Chapter C (7)

=Comētes=, the father of Asterion, and one of the Argonauts. _Flaccus_,
bk. 1, li. 356.――――One of the Centaurs, killed at the nuptials of
Pirithous. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 284.――――A son of
Thestius, killed at the chase of the Calydonian boar. _Pausanias_,
bk. 8, ch. 45.――――One of the Magi, intimate with Cambyses king of
Persia. _Justin_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――――An adulterer of Ægiale.――――A son
of Orestes.

=Cometho=, a daughter of Pterilaus, who deprived her father of a golden
hair in his head, upon which depended his fate. She was put to death
by Amphitryon for her perfidy. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 4.

=Quintus Cominius=, a Roman knight, who wrote some illiberal verses
against Tiberius. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 4, ch. 31.

=Comitia= (orum), an assembly of the Roman people. The word is derived
from _Comitium_, the place where they were convened, _quasi a cum
eundo_. The Comitium was a large hall, which was left uncovered at
the top, in the first ages of the republic; so that the assembly
was often dissolved in rainy weather. The Comitia were called, some
_consularia_, for the election of the consuls; others _prætoria_,
for the election of pretors, &c. These assemblies were more generally
known by the name of _Comitia_, _Curiata_, _Centuriata_, and
_Tributa_. The _Curiata_ was when the people gave their votes
by curiæ. _Centuriata_ were not convened in later times. _See:_
Centuria. Another assembly was called _Comitia Tributa_, where
the votes were received from the whole tribes together. At first
the Roman people were divided only into three tribes; but as their
numbers increased, the tribes were at last swelled to 35. The object
of these assemblies was the electing of magistrates, and all the
public officers of state. They could be dissolved by one of the
tribunes, if he differed in opinion from the rest of his colleagues.
If one among the people was taken with the falling sickness, the
whole assembly was immediately dissolved, whence that disease is
called _morbus comitialis_. After the custom of giving their votes
_vivâ voce_ had been abolished, every one of the assembly, in the
enacting of a law, was presented with two ballots, on one of which
were the letters U. R., that is, _uti rogas_, be it as is required;
on the other was an A., that is, _antiquo_, which bears the same
meaning as _antiquam volo_, I forbid it; the old law is preferable.
If the number of ballots with U. R. was superior to the A.’s,
the law was approved constitutionally; if not, it was rejected.
Only the chief magistrates, and sometimes the pontifices, had the
privilege of convening these assemblies. There were only these
eight of the magistrates who had the power of proposing a law, the
consuls, the dictator, the pretor, the interrex, the decemvirs, the
military tribunes, the kings, and the triumvirs. These were called
_majores magistratus_; to whom one of the _minores magistratus_ was
added, the tribune of the people.

=Comius=, a man appointed king over the Attrebates, by Julius Cæsar,
for his services. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 4, ch. 21.

=Commagēne.= _See:_ Comagena.

=Commodus Lucius Aurelius Antoninus=, son of Marcus Antoninus,
succeeded his father in the Roman empire. He was naturally cruel,
and fond of indulging his licentious propensities; and regardless
of the instructions of philosophers, and of the decencies of nature,
he corrupted his own sisters, and kept 300 women, and as many boys,
for his illicit pleasures. Desirous to be called Hercules, like
that hero he adorned his shoulders with a lion’s skin, and armed his
hands with a knotted club. He showed himself naked in public, and
fought with the gladiators, and boasted of his dexterity in killing
the wild beasts in the amphitheatre. He required divine honours
from the senate, and they were granted. He was wont to put such an
immense quantity of gold dust in his hair, that when he appeared
bare-headed in the sunshine, his head glittered as if surrounded
with sunbeams. Martia, one of his concubines, whose death he had
prepared, poisoned him; but as the poison did not quickly operate,
he was strangled by a wrestler. He died in the 31st year of his age,
and the 13th of his reign, A.D. 192. It has been observed, that he
never trusted himself to a barber, but always burnt his beard, in
imitation of the tyrant Dionysius. _Herodian._

=Commoris=, a village of Cilicia. _Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_,
bk. 15, ltr. 4.

=Comon=, a general of Messenia. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 26.

=Compĭtālia=, festivals celebrated by the Romans the 12th of January
and the 6th of March, in the cross ways, in honour of the household
gods called Lares. Tarquin the Proud, or, according to some, Servius
Tullius, instituted them on account of an oracle which ordered him
to offer heads to the Lares. He sacrificed to them human victims;
but Junius Brutus, after the expulsion of the Tarquins, thought it
sufficient to offer them only poppy heads, and men of straw. The
slaves were generally the ministers, and during the celebration they
enjoyed their freedom. _Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 5, ch. 3.
――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 5, li. 140.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_,
bk. 4.

=Compsa=, now _Consa_, a town of the Hirpini in Italy, at the east of
Vesuvius.

=Compustus=, a river of Thrace, falling into the lake Bistonis.
_Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 109.

=Compusa=, a town of Bithynia.

=Comum=, now _Como_, a town at the north of Insubria, at the bottom
of the lake Como, in the modern duchy of Milan. It was afterwards
called _Novo Comum_ by Julius Cæsar, who transplanted a colony there,
though it resumed its ancient name. It was the birthplace of the
younger Pliny. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 18.――_Livy_, bk. 34, chs. 36
& 37.――_Suetonius_, _Julius_, ch. 28.――_Pliny the Younger_, bk. 1,
ltr. 3.――_Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 13, ltr. 35.

=Comus=, the god of revelry, feasting, and nocturnal entertainments.
During his festivals, men and women exchanged each other’s dress.
He was represented as a young and drunken man, with a garland of
flowers on his head, and a torch in his hand, which seemed falling.
He is more generally seen sleeping upon his legs, and turning
himself when the heat of the falling torch scorched his side.
_Philostratus_, bk. 2, _Imagines_.――_Plutarch_, _Quæstiones romanæ_.

=Concăni=, a people of Spain, who lived chiefly on milk mixed
with horses’ blood. Their chief town, _Concana_, is now called
_Sanlinala_, or _Cangas de Onis_. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, li.
463.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 361.――_Horace_, bk. 3, ode 4,
li. 34.

=Concerda=, a town belonging to Venice in Italy.

=Concordia=, the goddess of peace and concord at Rome, to whom Camillus
first raised a temple in the Capitol, where the magistrates often
assembled for the transaction of public business. She had, besides
this, other temples and statues, and was addressed to promote the
peace and union of families and citizens. _Plutarch_, _Camillus_.
――_Pliny_, bk. 33, ch. 1.――_Cicero_, _On his House_.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_,
bk. 1, li. 639; bk. 6, li. 637.

=Condate=, a town of Gaul, now _Rennes_ (_Rhedonum urbs_), in Britany.

=Condlaus=, an avaricious officer, &c. _Aristotle_, _Politics_.

=Condivicnum=, a town of Gaul, now _Nantes_, in Britany.

=Condochātes=, a river of India, flowing into the Ganges.

=Condrūsi=, a people of Belgium, now _Condrotz_, in Liege. _Cæsar_,
_Gallic War_, bk. 4, ch. 6.

=Condy̆lia=, a town of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 23.

=Cone=, a small island at the mouth of the Ister, supposed to be the
same as the _insula Conopôn_ of _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.――_Lucan_,
bk. 3, li. 200.

=Conetōdūnus= and =Cotuatus=, two desperate Gauls, who raised their
countrymen against Rome, &c.――_Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 7, ch. 3.

=Confluentes=, a town at the confluence of the Moselle and Rhine, now
_Coblentz_.

=Confucius=, a Chinese philosopher, as much honoured among his
countrymen as a monarch. He died about 479 years B.C.

=Congēdus=, a river of Spain. _Martial_, bk. 1, ltr. 50, li. 9.

=Coniăci=, a people of Spain, at the head of the Iberus. _Strabo_,
bk. 3.

=Conimbrĭca=, a town of Spain, now _Coimbra_ of Portugal.

=Conisaltus=, a god worshipped at Athens, with the same ceremonies as
Priapus at Lampsacus. _Strabo_, bk. 3.

=Coniscī=, a people of Spain.

=Connīdas=, the preceptor of Theseus, in whose honour the Athenians
instituted a festival called _Connideia_. It was then usual to
sacrifice to him a ram. _Plutarch_, _Theseus_.

=Conon=, a famous general of Athens, son of Timotheus. He was made
governor of all the islands of the Athenians, and was defeated in
a naval battle by Lysander, near the Ægospotamos. He retired in
voluntary banishment to Evagoras king of Cyprus, and afterwards to
Artaxerxes king of Persia, by whose assistance he freed his country
from slavery. He defeated the Spartans near Cnidos, in an engagement,
where Pisander, the enemy’s admiral, was killed. By his means the
Athenians fortified their city with a strong wall, and attempted
to recover Ionia and Æolia. He was perfidiously betrayed by a
Persian, and died in prison, B.C. 393. _Cornelius Nepos_, _De Viris
Illustribus_.――_Plutarch_, _Lysander_ & _Artaxerxes_.――_Isocrates.
_――――A Greek astronomer of Samos, who, to gain the favour of Ptolemy
Evergetes, publicly declared that the queen’s locks, which had
been dedicated in the temple of Venus, and had since disappeared,
were become a constellation. He was intimate with Archimedes, and
flourished 247 B.C. _Catullus_, poem 67.――_Virgil_, _Eclogues_,
poem 3, li. 40.――――A Grecian mythologist in the age of Julius Cæsar,
who wrote a book which contained 40 fables, still extant, preserved
by Photius.――――There was a treatise written on Italy by a man of the
same name.

=Consentes=, the name which the Romans gave to the 12 superior
gods, the _Dii majorum gentium_. The word signifies as much as
_consentientes_, that is, who consented to the deliberations of
Jupiter’s council. They were 12 in number, whose names Ennius has
briefly expressed in these lines:

_Juno, Vesta, Minerva, Ceres, Diana, Venus, Mars,
Mercurius, Jovi, Neptunus, Vulcanus, Apollo._
_Varro_, _de Re Rustica_

=Consentia=, now _Cosenza_, a town in the country of the Brutii.
_Livy_, bk. 3, ch. 24; bk. 28, ch. 11.――_Cicero_, _de Finibus
Bonorum et Malorum_, bk. 1, ch. 3.

=Considius Æquus=, a Roman knight, &c. _Tacitus._――――Caius, one of
Pompey’s adherents, &c. _Cæsar_, _Civil War_, bk. 2, ch. 23.

=Consilinum=, a town of Italy. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.

=Constans=, a son of Constantine. _See:_ Constantius.

=Constantia=, a granddaughter of the great Constantine, who married
the emperor Gratian.

=Constantīna=, a princess, wife of the emperor Gallus.――――Another of
the imperial family.

=Constantinopŏlis=, now _Stamboul_, formerly Byzantium, the capital of
Thrace, a noble and magnificent city, built by Constantine the Great,
and solemnly dedicated A.D. 330. It was the capital of the eastern
Roman empire, and was called after its foundation, _Roma nova_, on
account of its greatness, which seemed to rival Rome. The beauty of
its situation, with all its conveniences, have been the admiration
of every age. Constantinople became long the asylum of science and
of learned men, but upon its conquest by Mahomet II., 28th May,
1453, the professors retired from the barbarity of their victors,
and found in Italy the protection which their learning deserved.
This migration was highly favourable to the cause of science, and
whilst the Pope, the head of the house of Medicis, and the emperor,
munificently supported the fugitives, other princes imitated their
example, and equally contributed to the revival of literature in
Europe.

=Constantīnus=, surnamed _the Great_, from the greatness of his
exploits, was son of Constantius. As soon as he became independent
he assumed the title of Augustus, and made war against Licinius,
his brother-in-law and colleague on the throne, because he was cruel
and ambitious. He conquered him, and obliged him to lay aside the
imperial power. It is said that as he was going to fight against
Maxentius, one of his rivals, he saw a cross in the sky, with this
inscription, ἐν τουτῳ νικα, _in hoc vince_. From this circumstance
he became a convert to christianity and obtained an easy victory,
ever after adopting a cross or _abarum_ as his standard. After the
death of Diocletian, Maximian, Maxentius, Maximinus, and Licinius,
who had reigned together, though in a subordinate manner, Constantine
became sole emperor, and began to reform the state. He founded a
city in the most eligible situation, where old Byzantium formerly
stood, and called it by his own name, _Constantinopolis_. Thither
he transported part of the Roman senate; and by keeping his court
there, he made it the rival of Rome, in population and magnificence,
and from that time the two imperial cities began to look upon each
other with an eye of envy; and soon after the age of Constantine,
a separation was made of the two empires, and Rome was called the
capital of the western, and Constantinopolis was called the capital
of the eastern, dominions of Rome. The emperor has been distinguished
for personal courage, and praised for the protection which he
extended to the christians. He at first persecuted the Arians, but
afterwards inclined to their opinions. His murder of his son Crispus
has been deservedly censured. By removing the Roman legions from the
garrisons on the rivers, he opened an easy passage to the barbarians,
and rendered his soldiers unwarlike. He defeated 100,000 Goths,
and received into his territories 300,000 Samartians, who had
been banished by their slaves, and allowed them land to cultivate.
Constantine was learned, and preached as well as composed many
sermons, one of which remains. He died A.D. 337, after a reign of
31 years of the greatest glory and success. He left three sons,
Constantinus, Constans, and Constantius, among whom he divided his
empire. The first, who had Gaul, Spain, and Britain for his portion,
was conquered by the armies of his brother Constans, and killed in
the 25th year of his age, A.D. 340. Magnentius, the governor of the
provinces of Rhætia, murdered Constans in his bed, after a reign
of 13 years over Italy, Africa, and Illyricum; and Constantius,
the only surviving brother, now become the sole emperor, A.D.
353, punished his brother’s murderer, and gave way to cruelty and
oppression. He visited Rome, where he displayed a triumph, and died
in his march against Julian, who had been proclaimed independent
emperor by his soldiers.――――The name of Constantine was very common
to the emperors of the east, in a later period.――――A private soldier
in Britain, raised on account of his name to the imperial dignity.
――――A general of Belisarius.

=Constantius Chlorus=, son of Eutropius and father of the great
Constantine, merited the title of Cæsar, which he obtained by
his victories in Britain and Germany. He became the colleague
of Galerius, on the abdication of Docletian; and after bearing
the character of a humane and benevolent prince, he died at York,
and made his son his successor, A.D. 306.――――The second son of
Constantine the Great. _See:_ Constantinus.――――The father of Julian
and Gallus, was son of Constantius by Theodora, and died A.D. 337.
――――A Roman general of Nyssa, who married Placidia the sister of
Honorius, and was proclaimed emperor, an honour he enjoyed only seven
months. He died universally regretted, 421 A.D., and was succeeded
by his son Valentinian in the west.――――One of the servants of Attila.

=Consuāles Ludi=, or =Consuālia=, festivals at Rome in honour of
Consus, the god of counsel, whose altar Romulus discovered under
the ground. This altar was always covered, except at the festival,
when a mule was sacrificed, and games and horse-races exhibited
in honour of Neptune. It was during these festivals that Romulus
carried away the Sabine women who had assembled to be spectators of
the games. They were first instituted by Romulus. Some say, however,
that Romulus only regulated and reinstituted them after they had
been before established by Evander. During the celebration, which
happened about the middle of August, horses, mules, and asses were
exempted from all labour, and were led through the streets adorned
with garlands and flowers. _Ausonius_, bk. 69, li. 9.――_Ovid_,
_Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 199.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――_Dionysius of
Halicarnassus._

=Consul=, a magistrate at Rome, with regal authority for the space of
one year. There were two consuls, a _consulendo_, annually chosen in
the Campus Martius. The two first consuls were Lucius Junius Brutus
and Lucius Tarquinius Collatinus, chosen A.U.C. 244, after the
expulsion of the Tarquins. In the first ages of the republic, the
two consuls were always chosen from patrician families, or noblemen;
but the people obtained the privilege, A.U.C. 388, of electing one
of their consuls from their own body; and sometimes both were
plebeians. The first consul among the plebeians was Lucius Sextius.
It was required that every candidate for the consulship should be
43 years of age, called _legitimum tempus_. He was always to appear
at the election as a private man, without a retinue; and it was
requisite, before he canvassed for the office, to have discharged
the inferior functions of questor, edile, and pretor. Sometimes
these qualifications were disregarded. Valerius Corvinus was made
a consul in his 23rd year, and Scipio in his 24th. Young Marius,
Pompey, and Augustus, were also under the proper age when they
were invested with the office, and Pompey had never been questor
or pretor. The power of the consuls was unbounded, and they knew
no superior but the gods and the laws; but after the expiration of
their office, their conduct was minutely scrutinized by the people,
and ♦misbehaviour was often punished by the laws. The badge of their
office was the _prætexta_, a robe fringed with purple, afterwards
exchanged for the _toga picta_ or _palmata_. They were preceded
by 12 lictors, carrying the _fasces_, or bundle of sticks, in the
middle of which appeared an axe. The axe, as being the characteristic
rather of tyranny than of freedom, was taken away from the _fasces_
by Valerius Poplicola, but it was restored by his successor. The
consuls took it by turns, monthly to be preceded by the lictors
while at Rome, lest the appearance of two persons with their badges
of royal authority should raise apprehensions in the multitude.
While one appeared publicly in state, only a crier walked before
the other, and the lictors followed behind without the fasces. Their
authority was equal; yet the Valerian law gave the right of priority
to the older, and the Julian law to him who had the most children,
and he was generally called _consul major_ or _prior_. As their
power was absolute, they presided over the senate, and could convene
and dismiss it at pleasure. The senators were their counsellors;
and among the Romans, the manner of reckoning their years was by the
name of the consuls, and by _Marcus Tullius Cicerone_ & _L. Antonio
Consulibus_, for instance, the year of Rome 691 was always understood.
This custom lasted from the year of Rome 244 till the year 1294,
or 541st year of the christian era, when the consular office was
totally suppressed by Justinian. In public assemblies the consuls
sat in ivory chairs and held in their hands an ivory wand, called
_scipio eburneus_, which had an eagle on its top, as a sign of
dignity and power. When they had drawn by lot the provinces over
which they were to preside during their consulship, they went to
the Capitol to offer their prayers to the gods, and entreat them
to protect the republic; after this they departed from the city,
arrayed in their military dress, and preceded by the lictors.
Sometimes the provinces were assigned them, without drawing by lot,
by the will and appointment of the senators. At their departure they
were provided by the state with whatever was requisite during their
expedition. In their provinces they were both attended by the 12
lictors, and equally invested with regal authority. They were not
permitted to return to Rome without the special command of the
senate, and they always remained in their province till the arrival
of their successor. At their return they harangued the people,
and solemnly protested that they had done nothing against the laws
or interest of their country, but had faithfully and diligently
endeavoured to promote the greatness and welfare of the state. No
man could be consul two following years; yet this institution was
sometimes broken, and we find Marius re-elected consul, after the
expiration of his office, during the Cimprian war. The office of
consul, so dignified during the times of the commonwealth, became a
mere title under the emperors, and retained nothing of its authority
but the useless ensigns of original dignity. Even the office of
consul, which was originally annual, was reduced to two or three
months by Julius Cæsar; but they who were admitted on the 1st of
January denominated the year, and were called _ordinarii_. Their
successors, during the year, were distinguished by the name of
_suffecti_. Tiberius and Claudius abridged the time of the consulship,
and the emperor Commodus made no less than 25 consuls in one year.
Constantine the Great renewed the original institution, and permitted
them to be a whole year in office.――――Here is annexed a list of the
consuls from the establishment of the consular power to the battle
of Actium, in which it may be said that the authority of the consuls
was totally extinguished.

♦ ‘misbehavour’ replaced with ‘misbehaviour’

The first two consuls, chosen about the middle of June, A.U.C.
244, were Lucius Junius Brutus and Lucius Tarquinius Collatinus.
Collatinus retired from Rome as being of the family of the Tarquins,
and Publius Valerius was chosen in his room. When Brutus was killed
in battle, Spurius Lucretius was elected to succeed him; and after
the death of Lucretius, Marcus Horatius was chosen for the rest of
the year with Valerius Publicola. The first consulship lasted about
16 months, during which the Romans fought against the Tarquins, and
the Capitol was dedicated.

A.U.C. 246. Publius Valerius Publicola 2; Titus Lucretius. Porsenna
supported the claims of Tarquin. The noble actions of Cocles,
Scævola, and Clœlia.

A.U.C. 247. Publius Lucretius, or Marcus Horatius; Publius Valerius
Publicola 3. The vain efforts of Porsenna continued.

A.U.C. 248. Spurius Lartius; Titus Herminus. Victories obtained over
the Sabines.

A.U.C. 249. Marcus Valerius; Publius Postumius. Wars with the
Sabines continued.

A.U.C. 250. Publius Valerius 4; Titus Lucretius 2.

A.U.C. 251. Agrippa Menenius; Publius Postumius 2. The death of
Publicola.

A.U.C. 252. Opiter Virginius; Spurius Cassius. Sabine war.

A.U.C. 253. Postumius Cominius; Titus Lartius. A conspiracy of
slaves at Rome.

A.U.C. 254. Servvius Sulpicius; Marcus Tullus.

A.U.C. 255. Publius Veturius Geminus; Titus Æbutius Elva.

A.U.C. 256. Titus Lartius 2; Quintus Clœlius. War with the Latins.

A.U.C. 257. Aulus Sempronius Atratinus; Marcus Minucius.

A.U.C. 258. Aulus Postumius; Titus Virginius. The battle of Regillæ.

A.U.C. 259. Appius Claudius; Publius Servilius. War with the Volsci.

A.U.C. 260. Aulus Virginius; Titus Veturius. The dissatisfied people
retired to Mons Sacer.

A.U.C. 261. Postumius Cominius 2; Spurius Cassius 2. A reconciliation
between the senate and people, and the election of the tribunes.

A.U.C. 262. Titus Geganius; Publius Minucius. A famine at Rome.

A.U.C. 263. Marcus Minucius 2; Aulus Sempronius 2. The haughty
behaviour of Coriolanus to the populace.

A.U.C. 264. Quintus Sulpicius Camerinus; Spurius Lartius Flavus 2.
Coriolanus retires to the Volsci.

A.U.C. 265. Caius Julius; Paius Pinarius. The Volsci make
declarations of war.

A.U.C. 266. Spurius Nautius; Sextus Furius. Coriolanus forms the
siege of Rome. He retires at the entreaties of his mother and wife,
and dies.

A.U.C. 267. Titus Sicinius; Caius Aquilius. The Volsci defeated.

A.U.C. 268. Spurius Cassius 3; Proculus Virginius. Cassius aspires
to tyranny.

A.U.C. 269. Servius Cornelius; Quintus Fabius. Cassius is condemned,
and thrown down the Tarpeian rock.

A.U.C. 270. Lucius Æmilius; Cæsio Fabius. The Æqui and Volsci
defeated.

A.U.C. 271. Marcus Fabius; Lucius Valerius.

A.U.C. 272. Qucius Fabius 2; Caius Julius. War with the Æqui.

A.U.C. 273. Cæsio Fabius 2; Spurius Furius. War continued with the
Æqui and Veientes.

A.U.C. 274. Marcus Fabius 2; Cnæus Manlius. Victory over the Hernici.

A.U.C. 275. Cæsio Fabius 3; Titus Virginius. The march of the Fabii
to the river Cremera.

A.U.C. 276. Lucius Æmilius 2; C. Servilius. The wars continued
against the neighbouring states.

A.U.C. 277. Caius Horatius; Titus Menenius. The defeat and death of
the 300 Fabii.

A.U.C. 278. Spurius Servilius; Aulus Virginius. Menenius brought to
his trial for the defeat of the armies under him.

A.U.C. 279. Caius Nautius; Publius Valerius.

A.U.C. 280. Lucius Furius; Cublius Manlius. A truce of 40 years
granted to the Veientes.

A.U.C. 281. Lucius Æmilius 3; Virginius or Vopiscus Julius. The
tribune Genutius murdered in his bed for his seditions.

A.U.C. 282. Lucius Pinarius; Publius Furius.

A.U.C. 283. Appius Claudius; Titus Quintius. The Roman army suffer
themselves to be defeated by the Volsci on account of their hatred
to Appius, while his colleague is boldly and cheerfully obeyed
against the Æqui.

A.U.C. 284. Lucius Valerius 2; Tiberius Æmilius. Appius is cited to
take his trial before the people, and dies before the day of trial.

A.U.C. 285. Titus Numicius Priscus; Aulus Virginius.

A.U.C. 286. Tulus Quintius 2; Quintus Servilius.

A.U.C. 287. Tiberius Æmilius 2; Quintus Fabius.

A.U.C. 288. Quintus Servilius 2; Spurius Postumius.

A.U.C. 289. Quintus Fabius 2; Titus Quintius 3. In the census made
this year, which was the ninth, there were found 124,214 citizens
in Rome.

A.U.C. 290. Aulus Postumius; Spurius Furius.

A.U.C. 291. Lucius Æbutius; Publius Servilius. A plague at Rome.

A.U.C. 292. Lucius Lucretius Tricipitinus; Titus Veturius Geminus.

A.U.C. 293. Publius Volumnius; Servius Sulpicius. Dreadful prodigies
at Rome, and seditions.

A.U.C. 294. Caius Claudius; Publius Valerius 2. A Sabine seizes
the Capitol, and is defeated and killed. Valerius is killed in
an engagement, and Cincinnatus is taken from the plough, and made
dictator; he quelled the dissensions at Rome, and returned to his
farm.

A.U.C. 295. Quintus Fabius 3; Lucius Cornelius. The census made the
Romans amount to 132,049.

A.U.C. 296. Lucius Minucius; Caius Nautius 2. Minucius is besieged
in his camp by the Æqui; and Cincinnatus, being elected dictator,
delivers him, obtains a victory, and lays down his power 16 days
after his election.

A.U.C. 297. Quintus Minucius; Caius Horatius. War with the Æqui and
Sabines. Ten tribunes elected instead of five.

A.U.C. 298. Marcus Valerius; Spurius Virginius.

A.U.C. 299. Titus Romilius; Caius Veturius.

A.U.C. 300. Spurius Tarpeius; Aulus Aterius.

A.U.C. 301. Publius Curiatius; Sextus Quintilius.

A.U.C. 302. Titus Menenius; Publius Cestius Capitolinus. The
Decemvirs reduce the laws into 12 tables.

A.U.C. 303. Appius Claudius; Titus Genutius; Publius Cestius, &c.
The Decemvirs assume the reins of government, and preside with
consular power.

A.U.C. 304 & 305. Appius Claudius; Quintus Fabius Vibulanus; Marcus
Cornelius, &c. The Decemvirs continued. They act with violence.
Appius endeavours to take possession of Virginia, who is killed by
her father. The Decemvirs abolished, and Valerius Potitus, Marcus
Horatius Barbatus, are created consuls for the rest of the year.
Appius is summoned to take his trial. He dies in prison, and the
rest of the Decemvirs are banished.

A.U.C. 306. Lars Herminius; Titus Virginius.

A.U.C. 307. Marcus Geganius Macerinus; Caius Julius. Domestic troubles.

A.U.C. 308. Titus Quintius Capitolinus 4; Agrippa Furius. The Æqui
and Volsci come near the gates of Rome, and are defeated.

A.U.C. 309. Marcus Genucius; Caius Curtius. A law passed to permit
the patrician and plebeian families to intermarry.

A.U.C. 310. Military tribunes are chosen instead of consuls. The
plebeians admitted among them. The first were Aulus Sempronius;
Lucius Atilius; Titus Clœlius. They abdicated three months after
their election, and consuls were again chosen. Lucius Papirius
Mugillanus; Lucius Sempronius Atratinus.

A.U.C. 311. Marcus Geganius Macerinus 2; Titus Quintius Capitolinus
5. The censorship instituted.

A.U.C. 312. Marcus Fabius Vibulanus; Postumius Æbutius Cornicen.

A.U.C. 313. Caius Furius Pacilus; Maius Papirius Crassus.

A.U.C. 314. Proculus Geganius Macerinus; Lucius Menenius Lanatus. A
famine at Rome. Mælius attempts to make himself king.

A.U.C. 315. Titus Quintius Capitolinus 6; Agrippa Menenius Lanatus.

A.U.C. 316. Mamercus Æmilius; Lucius Quintius; Lucius Julius.
Military tribunes.

A.U.C. 317. Marcus Geganius Macerinus; Sergius Fidenas. Tolumnius
king of the Veientes killed by Cossus, who takes the second royal
spoils called _Opima_.

A.U.C. 318. Marcus Cornelius Maluginensis; Lucius Papirius Crassus.

A.U.C. 319. Caius Julius; Lucius Virginius.

A.U.C. 320. Caius Julius 2; Lucius Virginius 2. The duration of the
censorship limited to 18 months.

A.U.C. 321. Marcus Fabius Vibulanus; Marcus Fossius; Lucius Sergius
Fidenas. Military tribunes.

A.U.C. 322. Lucius Pinarius Mamercus; Lucius Furius Medullinus;
Spurius Postumius Albus. Military tribunes.

A.U.C. 323. Titus Quintius Cincinnatus; Caius Julius Manto; consuls.
A victory over the Veientes and Fidenates by the dictator
Posthumius.

A.U.C. 324. Caius Papirius Crassus; Lucius Julius.

A.U.C. 325. Lucius Sergius Fidenas 2; Hostus Lucretius Tricipitinus.

A.U.C. 326. Aulus Cornelius Cossus; Titus Quintus Pennus 2.

A.U.C. 327. Servilius Ahala; Lucius Papirius Mugillanus 2.

A.U.C. 328. Titus Quintius Pennus; Caius Furius; Marcus Posthumius;
Aulus Cornelius Cossus. Military tribunes, all of patrician
families. Victory over the Veientes.

A.U.C. 329. Aarcus Sempronius Atratinus; Lucius Quintius Cincinnatus;
Lucius Furius Medullinus; Lucius Horatius Barbatus.

A.U.C. 330. Appius Claudius Crassus, &c. Military tribunes.

A.U.C. 331. Caius Sempronius Atratinus; Quintus Fabius Vibulanus.
Consuls who gave much dissatisfaction to the people.

A.U.C. 332. Lucius Manlius Capitolinus, &c. Military tribunes.

A.U.C. 333. Numerius Fabius Vibulanus; Titus Quinctius Capitolinus.

A.U.C. 334. Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus 3; Lucius Furius Medullinus
2; Mucius Manlius; Aulus Sempronius Atratinus. Military tribunes.

A.U.C. 335. Agrippa Menenius Lanatus, &c. Military tribunes.

A.U.C. 336. Lucius Sergius Fidenas; Marcus Papirius Mugillanus;
Caius Servilius.

A.U.C. 337. Agrippa Menenius Lanatus 2, &c.

A.U.C. 338. Agrippa Sempronius Atratinus 3, &c.

A.U.C. 339. Publius Cornelius Cossus, &c.

A.U.C. 340. Cnæus Cornelius Cossus, &c. One of the military tribunes
stoned to death by the army.

A.U.C. 341. Aulus Cornelius Cossus; Lucius Furius Medullinus,
consuls. Domestic seditions.

A.U.C. 342. Quintus Fabius Ambustus; Caius Furius Pacilus.

A.U.C. 343. Marcus Papirius Atratinus. Spurius Nautius Rutilus.

A.U.C. 344. Mamercus Æmilius; Caius Valerius Potitus.

A.U.C. 345. Cnaeus Cornelius Cossus; Lucius Furius Medullinus 2.
Plebeians for the first time questors.

A.U.C. 346. Caius Julius, &c. Military tribunes.

A.U.C. 347. Lucius Furius Medullinus, &c. Military tribunes.

A.U.C. 348. Publius & Cnæus Cornelii Cossi, &c. Military tribunes.
This year the Roman soldiers first received pay.

A.U.C. 349. Titus Quintius Capitolinus, &c. Military tribunes. The
siege of Veii begun.

A.U.C. 350. Caius Valerius Potitus &c. Military tribunes.

A.U.C. 351. Manlius Æmilius Mamercinus, &c. The Roman cavalry begin
to receive pay.

A.U.C. 352. Caius Servilius Ahala, &c. A defeat at Veii, occasioned
by a quarrel between two of the military tribunes.

A.U.C. 353. Lucius Valerius Potitus 4; Marcus Furius Camillus 2, &c.
A military tribune chosen from among the plebeians.

A.U.C. 354. Publius Licinius Calvus, &c.

A.U.C. 355. Marcus Veturius, &c.

A.U.C. 356. Lucius Valerius Potitus 5; Marcus Furius Camillus 3, &c.

A.U.C. 357. Lucius Julius Iulus, &c.

A.U.C. 358. Publius Licinius, &c. Camillus declared dictator. The
city of Veii taken by means of a mine. Camillus obtains a triumph.

A.U.C. 359. Publius Cornelius Cossus, &c. The people wished to
remove to Veii.

A.U.C. 360. Marcus Furius Camillus, &c.; Falisci surrendered to the
Romans.

A.U.C. 361. Lucius Lucretius Flaccus; Servius Sulpicius Camerinus,
Consuls, after Rome had been governed by military tribunes for 15
successive years. Camillus strongly opposes the removing to Veii,
and it is rejected.

A.U.C. 362. Lucius Valerius Potitus; Mucius Manlius. One of the
censors dies.

A.U.C. 363. Lucius Lucretius, &c. Military tribunes. A strange voice
heard, which foretold the approach of the Gauls. Camillus goes
to banishment to Ardea. The Gauls besiege Clusium, and soon after
march towards Rome.

A.U.C. 364. Three Fabii military tribunes. The Romans defeated at
Allia, by the Gauls. The Gauls enter Rome, and set it on fire.
Camillus declared dictator by the senate, who had retired into the
Capitol. The geese save the Capitol, and Camillus suddenly comes
and defeats the Gauls.

A.U.C. 365. Lucius Valerius Poplicola 3; Lucius Virginius, &c.
Camillus declared dictator, defeats the Volsci, Æqui, and Tuscans.

A.U.C. 366. Titus Quinctius Cincinnatus; Quintus Servilius Fidenas;
Lucius Julius Iulus.

A.U.C. 367. Lucius Papirius; Cnæus Sergius; Lucius Æmilius, &c.

A.U.C. 368. Marcus Furius Camillus, &c.

A.U.C. 369. Aulus Manlius; Publius Cornelius, &c. The Volsci
defeated. Manlius aims at royalty.

A.U.C. 370. Servius Cornelius Maluginensis; Publius Valerius Potitus;
Marcus Furius ♦Camillus. Manlius is condemned and thrown down the
Tarpeian rock.

♦ ‘Carnillus’ replaced with ‘Camillus’

A.U.C. 371. Lucius Valerius; Aulus Manlius; Servius Sulpicius, &c.

A.U.C. 372. Spurius & Lucius Papirii, &c.

A.U.C. 373. Marcus Furius Camillus; Lucius Furius, &c.

A.U.C. 374. Lucius & Publius Valerii.

A.U.C. 375. Cnæus Manlius, &c.

A.U.C. 376. Spurius Furius, &c.

A.U.C. 377. Lucius Æmilius, &c.

A.U.C. 378. } For five years anarchy at Rome. No consuls or
A.U.C. 379. } military tribunes elected, but only for that
A.U.C. 380. } time, Lucius Sextinus; Caius Licinius Calvus
A.U.C. 381. } Stolo, tribunes of the people.
A.U.C. 382. }

A.U.C. 383. Lucius Furius, &c.

A.U.C. 384. Quintus Servilius; Caius Veturius, &c. Ten magistrates
are chosen to take care of the Sibylline books.

A.U.C. 385. Lucius Qunitus Capitolinus; Spurius Servilius, &c.

A.U.C. 386. According to some writers, Camillus this year was sole
dictator, without consuls or tribunes.

A.U.C. 387. Aulus Cornelius Cossus; Lucius Veturius Crassus, &c.
The Gauls defeated by Camillus. One of the consuls for the future
to be elected from among the plebeians.

A.U.C. 388. Lucius Æmilius, patrician; Lucius Sextius, plebeian;
consuls. The offices of pretor and curule ædile granted to the
senate by the people.

A.U.C. 389. Lucius Genucius; Quintus Servilius. Camillus died.

A.U.C. 390. Caius Sulpicius Peticus; Caius Licinius Stolo.

A.U.C. 391. Cnæus Genucius; Lucius Æmilius.

A.U.C. 392. Quintus Servilius Ahala 2; Lucius Genucius 2. Curtius
devotes himself to the _Dii manes_.

A.U.C. 393. Caius Sulpicius 2; Caius Licinius 2. Manlius conquers a
Gaul in single battle.

A.U.C. 394. Caius Petilius Balbus; Marcus Fabius Ambustus.

A.U.C. 395. Marcus Popilius Lænas; Cnæus Manlius.

A.U.C. 396. Caius Fabius; Caius Plautius. Gauls defeated.

A.U.C. 397. Caius Marcinus; Cnæus Manlius 2.

A.U.C. 398. Marcus Fabius Ambustus 2; Marcus Popilius Lænas 2. A
dictator elected from the plebeians for the first time.

A.U.C. 399. Caius Sulpicius Peticus 3; Marcus Valerius Poplicola 2;
both of patrician families.

A.U.C. 400. Marcus Fabius Ambustus 3; Titus Quintius.

A.U.C. 401. Caius Sulpicius Peticus 4; Marcus Valerius Poplicola 3.

A.U.C. 402. Publius Valerius Poplicola 4; Caius Marcius Rutilus.

A.U.C. 403. Gaius Sulpicius Peticus 5; Titus Quinctius Pennus. A
censor elected for the first time from the plebeians.

A.U.C. 404. Marcus Popilius Lænas 3; Lucius Cornelius Scipio.

A.U.C. 405. Lucius Furius Camillus; Appius Claudius Crassus.
Valerius surnamed Corvinus, after conquering a Gaul.

A.U.C. 406. Marcus Valerius Corvus; Marcus Popilius Lænas 4. Corvus
was elected at 23 years of age, against the standing law. A treaty
of amity concluded with Carthage.

A.U.C. 407. Titus Manlius Torquatus; Caius Plautius.

A.U.C. 408. Marcus Valerius Corvus 2; Caius Pætilius.

A.U.C. 409. Marcus Fabius Dorso; Servius Sulpicius Camerinus.

A.U.C. 410. Caius Marcius Rutilus; Titus Manlius Torquatus.

A.U.C. 411. Marcus Valerius Corvus 3; Aulus Cornelius Cossus. The
Romans begin to make war against the Samnites, at the request of
the Campanians. They obtained a victory.

A.U.C. 412. Caius Marcius Rutilus 4; Quintus Servilius.

A.U.C. 413. Caius Plautinus; Lucius Æmilius Mamercinus.

A.U.C. 414. Titus Manlius Torquatus 3; Publius Decius Mus. The
victories of Alexander the Great in Asia. Manlius puts his son to
death for fighting against his order. Decius devotes himself for
the army, which obtains a great victory over the Latins.

A.U.C. 415. Tiberius Æmilius Mamercinus; Quintus Publilius Philo.

A.U.C. 416. Lucius Furius Camillus; Caius Mænius. The Latins
conquered.

A.U.C. 417. Caius Sulpicius Longus; Publius Ælius Pætus. The
pretorship granted to a plebeian.

A.U.C. 418. Lucius Papirius Crassus; Cæso Duillius.

A.U.C. 419. Marcus Valerius Corvus; Marcus Atilius Regulus.

A.U.C. 420. Titus Veturius; Spurius Posthumius.

A.U.C. 421. Lucius Papirius Cursor; Caius Pætilius Libo.

A.U.C. 422. Aulus Cornelius 2; Cnæus Domitius.

A.U.C. 423. Marcus Claudius Marcellus; Caius Valerius Potitus.

A.U.C. 424. Lucius Papirius Crassus; Caius Plautius Venno.

A.U.C. 425. Lucius Æmilius Mamercinus 2; Caius Plautius.

A.U.C. 426. Publius Plautius Proculus; Publius Cornelius Scapula.

A.U.C. 427. Lucius Cornelius Lentulus; Quintus Publilius Philo 2.

A.U.C. 428. Caius Pætilius; Lucius Papirius Mugillanus.

A.U.C. 429. Lucius Furius Camillus 2; Ducius Junius Brutus Scæva.
The dictator Papirius ♦Cursor is for putting to death Fabius his
master of horse, because he fought in his absence, and obtained a
famous victory. He pardons him.

♦ ‘Curso’ replaced with ‘Cursor’

A.U.C. 430. According to some authors, there were no consuls elected
this year, but only a dictator, Lucius Papirius Cursor.

A.U.C. 431. Gaius Sulpicius Longus; Quintus Aulius Cerretanus.

A.U.C. 432. Quintus Fabius; Lucius Fulvius.

A.U.C. 433. Titus Veturius Calvinus 2; Spurius Posthumius Albinus 2.
Caius Pontius the Samnite takes the Roman consuls in an ambuscade
at Caudium.

A.U.C. 434. Lucius Papirius Cursor 2; Quintus Publilius Philo 3.

A.U.C. 435. Lucius Papirius Cursor 3; Quintus Aulius Cerretanus 2.

A.U.C. 436. Marcus Fossius Flaccinator; Lucius Plautius Venno.

A.U.C. 437. Caius Junius Bubulcus; Lucius Æmilius Barbula.

A.U.C. 438. Spurius Nautius; Marcus Popilius.

A.U.C. 439. Lucius Papirius 4; Quintus Publilius 4.

A.U.C. 440. Marcus Pætilius; Caius Sulpicius.

A.U.C. 441. Lucius Papirius Cursor 5; Caius Junius Bubulcus 2.

A.U.C. 442. Marcus Valerius; Publius Decius. The censor Appius makes
the Appian way and aqueducts. The family of the Potitii extinct.

A.U.C. 443. Caius Junius Bubulcus 3; Quintus Æmilius Barbula 2.

A.U.C. 444. Quintus Fabius 2; Caius Martius Rutilius.

A.U.C. 445. According to some authors, there were no consuls elected
this year, but only a dictator. Lucius Papirius Cursor.

A.U.C. 446. Quintus Fabius 3; Pucius Decius 2.

A.U.C. 447. Appius Claudius; Lucius Volumnius.

A.U.C. 448. Publius Cornelius Arvina; Quintus Marcius Tremulus.

A.U.C. 449. Lucius Posthumius; Tiberias Minucius.

A.U.C. 450. Publius Sulpicius Saverrio; Sempronius Sophus. The Æqui
conquered.

A.U.C. 451. Lucius Genucius; Servius Cornelius.

A.U.C. 452. Marcus Livius; Marcus Æmilius.

A.U.C. 453. Quintus Fabius Maximus Rullianus; Marcus Valerius Corvus;
not consuls, but dictators, according to some authors.

A.U.C. 454. Marcus Valerius Corvus; Quintus Apuleius. The priesthood
made common to the plebeians.

A.U.C. 455. Marcus Fulvius Pætinus; Titus Manlius Torquatus.

A.U.C. 456. Lucius Cornelius Scipio; Cnæus Fulvius.

A.U.C. 457. Quintus Fabius Maximus 4; Publius Decius Mus 3. Wars
against the Samnites.

A.U.C. 458. Lucius Volumnius 2; Appius Claudius 2. Conquest over the
Etrurians and Samnites.

A.U.C. 459. Quintus Fabius 5; Publius Decius 4. Decius devotes
himself in a battle against the Samnites and the Gauls, and the
Romans obtain a victory.

A.U.C. 460. Lucius Posthumius Megellus; Marcus Atilius Regulus.

A.U.C. 461. Lucius Papirius Cursor; Spurius Carvilius. Victories
over the Samnites.

A.U.C. 462. Quintus Fabius Gurges; Decimus Junius Brutus Scæva.
Victory over the Samnites.

A.U.C. 463. Lucius Posthumius 3; Caius Junius Brutus. Æsculapius
brought to Rome in the form of a serpent from Epidaurus.

A.U.C. 464. Publius Cornelius Rufinus; Marcus Curius Dentatus.

A.U.C. 465. Marcus Valerius Corvinus; Quintus Cædicius Noctua.

A.U.C. 466. Quintus Marcius Tremulus; Publius Cornelius Arvina.

A.U.C. 467. Marcus Claudius Marcellus; Caius Nautius.

A.U.C. 468. Marcus Valerius Potitus; Caius Ælius Pætus.

A.U.C. 469. Caius Claudius Cænina; Marcus Æmilius Lepidus.

A.U.C. 470. Caius Servilius Tucca; Cæcilius Metellus. War with the
Senones.

A.U.C. 471. Parcus Cornelius Dolabella; Cnæus Domitius Calvinus. The
Senones defeated.

A.U.C. 472. Qelius Æmilius; Caius Fabricius. War with Tarentum.

A.U.C. 473. Lucius Æmilius Barbula; Qelius Murcius. Pyrrhus comes to
assist Tarentum.

A.U.C. 474. Publius Valerius Lævinus: Tiberius Coruncanius. Pyrrhus
conquers the consul Lævinus, and though victorious sues for peace,
which is refused by the Roman senate. The census was made, and
272,222 citizens were found.

A.U.C. 475. Publius Sulpicius Saverrio; Publius Decius Mus. A battle
with Pyrrhus.

A.U.C. 476. Caius Fabricius Luscinus 2; Quintus Æmilius Papus 2.
Pyrrhus goes to Sicily. The treaty between Rome and Carthage
renewed.

A.U.C. 477. Publius Cornelius Rufinus; Caius Junius Brutus. Crotona
and Locri taken.

A.U.C. 478. Quintus Fabius Maximus Gurges 2; Caius Genucius Clepsina.
Pyrrhus returns from Sicily to Italy.

A.U.C. 479. Manius Curius Dentatus 2; Lucius Cornelius Lentulus.
Pyrrhus finally defeated by Curius.

A.U.C. 480. Manius Curius Dentatus 3; Servius Cornelius Merenda.

A.U.C. 481. Caius Fabius Dorso; Caius Claudius Cænina 2. An embassy
from Philadelphus to conclude an alliance with the Romans.

A.U.C. 482. Lucius Papirius Cursor 2; Spurius Carvilius 2. Tarentum
surrenders.

A.U.C. 483. Lucius Genucius; Caius Quintilius.

A.U.C. 484. Caius Genucius; Cnæus Cornelius.

A.U.C. 485. Quintus Ogulinus Gallus; Caius Fabius Pictor. Silver
money coined at Rome for the first time.

A.U.C. 486. Publius Sempronius Sophus; Appius Claudius Crassus.

A.U.C. 487. Marcus Attilius Regulus; Lucius Julius Libo. Italy
enjoys peace universally.

A.U.C. 488. Numerius Fabius; Decimus Junius.

A.U.C. 489. Quintus Fabius Gurges 3; Lucius Mamilius Vitulus. The
number of the questors doubled to eight.

A.U.C. 490. Appius Claudius Caudex; Marcus Fulvius Flaccus. The
Romans aid the Mamertines, which occasions the first Punic war.
Appius defeats the Carthaginians in Sicily. The combats of
gladiators first instituted.

A.U.C. 491. Manius Valerius Maximus; Manius Otacilius Crassus.
Alliance between Rome and Hiero king of Syracuse. A sun-dial first
put up at Rome, brought from Catana.

A.U.C. 492. Lucius Posthumius Gemellus; Quintus Mamilius Vitulus.
The siege and taking of Agrigentum. The total defeat of the
Carthaginians.

A.U.C. 493. Lucius Valerius Flaccus; Titus Otacilius Crassus.

A.U.C. 494. Cnæus Cornelius Scipio Asina; Caius Duillius. In two
months the Romans build and equip a fleet of 120 galleys. The
naval victory and triumph of Duillius.

A.U.C. 495. Lucius Cornelius Scipio; Caius Aquilius Florus.
Expedition against Sardinia and Corsica.

A.U.C. 496. Aulus Attilius Calatinus; Caius Sulpicius Paterculus.
The Carthaginians defeated in a naval battle.

A.U.C. 497. Caius Attilius Regulus; Cnæus Cornelius Blasio.

A.U.C. 498. Lucius Manlius Vulso; Quintus Cædicius. At the death of
Cædicius, Marcus Attilius Regulus 2 was elected for the rest of
the year. The famous battle of Ecnoma. The victorious consuls land
in Africa.

A.U.C. 499. Servius Fulvius Pætinus Nobilior; Marcus Æmilius Paulus.
Regulus, after many victories in Africa, is defeated and taken
prisoner by Xanthippus. Agrigentum retaken by the Carthaginians.

A.U.C. 500. Cnæus Cornelius Scipio Asina 2; Aulus Attilius Calatinus
2. Panormus taken by the Romans.

A.U.C. 501. Cnæus Servilius Cæpio; Caius Sempronius Blæsus. The
Romans, discouraged by shipwrecks, renounce the sovereignty of the
seas.

A.U.C. 502. Caius Aurelius Cotta; Publius Servilius Geminus.
Citizens capable to bear arms amounted to 297,797.

A.U.C. 503. Lucius Cæcilius Metellus 2; Caius Furius Pacilus. The
Romans begin to recover their power by sea.

A.U.C. 504. Caius Attilius Regulus 2; Lucius Manlius Volso 2. The
Carthaginians defeated near Panormus in Sicily. One hundred and
forty-two elephants taken and sent to Rome. Regulus advises the
Romans not to exchange prisoners. He is put to death in the most
excruciating torments.

A.U.C. 505. Publius Clodius Pulcher; Lucius Junius Pullus. The
Romans defeated in a naval battle. The Roman fleet lost in a storm.

A.U.C. 506. Caius Aurelius Cotta 2; Publius Servilius Geminus 2.

A.U.C. 507. Lucius Cæcilius Metellus 3; Numerius Fabius Buteo. The
number of the citizens 252,222.

A.U.C. 508. Manius Otacilius Crassus; Marcus Fabius Licinius.

A.U.C. 509. Marcus Fabius Buteo; Caius Attilius Balbus.

A.U.C. 510. Aulus Manlius Torquatus 2; Caius Sempronius Blæsus.

A.U.C. 511. Caius Fundanius Fundulus; Caius Sulpicius Gallus. A
fleet built by individuals at Rome.

A.U.C. 512. Caius Lutatius Catulus; Aulus Posthumius Albinus. The
Carthaginian fleet defeated near the islands Ægates. Peace made
between Rome and Carthage. The Carthaginians evacuate Sicily.

A.U.C. 513. Quintus Lutatius Cerco; Aulus Manlius Atticus. Sicily is
made a Roman province. The 39th census taken. The citizens amount
to 260,000.

A.U.C. 514. Caius Claudius Centho; Marcus Sempronius Tuditanus.

A.U.C. 515. Caius Mamilius Turinus; Quintus Valerius Falto.

A.U.C. 516. Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus; Publius Valerius Falto.
The Carthaginians give up Sardinia to Rome.

A.U.C. 517. Lucius Cornelius Lentulus Caudinus; Quintus Fulvius
Flaccus. The Romans offer Ptolemy Evergetes assistance against
Antiochus Theos.

A.U.C. 518. Publius Cornelius Lentulus Caudinus; Licinius Varus.
Revolt of Corsica and Sardinia.

A.U.C. 519. Caius Attilius Balbus 2; Titus Manlius Torquatus. The
temple of Janus shut for the first time since the reign of Numa,
about 440 years. A universal peace at Rome.

A.U.C. 520. Lucius Postumius Albinus; Spurius Carvilius Maximus.

A.U.C. 521. Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus; Manius Pomponius
Matho. Differences and jealousy between Rome and Carthage.

A.U.C. 522. Marcus Æmilius Lepidus; Marcus Publicius Malleolus.

A.U.C. 523. Marcus Pomponius Matho 2; Carcus Papirius Maso. The
first divorce known at Rome.

A.U.C. 524. Marcus Æmilius Barbula; Marcus Junius Pera. War with the
Illyrians.

A.U.C. 525. Lucius Postumius Albinus 2; Cnæus Fulvius Centumalus.
The building of new Carthage.

A.U.C. 526. Spurius Carvilius Maximus 2; Quintus Fabius Maximus.

A.U.C. 527. Publius Valerius Flaccus; Marcus Attilius Regulus. Two
new pretors added to the other pretors.

A.U.C. 528. Marcus Valerius Messala; Lucius Apulius Fullo. Italy
invaded by the Gauls. The Romans could now lead into the field of
battle 770,000 men.

A.U.C. 529. Lucius Æmilius Papus; Caius Attilius Regulus. The Gauls
defeat the Romans near Clusium. The Romans obtain a victory near
Telamon.

A.U.C. 530. Titus Manlius Torquatus 2; Quintus Fulvius Flaccus 2.
The Boii, part of the Gauls, surrender.

A.U.C. 531. Caius Flaminius; Publius Furius Philus.

A.U.C. 532. Marcus Claudius Marcellus; Cnæus Cornelius Scipio Calvus.
A new war with the Gauls. Marcellus gains the spoils called _opima_.

A.U.C. 533. Publius Cornelius; Marcus Minucius Rufus. Annibal takes
the command of the Carthaginian armies in Spain.

A.U.C. 534. Lucius Veturius; Caius Lutatius. The Via Flaminia built.

A.U.C. 535. Marcus Livius Salinator; Lucius Æmilius Paulus. War with
Illyricum.

A.U.C. 536. Publius Cornelius Scipio; Tiberius Sempronius Longus.
Siege of Saguntum, by Annibal, the cause of the second Punic
war. Annibal marches towards Italy, and crosses the Alps. The
Carthaginian fleet defeated near Sicily. Sempronius defeated near
Trebia, by Annibal.

A.U.C. 537. Cnæus Servilius; Caius Flaminius 2. A famous battle near
the lake Thrasymenus. Fabius is appointed dictator. Success of
Cnæus Scipio in Spain.

A.U.C. 538. Caius Terentius Varro; Lucius Æmilius Paulus 2. The
famous battle of Cannæ. Annibal marches to Capua. Marcellus beats
Annibal near Nola. Asdrubal begins his march towards Italy, and
his army is totally defeated by the Scipios.

A.U.C. 539. Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus; Quintus Fabius Maximus 2.
Philip of Macedonia enters into alliance with Annibal. Sardinia
revolts, and is reconquered by Manlius. The Carthaginians twice
beaten in Spain by Scipio.

A.U.C. 540. Quintus Fabius Maximus 3; Marcus Claudius Marcellus 2.
Marcellus besieges Syracuse by sea and land.

A.U.C. 541. Quintus Fabius Maximus 4; Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus 3.
The siege of Syracuse continued.

A.U.C. 542. Quintus Fulvius Flaccus; Appius Claudius Pulcher.
Syracuse taken and plundered. Sicily made a Roman province.
Tarentum treacherously delivered to Annibal. The two Scipios
conquered in Spain.

A.U.C. 543. Cnæus Fulvius Centumalus. Publius Sulpicius Galba. Capua
besieged and taken by the Romans. Publius Scipio sent to Spain
with proconsular power.

A.U.C. 544. Marcus Claudius Marcellus 4; Marcus Valerius Lævinus 2.
The Carthaginians driven from Sicily. Carthagena taken by young
Scipio.

A.U.C. 545. Quintus Fabius Maximus 5; Quintus Fulvius Flaccus 4.
Annibal defeated by Marcellus. Fabius takes Tarentum. Asdrubal
defeated by Scipio.

A.U.C. 546. Marcus Claudius Marcellus 5; Titus Quintius Crispinus.
Marcellus killed in an ambuscade by Annibal. The Carthaginian
fleet defeated.

A.U.C. 547. Caius Claudius Nero; Marcus Livius 2. Asdrubal passes
the Alps. Nero obtains some advantage over Annibal. The two
consuls defeat Asdrubal, who is killed, and his head thrown into
Annibal’s camp. The Romans make war against Philip.

A.U.C. 548. Lucius Veturius; Quintus Cæcilius. Scipio obtains a
victory over Asdrubal the son of Gisgo in Spain. Masinissa sides
with the Romans.

A.U.C. 549. Publius Cornelius Scipio; Publius Licinius Crassus.
Scipio is empowered to invade Africa.

A.U.C. 550. Marcus Cornelius Cethegus; Publius Sempronius Tuditanus.
Scipio lands in Africa. The census taken, and 215,000 heads of
families found in Rome.

A.U.C. 551. Cnæus Servilius Cæpio; Caius Servilius Geminus. Scipio
spreads general consternation in Africa. Annibal is recalled from
Italy by the Carthaginian senate.

A.U.C. 552. Marcus Servilius; Tiberius Claudius. Annibal and Scipio
come to a parley; they prepare for battle. Annibal is defeated at
Zama. Scipio prepares to besiege Carthage.

A.U.C. 553. Cnæus Cornelius Lentulus; Publius Ælius Pætus. Peace
granted to the Carthaginians. Scipio triumphs.

A.U.C. 554. Publius Sulpicius Galba 2; Caius Aurelius Cotta. War
with the Macedonians.

A.U.C. 555. Lucius Cornelius Lentulus; Publius Villius Tapulus. The
Macedonian war continued.

A.U.C. 556. Sextus Ælius Pætus; Titus Quintius Flaminius. Philip
defeated by Quintius.

A.U.C. 557. Caius Cornelius Cethegus; Qitus Minucius Rufus. Philip
is defeated. Quintius grants him peace.

A.U.C. 558. Lucius Furius Purpureo; Marcus Claudius Marcellus. The
independence of Greece proclaimed by Flaminius at the Isthmian
games.

A.U.C. 559. Lucius Valerius Flaccus; Marcus Porcius Cato. Quintius
regulates the affairs of Greece. Cato’s victories in Spain, and
triumph. The Romans demand Annibal from the Carthaginians.

A.U.C. 560. Publius Corn. Scipio Africanus 2; T. Sempronius Longus.
Annibal flies to Antiochus.

A.U.C. 561. Lucius Cornelius Merula; Quintus Minucius Thermus.
Antiochus prepares to make war against Rome, and Annibal
endeavours in vain to stir up the Carthaginians to take up arms.

A.U.C. 562. Lucius Quintus Flamininus; Cnæus Domitius. The Greeks
call Antiochus to deliver them.

A.U.C. 563. Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica; Manlius Acilius Glabrio.
The success of Acilius in Greece against Antiochus.

A.U.C. 564. Lucius Cornelius Scipio; Caius Lælius. The fleet of
Antiochus under Annibal defeated by the Romans. Antiochus defeated
by Scipio.

A.U.C. 565. Marcus Fulvius Nobilior; Cnæus Manlius Vulso. War with
the Gallogrecians.

A.U.C. 566. Marcus Valerius Messala; Caius Livius Salinator.
Antiochus dies.

A.U.C. 567. Marcus Æmilius Lepidus; Caius Flaminius. The Ligurians
reduced.

A.U.C. 568. Spurius Postumius Albinus; Quintus Marcius Philippus.
The Bacchanalia abolished at Rome.

A.U.C. 569. Appius Claudius Pulcher; L. Marcus Sempronius
Tuditanus. Victories in Spain and Liguria.

A.U.C. 570. Publius Claudius Pulcher; Lucius Porcius Licinius.
Philip of Macedon sends his son Demetrius to Rome.

A.U.C. 571. Marcus Claudius Marcellus; Quintus Fabius Labeo. Death
of Annibal, Scipio, and Philopœmen. Gauls invade Italy.

A.U.C. 572. ♦Cnæus Bæbius Tamphilus; Lucius Æmilius Paulus. Death of
Philip.

♦ ‘M.’ replaced with ‘Cnæus’

A.U.C. 573. Publius Cornelius Cethegus; Marcus Bæbius Tamphilus 2.
Expeditions against Liguria. The first gilt statue raised at Rome.

A.U.C. 574. Aulus Postumius Albinus Luscus; Caius Calpurnius Piso.
Celtiberians defeated.

A.U.C. 575. Quintus Fulvius Flaccus; Lucius Manlius Acidinus.
Alliance renewed with Perseus the son of Philip.

A.U.C. 576. Marcus Junius Brutus; Aulus Manlius Vulso.

A.U.C. 577. Caius Claudius Pulcher; Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus.
The Istrians defeated.

A.U.C. 578. Cnæus Cornelius Scipio Hispalus; Quintus Petillius
Spurinus.

A.U.C. 579. Publius Mucius; Marcus Æmilius Lepidus 2.

A.U.C. 580. Spurius Postumius Albinus; Quintus Mucius Scævola.

A.U.C. 581. Lucius Postumius Albinus; Marcus Popilius Lænas.

A.U.C. 582. Caius Popilius Lænas; Publius Ælius Ligur. War declared
against Perseus.

A.U.C. 583. Publius Licinius Crassus; Caius Cassius Longinus.
Perseus gains some advantages over the Romans.

A.U.C. 584. Aulus Hostilius Mancinus; Aulus Atilius Serranus.

A.U.C. 585. Quintus Marcius Philippus 2; Cnæus Servilius Cæpio. The
campaign in Macedonia.

A.U.C. 586. Lucius Æmilius Paulus 2; Caius Licinius Crassus. Perseus
is defeated and taken prisoner by Paulus.

A.U.C. 587. Quintus Ælius Pætus; Marcus Junius Pennus.

A.U.C. 588. Marcus Claudius Marcellus; Caius Sulpicius Galba.

A.U.C. 589. Cnæus Octavius Nepos; Titus Manlius Torquatus.

A.U.C. 590. Aulus Manlius Torquatus; Quintus Cassius Longus.

A.U.C. 591. Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus; Manlius Juvencius Phalna.

A.U.C. 592. Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica; Caius Marcius Figulus.
Demetrius flies from Rome, and is made king of Syria.

A.U.C. 593. Marcus Valerius Messala; Caius Fannius Strabo.

A.U.C. 594. Lucius Anicius Gallus; Marcus Cornelius Cethegus.

A.U.C. 595. Cnæus Cornelius Dolabella; Marcus Fulvius Nobilior.

A.U.C. 596. Marcus Æmilius Lepidus; Caius Popilius Lænas.

A.U.C. 597. Sextus Julius Cæsar; Lucius Aurelius Orestes. War
against the Dalmatians.

A.U.C. 598. Lucius Cornelius Lentulus Lupus; Caius Marcius Figulus 2.

A.U.C. 599. Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica 2; Marcus Claudius
Marcellus 2.

A.U.C. 600. Quintus Opimius Nepos; Lucius Postumius Albinus.

A.U.C. 601. Quintus Fulvius Nobilior; Titus Annius Luscus. The false
Philip. Wars in Spain.

A.U.C. 602. Marcus Claudius Marcellus 3; Lucius Valerius Flaccus.

A.U.C. 603. Lucius Licinius Lucullus; Aulus Posthumius Albinus.

A.U.C. 604. Titus Quintius Flamininus; Manius Acilius Balbus. War
between the Carthaginians and Masinissa.

A.U.C. 605. Lucius Marcius Censorinus; Manius Manlius Nepos. The
Romans declare war against Carthage. The Carthaginians wish to
accept the hard conditions which are imposed upon them; but the
Romans say that Carthage must be destroyed.

A.U.C. 606. Spurius Postumius Albinus; Lucius Calpurnius Piso.
Carthage besieged.

A.U.C. 607. Publius Cornelius Scipio; Caius Livius Drusus. The siege
of Carthage continued with vigour by Scipio.

A.U.C. 608. Cnæus Cornelius Lentulus; Lucius Mummius. Carthage
surrenders, and is destroyed. Mummius takes and burns Corinth.

A.U.C. 609. Quintus Fabius Æmilianus; Lucius Hostilius Mancinius.

A.U.C. 610. Servius Sulpicius Galba; Lucius Aurelius Cotta.

A.U.C. 611. Appius Claudius Pulcher; Quintus Cæcilius Metellus
Macedonicus. War against the Celtiberians.

A.U.C. 612. Lucius Metellus Calvus; Quintus Fabius Maximus
Servilianus.

A.U.C. 613. Quintus Pompeius; Cnæus Servilius Cæpio.

A.U.C. 614. Caius Lælius Sapiens; Quintus Servilius Cæpio. The wars
with Viriatus.

A.U.C. 615. Marcus Popilius Lænas; Cnæus Calpurnius Piso.

A.U.C. 616. Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica; Decimus Junius Brutus.
The two consuls imprisoned by the tribunes.

A.U.C. 617. Marcus Æmilius Lepidus; Caius Hostilius Mancinus. Wars
against Numantia.

A.U.C. 618. ♦Lucius Furius Philus; Sextus Atilius Serranus.

♦ ‘P.’ replaced with ‘Lucius’

A.U.C. 619. Servius Fulvius Flaccus; Quintus Calpurnius Piso.

A.U.C. 620. Publius Cornelius Scipio 2; Caius Fulvius Flaccus.

A.U.C. 621. Publius Mucius Scævola; Lucius Calpurnius Piso Frugi.
Numantia surrenders to Scipio, and is entirely demolished. The
seditions of Tiberias Gracchus at Rome.

A.U.C. 622. Publius Popilius Lænas; Publius Rupillus.

A.U.C. 623. Publius Licinius Crassus; Lucius Valerius Flaccus.

A.U.C. 624. Caius Claudius Pulcher; Marcus Perpenna. In the census
are found 313,823 citizens.

A.U.C. 625. Caius Sempronius Tuditanus; Manius Aquilius Nepos.

A.U.C. 626. Cnæus Octavius Nepos; Titus Annius Luscus.

A.U.C. 627. Lucius Cassius Longus; Lucius Cornelius Cinna. A revolt
of slaves in Sicily.

A.U.C. 628. ♦Marcus Æmilius Lepidus; Lucius Aurelius Orestes.

♦ ‘L.’ replaced with ‘Marcus’

A.U.C. 629. Marcus Plautius Hypsæus; Marcus Fulvius Flaccus.

A.U.C. 630. Caius Cassius Longinus; ♦Caius Sextius Calvinus.

♦ ‘L.’ replaced with ‘Caius’

A.U.C. 631. Quintus Cæcilius Metellus; Titus Quintius Flamininus.

A.U.C. 632. Caius Fannius Strabo; Cnæus Domitius Ahenobarbus. The
seditions of Caius Gracchus.

A.U.C. 633. Lucius Opimius; Quintus Fabius Maximus. The unfortunate
end of Caius Gracchus. The Allobroges defeated.

A.U.C. 634. Publius Manlius Nepos; Caius Papirius Carbo.

A.U.C. 635. Lucius Cæcilius Metellus Calvus; Lucius Aurelius Cotta.

A.U.C. 636. Marcus Portius Cato; Quintus Marcius Rex.