Crisus king of Phocis. He married a sister of
Agamemnon, called Anaxibia, or Astyochia, or, according to others,
Cyndragora, by whom he had Pylades, celebrated for his friendship
with Orestes. After the murder of Agamemnon by Clytemnestra and
Ægisthus, the king of Phocis educated at his own house, with the
greatest care, his nephew, whom Electra had secretly removed from the
dagger of his mother and her adulterer. Orestes was enabled, by means
of Strophius, to revenge the death of his father. _Pausanias_, bk. 2,
ch. 29.――_Hyginus_, fables 1, 17.――――A son of Pylades by Electra the
sister of Orestes.

=Struthophăgi=, a people of Æthiopia, who fed on sparrows, as their
name signifies.

=Struthus=, a general of Artaxerxes against the Lacedæmonians, B.C. 393.

=Stryma=, a town of Thrace, founded by a Thasian colony. _Herodotus_,
bk. 7, ch. 109.

=Strymno=, a daughter of the Scamander, who married Laomedon.
_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 12.

=Strymon=, a river which separates Thrace from Macedonia, and falls
into a part of the Ægean sea, which has been called _Strymonicus
sinus_. A number of cranes, as the poets say, resorted on its banks
in the summer time. Its eels were excellent. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 2.
――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 5.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 120;
bk. 4, li. 508; _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 265.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
bk. 2, li. 251.

=Stubera=, a town of Macedonia, between the Axius and Erigon. _Livy_,
bk. 31, ch. 39.

=Stura=, a river of Cisalpine Gaul, falling into the Po.

=Sturni=, a town of Calabria.

=Stymphālia=, or =Stymphālis=, a part of Macedonia. _Livy_, bk. 45,
ch. 30.――――A surname of Diana.

=Stymphālus=, a king of Arcadia, son of Elatus and Laodice. He made
war against Pelops, and was killed in a truce. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3,
ch. 9.――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 4.――――A town, river, lake, and
fountain of Arcadia, which receives its name from king Stymphalus.
The neighbourhood of the lake Stymphalus was infested with a number
of voracious birds, like cranes or storks, which fed upon human flesh,
and which were called _Stymphalides_. They were at last destroyed by
Hercules, with the assistance of Minerva. Some have confounded them
with the Harpies, while others pretend that they never existed but in
the imagination of the poets. Pausanias, however, supports that there
were carnivorous birds like the Stymphalides, in Arabia. _Pausanias_,
bk. 8, ch. 4.――_Statius_, _Thebaid_, bk. 4, li. 298.――――A lofty
mountain of Peloponnesus in Arcadia.

=Stygne=, a daughter of Danaus. _Statius_, _Sylvæ_, bk. 4, poem 6.
――_Apollodorus._

=Styra=, a town of Eubœa.

=Stȳrus=, a king of Albania, to whom Æetes promised his daughter
Medea in marriage, to obtain his assistance against the Argonauts.
_Flaccus_, bk. 3, li. 497; bk. 8, li. 358.

=Styx=, a daughter of Oceanus and Tethys. She married Pallas, by whom
she had three daughters, Victory, Strength, and Valour. _Hesiod_,
_Theogony_, lis. 363 & 384.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 2.――――A
celebrated river of hell, round which it flows nine times. According
to some writers, the Styx was a small river of Nonacris in Arcadia,
whose waters were so cold and venomous, that they proved fatal to
such as tasted them. Among others, Alexander the Great is mentioned
as a victim to their fatal poison, in consequence of drinking
them. They even consumed iron, and broke all vessels. The wonderful
properties of this water suggested the idea that it was a river of
hell, especially when it disappeared in the earth a little below
its fountain head. The gods held the waters of the Styx in such
veneration, that they always swore by them; an oath which was
inviolable. If any of the gods had perjured themselves, Jupiter
obliged them to drink the waters of the Styx, which lulled them for
one whole year into a senseless stupidity; for the nine following
years they were deprived of the ambrosia and the nectar of the gods,
and after the expiration of the years of their punishment, they were
restored to the assembly of the deities, and to all their original
privileges. It is said that this veneration was shown to the Styx,
because it received its name from the nymph Styx, who, with her three
daughters, assisted Jupiter in his war against the Titans. _Hesiod_,
_Theogony_, lis. 384, 775.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 10, li. 513.
――_Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 74.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, lis. 323,
439, &c.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 3.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
bk. 3, li. 29, &c.――_Lucan_, bk. 6, li. 378, &c.――_Pausanias_, bk. 8,
chs. 17 & 18.――_Curtius_, bk. 10, ch. 10.

=Suada=, the goddess of persuasion, called Pitho by the Greeks. She
had a form of worship established to her honour first by Theseus.
She had a statue in the temple of Venus Praxis at Megara. _Cicero_,
_Brutus_, bk. 15.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, chs. 22 & 43; bk. 9, ch. 35.

=Suana=, a town of Etruria.

=Suardones=, a people of Germany. _Tacitus_, _Germania_, ch. 40.

=Suasa=, a town of Umbria.

=Subatrii=, a people of Germany, over whom Drusus triumphed. _Strabo_,
bk. 7.

=Subi=, a small river of Catalonia.

=Sublicius=, the first bridge erected at Rome over the Tiber. _See:_
Pons.

=Submontorium=, a town of Vindelicia, now _Augsburg_.

=Subota=, small islands at the east of Athos. _Livy_, bk. 44, ch. 28.

=Subur=, a river of Mauritania.――――A town of Spain.

=Suburra=, a street in Rome where all the licentious, dissolute, and
lascivious Romans and courtesans resorted. It was situate between
mount Viminalis and Quirinalis, and was remarkable as having been the
residence of the obscurer years of Julius Cæsar. _Suetonius_, _Cæsar_.
――_Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 4, ch. 8.――_Martial_, bk. 8,
ltr. 66.――_Juvenal_, satire 3, li. 5.

=Sucro=, now _Xucar_, a river of Hispania Tarraconensis, celebrated
for a battle fought there between Sertorius and Pompey, in which
the former obtained the victory. _Plutarch._――――A Rutulian killed by
Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 12, li. 505.

=Sudertum=, a town of Etruria. _Livy_, bk. 26, ch. 23.

=Suessa=, a town of Campania, called also _Aurunca_, to distinguish
it from Suessa Pometia, the capital of the Volsci. _Strabo_, bk. 5.
――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 4.
――_Livy_, bks. 1 & 2.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 775.――_Cicero_,
_Philippics_, bk. 3, ch. 4; bk. 4, ch. 2.

=Suessitani=, a people of Spain. _Livy_, bk. 25, ch. 34.

=Suessŏnes=, a powerful nation of Belgic Gaul, reduced by Julius Cæsar.
_Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 2.

=Suessula=, a town of Campania. _Livy_, bk. 7, ch. 37; bk. 23, ch. 14.

♦=Suetonius Caius Paulinus=, the first Roman general who crossed
mount Atlas with an army, of which expedition he wrote an account.
He presided over Britain as governor for about 20 years, and was
afterwards made consul. He forsook the interest of Otho, and attached
himself to Vitellius.――――Caius Tranquillus, a Latin historian,
son of a Roman knight of the same name. He was favoured by Adrian,
and became his secretary, but he was afterwards banished from the
court for want of attention and respect to the empress Sabina. In
his retirement Suetonius enjoyed the friendship and correspondence
of Pliny the younger, and dedicated his time to study. He wrote a
history of the Roman kings, divided into three books; a catalogue of
all the illustrious men of Rome, a book on the games and spectacles
of the Greeks, &c., which are all now lost. The only one of his
compositions extant, is the lives of the 12 first Cæsars, and some
fragments of his catalogue of celebrated grammarians. Suetonius,
in his Lives, is praised for his impartiality and correctness. His
expressions, however, are often too indelicate, and it has been
justly observed, that while he exposed the deformities of the Cæsars,
he wrote with all the licentiousness and extravagance with which
they lived. The best editions of Suetonius are that of Pitiscus, 4to,
2 vols., Leiden, 1714; that of Oudendorp, 2 vols., 8vo, Leiden, 1751;
and that of Ernesti, 8vo, Lipscomb, 1775. _Pliny_, bk. 1, ltr. 11;
bk. 5, ltr. 11, &c.

♦ ‘Setonius’ replaced with ‘Suetonius’

=Suetri=, a people of Gaul near the Alps.

♦=Suevi=, a people of Germany, between the Elbe and the Vistula, who
made frequent incursions upon the territories of Rome under the
emperors. _Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 51.

♦ ‘Suovi’ replaced with ‘Suevi’

=Suevius=, a Latin poet in the age of Ennius.

=Suffetala=, an inland town of Mauritania.

=Suffēnus=, a Latin poet in the age of Catullus. He was but of moderate
abilities, but puffed up with a high idea of his own excellence, and
therefore deservedly exposed to the ridicule of his contemporaries.
_Catullus_, poem 22.

=Suffetius=, or =Suftius=. _See:_ Metius.

=Suidas=, a Greek writer who flourished A.D. 1100. The best edition of
his excellent Lexicon is that of Kuster, 3 vols., folio, Cambridge.
1705.

=Publius Suilius=, an informer in the court of Claudius, banished
under Nero, by means of Seneca, and sent to the Baleares. _Tacitus_,
_Annals_, bk. 14, ch. 42, &c.――――Cæsorinus, a guilty favourite of
Messalina. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 11, ch. 36.

=Suiones=, a nation of Germany, supposed the modern _Swedes_. _Tacitus_,
_Germania_, ch. 44.

=Sulchi=, a town at the south of Sardinia. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.
――_Claudian_, _Gildonic War_, li. 518.――_Strabo_, bk. 5.

=Sulcius=, an informer whom Horace describes as hoarse with the
number of defamations which he daily gave. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 4,
li. 65.

=Sulga=, now _Sorgue_, a small river of Gaul, falling into the Rhone.
_Strabo_, bk. 4.

=Sulla.= _See:_ Sylla.

=Sulmo=, now _Sulmona_, an ancient town of the Peligni, at the distance
of about 90 miles from Rome, founded by Solymus, one of the followers
of Æneas. Ovid was born there. _Ovid_, _passim_.――_Silius Italicus_,
bk. 8, li. 511.――_Strabo_, bk. 5.――――A Latin chief killed in the
night by Nisus, as he was going with his companions to destroy
Euryalus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 412.

=Sulpitia=, a daughter of Paterculus, who married Fulvius Flaccus.
She was so famous for her chastity, that she consecrated a temple
to ♦Venus Verticordia, a goddess who was implored to turn the hearts
of the Roman women to virtue. _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 35.――――A poetess
in the age of Domitian, against whom she wrote a poem, because he
had banished the philosophers from Rome. This composition is still
extant. She had also written a poem on conjugal affection, commended
by Martial, ltr. 35, now lost.――――A daughter of Servius Sulpitius,
mentioned in the fourth book of elegies, falsely attributed to
Tibullus.

♦ ‘Venis’ replaced with ‘Venus’

=Sulpitia lex=, _militaris_, by Caius Sulpicius the tribune, A.U.C. 665,
invested Marius with the full power of the war against Mithridates,
of which Sylla was to be deprived.――――Another, _de senatu_, by
Servius Sulpicius the tribune, A.U.C. 665. It required that no
senator should owe more than 2000 drachmæ.――――Another, _de civitate_,
by Publius Sulpitius the tribune, A.U.C. 665. It ordered that the
new citizens who composed the eight tribes lately created, should
be divided among the 35 old tribes, as a greater honour.――――Another,
called also Sempronia, _de religione_, by Publius Sulpicius Saverrio
and Publius Sempronius Sophus, consuls, A.U.C. 449. It forbade any
person to consecrate a temple or altar without the permission of the
senate and the majority of the tribunes.――――Another, to empower the
Romans to make war against Philip of Macedonia.