Chapter XVII: Preface: To the Original Edition (16)

=Blemmyes=, a people of Africa, who, as is fabulously reported, had
no heads, but had the eyes and mouth placed in the breast. _Mela_,
bk. 1, ch. 4.

=Blenīna=, a town of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 27.

=Blitius Catulinus=, was banished into the Ægean sea, after Piso’s
conspiracy, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 15, ch. 71.

=Blucium=, a castle where king Dejotarus kept his treasures in
Bithynia. _Strabo_, bk. 12.

=Boadicea.= _See:_ Boudicea.

=Boæ= and =Boea=, a town of Laconia. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 21.

=Boagrius=, a river of Locris. _Strabo_, bk. 9.

=Bocalias=, a river in the island of Salamis.

=Boccar=, a king of Mauritania. _Juvenal_, satire 4, li. 90, applies
the word in a general sense to any native of Africa.

=Bocchŏris=, a wise king and legislator of Egypt. _Diodorus_, bk. 1.

=Bocchus=, a king of Gætulia, in alliance with Rome, who perfidiously
delivered Jugurtha to Sylla the lieutenant of Marius. _Sallust_,
_Jugurthine War_.――_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 12.

=Boduagnātus=, a leader of the Nervii, when Cæsar made war against
them. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 2, ch. 23.

=Bodūni=, a people of Britain who surrendered to Claudius. _Dio
Cassius_, bk. 60.

=Boea.= _See:_ Boæ.

=Bœbe=, a town of Thessaly. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, fable 5.
――――A lake of Crete. _Strabo_, bk. 9.

=Bœbēis=, a lake of Thessaly, near mount Ossa. _Lucan_, bk. 7, li. 176.

=Bœbia lex=, was enacted to elect four pretors every year.――――Another
to insure proprietors in the possession of their lands.――――Another,
A.U.C. 571, against using bribes at elections.

=Boedromia=, an Athenian festival instituted in commemoration of
the assistance which the people of Athens received in the reign
of Erechtheus, from Ion son of Xuthus, when their country was
invaded by Eumolpus son of Neptune. The word is derived ἁπο του
βοηδρομειν, _coming to help_. Plutarch in _Theseus_ mentions it
as in commemoration of the victory which Theseus obtained over the
Amazons, in a month called at Athens Boedromion.

=Bœotarchæ=, the chief magistrates in Bœotia. _Livy_, bk. 42, ch. 43.

=Bœotia=, a country of Greece, bounded on the north by Phocis, south
by Attica, east by Eubœa, and west by the bay of Corinth. It has
been successively called Aonia, Mesapia, Hyantis, Ogygia, and
Cadmeis, and now forms a part of Livadia. It was called Bœotia,
from Bœotus son of Itonus; or, according to others, _a bove_, from a
cow, by which Cadmus was led into the country where he built Thebes.
The inhabitants were reckoned rude and illiterate, fonder of bodily
strength than of mental excellence; yet their country produced many
illustrious men, such as Pindar, Hesiod, Plutarch, &c. The mountains
of Bœotia, particularly Helicon, were frequented by the Muses,
to whom also many of their fountains and rivers were consecrated.
_Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 49; bk. 5, ch. 57.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
bk. 3, li. 10.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 1, &c.――_Cornelius Nepos_,
bk. 7, ch. 11.――_Strabo_, bk. 9.――_Justin_, bk. 3, ch. 6; bk. 8, ch.
4.――_Horace_, bk. 2, ltr. 1, li. 244.――_Diodorus_, bk. 19.――_Livy_,
bk. 27, ch. 30, &c.

=Bœotus=, a son of Itonus by Menalippa. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 1.

=Bœorobistas=, a man who made himself absolute among the Getæ, by the
strictness of his discipline. _Strabo_, bk. 7.

=Boethius=, a celebrated Roman, banished and afterwards punished with
death, on a suspicion of a conspiracy, by Theodoric king of the
Ostrogoths, A.D. 525. It was during his imprisonment that he wrote
his celebrated poetical treatise _De consolatione philosophiæ_, in
five books. The best edition of his works is that of Hagenau, 4to,
1491, or that of Leiden, 1671, with the _notis variorum_.

=Boetus=, a foolish poet of Tarsus, who wrote a poem on the battle
of Philippi. _Strabo_, bk. 14.――――A river of Spain, more properly
called Bætis. _See:_ Bætis.

=Boeus=, one of the Heraclidæ.

=Boges= and =Boes=, a Persian who destroyed himself and family when
besieged by the Athenians. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 107.――_Pausanias_,
bk. 8, ch. 8.

=Bogud=, a king of Mauritania in the interest of Cæsar. _Cæsar_,
_Alexandrine War_, ch. 59.

=Bogus=, a king of the Maurusii, present at the battle of Actium.
_Strabo_, bk. 8.

=Boii=, a people of Celtic Gaul, who migrated into Cisalpine Gaul, and
the north of Italy on the banks of the Po. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_,
bk. 1, ch. 28; bk. 7, ch. 17.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 4, li. 158.

=Bojocalus=, a general of the Germans in the age of Tiberius, &c.
_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 13, ch. 55.

=Bola=, a town of the Æqui in Italy. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 775.

=Bolānus.= _See:_ Bollanus.

=Bolbe=, a marsh near Mygdonia. _Thucydides_, bk. 1, ch. 58.

=Bolbitīnum=, one of the mouths of the Nile, with a town of the same
name. Naucrautis was built near it. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 17.

=Bolgius=, a general of Gaul, in an expedition against Ptolemy king of
Macedonia. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 19.

=Bolīna=, a virgin of Achaia, who rejected the addresses of Apollo,
and threw herself into the sea to avoid his importunities. The god
made her immortal. There is a city which bears her name in Achaia.
_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 23.

=Bolinæus=, a river near Bolina. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 23.

=Bolissus=, a town and island near Chios. _Thucydides_, bk. 8, ch. 24.

=Bollānus=, a man whom Horace represents, bk. 1, satire 9, li. 11, as
of the most irascible temper and the most inimical to loquacity.

=Bolus=, a king of the Cimbri, who killed a Roman ambassador. _Livy_,
bk. 67.

=Bomienses=, a people near Ætolia. _Thucydides_, bk. 3, ch. 96.

=Bomilcar=, a Carthaginian general, son of Amilcar. He was suspected
of a conspiracy with Agathocles, and hung in the forum, where he
had received all his dignity. _Diodorus_, bk. 26.――_Justin_, bk. 22,
ch. 7.――――An African, for some time the instrument of all Jugurtha’s
cruelties. He conspired against Jugurtha, who put him to death.
_Sallust_, _Jugurthine War_.

=Bomonīcæ=, youths that were whipped at the altar of Diana Orthia
during the festivals of the goddess. He who bore the lash of the
whip with the greatest patience, and without uttering a groan, was
declared victorious, and received an honourable prize. _Pausanias_,
bk. 3, ch. 16.――_Plutarch_, _Lycurgus_.

=Bona Dea=, a name given to Ops, Vesta, Cybele, and Rhea, by the
Greeks; and by the Latins, to Fauna, or Fatua. This goddess was
so chaste that no man but her husband saw her after her marriage;
from which reason, her festivals were celebrated only in the night
by the Roman matrons in the houses of the highest officers of the
state, and all the statues of the men were carefully covered with a
veil where the ceremonies were observed. In the latter ages of the
republic, however, the sanctity of these mysteries was profaned
by the introduction of lasciviousness and debauchery. _Juvenal_,
satire 6, li. 313.――_Propertius_, bk. 4, poem 10, li. 25.――_Ovid_,
_de Ars Amatoria_, bk. 3, li. 637.

=Bonōnia=, called also Felsina, a town on the borders of the Rhine,
or Rheno, which falls into the Po. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 8, ch. 1.
――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 599.

=Bonosius=, an officer of Probus, who assumed the imperial purple in
Gaul.

=Bonus Eventus=, a Roman deity, whose worship was first introduced by
the peasants. He was represented holding a cup in his right hand,
and in his left, ears of corn. _Varro_, _de Re Rustica_, bk. 1.
――_Pliny_, bk. 34, ch. 8.

=Boosūra= (_bovis cauda_), a town of Cyprus, where Venus had an
ancient temple. _Strabo._

=Boōtes=, a northern constellation near the Ursa Major, also called
Bubulcus and Arctophylax. Some suppose it to be Icarus the father
of Erigone, who was killed by shepherds for inebriating them. Others
maintain that it is Arcas, whom Jupiter placed in heaven. _Ovid_,
_Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 405.――_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 2,
ch. 42.

=Bootus= and =Bœotus=, a son of Neptune and Menalippe, exposed by his
mother, but preserved by shepherds. _Hyginus_, fable 186.

=Borea=, a town taken by Sextus Pompey. _Cicero_, bk. 16, _Letters to
Atticus_, ltr. 4.

=Boreădes=, the descendants of Boreas, who long possessed the
supreme power and the priesthood in the island of the Hyperboreans.
_Diodorus_, bks. 1 & 2.

=Boreas=, the name of the north wind blowing from the Hyperborean
mountains. According to the poets, he was son of Astræus and Aurora,
but others make him son of the Strymon. He was passionately fond
of Hyacinthus [_See:_ Hyacinthus], and carried away Orithyia, who
refused to receive his addresses, and by her he had Zetes and Calais,
Cleopatra and Chione. He was worshipped as a deity, and represented
with wings and white hair. The Athenians dedicated altars to him,
and to the winds, when Xerxes invaded Europe. Boreas changed himself
into a horse, to unite himself with the mares of Dardanus, by which
he had 12 mares so swift, that they ran or rather flew over the sea,
without scarce wetting their feet. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 20, li. 222.
――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 379.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 15.
――_Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 189.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6,
li. 700.

=Boreasmi=, A festival at Athens in honour of Boreas, who, as the
Athenians supposed, was related to them on account of his marriage
with Orithyia the daughter of one of their kings. They attributed
the overthrow of the enemy’s fleet to the respect which he paid to
his wife’s native country. There were also sacrifices at Megalopolis
in Arcadia, in honour of Boreas. _Pausanias_, _Attica_ & _Arcadia_.

=Boreus=, a Persian, &c. _Polyænus_, bk. 7, ch. 40.

=Borges=, a Persian who burnt himself rather than submit to the enemy,
&c. _Polyænus_, bk. 7, ch. 24.

=Bornos=, a place of Thrace. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Alcibiades_, ch. 7.

=Borsippa=, a town of Babylonia, sacred to Apollo and Diana. The
inhabitants ate bats. _Strabo_, bk. 16.

=Borus=, a son of Perieres, who married Polydora the daughter of
Peleus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 13.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 16,
li. 177.

=Borysthĕnes=, a large river of Scythia, falling into the Euxine sea,
now called the _Dnieper_, and inferior to no other European river
but the Danube, according to _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 45, &c.――――There
was a city of the same name on the borders of the river, built by a
colony of Milesians, 655 years before the christian era. It was also
called _Olba Salvia_. _Mela_, bk. 2, chs. 1 & 7.――――A horse with
which the emperor Adrian used to hunt. At his death he was honoured
with a monument. _Diodorus._

=Bosphŏrus= and =Bospŏrus=, two narrow straits, situate at the confines
of Europe and Asia. One was called Cimmerian, and joined the Palus
Mœotis to the Euxine, now known by the name of the straits of Caffa;
and the other, which was called the Thracian Bosphorus, and by the
moderns the straits of Constantinople, made a communication between
the Euxine sea and the Propontis. It is 16 miles long, and one and a
half broad, and where narrowest 500 paces or four stadia, according
to Herodotus. The word is derived from Βοος πορος, _bovis meatus_,
because, on account of its narrowness, an ox could easily cross it.
Cocks were heard to crow, and dogs to bark, from the opposite banks,
and in a calm day persons could talk one to the other. _Pliny_, bk.
4, ch. 12; bk. 6, ch. 1.――_Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 3, poem 4, li. 49.
――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 1.――_Strabo_, bk. 12.――_Herodotus_, bk. 4,
ch. 85.

=Boter=, a freedman of Claudius. _Suetonius_, _Claudius_.

=Bottia=, a colony of Macedonians in Thrace. The people were called
_Bottiæi_. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 1.――_Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 185, &c.
――_Thucydides_, bk. 2, ch. 99.

=Bottiæis=, a country at the north of Macedonia, on the bay of Therma.
_Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 123, &c.

=Boudicea=, a queen in Britain, who rebelled upon being insulted by
the Romans. She poisoned herself when conquered, A.D. 61. _Tacitus_,
_Annals_, bk. 14, ch. 31.

=Bouiānum=, an ancient colony of the Samnites, at the foot of the
Apennines not far from Beneventum. _Livy_, bk. 9, ch. 28.

=Bovillæ=, a town of Latium near Rome. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 3,
li. 607.――――Another in Campania.

=Brachmanes=, Indian philosophers, who derive their name from Brahma,
one of the three beings whom God, according to their theology,
created, and with whose assistance he formed the world. They devoted
themselves totally to the worship of the gods, and were accustomed
from their youth to endure labours, and to live with frugality and
abstinence. They never ate flesh, and abstained from the use of
wine, and all carnal enjoyments. After they had spent 37 years
in the greatest trials, they were permitted to marry and indulge
themselves in a more free and unbounded manner. According to modern
authors, Brahma is the parent of all mankind, and he produced as
many worlds as there are parts in the body, which they reckoned 14.
They believed that there were seven seas, of water, milk, curds,
butter, salt, sugar, and wine, each blessed with its particular
paradise. _Strabo_, bk. 15.――_Diodorus_, bk. 17.

=Bræsia=, a daughter of Cinyras and Metharme. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3,
ch. 14.

=Branciădes=, a surname of Apollo.

=Branchĭdæ=, a people of Asia, near the river Oxus, put to the sword
by Alexander. They were originally of Miletus, near the temple of
Branchus, but had been removed from thence by Xerxes. _Strabo_, bk.
11.――_Curtius_, bk. 7, ch. 5.――――The priests of Apollo Didymæus, who
gave oracles in Caria. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 29.

=Branchyllĭdes=, a chief of the Bœotians. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 13.

=Branchus=, a youth of Miletus, son of Smicrus, beloved by Apollo,
who gave him the power of prophecy. He gave oracles at Didyme,
which became inferior to none of the Grecian oracles except Delphi,
and which exchanged the name of Didymean for that of Branchidæ.
The temple, according to Strabo, was set on fire by Xerxes, who
took possession of the riches it contained, and transported the
people into Sogdiana, where they built a city, which was afterwards
destroyed by Alexander. _Strabo_, bk. 15.――_Statius_, _Thebiad_,
bk. 3, li. 479.――_Lucian_, _de Domo_.

=Braslæ=, a town of Laconia. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 24.

=Brasĭdas=, a famous general of Lacedæmon, son of Tellus, who, after
many great victories over Athens and other Grecian states, died of
a wound at Amphipolis, which Cleon the Athenian had besieged, B.C.
422. A superb monument was raised to his memory. _Pausanias_, bk. 3,
ch. 24.――_Thucydides_, bks. 4 & 5.――_Diodorus_, bk. 3.――――A man of
Cos. _Theocritus_, _Idylls_, poem 7.

=Brasidēia=, festivals at Lacedæmon, in honour of Brasidas. None but
freemen born Spartans were permitted to enter the lists, and such as
were absent were fined.

=Brasĭlas=, a man of Cos. _Theocritus_, poem 7.

=Braure=, a woman who assisted in the murder of Pittacus king of the
Edoni. _Thucydides_, bk. 4, ch. 107.

=Brauron=, a town of Attica, where Diana had a temple. The goddess had
three festivals called _Brauronia_, celebrated once every fifth year
by 10 men, who were called ἱεροποιοι. They sacrificed a goat to the
goddess, and it was usual to sing one of the books of Homer’s Iliad.
The most remarkable that attended were young virgins in yellow gowns,
consecrated to Diana. They were about 10 years of age, and not under
five, and therefore their consecration was called δεκατευειν, from
δεκα, _decem_; and sometimes ἀρκτευειν, as the virgins themselves
bore the name of ἀρκτοι, _bears_, from this circumstance. There was
a bear in one of the villages of Attica so tame, that he ate with
the inhabitants, and played harmlessly with them. This familiarity
lasted long, till a young virgin treated the animal too roughly,
and was killed by it. The virgin’s brother killed the bear, and
the country was soon after visited by a pestilence. The oracle was
consulted, and the plague removed by consecrating virgins to the
service of Diana. This was so faithfully observed, that no woman
in Athens was ever married before a previous consecration to the
goddess. The statue of Diana of Tauris, which had been brought into
Greece by Iphigenia, was preserved in the town of Brauron. Xerxes
carried it away when he invaded Greece. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 46.
――_Strabo_, bk. 9.

=Brenni= and =Breuni=, a people of Noricum. _Horace_, bk. 4, ode 14.

=Brennus=, a general of the Galli Senones, who invaded Italy, defeated
the Romans at the river Allia, and entered their city without
opposition. The Romans fled into the capitol, and left the whole
city in the possession of the enemies. The Gauls climbed the
Tarpeian rock in the night, and the capitol would have been taken
had not the Romans been awakened by the noise of geese which were
before the doors, and immediately repelled the enemy. Camillus, who
was in banishment, marched to the relief of his country, and so
totally defeated the Gauls, that not one remained to carry the news
of their destruction. _Livy_, bk. 5, ch. 36, &c.――_Plutarch_,
_Camillus_.――――Another Gaul, who made an irruption into Greece with
150,000 men and 15,000 horse, and endeavoured to plunder the temple
of Apollo at Delphi. He was destroyed, with all his troops, by the
god, or more properly, he killed himself in a fit of intoxication,
B.C. 278, after being defeated by the Delphians. _Pausanias_, bk. 10,
chs. 22 & 23.――_Justin_, bk. 24, ch. 6, &c.

=Brenthe=, a ruined city of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 28.

=Brescia=, a city of Italy, which had gods peculiar to itself.

=Brettii=, a people of Italy. _Strabo_, bk. 6.

=Briăreus=, a famous giant, son of Cœlus and Terra, who had 100 hands
and 50 heads, and was called by men Ægeon, and only by the gods
Briareus. When Juno, Neptune, and Minerva conspired to dethrone
Jupiter, Briareus ascended the heavens, and seated himself next to
him, and so terrified the conspirators by his fierce and threatening
looks that they desisted. He assisted the giants in their war
against the gods, and was thrown under mount Ætna, according to
some accounts. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 148.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1,
ch. 1.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 1, li. 403.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6,
li. 287; bk. 10, li. 565.――――A Cyclops, made judge between Apollo
and Neptune, in their dispute about the isthmus and promontory of
Corinth. He gave the former to Neptune, and the latter to Apollo.
_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 1.

=Brias=, a town of Pisidia.

=Brigrantes=, a people in the northern parts of Britain. _Juvenal_,
satire 14, li. 196.――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 43.

=Brigrantīnus=, a lake of Rhœtia between the Alps, now the lake of
Constance. The town on its eastern banks is now Bregentz in the
Tyrol, anciently called Brigantium. _Pliny_, bk. 9, ch. 17.

=Brilessus=, a mountain of Attica. _Thucydides_, bk. 2, ch. 23.

=Brīmo= (_terror_), a name given to Proserpine and Hecate. _Propertius_,
bk. 2, poem 2, li. 11.

=Brisēis=, a woman of Lyrnessus, called also Hippodamia. When her
country was taken by the Greeks, and her husband Mines and brother
killed in the fight, she fell to the share of Achilles in the
division of the spoils. Agamemnon took her away some time after
from Achilles, who made a vow to absent himself from the field of
battle. Briseis was very faithful to Achilles; and when Agamemnon
restored her to him, he swore he had never offended her chastity.
_Homer_, _Iliad_, bks. 1, 2, &c.――_Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 3; _De
Ars Amatoria_, bks. 2 & 3.――_Propertius_, bk. 2, poems 8, 20, & 22.
――_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 24.――_Horace_, bk. 2, ode 4.

=Brises=, a man of Lyrnessus, brother to the priest Chryses. His
daughter Hippodamia was called _Briseis_, from him.

=Briseus=, a surname of Bacchus, from his nurse Briso, or his temple
at Brisa, a promontory at Lesbos. _Persius_, bk. 1, li. 76.

=Britanni=, the inhabitants of Britain. _See:_ Britannia.――――A man in
Gallia Belgica. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 17.

=Britannia=, an island in the northern ocean, the greatest in Europe,
conquered by Julius Cæsar during his Gallic wars, B.C. 55, and first
known to be an island by Agricola, who sailed round it. It was a
Roman province from the time of its conquest till the 448th year
of the christian era. The inhabitants, in the age of Cæsar, used
to paint their bodies, to render themselves more terrible in the
eyes of their enemies. The name of Britain was unknown to the Romans
before Cæsar conquered it. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 4.――_Diodorus_,
bk. 5.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 33.――_Tacitus_, _Agricola_, ch. 10.
――_Pliny_, bk. 34, ch. 17.

=Britannĭcus=, a son of Claudius Cæsar by Messalina. Nero was raised
to the throne in preference to him, by means of Agrippina, and
caused him to be poisoned. His corpse was buried in the night;
but it is said that a shower of rain washed away the white paint
which the murderer had put over his face, so that it appeared quite
black, and discovered the effects of poison. _Tacitus_, _Annals_.
――_Suetonius_, _Nero_, ch. 33.

=Britomartis=, a beautiful nymph of Crete, daughter of Jupiter and
Charme, who devoted herself to hunting, and became a great favourite
of Diana. She was loved by Minos, who pursued her so closely,
that, to avoid his importunities, she threw herself into the sea.
_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 30; bk. 3, ch. 14.――――A surname of Diana.

=Britomarus=, a chief of the Galli Insubres conquered by Æmilius.
_Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 4.

=Britŏnes=, the inhabitants of Britain. _Juvenal_, satire 15, li. 124.

=Brixellum=, a town in Italy near Mantua, where Otho slew himself when
defeated. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 2, ch. 32.

=Brixia=, a town of Italy beyond the Po, at the north of Cremona, now
Brescia. _Justin_, bk. 20, ch. 5.

=Brizo=, the goddess of dreams worshipped in Delos.

=Brocubēlus=, a governor of Syria, who fled to Alexander, when Darius
was murdered by Bessus. _Curtius_, bk. 5, ch. 13.

=Bromius=, a surname of Bacchus, from βρεμειν, _frendere_, alluding
to the groans which Semele uttered when consumed by Jupiter’s
fire. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 11.――――A son of Ægyptus.
_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1.

=Bromus=, one of the Centaurs. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12,
li. 459.

=Brongus=, a river falling into the Ister. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 49.

=Brontēs= (_thunder_), one of the Cyclops. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8,
li. 425.

=Brontīnus=, a Pythagorean philosopher.――――The father of Theano the
wife of Pythagoras. _Diogenes Laërtius._

=Broteas= and =Ammon=, two men famous for their skill in the cestus.
_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 107.――――One of the Lapithæ.

=Brotheus=, a son of Vulcan and Minerva, who burned himself to avoid
the ridicule to which his deformity subjected him. _Ovid_, _Ibis_,
li. 517.

=Bructēri=, a people of Germany, inhabiting the country at the east of
Holland. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 1, ch. 51.

=Brumālia=, festivals celebrated at Rome in honour of Bacchus, about
the month of December. They were first instituted by Romulus.

=Brundusium=, now _Brundisi_, a city of Calabria, on the Adriatic sea
where the Appian road was terminated. It was founded by Diomedes
after the Trojan war, or, according to Strabo, by Theseus, with
a Cretan colony. The Romans generally embarked at Brundusium for
Greece. It is famous for the birth of the poet Pacuvius and the
death of Virgil, and likewise for its harbour, which is capacious
and sheltered by the land, and by a small island at the entrance,
against the fury of the winds and waves. Little remains of the
ancient city, and even its harbour has now been choked up by the
negligence of the inhabitants. _Justin_, bk. 3, ch. 4; bk. 12, ch. 2.
――_Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Cæsar_, _Civil War_, bk. 1, ch. 24.――_Cicero_,
_Letters to Atticus_, bk. 4, ltr. 1.

=Brutidius=, a man dragged to prison in Juvenal’s age, on suspicion of
his favouring Sejanus. _Juvenal_, satire 10, li. 82.

=Brutii=, a people in the furthest parts of Italy, who were originally
shepherds of the Lucanians, but revolted, and went in quest of a
settlement. They received the name of _Brutii_, from their stupidity
and cowardice in submitting, without opposition, to Annibal in
the second Punic war. They were ever after held in the greatest
disgrace, and employed in every servile work. _Justin_, bk. 23,
ch. 9.――_Strabo_, bk. 6.――_Diodorus_, bk. 16.

=Brutŭlus=, a Samnite, who killed himself, upon being delivered to the
Romans for violating a treaty. _Livy_, bk. 8, ch. 39.

=Brutus Lucius Junius=, a son of Marcus Junius and Tarquinia, second
daughter of Tarquin Priscus. The father, with his eldest son, were
murdered by Tarquin the Proud, and Lucius, unable to revenge their
death, pretended to be insane. The artifice saved his life; he was
called _Brutus_ for his stupidity, which he, however, soon after
showed to be feigned. When Lucretia killed herself, B.C. 509, in
consequence of the brutality of Tarquin, Brutus snatched the dagger
from the wound, and swore, upon the reeking blade, immortal hatred
to the royal family. His example animated the Romans. The Tarquins
were proscribed by a decree of the senate, and the royal authority
vested in the hands of consuls chosen from patrician families.
Brutus, in his consular office, made the people swear they never
would again submit to kingly authority; but the first who violated
their oath were in his own family. His sons conspired with the
Tuscan ambassador to restore the Tarquins; and when discovered, they
were tried and condemned before their father, who himself attended
at their execution. Some time after, in a combat that was fought
between the Romans and Tarquins, Brutus engaged with Aruns, and
so fierce was the attack that they pierced one another at the same
time. The dead body was brought to Rome, and received as in triumph;
a funeral oration was spoken over it, and the Roman matrons showed
their grief by mourning a year for the father of the republic.
_Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 2.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 56; bk. 2, ch. 1, &c.
――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bks. 4 & 5.――_Cornelius Nepos_,
_Atticus_, ch. 8.――_Eutropius_ on _Tarquin_.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_,
bk. 6, li. 818.――_Plutarch_, _Brutus_ & _Cæsar_.――――Marcus Junius,
father of Cæsar’s murderer, wrote three books on civil law. He
followed the party of Marius, and was conquered by Pompey. After
the death of Sylla, he was besieged in Mutina by Pompey, to whom he
surrendered, and by whose orders he was put to death. He had married
Servilia, Cato’s sister, by whom he had a son and two daughters.
_Cicero_, _On Oratory_, ch. 55.――_Plutarch_, _Brutus_.――――His son
of the same name by Servilia, was lineally descended from Junius
Brutus, who expelled the Tarquins from Rome. He seemed to inherit
the republican principles of his great progenitor, and in the
civil wars joined himself to the side of Pompey, though he was his
father’s murderer, only because he looked upon him as more just and
patriotic in his claims. At the battle of Pharsalia, Cæsar not only
spared the life of Brutus, but he made him one of his most faithful
friends. He, however, forgot the favour because Cæsar aspired to
tyranny. He conspired with many of the most illustrious citizens
of Rome against the tyrant, and stabbed him in Pompey’s Basilica.
The tumult which this murder occasioned was great; the conspirators
fled to the capitol, and by proclaiming freedom and liberty to the
populace, they re-established tranquillity in the city. Antony, whom
Brutus, contrary to the opinion of his associates, refused to seize,
gained ground in behalf of his friend Cæsar, and the murderers were
soon obliged to leave Rome. Brutus retired into Greece, where he
gained himself many friends by his arms, as well as by persuasion,
and he was soon after pursued thither by Antony, whom young Octavius
accompanied. A battle was fought at Philippi. Brutus, who commanded
the right wing of the republican army, defeated the enemy; but
Cassius, who had the care of the left, was overpowered, and as he
knew not the situation of his friend, and grew desperate, he ordered
one of his freedmen to run him through. Brutus deeply deplored
his fall, and in the fulness of his grief called him the last of
the Romans. In another battle, the wing which Brutus commanded
obtained a victory; but the other was defeated, and he found himself
surrounded by the soldiers of Antony. He, however, made his escape,
and soon after fell upon his sword, B.C. 42. Antony honoured him
with a magnificent funeral. Brutus is not less celebrated for his
literary talents, than his valour in the field. When he was in the
camp, the greatest part of his time was employed in reading and
writing; and the day which preceded one of his most bloody battles,
while the rest of his army was under continual apprehensions, Brutus
calmly spent his hours till the evening, in writing an epitome of
Polybius. He was fond of imitating the austere virtues of Cato, and
in reading the histories of nations he imbibed those principles of
freedom which were so eminently displayed in his political career.
He was intimate with Cicero, to whom he would have communicated
his conspiracy, had he not been apprehensive of his great timidity.
He severely reprimanded him in his letters for joining the side of
Octavius, who meditated the ruin of the republic. Plutarch mentions
that Cæsar’s ghost made its appearance to Brutus in his tent, and
told him that he would meet him at Philippi. Brutus married Portia
the daughter of Cato, who killed herself by swallowing burning coals
when she heard the fate of her husband. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Atticus_.
――_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 48.――_Plutarch_, _Brutus_, &c.; _Cæsar_,
ch. 1.――_Florus_, bk. 4.――――Decimus Junius Albinus, one of Cæsar’s
murderers, who, after the battle of Mutina, was deserted by the
legions, with which he wished to march against Antony. He was put to
death by Antony’s orders, though consul elect.――――Junius, one of the
first tribunes of the people. _Plutarch._――――One of Carbo’s generals.

=Bryas=, a general of the Argives against Sparta, put to death by a
woman, to whom he had offered violence. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 20.
――――A general in the army of Xerxes. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 72.

=Bryaxis=, a marble sculptor, who assisted in making the Mausoleum.
_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 40.

=Bryce=, a daughter of Danaus by Polyxo. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1.

=Brygres=, a people of Thrace, afterwards called Phryges. _Strabo_,
bk. 7.

=Brygri=, a people of Macedonia, conquered by Mardonius. _Herodotus_,
bk. 6, ch. 45.

=Brysea=, a town of Laconia. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 20.

=Bubacēne=, a town of Asia. _Curtius_, bk. 5.

=Bubāces=, a eunuch of Darius, &c. _Curtius_, bk. 5, ch. 11.

=Bubăris=, a Persian who married the daughter of Amyntas, against whom
he had been sent with an army. _Justin_, bk. 7, ch. 13.

=Bubastiăcus=, one of the mouths of the Nile.

=Bubastis=, a city of Egypt, in the eastern parts of the Delta, where
cats were held in great veneration, because Diana Bubastis, who is
the chief deity of the place, is said to have transformed herself
into a cat when the gods fled into Egypt. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, chs.
59, 137, & 154.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 690.

=Bubăsus=, a country of Caria, whence _Bubasides_ applied to the
natives. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 643.

=Bubon=, an inland city of Lycia. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 27.

=Bucephăla=, a city of India near the Hydaspes, built by Alexander in
honour of his favourite horse Bucephalus. _Curtius_, bk. 9, ch. 3.
――_Justin_, bk. 12, ch. 8.――_Diodorus_, bk. 17.

=Bucephălus=, a horse of Alexander’s, whose head resembled that of
a bull, whence his name (βους κεφαλος, _bovis caput_). Alexander
was the only one who could mount on his back, and he always knelt
down to take up his master. He was present in an engagement in Asia,
where he received a heavy wound, and hastened immediately out of the
battle, and dropped down dead as soon as he had set down the king in
a safe place. He was 30 years old when he died, and Alexander built
a city which he called after his name. _Plutarch_, _Alexander_.
――_Curtius._――_Arrian_, bk. 5, ch. 3.――_Pliny_, bk. 8, ch. 42.

=Buciliānus=, one of Cæsar’s murderers. _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_,
ch. 14.

=Bucolĭca=, a sort of poem which treats of the care of the flocks, and
of the pleasures and occupations of the rural life, with simplicity
and elegance. The most famous pastoral writers of antiquity are
Moschus, Bion, Theocritus, and Virgil. The invention of Bucolics, or
pastoral poetry, is attributed to a shepherd of Sicily.

=Bucolĭcum=, one of the mouths of the Nile, situate between the
Sebennytican and Mendesian mouths, and called by Strabo, Phatniticum.
_Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 17.

=Bucolion=, a king of Arcadia, after Lais. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 5.
――――A son of Laomedon and the nymph Calybe.――――A son of Hercules and
Praxithea. He was also called Bucolus.――――A son of Lycaon king of
Arcadia. _Apollodorus_, bks. 2 & 3.

=Bucŏlus=, a son of Hercules and Marse.――――A son of Hippocoon.
_Apollodorus_, bks. 2 & 3.

=Budii=, a nation of Media. _Herodotus._

=Budīni=, a people of Scythia. _Herodotus._

=Budōrum=, a promontory of Salamis. _Thucydides_, bk. 2, ch. 94.

=Bulbus=, a Roman senator, remarkable for his meanness. _Cicero_,
_Against Verres_.

=Bulis=, a town of Phocis, built by a colony from Doris, near the sea,
above the bay of Corinth. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 37.――――A Spartan
given up to Xerxes, to atone for the offence which his countrymen
had done in putting the king’s messengers to death. _Herodotus_,
bk. 7, ch. 134, &c.

=Bullatius=, a friend of Horace to whom the poet addressed, bk. 1,
ltr. 11, in consequence of his having travelled over part of Asia.

=Bullis=, a town of Illyricum, near the sea, south of Apollonia.
_Livy_, bk. 36, ch. 7; bk. 44, ch. 30.

=Bumellus=, a river of Assyria. _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 9.

=Bunea=, a surname of Juno.

=Bunus=, a son of Mercury and Alcidamea, who obtained the government
of Corinth when Ætes went to Colchis. He built a temple to Juno.
_Pausanias_, bk. 2, chs. 3 & 4.

=Bupălus=, a statuary of Clazomenæ. _See:_ Anthermus.

=Buphăgus=, a son of Japetus and Thornax killed by Diana, whose virtue
he had attempted. A river of Arcadia bears his name. _Pausanias_,
bk. 8, ch. 24.――――A surname of Hercules, given him on account of his
gluttony.

=Buphŏnia=, a festival in honour of Jupiter at Athens, where an ox was
immolated. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 24.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_,
bk. 8, ch. 3.

=Buprāsium=, a city, country, and river of Elis. _Homer._

=Bura=, a daughter of Jupiter, or, according to others, of Ion and
Helice, from whom _Bura_ or _Buris_, once a flourishing city in the
bay of Corinth, received its name. This city was destroyed by the
sea. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 293.――_Pausanias_, bk. 7,
ch. 25.――_Strabo_, bks. 1 & 8.――_Diodorus_, bk. 15.

=Buraicus=, an epithet applied to Hercules, from his temple near Bura.
――――A river of Achaia. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 25.

=Burrhus Afranius=, a chief of the pretorian guards, put to death by
Nero.――――A brother-in-law of the emperor Commodus.

=Bursa=, a capital city of Bithynia, supposed to have been called
Prusa, from its founder Prusias. _Strabo_, bk. 12.

=Bursia=, a town of Babylonia. _Justin_, bk. 12, ch. 13.

=Busa=, a woman of Apulia who entertained 1000 Romans after the battle
of Cannæ. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 4, ch. 8.

=Busæ=, a nation of Media. _Herodotus_, bk. 1.

=Busīris=, a king of Egypt, son of Neptune and Libya, or Lysianassa,
who sacrificed all foreigners to Jupiter with the greatest cruelty.
When Hercules visited Egypt, Busiris carried him to the altar bound
hand and foot. The hero soon disentangled himself, and offered the
tyrant, his son Amphidamas, and the ministers of his cruelty, on
the altar. Many Egyptian princes have borne the same name. One of
them built a town called _Busiris_, ♦in the middle of the Delta,
where Isis had a famous temple. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, chs. 59 & 61.
――_Strabo_, bk. 17.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 132;
_Heroides_, poem 9, li. 69.――_Plutarch_, _Theseus_.――_Virgil_,
_Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 5.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 5.

♦ extraneous ‘and’ removed

=Buta=, a town of Achaia. _Diodorus_, bk. 20.

=Buteo=, a surname of Marcus Fabius. _Livy_, bk. 30, ch. 26.――――A
Roman orator. _Seneca._

=Butes=, one of the descendants of Amycus king of the Bebryces, very
expert in the combat of the cestus. He came to Sicily, where he was
received by Lycaste, a beautiful harlot, by whom he had a son called
Eryx. Lycaste, on account of her beauty, was called Venus; hence
Eryx is often called the son of Venus.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5,
li. 372.――――One of the Argonauts. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――――A
Trojan slain by Camilla. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 690.――――A
son of Boreas who built Naxos. _Diodorus_, bk. 5.――――A son of Pandion
and Zeuxippe, priest of Minerva and Neptune. He married Chthonia
daughter of Erechtheus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 14, &c.――――An
armbearer to Anchises, and afterwards to Ascanius. Apollo assumed
his shape when he descended from heaven to encourage Ascanius to
fight. Butes was killed by Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 647;
bk. 12, li. 632.――――A governor of Darius, besieged by Conon the
Athenian.

=Buthrōtum=, now _Butrinto_, a seaport town of Epirus, opposite
Corcyra, visited by Æneas, in his way from Troy to Italy. _Virgil_,
_Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 293.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 1.

=Buthrōtus=, a river in Italy, near Locri.

=Buthyreus=, a noble statuary, disciple to Myron. _Pliny_, bk. 34,
ch. 8.

=Butoa=, an island in the Mediterranean, near Crete. _Pliny_, bk. 4,
ch. 12.

=Butorĭdes=, an historian who wrote concerning the pyramids. _Pliny_,
bk. 36, ch. 12.

=Butos=, a town of Egypt, where there was a temple of Apollo and Diana,
and an oracle of Latona. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, chs. 59 & 63.

=Butuntum=, an inland town of Apulia. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 11.

=Butus=, a son of Pandion.

=Buzȳges=, an Athenian who first ploughed with harnessed oxen.
Demophoon gave him the Palladium, with which Diomedes had entrusted
him to be carried to Athens. _Polyænus_, bk. 1, ch. 5.

=Byblesia= and =Bybassia=, a country of Caria. _Herodotus_, bk. 1,
ch. 174.

=Byblia=, a name of Venus.

=Byblii=, a people of Syria. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1.

=Byblis=, a daughter of Miletus and Cyanea. She fell in love with
her brother Caunus, and when he refused to gratify her passion, she
destroyed herself. Some say that Caunus became enamoured of her,
and fled from his country to avoid incest; and others report that he
fled from his sister’s importunities, who sought him all over Lycia
and Caria, and at last sat down all bathed in tears, and was changed
into a fountain of the same name. _Ovid_, _de Ars Amatoria_, bk. 1,
li. 284; _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 451.――_Hyginus_, fable 243.
――_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 5.――――A small island in the Mediterranean.

=Byblus=, a town of Syria, not far from the sea, where Adonis had a
temple. _Strabo_, bk. 16.

=Bylliones=, a people of Illyricum.

=Byrrhus=, a robber, famous for his dissipation. _Horace_, bk. 1,
satire 4, li. 69.

=Byrsa=, a citadel in the middle of Carthage, on which was the temple
of Æsculapius. Asdrubal’s wife burnt it when the city was taken.
When Dido came to Africa, she bought of the inhabitants as much
land as could be encompassed by a bull’s hide. After the agreement,
she cut the hide in small thongs, and inclosed a large piece of
territory, on which she built a citadel which she called Byrsa
(Βυρσα, _a hide_). _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 371.――_Strabo_,
bk. 17.――_Justin_, bk. 18, ch. 5.――_Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 15.――_Livy_,
bk. 34, ch. 62.

=Byzacium=, a country of Africa.

=Byzantium=, a town situate on the Thracian Bosphorus, founded by a
colony of Megara, under the conduct of Byzas, 658 years before the
christian era. Paterculus says it was founded by the Milesians, and
by the Lacedæmonians according to Justin, and according to Ammianus
by the Athenians. The pleasantness and convenience of its situation
were observed by Constantine the Great, who made it the capital of
the eastern Roman empire, A.D. 328, and called it Constantinopolis.
A number of Greek writers, who have deserved or usurped the name of
_Byzantine historians_, flourished at Byzantium, after the seat of
the empire had been translated thither from Rome. Their works, which
more particularly relate to the time in which they flourished, and
are seldom read but by those who wish to form an acquaintance with
the revolutions of the lower empire, were published in one large
collection, in 36 vols., folio, 1648, &c., at Paris, and recommended
themselves by the notes and supplements of du Fresne and du Cange.
They were likewise printed at Venice, 1729, in 28 vols., though
perhaps this edition is not so valuable as that of the French.
_Strabo_, bk. 1.――_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 15.――_Cornelius Nepos_,
_Pausanias_, _Alcibiades_, & _Timotheus_.――_Justin_, bk. 9, ch. 1.
――_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 12, chs. 62 & 63.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 2.
――_Marcellinus_, bk. 22, ch. 8.

=Byzas=, a son of Neptune king of Thrace, from whom it is said
Byzantium receives its name. _Diodorus_, bk. 4.

=Byzeres=, a people of Pontus, between Cappadocia and Colchis.
_Dionysius Periegetes._――_Flaccus_, bk. 5, li. 153.

=Byzes=, a celebrated artist in the age of Astyages. _Pausanias_,
bk. 5, ch. 10.

=Byzia=, a town in the possession of the kings of Thrace, hated by
swallows, on account of the horrible crimes of Tereus. _Pliny_,
bk. 4, ch. 11.