Chapter V: Preface: To the Original Edition (4)

=Æmŏna=, a large city of Asia. _Cicero_, _for Flaccus_.

=Æmŏnia=, a country of Greece which received its name from Æmon,
or Æmus, and was afterwards called Thessaly. Achilles is called
_Æmonius_, as being born there. _Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 3, poem 11;
bk. 4, poem 1.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 37. It was also called Pyrrha,
from Pyrrha, Deucalion’s wife, who reigned there.――――The word has
been indiscriminately applied to all Greece by some writers. _Pliny_,
bk. 4, ch. 7.

=Æmŏnĭdes=, a priest of Apollo in Italy, killed by Æneas. _Virgil_,
_Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 537.

=Æmus=, an actor in Domitian’s reign. _Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 197.

=Æmylia=, a noble family in Rome, descended from Mamercus son of
Pythagoras, who, for his humanity, was called Αἱμυλος, _blandus_.
――――A vestal who rekindled the fire of Vesta, which was extinguished,
by putting her veil over it. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 1, ch. 1.
――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 2.――――The wife of Africanus the
elder, famous for her behaviour to her husband, when suspected of
infidelity. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 6, ch. 7.――――Lepĭda, daughter
of Lepidus, married Drusus the younger, whom she disgraced by her
wantonness. She killed herself when accused of adultery with a slave.
_Tacitus_, bk. 6, ch. 40.――――A part of Italy, called also Flaminia.
_Martial_, bk. 6, ltr. 85.――――A public road leading from Placentia
to Ariminum; called after the consul Æmylius, who is supposed to
have made it. _Martial_, bk. 3, ltr. 4.

=Æmyliānus=, a name of Africanus the younger, son of Publius Æmylius.
In him the families of the Scipios and Æmylii were united. Many of
that family bore the same name. _Juvenal_, satire 8, li. 2.

=Æmylii=, a noble family in Rome, descended from Æmylius the son of
Ascanius. _Plutarch_ says, that they are descended from Mamercus the
son of Pythagoras, surnamed Æmylius from the sweetness of his voice,
in _Numa_ & _Aemilius Paulus_.――The family was distinguished in the
various branches of the Lepidi, Mamerci, Mamercini, Barbulæ, Pauli,
and Scauri.

=Æmylius=, a beautiful youth of Sybaris, whose wife met with the
same fate as Procris. _See:_ Procris.――――Censorinus, a cruel tyrant
of Sicily, who liberally rewarded those who invented new ways of
torturing. Paterculus gave him a brazen horse for this purpose, and
the tyrant made the first experiment upon the donor. _Plutarch_,
_de Fortuna Romanorum_.――――Lepidus, a youth who had a statue in the
capitol, for saving the life of a citizen in a battle. _Valerius
Maximus_, bk. 4, ch. 1.――――A triumvir with Octavius. _See:_ Lepidus.
――――Macer, a poet of Verona in the Augustan age. He wrote some poems
upon serpents, birds, and, as some suppose, on bees. _See:_ Macer.
――――Marcus Scaurus, a Roman who flourished about 100 B.C., and
wrote three books concerning his own life. _Cicero_, _Brutus_.――――A
poet in the age of Tiberius, who wrote a tragedy called Atheus, and
destroyed himself.――――Sura, another writer on the Roman year.――――
Mamercus, three times dictator, conquered the Fidenates, and took
their city. He limited to one year and a half the censorship which
before his time was exercised during five years. _Livy_, bk. 4,
chs. 17, 19, &c.――――Papiniānus, son of Hostilius Papiniānus, was in
favour with the emperor Severus, and was made governor to his sons
Geta and Caracalla. Geta was killed by his brother, and Papiniānus,
for upbraiding him, was murdered by his soldiers. From his school
the Romans have had many able lawyers, who were called Papiniānists.
――――Pappus, a censor, who banished from the senate Publius Cornelius
Ruffinus, who had been twice consul, because he had at his table 10
pounds of silver plate, A.U.C. 478. _Livy_, bk. 14.――――Porcina, an
elegant orator. _Cicero_, _Brutus_.――――Rectus, a severe governor
of Egypt under Tiberius. _Dio Cassius._――――Regillus, conquered the
general of Antiochus at sea, and obtained a naval triumph. _Livy_,
bk. 37, ch. 31.――――Scaurus, a noble but poor citizen of Rome. His
father, to maintain himself, was a coal-merchant. He was edile,
and afterwards pretor, and fought against Jugurtha. His son Marcus
was son-in-law to Sylla, and in his edileship he built a very
magnificent theatre. _Pliny_, bk. 36, ch. 15.――――A bridge at Rome,
called also Sublicius. _Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 22.

=Ænăria=, an island in the bay of Puteoli, abounding with cypress
trees. It received its name from Æneas, who is supposed to have
landed there on his way to Latium. It is called Pithecusa by the
Greeks, and now Ischia, and was famous once for its mineral waters.
_Livy_, bk. 8, ch. 22.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 6; bk. 31, ch. 2.――
_Statius_, bk. 3, _Sylvæ_, poem 5, li. 104.

=Ænarium=, a forest near Olenos in Achaia, sacred to Jupiter.

=Ænasius=, one of the Ephori at Sparta. _Thucydides_, bk. 9, ch. 2.

=Ænēa=, or =Æneia=, a town of Macedonia, 15 miles from Thessalonica,
founded by Æneas. _Livy_, bk. 40, ch. 4; bk. 44, ch. 10.

=Æneădes=, a town of Chersonesus, built by Æneas. Cassander destroyed
it, and carried the inhabitants to Thessalonica, lately built.
_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1.

=Ænĕădæ=, a name given to the friends and companions of Æneas by
_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 161.

=Ænēas=, a Trojan prince, son of Anchises and the goddess Venus. The
opinions of authors concerning his character are different. His
infancy was intrusted to the care of a nymph, and at the age of five
he was recalled to Troy. He afterwards improved himself in Thessaly
under Chiron, a venerable sage whose house was frequented by the
young princes and heroes of the age. Soon after his return home
he married Creusa, Priam’s daughter by whom he had a son called
Ascanius. During the Trojan war he behaved with great valour, in
defence of his country, and came to an engagement with Diomedes and
Achilles. Yet Strabo, Dictys of Crete, Dionysius of Halicarnassus,
and Dares of Phrygia accuse him of betraying his country to the
Greeks, with Antenor, and of preserving his life and fortune by this
treacherous measure. He lived at variance with Priam, because he
received not sufficient marks of distinction from the king and his
family, as _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 13, says. This might have provoked
him to seek revenge by perfidy. Authors of credit report, that when
Troy was in flames, he carried away upon his shoulders his father
Anchises, and the statues of his household gods, leading in his hand
his son Ascanius, and leaving his wife to follow behind. Some say
that he retired to mount Ida, where he built a fleet of 20 ships,
and set sail in quest of a settlement. Strabo and others maintain
that Æneas never left his country, but rebuilt Troy, where he
reigned, and his posterity after him. Even Homer, who lived 400
years after the Trojan war, says, _Iliad_, bk. 20, li. 30, &c., that
the gods destined Æneas and his posterity to reign over the Trojans.
This passage Dionysius of Halicarnassus explained, by saying that
Homer meant the Trojans who had gone over to Italy with Æneas, and
not the actual inhabitants of Troy. According to Virgil and other
Latin authors, who, to make their court to the Roman emperors,
traced their origin up to Æneas, and described his arrival into
Italy as indubitable, he with his fleet first came to the Thracian
Chersonesus, where Polymnestor, one of his allies, reigned. After
visiting Delos, the Strophades, and Crete, where he expected to find
the empire promised him by the oracle, as in the place where his
progenitors were born, he landed in Epirus, and Drepanum, the court
of king Acestes, in Sicily, where he buried his father. From Sicily
he sailed for Italy, but was driven on the coasts of Africa and
kindly received by Dido queen of Carthage, to whom, on his first
interview he gave one of the garments of the beautiful Helen. Dido,
being enamoured of him, wished to marry him; but he left Carthage by
order of the gods. In his voyage he was driven to Sicily, and from
thence he passed to Cumæ, where the Sibyl conducted him to hell,
that he might hear from his father the fates which attended him and
all his posterity. After a voyage of seven years, and the loss of
13 ships, he came to the Tyber. Latinus, the king of the country,
received him with hospitality, and promised him his daughter Lavinia,
who had been before betrothed to king Turnus by her mother Amata. To
prevent this marriage, Turnus made war against Æneas: and after many
battles, the war was decided by a combat between the two rivals, in
which Turnus was killed. Æneas married Lavinia, in whose honour he
built the town of Lavinium, and succeeded his father-in-law. After a
short reign Æneas was killed in a battle against the Etrurians. Some
say that he was drowned in the Numicus, and his body weighed down by
his armour; upon which the Latins, not finding their king, supposed
that he had been taken up to heaven, and therefore offered him
sacrifices as to a god. Dionysius of Halicarnassus fixes the arrival
of Æneas in Italy in the 54th olympiad. Some authors suppose that
Æneas after the siege of Troy, fell to the share of Neoptolemus,
together with Andromache, and that he was carried to Thessaly,
whence he escaped to Italy. Others say that, after he had come
to Italy, he returned to Troy, leaving Ascanius king in Latium.
Æneas has been praised for his piety, and submission to the will
of the gods. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bks. 13 & 20; _Hymn to Aphrodite_.
――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 12.――_Diodorus_, bk. 3.――_Pausanias_,
bk. 2, ch. 33; bk. 3, ch. 22; bk. 10, ch. 25.――_Plutarch_, _Romulus_
& _Coriolanus_; _Quæstiones Romanæ_.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 1,
ch. 8.――_Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 1.――_Justin_, bk. 20, ch. 1; bk. 31,
ch. 8; bk. 43, ch. 1.――_Dictys Cretensis_, bk. 5.――_Dares Phrygius_,
ch. 6.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1, ch. 11.――_Strabo_,
bk. 13.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 1.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_.――_Aurelius
Victor._――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 8, ch. 22.――_Propertius_,
bk. 4, poem 1, li. 42.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, fable 3,
&c.; _Tristia_, bk. 4, li. 798.――――A son of Æneas and Lavinia,
called Sylvius, because his mother retired with him into the woods
after his father’s death. He succeeded Ascanius in Latium, though
opposed by Julius the son of his predecessor. _Virgil_, _Æneid_,
bk. 6, li. 770.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 3.――――An ambassador sent by
the Lacedæmonians to Athens, to treat of peace, in the 8th year of
the Peloponnesian war.――――An ancient author who wrote on tactics,
besides other treatises, which, according to Ælian, were epitomized
by Cineas the friend of Pyrrhus.――――A native of Gaza, who, from a
Platonic philosopher, became a Christian, A.D. 485, and wrote a
dialogue called _Theophrastus_, on the immortality of the soul and
the resurrection.

=Ænēia=, or =Ænia=, a place near Rome, afterwards called Janiculum.
――――A city of Troas. _Strabo_, bk. 17.――――A city of Macedonia.
_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1.

=Æneides=, a patronymic given to Ascanius, as son of Æneas. _Virgil_,
_Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 653.

=Ænēis=, a poem of Virgil, which has for its subject the settlement
of Æneas in Italy. The great merit of this poem is well known. The
author has imitated Homer, and, as some say, Homer is superior to
him only because he is more ancient, and is an original. Virgil
died before he had corrected it, and at his death desired it might
be burnt. This was happily disobeyed, and Augustus saved from the
flames a poem which proved his family to be descended from the kings
of Troy. The Æneid had engaged the attention of the poet for 11
years, and in the first six books it seems that it was Virgil’s
design to imitate Homer’s Odyssey, and in the last the Iliad. The
action of the poem comprehends eight years, one of which only, the
last, is really taken up by action, as the seven first are merely
episodes, such as Juno’s attempts to destroy the Trojans, the loves
of Æneas and Dido, the relation of the fall of Troy, &c. In the
first book of the Æneid, the hero is introduced, in the seventh year
of his expedition, sailing in the Mediterranean, and shipwrecked
on the African coast, where he is received by Dido. In the second,
Æneas, at the desire of the Phœnician queen, relates the fall of
Troy, and his flight through the general conflagration to mount Ida.
In the third, the hero continues his narration, by a minute account
of the voyage through the Cyclades, the places where he landed, and
the dreadful storm with the description of which the poem opened.
Dido, in the fourth book, makes public her partiality to Æneas,
which is slighted by the sailing of the Trojans from Carthage,
and the book closes with the suicide of the disappointed queen.
In the fifth book, Æneas sails to Sicily, where he celebrates the
anniversary of his father’s death, and thence pursues his voyage to
Italy. In the sixth, he visits the Elysian fields, and learns from
his father the fate which attends him and his descendants, the
Romans. In the seventh book, the hero reaches the destined land of
Latium, and concludes a treaty with the king of the country, which
is soon broken by the interference of Juno, who stimulates Turnus to
war. The auxiliaries of the enemy are enumerated; and in the eighth
book, Æneas is assisted by Evander, and receives from Venus a shield
wrought by Vulcan, on which are represented the future glory and
triumphs of the Roman nation. The reader is pleased, in the ninth
book, with the account of battles between the rival armies, and the
immortal friendship of Nisus and Euryalus. Jupiter, in the tenth,
attempts a reconciliation between Venus and Juno, who patronized the
opposite parties; the fight is renewed, Pallas killed, and Turnus
saved from the avenging hand of Æneas, by the interposition of Juno.
The eleventh book gives an account of the funeral of Pallas, and of
the meditated reconciliation between Æneas and Latinus, which the
sudden appearance of the enemy defeats. Camilla is slain, and the
combatants separated by the night. In the last book, Juno prevents
the single combat agreed upon by Turnus and Æneas. The Trojans are
defeated in the absence of their king; but on the return of Æneas,
the battle assumes a different turn, a single combat is fought by
the rival leaders, and the poem is concluded by the death of king
Turnus. _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 30, &c.

=Ænesidēmus=, a brave general of Argos. _Livy_, bk. 32, ch. 25.――――A
Cretan philosopher, who wrote eight books on the doctrine of his
master Pyrrho. _Diogenes Laërtius_, _Pyrrhonists_.

=Ænēsius=, a surname of Jupiter from mount Ænum.

=Ænētus=, a victor at Olympia, who, in the moment of victory, died
through excess of joy. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 18.

=Ænia.= _See:_ Æneia.

=Ænicus=, a comic writer at Athens.

=Æniŏchi=, a people of Asiatic Sarmatia. _Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 591.

=Ænobarbus=, or =Ahenobarbus=, the surname of Domitius. When Castor
and Pollux acquainted him with a victory, he discredited them;
upon which they touched his chin and beard, which instantly became
of a brazen colour, whence the surname given to himself and his
descendants.

=Ænŏcles=, a writer of Rhodes. _Athenæus._

=Ænos=, now _Eno_, an independent city of Thrace, at the eastern mouth
of the Hebrus, confounded with Æneia, of which Æneas was the founder.
_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 2.

=Ænum=, a town of Thrace――――of Thessaly.――――A mountain in Cephallenia.
_Strabo_, bk. 7.――――A river and village near Ossa.――――A city of
Crete, built by Æneas.

=Ænȳra=, a town of Thasos. _Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 47.

=Æŏlia=, a name given to Arne. Sappho is called _Æolia puella_, and
lyric poetry _Æolium carmen_, because of Alcæus and Sappho, natives
of Lesbos in Æolia. _Horace_, bk. 4, ode 3, li. 12, and ode 9,
li. 12.

=Æŏlia=, or =Æolis=, a country of Asia Minor, near the Ægean sea.
It has Troas at the north, and Ionia at the south. The inhabitants
were of Grecian origin, and were masters of many of the neighbouring
islands. They had 12, others say 30, considerable cities, of which
Cumæ and Lesbos were the most famous. They received their name from
Æolus son of Hellenus. They migrated from Greece about 1124 B.C.,
80 years before the migration of the Ionian tribes. _Herodotus_,
bk. 1, ch. 26, &c.――_Strabo_, bks. 1, 2, & 6.――_Pliny_, bk. 5,
ch. 30.――_Mela_, bk. 1, chs. 2 & 18.――――Thessaly has been anciently
called Æolia. Bœotus son of Neptune, having settled there, called
his followers Bœotians, and their country Bœotia.

=Æoliæ= and =Æolĭdes=, seven islands between Sicily and Italy, called
Lipara, Hiera, Strongyle, Didyme, Ericusa, Phœnicusa, and Euonymos.
They were the retreat of the winds; and _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1,
li. 56, calls them Æolia, and the kingdom of Æolus the god of
storms and winds. They sometimes bear the name of _Vulcaniæ_ and
_Hephæstides_, and are known now among the moderns under the general
appellation of Lipari islands. _Lucan_, bk. 5, li. 609.――_Justin_,
bk. 4, ch. 1.

=Æolĭda=, a city of Tenedos.――――Another near Thermopylæ. _Herodotus_,
bk. 8, ch. 35.

=Æolĭdes=, a patronymic of Ulysses, from Æolus; because Anticlea, his
mother, was pregnant by Sisyphus the son of Æolus, when she married
Laertes. It is also given to Athamas and Misenus, as sons of Æolus.
_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 511; bk. 13, li. 31.――_Virgil_,
_Æneid_, bk. 6, lis. 164 & 529.

=Æŏlus=, the king of storms and winds, was the son of Hippotas. He
reigned over Æolia; and because he was the inventor of sails, and a
great astronomer, the poets have called him the god of the wind. It
is said that he confined in a bag, and gave Ulysses all the winds
that could blow against his vessel, when he returned to Ithaca.
The companions of Ulysses untied the bag, and gave the winds their
liberty. Æolus was indebted to Juno for his royal dignity, according
to Virgil. The name seems to be derived from αἰολος, _varius_,
because the winds, over which he presided, are ever varying.――――
There were two others, a king of Etruria, father to Macareus and
Canace, and a son of Hellenus, often confounded with the god of the
winds. This last married Enaretta, by whom he had seven sons and
five daughters. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 7.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_,
bk. 10, li. 1.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, li. 478; bk. 14,
li. 224.――_Apollonius_, bk. 4, _Argonautica_.――_Flaccus_, bk. 1,
li. 556.――_Diodorus_, bks. 4 & 5.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 56,
&c.

=Æōra=, a festival at Athens, in honour of Erigone.

=Æpālius=, a king of Greece, restored to his kingdom by Hercules,
whose son Hyllus he adopted. _Strabo_, bk. 9.

=Æpēa=, a town of Crete, called Solis, in honour of Solon. _Plutarch_,
_Solon_.

=Æpŭlo=, a general of the Istrians, who drank to excess, after he
had stormed the camp of Acidinus Manlius the Roman general. Being
attacked by a soldier, he fled to a neighbouring town, which the
Romans took, and killed himself for fear of being taken. _Florus_,
bk. 2, ch. 10.

=Æpy=, a town of Elis, under the dominion of Nestor. _Statius_, bk. 4,
_Thebiad_, li. 180.

=Æpy̆tus=, king of Mycenæ, son of Chresphontes and Merope, was educated
in Arcadia with Cypselus his mother’s father. To recover his kingdom,
he killed Polyphontes, who had married his mother against her will,
and usurped the crown. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 6.――_Pausanias_,
bk. 4, ch. 8.――――A king of Arcadia, son of Elatus.――――A son of
Hippothous, who forcibly entered the temple of Neptune, near
Mantinea, and was struck blind by the sudden eruption of salt water
from the altar. He was killed by a serpent in hunting. _Pausanias_,
bk. 8, chs. 4 & 5.

=Æqui=, or =Æquicŏli=, a people of Latium, near Tibur. They were great
enemies to Rome in its infant state, and were conquered with much
difficulty. _Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 11.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 32; bk. 2,
ch. 30; bk. 3, ch. 2, &c.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 4.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_,
bk. 7, li. 747; bk. 9, li. 684.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 93.――
_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 2, ch. 19.

=Æquimelium=, a place in Rome where the house of Melius stood, who
aspired to sovereign power, for which crime his habitation was
levelled to the ground. _Livy_, bk. 4, ch. 16.

=Ærias=, an ancient king of Cyprus, who built the temple of Paphos.
_Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 2, ch. 3.

=Ærŏpe=, wife of Atreus, committed adultery with Thyestes her
brother-in-law, and had by him twins, who were placed as food before
Atreus. _Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 2, li. 391.――――A daughter of Cepheus,
ravished by Mars. She died in child-bed: her child was preserved,
and called Æropus. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 44.

=Ærŏpus=, a general of Epirus in the reign of Pyrrhus.――――A person
appointed regent to Orestes the infant son of Archelaus king of
Macedonia.――――An officer of king Philip, banished for bringing a
singer into his camp. _Polyænus_, bk. 4, ch. 2.――――A mountain of
Chaonia. _Livy_, bk. 31, ch. 5.

=Æsăcus=, a river of Troy, near Ida.――――A son of Priam by Alexirhoo:
or according to others by Arisba. He became enamoured of Hesperia,
whom he pursued into the woods. The nymph threw herself into the sea,
and was changed into a bird. Æsacus followed her example, and was
changed into a cormorant by Tethys. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11,
fable 11.

=Æsāpus=, a river of Mysia in Asia, falling into the Hellespont.
_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 32.

=Æsar=, or =Æsāras=, a river of Magna Græcia, falling into the sea
near Crotona. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 28.

=Æschĭnes=, an Athenian orator, who flourished about 342 B.C., and
distinguished himself by his rivalship with Demosthenes. His
father’s name was Atrometus, and he boasted of his descent from a
noble family, though Demosthenes reproached him as being the son
of a courtesan. The first open signs of enmity between the rival
orators appeared at the court of Philip, where they were sent as
ambassadors; but the character of Æschines was tarnished by the
acceptance of a bribe from the Macedonian prince, whose tyranny
had hitherto been the general subject of his declamation. When the
Athenians wished to reward the patriotic labours of Demosthenes with
a golden crown, Æschines impeached Ctesiphon, who proposed it; and
to their subsequent dispute we are indebted for the two celebrated
orations _de coronâ_. Æschines was defeated by his rival’s superior
eloquence, and banished to Rhodes; but as he retired from Athens,
Demosthenes ran after him, and nobly forced him to accept a present
of silver. In his banishment, the orator repeated to the Rhodians
what he had delivered against Demosthenes; and after receiving
much applause, he was desired to read the answer of his antagonist.
It was received with greater marks of approbation; but, exclaimed
Æschines, how much more would your admiration have been raised,
had you heard Demosthenes himself speak it! Æschines died in the
75th year of his age, at Rhodes, or, as some suppose, at Samos. He
wrote three orations, and nine epistles, which, from their number,
received the name, the first of the graces, and the last of the
muses. The orations alone are extant, generally found collected with
those of Lysias. An oration which bears the name of _Deliaca lex_,
is said not to be his production, but that of Æschines, another
orator of that age. _Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 1, ch. 24; bk. 2,
ch. 53; _Brutus_, ch. 17.――_Plutarch_, _Demosthenes_.――_Diogenes
Laërtius_, bks. 2 & 3.――_Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 30. Diogenes Laërtius
mentions seven more of the same name.――――A philosopher, disciple
of Socrates, who wrote several dialogues, some of which bore the
following titles: Aspasia, Phædon, Alcibiades, Draco, Erycia,
Polyænus, Telauges, &c. The dialogue entitled Axiochus, and ascribed
to Plato, is supposed to be his composition. The best editions are
that of Leovard, 1718, with the notes of Horræus, in 8vo, and that
of Fischer, 8vo, Lipscomb, 1766.――――A man who wrote on oratory.
――――An Arcadian.――――A Mitylenean.――――A disciple of Melanthius.――――A
Milesian writer.――――A statuary.

=Æschrion=, a Mitylenean poet, intimate with Aristotle. He accompanied
Alexander in his Asiatic expedition.――――An Iambic poet of Samos.
_Athenæus._――――A physician commended by Galen. A treatise of his own
husbandry has been quoted by _Pliny_.――――A lieutenant of Archagathus,
killed by Hanno. _Diodorus_, bk. 20.

=Æschylīdes=, a man who wrote a book on agriculture. _Ælian_, _Nature
of Animals_, bk. 15.

=Æschy̆lus=, an excellent soldier and poet of Athens, son of Euphorion,
and brother to Cynægirus. He was in the Athenian army at the battles
of Marathon, Salamis, and Platæa. But the most solid fame he has
obtained, is the offspring less of his valour in the field of battle
than of his writings. Of 90 tragedies, however, the fruit of his
ingenious labours, 40 of which were rewarded with the public prize,
only seven have come safe to us: _Prometheus vinctus_, _Septem
duces apud Thebas_, _Persæ_, _Agamemnon_, _Chœphori_, _Eumenides_,
_Supplices_. Æschylus is the first who introduced two actors on the
stage, and clothed them with dresses suitable to their character.
He likewise removed murder from the stage. It is said that, when
he composed, his countenance betrayed the greatest ferocity;
and according to one of his scholiasts, when his Eumenides were
represented, many children died through fear, and several pregnant
women actually miscarried in the house, at the sight of the horrible
masks that were introduced. The imagination of the poet was strong
and comprehensive, but disorderly and wild: fruitful in prodigies,
but disdaining probabilities. His style is obscure, and the labours
of an excellent modern critic have pronounced him the most difficult
of all the Greek classics. A few expressions of impious tendency in
one of his plays, nearly proved fatal to Æschylus; he was condemned
to death, but his brother Amynias, it is reported, reversed his
sentence, by uncovering an arm, of which the hand had been cut off
at the battle of Salamis in the service of his country, and the poet
was pardoned. Æschylus has been accused of drinking to excess, and
of never composing except when in a state of intoxication. In his
old age he retired to the court of Hiero in Sicily. Being informed
that he was to die by the fall of a house, he became dissatisfied
with the fickleness of his countrymen, and withdrew from the city
into the fields, where he sat down. An eagle, with a tortoise in
her bill, flew over his bald head, and supposing it to be a stone,
dropped her prey upon it to break the shell, and Æschylus instantly
died of the blow, in the 69th year of his age, 456 B. C. It is
said that he wrote an account of the battle of Marathon, in elegiac
verses. The best editions of his works are that of Stanley, folio,
London, 1663, that of Glasgow, 2 vols. in 12mo, 1746, and that
of Schutz, 2 vols., 8vo, Halæ, 1782.――_Horace_, _Art of Poetry_,
li. 278.――_Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1.――_Pliny_, bk. 10, ch. 3.――
_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 9, ch. 12.――――The 12th perpetual archon
of Athens.――――A Corinthian, brother-in-law to Timophanes, intimate
with Timoleon. _Plutarch_, _Timoleon_.――――A Rhodian set over Egypt
with Peucestes of Macedonia. _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 8.――――A native of
Cnidus, teacher of rhetoric to Cicero. _Cicero_, _Brutus_.

=Æsculāpius=, son of Apollo by Coronis, or as some say, by Larissa
daughter of Phlegias, was god of medicine. After his union with
Coronis, Apollo set a crow to watch her, and was soon informed that
she admitted the caresses of Ischys of Æmonia. The god, in a fit of
anger, destroyed Coronis with lightning, but saved the infant from
her womb, and gave him to be educated to Chiron, who taught him the
art of medicine. Some authors say, that Coronis left her father to
avoid the discovery of her pregnancy, and that she exposed her child
near Epidaurus. A goat of the flocks of Aresthanas gave him her milk,
and the dog which kept the flock stood by him to shelter him from
injury. He was found by the master of the flock, who went in search
of his stray goat, and saw his head surrounded with resplendent rays
of light. Æsculapius was physician to the Argonauts, and considered
so skilled in the medicinal power of plants, that he was called the
inventor as well as the god of medicine. He restored many to life,
of which Pluto complained to Jupiter, who struck Æsculapius with
thunder, but Apollo, angry at the death of his son, killed the
Cyclops who made the thunderbolts. Æsculapius received divine
honours after death, chiefly at Epidaurus, Pergamus, Athens, Smyrna,
&c. Goats, bulls, lambs, and pigs were sacrificed on his altars, and
the cock and the serpent were sacred to him. Rome, A.U.C. 462, was
delivered of a plague, and built a temple to the god of medicine,
who, as was supposed, had come there in the form of a serpent, and
hid himself among the reeds in an island of the Tyber. Æsculapius
was represented with a large beard, holding in his hand a staff,
round which was wreathed a serpent: his other hand was supported on
the head of a serpent. Serpents are more particularly sacred to him,
not only as the ancient physicians used them in their prescriptions;
but because they were the symbols of prudence and foresight, so
necessary in the medical profession. He married Epione, by whom
he had two sons, famous for their skill in medicine, Machaon and
Podalirus; and four daughters, of whom Hygiea, goddess of health,
is the most celebrated. Some have supposed that he lived a short
time after the Trojan war. Hesiod makes no mention of him. _Homer_,
_Iliad_, bk. 4, li. 193; _Hymn to Æsculapius_.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3,
ch. 10.――_Apollonius_, bk. 4, _Argonautica_.――_Hyginus_, fable 49.
――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, fable 8.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, chs.
11 & 27; bk. 7, ch. 23, &c.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Pindar_, _Pythian_,
poem 3.――_Lucian_, _Dialogi de Saltatione_.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk.
1, ch. 8.――_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 22, says there
were three of this name; the first, a son of Apollo, worshipped in
Arcadia; second, a brother of Mercury; third, a man who first taught
medicine.

=Æsēpus=, a son of Bucolion. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 6, li. 21.――――A
river. _See:_ Æsapus.

=Æsernia=, a city of the Samnites, in Italy. _Livy_, bk. 27,
ch. 12.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 567.

=Æsīon=, an Athenian, known for his respect for the talents of
Demosthenes. _Plutarch_, _Demosthenes_.

=Æsis=, a river of Italy, which separates Umbria from Picenum.

=Æson=, son of Cretheus, was born at the same birth as Pelias. He
succeeded his father in the kingdom of Iolchos, but was soon exiled
by his brother. He married Alcimeda, by whom he had Jason, whose
education he entrusted to Chiron, being afraid of Pelias. When
Jason was grown up, he demanded his father’s kingdom from his uncle,
who gave him evasive answers, and persuaded him to go in quest of
the golden fleece. _See:_ Jason. At his return, Jason found his
father very infirm; and Medea [_See:_ Medea], at his request, drew
the blood from Æson’s veins, and refilled them with the juice of
certain herbs which she had gathered, and immediately the old man
recovered the vigour and bloom of youth. Some say that Æson killed
himself by drinking bull’s blood, to avoid the persecution of
Pelias. _Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――_Ovid_,
_Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 285.――_Hyginus_, fable 12.――――A river of
Thessaly, with a town of the same name.

=Æsŏnĭdes=, a patronymic of Jason, as being descended from Æson.

=Æsōpus=, a Phrygian philosopher, who, though originally a slave,
procured his liberty by the sallies of his genius. He travelled
over the greatest part of Greece and Egypt, but chiefly resided at
the court of Crœsus king of Lydia, by whom he was sent to consult
the oracle of Delphi. In this commission Æsop behaved with great
severity, and satirically compared the Delphians to floating sticks,
which appear large at a distance, but are nothing when brought near.
The Delphians, offended with his sarcastic remarks, accused him of
having secreted one of the sacred vessels of Apollo’s temple, and
threw him down from a rock, 561 B.C. Maximus Planudes has written
his life in Greek; but no credit is to be given to the biographer,
who falsely asserts that the mythologist was short and deformed.
Æsop dedicated his fables to his patron Crœsus; but what appears
now under his name, is no doubt a compilation of all the fables and
apologues of wits before and after the age of Æsop, conjointly with
his own. _Plutarch_, _Solon_.――_Phædras_, bk. 1, fable 2; bk. 2,
fable 9.――――Claudus, an actor on the Roman stage, very intimate with
Cicero. He amassed an immense fortune. His son, to be more expensive,
melted precious stones to drink at his entertainments. _Horace_,
bk. 2, satire 3, li. 239.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 8, ch. 10;
bk. 9, ch. 1.――_Pliny_, bk. 9, ch. 35; bk. 10, ch. 51.――――An orator.
_Diogenes Laërtius._――――An historian in the time of Anaximenes.
_Plutarch_, _Solon_.――――A river of Pontus. _Strabo_, bk. 12.――――An
attendant of Mithridates, who wrote a treatise on Helen, and a
panegyric on his royal master.

=Æstria=, an island in the Adriatic. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.

=Æsŭla=, a town on a mountain between Tibur and Præneste. _Horace_,
bk. 3, ode 29.

=Æsyetes=, a man from whose tomb Polites spied what the Greeks did in
their ships during the Trojan war. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2, li. 793.

=Æsymnētes=, a surname of Bacchus. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 21.

=Æsymnus=, a person of Megara, who consulted Apollo to know the best
method of governing his country. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 43.

=Æthalia=, or =Ætheria=, now _Elba_, an island between Etruria and
Corsica. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 6; bk. 6, ch. 30.

=Æthalĭdes=, a herald, son of Mercury, to whom it was granted to
be amongst the dead and the living at stated times. _Apollonius_,
_Argonautica_, bk. 1, li. 641.

=Æthion=, a man slain at the nuptials of Andromeda. _Ovid_,
_Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 146.

=Æthiŏpia=, an extensive country of Africa, at the south of Egypt,
divided into east and west by the ancients, the former division
lying near Meroe, and the latter near the Mauri. The country,
properly now called Abyssinia, as well as the inhabitants, were
little known to the ancients, though Homer has styled them the
justest of men and the favourites of the gods. _Diodorus_, bk. 4,
says, that the Æthiopians were the first inhabitants of the earth.
They were the first who worshipped the gods, for which, as some
suppose, their country has never been invaded by a foreign enemy.
The inhabitants are of a dark complexion. The country is inundated
for five months every year, and their days and nights are almost
of an equal length. The ancients have given the name of Æthiopia
to every country whose inhabitants are of a black colour. _Lucan_,
bk. 3, li. 253; bk. 9, li. 651.――_Juvenal_, satire 2, li. 23.
――_Virgil_, [_Eclogues_], poem 6, li. 68.――_Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 29.
――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 33.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 1, li. 22;
_Iliad_, bk. 1, li. 423.

=Æthlius=, son of Jupiter by Protogenia, was father of Endymion.
_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 7.

=Æthon=, a horse of the sun. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, fable 1.
――――A horse of Pallas, represented as shedding tears at the death
of his master, by _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 89.――――A horse of
Hector. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 8, li. 185.

=Æthra=, daughter of Pittheus king of Trœzene, had Theseus by Ægeus.
_See:_ Ægeus. She was carried away by Castor and Pollux, when they
recovered their sister Helen, whom Theseus had stolen, and intrusted
to her care. _See:_ Helena. She went to Troy with Helen. _Homer_,
_Iliad_, bk. 3, li. 144.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 31; bk. 5, ch.
19.――_Hyginus_, fables 37 & 79.――_Plutarch_, _Theseus_.――_Ovid_,
_Heroides_, poem 10, li. 131.――――One of the Oceanides, wife to Atlas.
She is more generally called Pleione.

=Æthūsa=, a daughter of Neptune by Amphitrite, or Alcyone, mother by
Apollo of Eleuthere and two sons. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 20.――――An
island near Lilybæum. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 8.

=Ætia=, a poem of Callimachus, in which he speaks of sacrifices, and
of the manner in which they were offered. _Martial_, bk. 10, ltr. 4.

=Ætion=, or =Eetion=, the father of Andromache, Hector’s wife. He was
killed at Thebes, with his seven sons, by the Greeks.――――A famous
painter. He drew a painting of Alexander going to celebrate his
nuptials with Roxane. This piece was much valued, and was exposed to
public view at the Olympic games, where it gained so much applause
that the president of the games gave the painter his daughter in
marriage. _Cicero_, _Brutus_, ch. 18.

=Ætna=, a mountain of Sicily, now called Gibello, famous for its
volcano, which, for about 3000 years, has thrown out fire at
intervals. It is two miles in perpendicular height, and measures
180 miles round at the base, with an ascent of 30 miles. Its crater
forms a circle about 3½ miles in circumference, and its top is
covered with snow and smoke at the same time, whilst the sides of
the mountain, from the great fertility of the soil, exhibit a rich
scenery of cultivated fields and blooming vineyards. Pindar is the
first who mentions an eruption of Ætna; and the silence of Homer on
the subject is considered as a proof that the fires of the mountain
were unknown in his age. From the time of Pythagoras, the supposed
date of the first volcanic appearance, to the battle of Pharsalia,
it is computed that Ætna had 100 eruptions. The poets supposed that
Jupiter had confined the giants under this mountain, and it was
represented as the forge of Vulcan, where his servants the Cyclops
fabricated thunderbolts, &c. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 860.――_Virgil_,
_Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 570.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, fable 6;
bk. 15, li. 340.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 14, li. 59.

=Ætōlia=, a country bounded by Epirus, Acarnania, and Locris, supposed
to be about the middle of Greece. It received its name from Ætolus.
The inhabitants were covetous and illiberal, and were little
known in Greece, till after the ruin of Athens and Sparta they
assumed consequence in the country, and afterwards made themselves
formidable as the allies of Rome, and as its enemies, till they were
conquered by Fulvius. _Livy_, bk. 26, ch. 24, &c.――_Florus_, bk. 2,
ch. 9.――_Strabo_, bks. 8 & 10.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.――_Pliny_,
bk. 4, ch. 2.――_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 18.――_Plutarch_, _Titus
Flamininus_.

=Ætōlus=, son of Endymion of Elis and Iphianassa, married Pronoe, by
whom he had Pleuron and Calydon. Having accidentally killed Apis
son of Phoroneus, he left his country, and came to settle in that
part of Greece which has been called from him Ætolia. _Apollodorus_,
bk. 1, chs. 7 & 9.――_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 1.

=Æx=, a rocky island between Tenedos and Chios. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch.
11.――――A city in the country of the Marsi.――――The nurse of Jupiter
changed into a constellation.

=Afer=, an inhabitant of Africa.――――An informer under Tiberius and his
successors. He became also known as an orator, and as the preceptor
of Quintilian, and was made consul by Domitian. He died A. D. 59.

=Afrānia=, a Roman matron, who frequented the forum, forgetful of
female decency. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 8, ch. 3.

=Lucius Afrānius=, a Latin comic poet in the age of Terence, often
compared to Menander, whose style he imitated. He is blamed for
the unnatural gratifications which he mentions in his writings,
some fragments of which are to be found in the _Corpus Poetarum_.
_Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1.――_Suetonius_, _Nero_, ch. 11.――_Horace_,
bk. 2, ltr. 1, li. 57.――_Cicero_, _de Finibus_, bk. 1, ch. 3.――
_Aulus Gellius_, bk. 13, ch. 8.――――A general of Pompey, conquered
by Cæsar in Spain. _Suetonius_, _Julius Cæsar_, ch. 34.――_Plutarch_,
_Pompey_.――――Quintianus, a man who wrote a severe satire against
Nero, for which he was put to death in the Pisonian conspiracy.
_Tacitus._――――Potitus, a plebeian, who said before Caligula, that he
would willingly die if the emperor could recover from the distemper
he laboured under. Caligula recovered, and Afranius was put to death
that he might not forfeit his word. _Dio Cassius._

=Afrĭca=, called _Libya_ by the Greeks, one of the three parts of
the ancient world, and the greatest peninsula of the universe, is
bounded on the east by Arabia and the Red sea, on the north by the
Mediterranean, south and west by the ocean. In its greatest length
it extends 4300 miles, and in its greatest breadth it is 3500 miles.
It is joined on the east to Asia, by an isthmus 60 miles long, which
some of the Ptolemies endeavoured to cut, in vain, to join the Red
and Mediterranean seas. It is so immediately situate under the sun,
that only the maritime parts are inhabited, and the inland country
is mostly barren and sandy, and infested with wild beasts. The
ancients, through ignorance, peopled the southern parts of Africa
with monsters, enchanters, and chimeras; errors which begin to be
corrected by modern travellers. _See:_ Libya. _Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 4,
&c.――_Diodorus_, bks. 3, 4, & 20.――_Herodotus_, bk. 2, chs. 17, 26,
& 32; bk. 4, ch. 41, &c.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 1, &c.――――There is a
part of Africa called _Propria_, which lies about the middle, on the
Mediterranean, and has Carthage for its capital.

=Africānus=, a blind poet, commended by Ennius.――――A christian writer,
who flourished A.D. 222. In his chronicle, which was universally
esteemed, he reckoned 5500 years from the creation of the world
to the age of Julius Cæsar. Nothing remains of this work but what
Eusebius has preserved. In a letter to Origen, Africanus proved
that the history of Susanna is supposititious; and in another to
Aristides, still extant, he endeavours to reconcile the seeming
contradictions that appear in the genealogies of Christ in St.
Matthew and Luke. He is supposed to be the same who wrote nine books,
in which he treats of physic, agriculture, &c.――――A lawyer, disciple
to Papinian, and intimate with the emperor Alexander.――――An orator
mentioned by Quintilian.――――The surname of the Scipios, from the
conquest of Africa. _See:_ Scipio.

=Afrĭcum mare=, is that part of the Mediterranean which is on the
coast of Africa.

=Agăgriāne portæ=, gates at Syracuse, near which the dead were buried.
_Cicero_, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_.

=Agalasses=, a nation of India, conquered by Alexander. _Diodorus_,
bk. 17.

=Agalla=, a woman of Corcyra, who wrote a treatise upon grammar.
_Athenæus_, bk. 1.

=Agamēdes= and =Trophonius=, two architects who made the entrance of
the temple of Delphi, for which they demanded of the god whatever
gift was most advantageous for a man to receive. Eight days after
they were found dead in their bed. _Plutarch_, _Consolatio ad
Apollonium_.――_Cicero_, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 1, ch. 47.
――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, chs. 11 & 37, gives a different account.

=Agamemnon=, king of Mycenæ and Argos, was brother to Menelaus, and
son of Plisthenes the son of Atreus. Homer calls them sons of Atreus,
which is false, upon the authority of Hesiod, Apollodorus, &c. _See:_
Plisthenes. When Atreus was dead, his brother Thyestes seized the
kingdom of Argos, and removed Agamemnon and Menelaus, who fled to
Polyphidus king of Sicyon, and hence to Œneus king of Ætolia, where
they were educated. Agamemnon married Clytemnestra, and Menelaus
Helen, both daughters of Tyndarus king of Sparta, who assisted
them to recover their father’s kingdom. After the banishment of
the usurper to Cythera, Agamemnon established himself at Mycenæ,
whilst Menelaus succeeded his father-in-law at Sparta. When Helen
was stolen by Paris, Agamemnon was elected commander-in-chief of
the Grecian forces going against Troy; and he showed his zeal in the
cause by furnishing 100 ships, and lending 60 more to the people of
Arcadia. The fleet was detained at Aulis, where Agamemnon sacrificed
his daughter to appease Diana. _See:_ Iphigenia. During the Trojan
war, Agamemnon behaved with much valour; but his quarrel with
Achilles, whose mistress he took by force, was fatal to the Greeks.
_See:_ Briseis. After the ruin of Troy, Cassandra fell to his share,
and foretold him that his wife would put him to death. He gave no
credit to this, and returned to Argos with Cassandra. Clytemnestra,
with her adulterer Ægisthus [_See:_ Ægisthus], prepared to murder
him; and as he came from the bath, to embarrass him, she gave him
a tunic, whose sleeves were sewed together, and while he attempted
to put it on, she brought him to the ground with a stroke of a
hatchet, and Ægisthus seconded her blows. His death was revenged by
his son Orestes. _See:_ Clytemnestra, Menelaus, and Orestes. _Homer_,
_Iliad_, bks. 1, 2, &c.; _Odyssey_, bk. 4, &c.――_Ovid_, _Remedia
Amoris_, li. 777; _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 30.――_Hyginus_,
fables 88 & 97.――_Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Thucydides_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――
_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 4, ch. 26.――_Dictys Cretensis_, bks.
1, 2, &c.――_Dares Phrygius._――_Sophocles_, _Electra_.――_Euripides_,
_Orestes_.――_Seneca_, _Agamemnon_.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 6; bk. 9,
ch. 40, &c.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 838.――_Mela_, bk. 2,
ch. 3.

=Agamemnonius=, an epithet applied to Orestes, as son of Agamemnon.
_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 471.

=Agamētor=, an athlete of Mantinea. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 10.

=Agamnestor=, a king of Athens.

=Aganippe=, a celebrated fountain of Bœotia, at the foot of mount
Helicon. It flows into the Permessus, and is sacred to the muses,
who, from it, were called Aganippedes. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 29.
――_Propertius_, bk. 2, poem 3.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5,
li. 312.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 7.

=Agapēnor=, the commander of Agamemnon’s fleet. _Homer_, _Iliad_,
bk. 2.――――The son of Ancæus, and grandson of Lycurgus, who, after
the ruin of Troy, was carried by a storm into Cyprus, where he built
Paphos. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 5.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2.

=Agar=, a town of Africa. _Hirtius_, _African War_, ch. 76.

=Agarēni=, a people of Arabia. Trajan destroyed their city, called
Agarum. _Strabo_, bk. 16.

=Agarista=, daughter of Clisthenes, was courted by all the princes
of Greece. She married Megacles. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk.
12, ch. 24.――_Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 126, &c.――――A daughter of
Hippocrates, who married Xantippus. She dreamed that she had
brought forth a lion, and some time after became mother of Pericles.
_Plutarch_, _Pericles_.――_Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 131.

=Agasĭcles=, king of Sparta, was son of Archidamus, and one of the
Proclidæ. He used to say that a king ought to govern his subjects as
a father governs his children. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 7.――_Plutarch_,
_Apophthegmata Laconica_.

=Agassæ=, a city of Thessaly. _Livy_, bk. 45, ch. 27.

=Agasthĕnes=, father to Polyxenus, was, as one of Helen’s suitors,
concerned in the Trojan war. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2.――_Apollodorus_,
bk. 3, ch. 11.――――A son of Augeas, who succeeded as king of Elis.
_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 3.

=Agrastrŏphus=, a Trojan, wounded by Diomedes. _Homer_, _Iliad_,
bk. 11, li. 338.

=Agasthus=, an archon of Athens.

=Agăsus=, a harbour on the coast of Apulia. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 11.

=Agătha=, a town of France near _Agde_, in Languedoc. _Mela_, bk. 2,
ch. 5.

=Agatharchĭdas=, a general of Corinth in the Peloponnesian war.
_Thucydides_, bk. 2, ch. 83.――――A Samian philosopher and historian,
who wrote a treatise on stones, and a history of Persia and Phœnice,
besides an account of the Red sea, of Europe and Asia. Some make
him a native of Cnidus, and add that he flourished about 177 B.C.
_Josephus_, _Against Apion_.

=Agatharchus=, an officer in the Syracusan fleet. _Thucydides_, bk. 7,
ch. 27.――――A painter in the age of Zeuxis. _Plutarch_, _Pericles_.

=Agathias=, a Greek historian of Æolia.――――A poet and historian in the
age of Justinian, of whose reign he published the history in five
books. Several of his epigrams are found in the _Anthologia_. His
history is a sequel of that of Procopius. The best edition is that
of Paris, folio, 1660.

=Agătho=, a Samian historian, who wrote an account of Scythia.――――A
tragic poet, who flourished 406 B.C. The name of some of his
tragedies are preserved, such as Telephus, Thyestes, &c.――――A comic
poet who lived in the same age. _Plutarch_, _Parallela minora_.――――A
son of Priam. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 24.――――A governor of Babylon.
_Curtius_, bk. 5, ch. 1.――――A Pythagorean philosopher. _Ælian_,
_Varia Historia_, bk. 13, ch. 4.――――A learned and melodious musician,
who first introduced songs in tragedy. _Aristotle_, _Poetics_.――――A
youth of Athens, loved by Plato. _Diogenes Laërtius_, bk. 3, ch. 32.

=Agathŏclēa=, a beautiful courtesan of Egypt. One of the Ptolemies
destroyed his wife Eurydice to marry her. She, with her brother,
long governed the kingdom, and attempted to murder the king’s son.
_Plutarch_, _Cleomenes_.――_Justin_, bk. 30, ch. 1.

=Agathŏcles=, a lascivious and ignoble youth, son of a potter, who,
by entering in the Sicilian army, arrived to the greatest honours,
and made himself master of Syracuse. He reduced all Sicily under
his power, but being defeated at Himera by the Carthaginians, he
carried the war into Africa, where, for four years, he extended his
conquests over his enemies. He afterwards passed into Italy, and
made himself master of Crotona. He died in his 72nd year, B.C. 289,
after a reign of 28 years of mingled prosperity and adversity.
_Plutarch_, _Apophthegmata Laconica_.――_Justin_, bks. 22 & 23.――
_Polybius_, bk. 15.――_Diodorus_, bk. 18, &c.――――A son of Lysimachus,
taken prisoner by the Getæ. He was ransomed, and married Lysandra
daughter of Ptolemy Lagus. His father, in his old age, married
Arsinoe the sister of Lysandra. After her husband’s death, Arsinoe,
fearful for her children, attempted to murder Agathocles. Some say
that she fell in love with him, and killed him because he slighted
her. When Agathocles was dead, 283 B.C., Lysandra fled to Seleucus.
_Strabo_, bk. 13.――_Plutarch_, _Pyrrhus_ & _Demetrius_.――_Pausanias_,
bk. 1, chs. 9 & 10.――――A Grecian historian of Babylon, who wrote an
account of Cyzicus. _Cicero_, _de Divinatione_, bk. 1, ch. 24.――――A
Chian who wrote on husbandry. _Varro._――――A Samian writer.――――A
physician.――――An Athenian archon.

=Agăthon.= _See:_ Agatho.

=Agathonȳmus=, wrote a history of Persia. _Plutarch_, _de Fluviis_.

=Agathosthĕnes=, a poet, &c.

=Agathyllus=, an elegiac poet of Arcadia. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_,
bk. 1.

=Agathynum=, a town of Sicily.

=Agathyrsi=, an effeminate nation of Scythia, who had their wives in
common. They received their name from Agathyrsus son of Hercules.
_Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 10.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 146.

=Agāve=, daughter of Cadmus and Hermione, married Echion, by whom
she had Pentheus, who was torn to pieces by the Bacchanals. _See:_
Pentheus. She is said to have killed her husband in celebrating the
orgies of Bacchus. She received divine honours after death, because
she had contributed to the education of Bacchus. _Theocritus_,
poem 26.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3, li. 725.――_Lucan_, bk. 1,
li. 574.――_Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 11, li. 318.――_Apollodorus_,
bk. 3, ch. 4.――――One of the Nereides. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1.――――A
tragedy of Statius. _Juvenal_, satire 7, li. 87, &c.

=Agaui=, a northern nation who lived upon milk. _Homer_, _Iliad_,
bk. 13.

=Agāvus=, a son of Priam. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 24.

=Agdestis=, a mountain of Phrygia, where Atys was buried. _Pausanias_,
bk. 1, ch. 4.――――A surname of Cybele.

=Agelades=, a statuary of Argos. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 8; bk. 7,
ch. 23.

=Agelastus=, a surname of Crassus, the grandfather of the rich Crassus.
He only laughed once in his life, and this, it is said, was upon
seeing an ass eat thistles. _Cicero_, _de Finibus_, bk. 5.――_Pliny_,
bk. 7, ch. 19.――――The word is also applied to Pluto, from the sullen
and melancholy appearance of his countenance.

=Agelāus=, a king of Corinth, son of Ixion.――――One of Penelope’s
suitors. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 20.――――A son of Hercules and
Omphale, from whom Crœsus was descended. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2,
ch. 7.――――A servant of Priam, who preserved Paris when exposed on
mount Ida. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 12.

=Agendīcum=, now _Sens_, a town of Gaul, the capital of the Senones.
_Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 6, ch. 44.

=Agēnor=, king of Phœnicia, was son of Neptune and Libya, and brother
to Belus. He married Telephassa, by whom he had Cadmus, Phœnix,
Cilix, and Europa. _Hyginus_, fable 6.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 1,
li. 15; bk. 17, li. 58.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1; bk. 3, ch. 1.
――――A son of Jasus and father of Argus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch.
10.――――A son of Ægyptus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1.――――A son of
Phlegeus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 7.――――A son of Pleuron, father
to Phineus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 7.――――A son of Amphion and
Niobe. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 4.――――A king of Argos, father to
Crotopus.――――A son of Antenor. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 21, li. 579.
――――A Mitylenean, who wrote a treatise on music.

=Agenŏrĭdes=, a patronymic applied to Cadmus, and the other
descendants of Agenor. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3, li. 8.

=Agerīnus=, a freedman of Agrippina, accused of attempting Nero’s
life. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 14, ch. 16.

=Agesander=, a sculptor of Rhodes under Vespasian, who made a
representation of Laocoon’s history, which now passes for the best
relict of all ancient sculpture.

=Agesias=, a Platonic philosopher who taught the immortality of the
soul. One of the Ptolemies forbade him to continue his lectures,
because his doctrine was so prevalent that many of his auditors
committed suicide.