Chapter D (9)

=Gelo= and =Gelon=, a son of Dinomenes, who made himself absolute
at Syracuse, 491 years before the christian era. He conquered the
Carthaginians at Himera, and made his oppression popular by his
great equity and moderation. He reigned seven years, and his death
was universally lamented at Syracuse. He was called the father of
his people, and the patron of liberty, and honoured as a demigod.
His brother Hiero succeeded him. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 42.
――_Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 153, &c.――_Diodorus_, bk. 11.――――A man who
attempted to poison Pyrrhus.――――A governor of Bœotia.――――A son of
Hiero the younger. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 9.――――A general of Phocis,
destroyed with his troops by the Thessalians. _Pausanias_, bk. 10,
ch. 1.

=Geloi=, the inhabitants of _Gela_. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 701.

=Gĕlōnes= and =Gĕlōni=, a people of Scythia, inured from their youth
to labour and fatigue. They painted themselves to appear more
terrible in battle. They were descended from Gelonus, a son of
Hercules. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2, li. 15; _Æneid_, bk. 8,
li. 725,――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 1.――_Claudian_, _Against Rufinus_,
bk. 1, li. 315.

=Gelos=, a port of Caira. _Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 16.

=Gemĭni=, a sign of the zodiac which represents Castor and Pollux, the
twin sons of Leda.

=Gemĭnius=, a Roman, who acquainted Marcus Antony with the situation
of his affairs at Rome, &c.――――An inveterate enemy of Marius. He
seized the person of Marius, and carried him to Minturnæ. _Plutarch_,
_Caius Marius_.――――A friend of Pompey, from whom he received a
favourite mistress called Flora. _Plutarch._

=Gemĭnus=, an astronomer and mathematician of Rhodes, B.C. 77.

=Gemoniæ=, a place at Rome where the carcases of criminals were thrown.
_Suetonius_, _Tiberius_, chs. 53 & 61.――_Tacitus_, _Histories_,
bk. 3, ch. 74.

=Genābum=, a town of Gaul, now _Orleans_, on the Loire. _Cæsar_,
_Civil War_, bk. 7, ch. 3.――_Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 440.

=Genauni=, a people of Vindelicia. _Horace_, bk. 4, ode 14, li. 10.

=Gēnēva=, an ancient, populous, and well-fortified city in the country
of the Allobroges on the lake Lemanus, now of Geneva.

=Genīsus=, a man of Cyzicus, killed by the Argonauts, &c. _Flaccus_,
bk. 3, li. 45.

=Genius=, a spirit or dæmon, which, according to the ancients,
presided over the birth and life of every man. _See:_ Dæmon.

=Gensĕric=, a famous Vandal prince, who passed from Spain to Africa,
where he took Carthage. He laid the foundation of the Vandal kingdom
in Africa, and in the course of his military expeditions invaded
Italy, and sacked Rome in July, 455.

=Gentius=, a king of Illyricum, who imprisoned the Roman ambassadors at
the request of Perseus king of Macedonia. This offence was highly
resented by the Romans, and Gentius was conquered by Anicius, and
led in triumph with his family, B.C. 169. _Livy_, bk. 43, ch. 19, &c.

=Genua=, now _Genoa_, a celebrated town of Liguria, which Annibal
destroyed. It was rebuilt by the Romans. _Livy_, bk. 21, ch. 32;
bk. 28, ch. 46; bk. 30, ch. 1.

=Genūcius=, a tribune of the people.――――A consul.

=Genŭsus=, now _Semno_, a river of Macedonia, falling into the Adriatic
above Apollonia. _Lucan_, bk. 5, li. 462.

=Genutia lex=, _de magistratibus_, by Lucius Genutius the tribune,
A.U.C. 411. It ordained that no person should exercise the same
magistracy within 10 years, or be invested with two offices in one
year.

=Georgĭca=, a poem of Virgil in four books. The first treats of
ploughing the ground; the second of sowing it; the third speaks of
the management of cattle, &c.; and in the fourth, the poet gives an
account of bees, and of the manner of keeping them among the Romans.
The word is derived from γεα _terra_, and ἐργον _opus_, because it
particularly treats or husbandry. The work is dedicated to Mæcenas,
the great patron of poetry in the age of Virgil. The author was
seven years in writing and polishing it, and in that composition he
showed how much he excelled all other writers. He imitated Hesiod,
who wrote a poem nearly on the same subject, called _Works and Days_.

=Georgius Pisida.= _See:_ Pisida.

=Gephȳra=, one of the cities of the Seleucidæ in Syria. _Strabo_,
bk. 9.

=Gephȳræi=, a people of Phœnicia, who passed with Cadmus into Bœotia,
and from thence into Attica. _Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 57.

=Geræstus=, a port of Eubœa. _Livy_, bk. 31, ch. 45.

=Gerānia=, a mountain between Megara and Corinth.

=Geranthræ=, a town of Laconia. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 2.

=Geresticus=, a harbour of Teios in Ionia. _Livy_, bk. 37, ch. 27.

=Gergithum=, a town near Cumæ in Æolia _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 30.

=Gergōvia=, a town of Gaul. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 7, ch. 9.

=Gerion=, an ancient augur.

=Germānia=, an extensive country of Europe, at the east of Gaul. Its
inhabitants were warlike, fierce, and uncivilized, and always proved
a watchful enemy against the Romans. Cæsar first entered their
country, but he rather checked their fury than conquered them. His
example was followed by his imperial successors or their generals,
who sometimes entered the country to chastise the insolence of
the inhabitants. The ancient Germans were very superstitious, and,
in many instances, their religion was the same as that of their
neighbours the Gauls; whence some have concluded that these two
nations were of the same origin. They paid uncommon respect to their
women, who, as they believed, were endowed with something more than
human. They built no temples to their gods, and paid great attention
to the heroes and warriors whom the country had produced. Their rude
institutions gradually gave rise to the laws and manners which still
prevail in the countries of Europe, which their arms invaded or
conquered. Tacitus, in whose age even letters were unknown among
them, observed their customs with nicety, and has delineated them
with the genius of an historian and the reflection of a philosopher.
_Tacitus_, _Germania_.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 3; bk. 3, ch. 3.――_Cæsar_,
_Gallic War_.――_Strabo_, bk. 4.

=Germānĭcus Cæsar=, a son of Drusus and Antonia the niece of Augustus.
He was adopted by his uncle Tiberius, and raised to the most
important offices of the state. When his grandfather Augustus
died, he was employed in a war in Germany, and the affection
of the soldiers unanimously saluted him emperor. He refused the
unseasonable honour, and appeased the tumult which his indifference
occasioned. He continued his wars in Germany, and defeated the
celebrated Arminius, and was rewarded with a triumph at his return
to Rome. Tiberius declared him emperor of the east, and sent him
to appease the seditions of the Armenians. But the success of
Germanicus in the east was soon looked upon with an envious eye by
Tiberius, and his death was meditated. He was secretly poisoned at
Daphne near Antioch by Piso, A.D. 19, in the 34th year of his age.
The news of his death was received with the greatest grief and the
most bitter lamentations, and Tiberius seemed to be the only one
who rejoiced in the fall of Germanicus. He had married Agrippina,
by whom he had nine children, one of whom, Caligula, disgraced the
name of his illustrious father. Germanicus has been commended not
only for his military accomplishments, but also for his learning,
humanity, and extensive benevolence. In the midst of war, he devoted
some moments to study, and he favoured the world with two Greek
comedies, some epigrams, and a translation of Aratus in Latin verse.
_Suetonius._――――This name was common in the age of the emperors, not
only to those who had obtained victories over the Germans, but even
to those who had entered the borders of their country at the head of
an army. Domitian applied the name of _Germanicus_, which he himself
had vainly assumed, to the month of September, in honour of himself.
_Suetonius_, _Domitian_, ch. 13.――_Martial_, bk. 9, ltr. 2, li. 4.

=Germanii=, a people of Persia. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 125.

=Geronthræ=, a town of Laconia, where a yearly festival, called
_Geronthræa_, was observed in honour of Mars. The god had there
a temple with a grove, into which no woman was permitted to enter
during the time of the solemnity. _Pausanias_, _Laconia_.

♦=Gerrhæ=, a people of Scythia, in whose country the Borysthenes rises.
The kings of Scythia were generally buried in their territories.
_Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 71.

♦ ‘Gerhæ’ replaced with ‘Gerrhæ’

=Gersus= and =Gerrhus=, a river of Scythia. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 56.

=Gēryon= and =Gēryŏnes=, a celebrated monster, born from the union
of Chrysaor with Callirhoe, and represented by the poets as having
three bodies and three heads. He lived in the island of Gades, where
he kept numerous flocks, which were guarded by a two-headed dog,
called Orthos, and by Eurythion. Hercules, by order of Eurystheus,
went to Gades and destroyed Geryon, Orthos, and Eurythion, and
carried away all his flocks and herds to Tirynthus. _Hesiod_,
_Theogony_, li. 187.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 661; bk. 8,
li. 202.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 1, li. 277.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2.
――_Lucretius_, bk. 5, li. 28.

=Gessătæ=, a people of Gallia Togata. _Plutarch_, _Marcellus_.

=Gessoriăcum=, a town of Gaul, now _Boulogne_, in Picardy.

=Gessos=, a river of Ionia.

=Geta=, a man who raised seditions at Rome in Nero’s reign, &c.
_Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 2, ch. 72.――――Septimius, a son of the
emperor Severus, brother to Caracalla. In the eighth year of his age
he was moved with compassion at the fate of some of the partisans
of Niger and Albinus, who had been ordered to be executed; and his
father, struck with his humanity, retracted his sentence. After his
father’s death he reigned at Rome, conjointly with his brother; but
Caracalla, who envied his virtues, and was jealous of his popularity,
ordered him to be poisoned; and when this could not be effected, he
murdered him in the arms of his mother Julia, who, in the attempt
of defending the fatal blows from his body, received a wound in her
arm from the hand of her son, the 28th of March, A.D. 212. Geta had
not reached the 23rd year of his age, and the Romans had reason to
lament the death of so virtuous a prince, whilst they groaned under
the cruelties and oppression of Caracalla.

=Getæ= (singular, Getes), a people of European Scythia, near the
Daci. Ovid, who was banished in their country, describes them as a
savage and warlike nation. The word _Geticus_ is frequently used for
Thracian. _Ovid_, _ex Ponto_; _Tristia_, poem 5, li. 111.――_Strabo_,
bk. 7.――_Statius_, bk. 2, _Sylvæ_, poem 2, li. 61; bk. 3, poem 1,
li. 17.――_Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 54; bk. 3, li. 95.

=Getulia.= _See:_ Gætulia.

=Gĭgantes=, the sons of Cœlus and Terra, who, according to Hesiod,
sprang from the blood of the wound which Cœlus received from his
son Saturn; whilst Hyginus calls them sons of Tartarus and Terra.
They are represented as men of uncommon stature, and with strength
proportioned to their gigantic size. Some of them, as Cottus,
Briareus, and Gyges, had 50 heads and 100 arms, and serpents instead
of legs. They were of a terrible aspect; their hair hung loose about
their shoulders, and their beards were suffered to grow untouched.
Pallene and its neighbourhood was the place of their residence. The
defeat of the Titans, with whom they are often ignorantly confounded,
and to whom they were nearly related, incensed them against Jupiter,
and they all conspired to dethrone him. The god was alarmed, and
called all the deities to assist him against a powerful enemy
who made use of rocks, oaks, and burning woods for their weapons,
and who had already heaped mount Ossa upon Pelion, to scale with
more facility the walls of heaven. At the sight of such dreadful
adversaries, the gods fled with the greatest consternation into
Egypt, where they assumed the shape of different animals to screen
themselves from their pursuers. Jupiter, however, remembered
that they were not invincible, provided he called a mortal to his
assistance; and by the advice of Pallas, he armed his son Hercules
in his cause. With the aid of this celebrated hero, the giants were
soon put to flight and defeated. Some were crushed to pieces under
mountains, or buried in the sea, and others were flayed alive, or
beaten to death with clubs. _See:_ Enceladus, Aloides, Porphyrion,
Typhon, Otus, Titanes, &c. The existence of giants has been
supported by all the writers of antiquity, and received as an
undeniable truth. Homer tells us that Tityus, when extended on
the ground, covered nine acres; and that Polyphemus ate two of
the companions of Ulysses at once, and walked along the shores of
Sicily, leaning on a staff which might have served for the mast of
a ship. The Grecian heroes, during the Trojan war, and Turnus in
Italy, attacked their enemies by throwing stones, which four men of
the succeeding ages would have been unable to move. Plutarch also
mentions, in support of the gigantic stature, that Sertorius opened
the grave of Antæus in Africa, and found a skeleton which measured
six cubits in length. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 6.――_Pausanias_, bk.
1, ch. 2, &c.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 151.――_Plutarch_,
_Sertorius_.――_Hyginus_, fable 28, &c.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bks. 7 &
10.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 280; _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 580.

=Gigartum=, a town of Phœnicia.

=Gigis=, one of the female attendants of Parysatis, who was privy to
the poisoning of Statira. _Plutarch_, _Artaxerxes_.

=Gildo=, a governor of Africa in the reign of Arcadius. He died A.D.
398.

=Gillo=, an infamous adulterer in Juvenal’s age. _Juvenal_, satire 1,
li. 40.

=Gindanes=, a people of Libya, who fed on the leaves of the lotus.
_Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 176.

=Gindes=, a river of Albania, flowing into the Cyrus.――――Another of
Mesopotamia. _Tibullus_, bk. 4, poem 1, li. 141.

=Ginge.= _See:_ Gigis.

=Gingūnum=, a mountain of Umbria.

=Gippius=, a Roman who pretended to sleep, that his wife might indulge
her adulterous propensities, &c.

=Gisco=, son of Himilcon the Carthaginian general, was banished from
his country by the influence of his enemies. He was afterwards
recalled, and empowered by the Carthaginians to punish in what
manner he pleased those who had occasioned his banishment. He was
satisfied to see them prostrate on the ground and to place his foot
on their neck, showing that independence and forgiveness are two of
the most brilliant virtues of a great mind. He was made a general
soon after, in Sicily, against the Corinthians, about 309 years
before the christian era; and by his success and intrepidity he
obliged the enemies of his country to sue for peace.

=Glădiătōrii ludi=, combats originally exhibited on the grave of
deceased persons at Rome. They were first introduced at Rome by the
Bruti, upon the death of their father, A.U.C. 488. It was supposed
that the ghosts of the dead were rendered propitious by human blood;
therefore at funerals, it was usual to murder slaves in cool blood.
In succeeding ages, it was reckoned less cruel to oblige them to
kill one another like men, than to slaughter them like brutes,
therefore the barbarity was covered by the specious show of pleasure
and voluntary combat. Originally captives, criminals, or disobedient
slaves were trained up for combat; but when the diversion became
more frequent, and was exhibited on the smallest occasion, to
procure esteem and popularity, many of the Roman citizens enlisted
themselves among the gladiators, and Nero, at one show, exhibited
no less than 400 senators and 600 knights. The people were treated
with these combats not only by the great and opulent, but the very
priests had their _Ludi pontificales_, and _Ludi sacerdotales_. It
is supposed that there were no more than three pair of gladiators
exhibited by the Bruti. Their numbers, however, increased with
the luxury and power of the city; and the gladiators became so
formidable, that Spartacus, one of their body, had courage to take
up arms, and the success to defeat the Roman armies, only with a
train of his fellow-sufferers. The more prudent of the Romans were
sensible of the dangers which threatened the state by keeping such
a number of desperate men in arms, and therefore many salutary laws
were proposed to limit their number, as well as to settle the time
in which the show could be exhibited with safety and convenience.
Under the emperors, not only senators and knights, but even women
engaged among the gladiators, and seemed to forget the inferiority
of their sex. When there were to be any shows, hand-bills were
circulated to give notice to the people, and to mention the place,
number, time, and every circumstance requisite to be known. When
they were first brought upon the _arena_, they walked round the
place with great pomp and solemnity, and after that they were
matched in equal pairs with great nicety. They first had a skirmish
with wooden files, called _rudes_ or _arma lusoria_. After this
the effective weapons, such as swords, daggers, &c., called _arma
decretoria_, were given them, and the signal for the engagement was
given by the sound of a trumpet. As they had all previously sworn to
fight till death, or suffer death in the most excruciating torments,
the fight was bloody and obstinate, and when one signified his
submission by surrendering his arms, the victor was not permitted
to grant him his life without the leave and approbation of the
multitude. This was done by clenching the fingers of both hands
between each other, and holding the thumbs upright close together,
or by bending back their thumbs. The first of these was called
_pollicem premere_, and signified the wish of the people to spare
the life of the conquered. The other sign, called _pollicem vertere_,
signified their disapprobation, and ordered the victor to put his
antagonist to death. The victor was generally rewarded with a palm,
and other expressive marks of the people’s favour. He was most
commonly presented with a _pileus_ and _rudis_. When one of the
combatants received a remarkable wound, the people exclaimed _habet_,
and expressed their exultation by shouts. The combats of gladiators
were sometimes different either in weapons or dress, whence
they were generally distinguished into the following orders: The
_secutores_ were armed with a sword and buckler, to keep off the
net of their antagonists, the _retiarii_. These last endeavoured
to throw their net over the head of their antagonist, and in that
manner to entangle him, and prevent him from striking. If this did
not succeed, they betook themselves to flight. Their dress was a
short coat, with a hat tied under the chin with a broad ribbon.
They wore a trident in their left hand. The _Thraces_, originally
Thracians, were armed with a falchion, and small round shield. The
_myrmillones_, called also _Galli_, from their Gallic dress, ♦were
much the same as the _secutores_. They were, like them, armed with
a sword, and on the top of the head-piece they wore the figure of a
fish embossed, called μορμυρος, whence their name. The _Hoplomachi_
were completely armed from head to foot, as their name implies. The
_Samnites_, armed after the manner of the Samnites, wore a large
shield broad at the top, and growing more narrow at the bottom, more
conveniently to defend the upper parts of the body. The _Essedarii_
generally fought from the _essedum_, or chariot used by the ancient
Gauls and Britons. The _andabatæ_, ἀναβαται, fought on horseback,
with a helmet that covered and defended their faces and eyes. Hence
_andabatarum more pugnare_, is to fight blindfolded. The _meridiani_
engaged in the afternoon. The _postulatitii_ were men of great skill
and experience, and such as were generally produced by the emperors.
The _fiscales_ were maintained out of the emperor’s treasury,
_fiscus_. The _dimachæri_ fought with two swords in their hands,
whence their name. After these cruel exhibitions had been continued
for the amusement of the Roman populace, they were abolished by
Constantine the Great, near 600 years after their first institution.
They were, however, revived under the reign of Constantius and his
two successors, but Honorius for ever put an end to these cruel
barbarities.

♦ ‘where’ replaced with ‘were’

=Glanis=, a river of Cumæ,――――of Iberia,――――of Italy. _Silius
Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 454.

=Glanum=, a town of Gaul, now _St. Remi_, in Provence.

=Glaphy̆re= and =Glaphy̆ra=, a daughter of Archelaus the high priest
of Bellona in Cappadocia, celebrated for her beauty and intrigues.
She obtained the kingdom of Cappadocia for her two sons from Marcus
Antony, whom she corrupted by defiling the bed of her husband. This
amour of Antony with Glaphyra highly displeased his wife Fulvia,
who wished Augustus to avenge his infidelity by receiving from
her the same favours which Glaphyra received from Antony.――――Her
granddaughter bore the same name. She was a daughter of Archelaus
king of Cappadocia, and married Alexander, a son of Herod, by whom
she had two sons. After the death of Alexander, she married her
brother-in-law Archelaus.

=Glaphy̆rus=, an infamous adulterer. _Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 77.

=Glauce=, the wife of Actæus, daughter of Cychræus. _Apollodorus._
――――A daughter of Cretheus, mother of Telamon.――――One of the
Nereides.――――A daughter of Creon, who married Jason. _See:_ Creusa.
――――One of the Danaides. _Apollodorus._

=Glaucia=, a surname of the Servilian family. _Cicero_, _Orator_,
ch. 3.

=Glaucippe=, one of the Danaides. _Apollodorus._

=Glaucippus=, a Greek who wrote a treatise concerning the sacred rites
observed at Athens.

=Glaucon=, a writer of dialogues at Athens. _Diogenes Laërtius_,
_Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers_.

=Glauconŏme=, one of the Nereides.

=Glaucōpis=, a surname of Minerva, from the blueness of her eyes.
_Homer._――_Hesiod._

=Glaucus=, a son of Hippolchus the son of Bellerophon. He assisted
Priam in the Trojan war, and had the simplicity to exchange his
golden suit of armour with Diomedes for an iron one, whence came
the proverb of _Glauci et Diomedis permutatio_, to express a foolish
purchase. He behaved with much courage, and was killed by Ajax.
_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 483.――_Martial_, bk. 9, ltr. 96.
――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 6.――――A fisherman of Anthedon in Bœotia,
son of Neptune and Nais, or, according to others, of Polybius the
son of Mercury. As he was fishing, he observed that all the fishes
which he laid on the grass received fresh vigour as they touched the
ground, and immediately escaped from him by leaping into the sea. He
attributed the cause of it to the grass, and by tasting it, he found
himself suddenly moved with a desire of living in the sea. Upon
this he leaped into the water, and was made a sea deity by Oceanus
and Tethys, at the request of the gods. After this transformation
he became enamoured of the Nereid Scylla, whose ingratitude was
severely punished by Circe. _See:_ Scylla. He is represented like
the other sea deities, with a long beard, dishevelled hair, and
shaggy eyebrows, and with the tail of a fish. He received the gift
of prophecy from Apollo, and according to some accounts he was the
interpreter of Nereus. He assisted the Argonauts in their expedition,
and foretold them that Hercules and the two sons of Leda would one
day receive immortal honours. The fable of his metamorphosis has
been explained by some authors, who observe that he was an excellent
diver, who was devoured by fishes as he was swimming in the sea.
_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 905, &c.――_Hyginus_, fable
199.――_Athenæus_, bk. 7.――_Apollonius_, bk. 1.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.
――_Aristotle_, _Constitution of Delos_.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 22.
――――A son of Sisyphus king of Corinth, by Merope the daughter of
Atlas, born at Potnia, a village of Bœotia. He prevented his mares
from having any commerce with the stallions, in the expectation
that they would become swifter in running, upon which Venus inspired
the mares with such fury, that they tore his body to pieces as he
returned from the games which Adrastus had celebrated in honour of
his father. He was buried at Potnia. _Hyginus_, fable 250.――_Virgil_,
_Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 367.――_Apollodorus_, bks. 1 & 2.――――A son of
Minos II. and Pasiphae, who was smothered in a cask of honey. His
father, ignorant of his fate, consulted the oracle to know where he
was, and received for answer, that the soothsayer who best described
him an ox, which was of three different colours among his flocks,
would best give him intelligence of his son’s situation. Polyidus
was found superior to all the other soothsayers, and was commanded
by the king to find the young prince. When he had found him, Minos
confined him with the dead body, and told him that he never would
restore him his liberty if he did not restore his son to life.
Polyidus was struck with the king’s severity, but while he stood in
astonishment, a serpent suddenly came towards the body and touched
it. Polyidus killed the serpent, and immediately a second came, who
seeing the other without motion or signs of life, disappeared, and
soon after returned with a certain herb in his mouth. This herb he
laid on the body of the dead serpent, which was immediately restored
to life. Polyidus, who had attentively considered what passed,
seized the herb, and with it he rubbed the body of the dead prince,
who was instantly raised to life. Minos received Glaucus with
gratitude, but he refused to restore Polyidus to liberty, before
he taught his son the art of divination and prophecy. He consented
with great reluctance, and when he was at last permitted to return
to Argolis his native country, he desired his pupil to spit in his
mouth. Glaucus willingly consented, and from that moment he forgot
all the knowledge of divination and healing which he had received
from the instructions of Polyidus. Hyginus ascribes the recovery
of Glaucus to Æsculapius. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 3.――_Hyginus_,
fables 136 & 251, &c.――――A son of Epytus, who succeeded his father
on the throne of Messenia, about 10 centuries before the Augustan
age. He introduced the worship of Jupiter among the Dorians, and was
the first who offered sacrifices to Machaon the son of Æsculapius.
_Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 3.――――A son of Antenor, killed by Agamemnon.
_Dictys Cretensis_, bk. 4.――――An Argonaut, the only one of the crew
who was not wounded in a battle against the Tyrrhenians. _Athenæus_,
bk. 7, ch. 12.――――A son of Imbrasus, killed by Turnus. _Virgil_,
_Æneid_, bk. 12, li. 343.――――A son of Hippolytus, whose descendants
reigned in Ionia.――――An athlete of Eubœa. _Pausanias_, bk. 6,
ch. 9.――――A son of Priam. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3.――――A physician
of Cleopatra. _Plutarch_, _Antonius_.――――A warrior in the age
of Phocion. _Plutarch_, _Phocion_.――――A physician exposed on a
cross, because Hephæstion died while under his care. _Plutarch_,
_Alexander_.――――An artist of Chios. _Pausanias._――――A Spartan.
_Pausanias._――――A grove of Bœotia. _Pausanias._――――A bay of Caria,
now the gulf of _Macri_. _Pausanias._――――An historian of Rhegium in
Italy.――――A bay and river of Libya,――――of Peloponnesus,――――of
Colchis, falling into the Phasis.

=Glautias=, a king of Illyricum, who educated Pyrrhus.

=Glicon=, a physician of Pansa, accused of having poisoned the wound
of his patron, &c. _Suetonius_, _Augustus_, ch. 11.

=Glissas=, a town of Bœotia, with a small river in the neighbourhood.
_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 19.

=Glycĕra=, a beautiful woman, celebrated by _Horace_, bk. 1, odes 19,
30.――――A courtesan of Sicyon, so skilful in making garlands, that
some attributed to her the invention of them.――――A famous courtesan,
whom Harpalus brought from Athens to Babylon.

=Gly̆cĕrium=, a harlot of Thespis, who presented her countrymen with
the painting of Cupid, which Praxiteles had given her.――――The
mistress of Pamphilus in Terence’s Andria.

=Gly̆con=, a man remarkable for his strength. _Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 1,
li. 30.――――A physician who attended Pansa, and was accused of
poisoning his patron’s wound. _Suetonius_, _Augustus_, ch. 11.

=Glympes=, a town on the borders of the Lacedæmonians and Messenians.
_Polybius_, bk. 4.

=Gnatia=, a town of Apulia, about 30 miles from Brundusium, badly
supplied with water. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 5.

=Gnidus.= _See:_ Cnidus.

=Gnossis= and =Gnossia=, an epithet given to Ariadne, because she
lived, or was born, at Gnossus. The crown which she received from
Bacchus, and which was made a constellation, is called _Gnossia
Stella_. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 222.

=Gnossus=, a famous city of Crete, the residence of king Minos.
The name of _Gnossia tellus_ is often applied to the whole island.
_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 23.――_Strabo_, bk. 10.――_Homer_,
_Odyssey_.

=Gobanitio=, a chief of the Averni, uncle to Vercingetorix. _Cæsar_,
_Gallic War_, bk. 7, ch. 4.

=Gobar=, a governor of Mesopotamia, who checked the course of the
Euphrates, that it might not run rapidly through Babylon. _Pliny_,
bk. 6, ch. 26.

=Gobares=, a Persian governor, who surrendered to Alexander, &c.
_Curtius_, bk. 5, ch. 31.

=Gobryas=, a Persian, one of the seven noblemen who conspired against
the usurper Smerdis. _See:_ Darius. _Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 70.

=Golgi= (ōrum), a place of Cyprus, sacred to Venus _Golgia_ and to
Cupid. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 5.

=Gomphi=, a town of Thessaly, near the springs of the Peneus, at the
foot of mount Pindus.

=Gonātas=, one of the Antigoni.

=Goniădes=, nymphs in the neighbourhood of the river Cytherus.
_Strabo_, bk. 8.

=Gonippus= and =Panormus=, two youths of Andania, who disturbed the
Lacedæmonians when celebrating the festivals of Pollux. _Pausanias_,
bk. 4, ch. 27.

=Gonni= and =Gonocondylos=, a town of Thessaly at the entrance into
Tempe. _Livy_, bk. 36, ch. 10; bk. 42, ch. 54.――_Strabo_, bk. 4.

=Gonoessa=, a town of Troas. _Seneca_, _Troades_.

=Gonussa=, a town of Sicyon. _Pausanias._

=Gordiæi=, mountains in Armenia, where the Tigris rises, supposed to
be the Ararat of scripture.

=Gordiānus Marcus Antonius Africanus=, a son of Metius Marcellus,
descended from Trajan by his mother’s side. In the greatest
affluence, he cultivated learning, and was an example of piety and
virtue. He applied himself to the study of poetry, and composed a
poem in 30 books upon the virtues of Titus, Antoninus, and Marcus
Aurelius. He was such an advocate for good breeding and politeness,
that he never sat down in the presence of his father-in-law Annius
Severus, who paid him daily visits, before he was promoted to the
pretorship. He was some time after elected consul, and went to take
the government of Africa in the capacity of proconsul. After he
had attained his 80th year in the greatest splendour and domestic
tranquillity, he was roused from his peaceful occupations by the
tyrannical reign of the Maximini, and he was proclaimed emperor by
the rebellious troops of his province. He long declined to accept
the imperial purple, but the threats of immediate death gained
his compliance. Maximinus marched against him with the greatest
indignation; and Gordian sent his son, with whom he shared the
imperial dignity, to oppose the enemy. Young Gordian was killed;
and the father, worn out with age, and grown desperate on account of
his misfortunes, strangled himself at Carthage, before he had been
six weeks at the head of the empire, A.D. 236. He was universally
lamented by the army and people.――――Marcus Antoninus Africanus, son
of Gordianus, was instructed by Serenus Sammoticus, who left him
his library, which consisted of 62,000 volumes. His enlightened
understanding, and his peaceful disposition, recommended him to the
favour of the emperor Heliogabalus. He was made prefect of Rome,
and afterwards consul, by the emperor Alexander Severus. He passed
into Africa, in the character of lieutenant to his father, who
had obtained that province; and seven years after he was elected
emperor, in conjunction with him. He marched against the partisans of
Maximinus, his antagonist in Mauritania, and was killed in a bloody
battle on the 25th of June, A.D. 236, after a reign of about six
weeks. He was of an amiable disposition, but he has been justly
blamed by his biographers on account of his lascivious propensities,
which reduced him to the weakness and infirmities of old age, though
he was but in his 46th year at the time of his death.――――Marcus
Antoninus Pius, grandson to the first Gordian, was but 12 years
old when he was honoured with the title of Cæsar. He was proclaimed
emperor in the 16th year of his age, and his election was attended
with universal marks of approbation. In the 18th year of his age,
he married Furia Sabina Tranquilina daughter of Misitheus, a man
celebrated for his ♦eloquence and public virtues. Misitheus was
entrusted with the most important offices of the state by his
son-in-law, and his administration proved how deserving he was of
the confidence and affection of his imperial master. He corrected
the various abuses which prevailed in the state, and restored
the ancient discipline among the soldiers. By his prudence and
political sagacity, all the chief towns in the empire were stored
with provisions, which could maintain the emperor and a large army
during 15 days upon any emergency. Gordian was not less active than
his father-in-law; and when Sapor the king of Persia had invaded the
Roman provinces in the east, he boldly marched to meet him, and in
his way defeated a large body of Goths, in Mœsia. He conquered Sapor,
and took many flourishing cities in the east from his adversary. In
this success the senate decreed him a triumph, and saluted Misitheus
as the guardian of the republic. Gordian was assassinated in the
east, A.D. 244, by the means of Philip, who had succeeded to the
virtuous Misitheus, and who usurped the sovereign power by murdering
a warlike and amiable prince. The senate, sensible of his merit,
honoured him with a most splendid funeral on the confines of Persia,
and ordered that the descendants of the Gordians should ever be free,
at Rome, from all the heavy taxes and burdens of the state. During
the reign of Gordianus, there was an uncommon eclipse of the sun, in
which the stars appeared in the middle of the day.

♦ ‘eloqence’ replaced with ‘eloquence’

=Gordium=, a town of Phrygia. _Justin_, bk. 11, ch. 7.――_Livy_, bk. 38,
ch. 18.――_Curtius_, bk. 3, ch. 1.

=Gordius=, a Phrygian, who, though originally a peasant, was raised to
the throne. During a sedition, the Phrygians consulted the oracle,
and were told that all their troubles would cease as soon as they
chose for their king the first man they met going to the temple
of Jupiter, mounted on a chariot. Gordius was the object of their
choice, and he immediately consecrated his chariot in the temple
of Jupiter. The knot which tied the yoke to the draught tree, was
made in such an artful manner that the ends of the cord could not
be perceived. From this circumstance a report was soon spread, that
the empire of Asia was promised by the oracle to him that could
untie the Gordian knot. Alexander, in his conquest of Asia, passed
by Gordium; and as he wished to leave nothing undone which might
inspire his soldiers with courage, and make his enemies believe that
he was born to conquer Asia, he cut the knot with his sword; and
from that circumstance asserted that the oracle was really fulfilled,
and that his claims to universal empire were fully justified.
_Justin_, bk. 11, ch. 7.――_Curtius_, bk. 3, ch. 1.――_Arrian_, bk. 1.
――――A tyrant of Corinth. _Aristotle_.

=Gorgāsus=, a man who received divine honours at Pheræ in Messenia.
_Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 30.

=Gorge=, a daughter of Œneus king of Calydon, by Althæa daughter of
Thestius. She married Andremon, by whom she had Oxilus, who headed
the Heraclidæ when they made an attempt upon Peloponnesus. Her
tomb was seen at Amphissa in Locris. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 38.
――_Apollodorus_, bks. 1 & 2.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8,
li. 542.――――One of the Danaides. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1.

=Gorgias=, a celebrated sophist and orator, son of Carmantides
surnamed _Leontinus_, because born at Leontium in Sicily. He was
sent by his countrymen to solicit the assistance of the Athenians
against the Syracusans, and was successful in his embassy. He lived
to his 108th year, and died B.C. 400. Only two fragments of his
compositions are extant. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 17.――_Cicero_,
_Orator_, ch. 22, &c.; _De Senectute_, ch. 15; _Brutus_, ch. 15.
――_Quintilian_, bks. 3 & 12.――――An officer of Antiochus Epiphanes.
――――An Athenian, who wrote an account of all the prostitutes of
Athens. _Athenæus._――――A Macedonian, forced to war with Amyntas, &c.
_Curtius_, bk. 7, ch. 1.

=Gorgo=, the wife of Leonidas king of Sparta, &c.――――The name of the
ship which carried Perseus, after he had conquered Medusa.

=Gorgŏnes=, three celebrated sisters, daughters of Phorcys and Ceto,
whose names were Stheno, Euryale, and Medusa, all immortal except
Medusa. According to the mythologists, their hairs were entwined
with serpents, their hands were of brass, their wings of the colour
of gold, their body was covered with impenetrable scales, and their
teeth were as long as the tusks of a wild boar, and they turned to
stones all those on whom they fixed their eyes. Medusa alone had
serpents in her hair, according to Ovid, and this proceeded from
the resentment of Minerva, in whose temple Medusa had gratified the
passion of Neptune, who was enamoured of the beautiful colour of her
locks, which the goddess changed into serpents. Æschylus says that
they had only one tooth and one eye between them, of which they had
the use each in her turn; and accordingly it was at the time that
they were exchanging the eye, that Perseus attacked them, and cut
off Medusa’s head. According to some authors, Perseus, when he went
to the conquest of the Gorgons, was armed with an instrument like
a scythe by Mercury, and provided with a looking-glass by Minerva,
besides winged shoes, and a helmet of Pluto, which rendered all
objects clearly visible and open to the view, while the person who
wore it remained totally invisible. With weapons like these, Perseus
obtained an easy victory; and after his conquest, returned his arms
to the different deities whose favours and assistance he had so
recently experienced. The head of Medusa remained in his hands;
and after he had finished all his laborious expeditions, he gave it
to Minerva, who placed it on her ægis, with which she turned into
stones all such as fixed their eyes upon it. It is said, that after
the conquest of the Gorgons, Perseus took his flight in the air
towards Æthiopia; and that the drops of blood which fell to the
ground from Medusa’s head were changed into serpents, which have
ever since infested the sandy deserts of Libya. The horse Pegasus
also arose from the blood of Medusa, as well as Chrysaor with his
golden sword. The residence of the Gorgons was beyond the ocean
towards the west, according to Hesiod. Æschylus makes them inhabit
the eastern parts of Scythia; and Ovid, as the most received opinion,
supports that they lived in the inland parts of Libya, near the lake
of Triton, or the gardens of the Hesperides. Diodorus and others
explain the fable of the Gorgons, by supposing that they were a
warlike race of women near the Amazons, whom Perseus, with the help
of a large army, totally destroyed. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_ & _Shield
of Heracles_.――_Apollonius_, bk. 4.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, chs. 1
& 4, &c.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bks. 5 & 11.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6,
&c.――_Diodorus_, bks. 1 & 4.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 20, &c.
――_Aeschylus_, _Prometheus Bound_, act 4.――_Pindar_, _Pythian_,
odes 7 & 12; _Olympian_, poem 3.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4,
li. 618, &c.――_Palæphatus_, _on the Daughters of Phorcys_.

=Gorgŏnia=, a surname of Pallas, because Perseus, armed with her shield,
had conquered the Gorgon, who had polluted her temple with Neptune.

=Gorgŏnius=, a man ridiculed by Horace for his ill smell. _Horace_,
bk. 1, satire 2, li. 27.

=Gorgŏphŏne=, a daughter of Perseus and Andromeda, who married
Perieres king of Messenia, by whom she had Aphareus and Leucippus.
After the death of Perieres, she married Œbalus, who made her mother
of Icarus and Tyndarus. She is the first whom the mythologists
mention as having had a second husband. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 2.
――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, chs. 2 & 3.――――One of the Danaides.
_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1.

=Gorgŏphŏnus=, a son of Electryon and Anaxo. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2,
ch. 4.

=Gorgŏphŏra=, a surname of Minerva, from her ægis, on which was the
head of the Gorgon Medusa. _Cicero._

=Gorgus=, the son of Aristomenes the Messenian. He was married, when
young, to a virgin, by his father, who had experienced the greatest
kindnesses from her humanity, and had been enabled to conquer seven
Cretans who had attempted his life, &c. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 19.
――――A son of Theron tyrant of Agrigentum.――――A man whose knowledge
of metals proved very serviceable to Alexander, &c.

=Gorgythion=, a son of Priam, killed by Teucer. _Homer_, _Iliad_,
bk. 8.

=Gortuæ=, a people of Eubœa, who fought with the Medes at the battle
of Arbela. _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 12.

=Gortyn=, =Gortys=, and =Gortȳna=, an inland town of Crete. It was
on the inhabitants of this place that Annibal, to save his money,
practised an artifice recorded in _Cornelius Nepos_, _Hannibal_,
ch. 9.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.――_Lucan_, bk. 6, li. 214; bk. 7,
li. 214.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 773.

=Gortȳnia=, a town of Arcadia in Peloponnesus. _Pausanias_, bk. 8,
ch. 28.

=Gotthi=, a celebrated nation of Germany, called also Gothones,
Gutones, Gythones, and Guttones. They were warriors by profession,
as well as all their savage neighbours. They extended their power
over all parts of the world, and chiefly directed their arms
against the Roman empire. Their first attempt against Rome was on
the provinces of Greece, whence they were driven by Constantine.
They plundered Rome, under Alaric, one of their most celebrated
kings, A.D. 410. From becoming the enemies of the Romans, the Goths
gradually became their mercenaries; and as they were powerful and
united, they soon dictated to their imperial masters, and introduced
disorder, anarchy, and revolutions in the west of Europe. _Tacitus_,
_Annals_, bk. 2, ch. 2, &c.

=Gracchus Tiberius Sempronius=, father of Tiberius and Caius Gracchus,
twice consul, and once censor, was distinguished by his integrity
as well as his prudence and superior ability, both in the senate and
at the head of the armies. He made war in Gaul, and met with much
success in Spain. He married Sempronia, of the family of the Scipios,
a woman of great virtue, piety, and learning. _Cicero_, _On Oratory_,
bk. 1, ch. 48. Their children, Tiberius and Caius, who had been
educated under the watchful eye of their mother, rendered themselves
famous for their eloquence, seditions, and an obstinate attachment
to the interests of the populace, which at last proved fatal to
them. With a winning eloquence, affected moderation, and uncommon
popularity, Tiberius began to renew the Agrarian law, which had
already caused such dissensions at Rome. _See:_ Agraria. By the
means of violence, his proposition passed into a law, and he was
appointed commissioner, with his father-in-law Appius Claudius and
his brother Caius, to make an equal division of the lands among the
people. The riches of Attalus, which were left to the Roman people
by will, were distributed without opposition; and Tiberius enjoyed
the triumph of his successful enterprise, when he was assassinated
in the midst of his adherents by Publius Nasica, while the populace
were all unanimous to re-elect him to serve the office of tribune
the following year. The death of Tiberius checked for a while the
friends of the people; but Caius, spurred by ambition and furious
zeal, attempted to remove every obstacle which stood in his way by
force and violence. He supported the cause of the people with more
vehemence, but less moderation than Tiberius; and his success served
only to awaken his ambition, and animate his resentment against
the nobles. With the privileges of a tribune, he soon became the
arbiter of the republic, and treated the patricians with contempt.
This behaviour hastened the ruin of Caius, and in the tumult he
fled to the temple of Diana, where his friends prevented him from
committing suicide. This increased the sedition, and he was murdered
by order of the consul Opimius, B.C. 121, about 13 years after the
unfortunate end of Tiberius. His body was thrown into the Tiber,
and his wife was forbidden to put on mourning for his death. Caius
has been accused of having stained his hands in the blood of Scipio
Africanus the younger, who was found murdered in his bed. _Plutarch_,
_Parallel Lives_.――_Cicero_, _Catiline_, ch. 1.――_Lucan_, bk. 6,
li. 796.――_Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 17; bk. 3, ch. 14, &c.――――Sempronius,
a Roman, banished to the coast of Africa for his adulteries with
Julia the daughter of Augustus. He was assassinated by order of
Tiberius, after he had been banished 14 years. Julia also shared
his fate. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 1, ch. 53.――――A general of the
Sabines, taken by Quinctius Cincinnatus.――――A Roman consul, defeated
by Annibal, &c. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Hannibal_.

=Grādīvus=, a surname of Mars among the Romans, perhaps from
κραδαινειν, _brandishing a spear_. Though he had a temple without
the walls of Rome, and though Numa had established the Salii, yet
his favourite residence was supposed to be among the fierce and
savage Thracians and Getæ, over whom he particularly presided.
_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 35.――_Homer_, _Iliad_.――_Livy_, bk. 1,
ch. 20; bk. 2, ch. 45.

=Græci=, the inhabitants of Greece. _See:_ Græcia.

=Græcia=, a celebrated country of Europe, bounded on the west by
the Ionian sea, south by the Mediterranean sea, east by the Ægean,
and north by Thrace and Dalmatia. It is generally divided into
four large provinces: Macedonia, Epirus, Achaia or Hellas, and
Peloponnesus. This country has been reckoned superior to every
other part of the earth, on account of the salubrity of the air,
the temperature of the climate, the fertility of the soil, and above
all, the fame, learning, and arts of its inhabitants. The Greeks have
severally been called Achæans, Argians, Danai, Dolopes, Hellenians,
Ionians, Myrmidons, and Pelasgians. The most celebrated of their
cities were Athens, Sparta, Argos, Corinth, Thebes, Sicyon, Mycenæ,
Delphi, Trœzene, Salamis, Megara, Pylos, &c. The inhabitants, whose
history is darkened in its primitive ages with fabulous accounts and
traditions, supported that they were the original inhabitants of the
country, and born from the earth where they dwelt; and they heard
with contempt the probable conjectures which traced their origin
among the first inhabitants of Asia, and the colonies of Egypt.
In the first periods of their history, the Greeks were governed
by monarchs; and there were as many kings as there were cities.
The monarchical power gradually decreased; the love of liberty
established the republican government; and no part of Greece, except
Macedonia, remained in the hands of an absolute sovereign. The
expedition of the Argonauts first rendered the Greeks respectable
among their neighbours; and in the succeeding age, the wars of
Thebes and Troy gave opportunity to their heroes and demi-gods to
display their valour in the field of battle. The simplicity of the
ancient Greeks rendered them virtuous; and the establishment of
the Olympic games, in particular, where the noble reward of the
conqueror was a laurel crown, contributed to their aggrandizement,
and made them ambitious of fame, and not the slaves of riches.
The austerity of their laws, and the education of their youth,
particularly at Lacedæmon, rendered them brave and active,
insensible to bodily pain, fearless and intrepid in the time of
danger. The celebrated battles of Marathon, Thermopylæ, Salamis,
Platæa, and Mycale sufficiently show what superiority the courage of
a little army can obtain over millions of undisciplined barbarians.
After many signal victories over the Persians, they became elated
with their success; and when they found no one able to dispute their
power abroad, they turned their arms one against the other, and
leagued with foreign states to destroy the most flourishing of
their cities. The Messenian and Peloponnesian wars are examples
of the dreadful calamities which arise from civil discord and long
prosperity, and the success with which the gold and the sword of
Philip and of his son corrupted and enslaved Greece, fatally proved
that when a nation becomes indolent and dissipated at home, it
ceases to be respectable in the eyes of the neighbouring states. The
annals of Greece, however, abound with singular proofs of heroism
and resolution. The bold retreat of the 10,000, who had assisted
Cyrus against his brother Artaxerxes, reminded their countrymen of
their superiority over all other nations; and taught Alexander that
the conquest of the east might be effected with a handful of Grecian
soldiers. While the Greeks rendered themselves so illustrious
by their military exploits, the arts and sciences were assisted
by conquest, and received fresh lustre from the application and
industry of their professors. The labours of the learned were
received with admiration, and the merit of a composition was
determined by the applause or disapprobation of a multitude.
Their generals were orators; and eloquence seemed to be so nearly
connected with the military profession, that he was despised by
his soldiers who could not address them upon any emergency with
a spirited and well-delivered oration. The learning as well as
the virtues of Socrates procured him a name; and the writings of
Aristotle have, perhaps, gained him a more lasting fame than all the
conquests and trophies of his royal pupil. Such were the occupations
and accomplishments of the Greeks. Their language became almost
universal, and their country was the receptacle of the youths of the
neighbouring states, where they imbibed the principles of liberty
and moral virtue. The Greeks planted several colonies, and totally
peopled the western coasts of Asia Minor. In the eastern parts
of Italy there were also many settlements made; and the country
received from its Greek inhabitants the name of _Magna Græcia_.
For some time Greece submitted to the yoke of Alexander and his
successors; and at last, after a spirited though ineffectual
struggle in the Achæan league, it fell under the power of Rome, and
became one of its ♦dependent provinces, governed by a proconsul.

♦ ‘dependant’ replaced with ‘dependent’

=Græcia magna=, a part of Italy where the Greeks planted colonies,
whence the name. Its boundaries are very uncertain; some say that
it extended on the southern parts of Italy, and others suppose that
Magna Græcia comprehended only Campania and Lucania. To these some
add Sicily, which was likewise peopled by Greek colonies. _Ovid_,
_Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 64.――_Strabo_, &c.

=Græcīnus=, a senator put to death by Caligula, because he refused to
accuse Sejanus, &c. _Seneca_, _de Beneficiis_, bk. 2.

=Græcus=, a man from whom some suppose that Greece received its name.
_Aristotle._

=Graius=, an inhabitant of Greece.

=Grampius mons=, the Grampian mountains in Scotland. _Tacitus_,
_Agricola_, ch. 29.

=Granīcus=, a river of Bithynia, famous for the battle fought there
between the armies of Alexander and Darius, 22nd of May, B.C. 334,
when 600,000 Persians were defeated by 30,000 Macedonians.
_Diodorus_, bk. 17.――_Plutarch_, _Alexander_.――_Justin._――_Curtius_,
bk. 4, ch. 1.

=Granius Petronius=, an officer who, being taken by Pompey’s generals,
refused the life which was tendered to him; observing that Cæsar’s
soldiers received not, but granted, life. He killed himself.
_Plutarch_, _Cæsar_.――――A questor whom Sylla had ordered to be
strangled, only one day before he died a natural death. _Plutarch._
――――A son of the wife of Marius, by a former husband.――――Quintus, a
man intimate with Crassus and other illustrious men of Rome, whose
vices he lashed with an unsparing hand. _Cicero_, _Brutus_, chs. 43
& 46; _On Oratory_, bk. 2, ch. 60.

=Gratiæ=, three goddesses. _See:_ Charites.

=Grātiānus=, a native of Pannonia, father to the emperor Valentinian I.
He was raised to the throne, though only eight years old; and after
he had reigned for some time conjointly with his father, he became
sole emperor in the 16th year of his age. He soon after took, as his
imperial colleague, Theodosius, whom he appointed over the eastern
parts of the empire. His courage in the field was as remarkable as
his love of learning, and fondness of philosophy. He slaughtered
30,000 Germans in a battle, and supported the tottering state by
his prudence and intrepidity. His enmity to the Pagan superstition
of his subjects proved his ruin; and Maximinus, who undertook the
defence of the worship of Jupiter and of all the gods, was joined
by an infinite number of discontented Romans, and met Gratian near
Paris in Gaul. Gratian was forsaken by his troops in the field of
battle, and was murdered by the rebels, A.D. 383, in the 24th year
of his age.――――A Roman soldier, invested with the imperial purple
by the rebellious army in Britain, in opposition to Honorius. He was
assassinated four months after by those very troops to whom he owed
his elevation, A.D. 407.

=Gratidia=, a woman at Neapolis, called Canidia by Horace, epode 3.

=Gration=, a giant killed by Diana.

=Gratius Faliscus=, a Latin poet contemporary with Ovid, and mentioned
only by him among the more ancient authors. He wrote a poem on
coursing, called _Cynegeticon_, much commended for its elegance and
perspicuity. It may be compared to the Georgics of Virgil, to which
it is nearly equal in the number of verses. The latest edition is of
Amsterdam, 4to, 1728. _Ovid_, _ex Ponto_, bk. 4, poem 16, li. 34.

=Gravii=, a people of Spain. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 366.

=Grăviscæ=, now _Eremo de St. Augustino_, a maritime town of Etruria,
which assisted Æneas against Turnus. The air was unwholesome, on
account of the marshes and stagnant waters in its neighbourhood.
_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 184.――_Livy_, bk. 40, ch. 29; bk. 41,
ch. 16.

=Gravius=, a Roman knight of Puteoli, killed at Dyrrachium, &c.
_Cæsar_, _Civil War_.