Chapter M (18)

=Phillo=, an Arcadian maid, by whom Hercules had a son. The father,
named Alcimedon, exposed his daughter, but she was saved by means
of her lover, who was directed to the place where she was doomed to
perish, by the chirping of a magpie, which imitated the plaintive
cries of a child. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 12.

=Philo=, a Jewish writer of Alexandria, A.D. 40, sent as ambassador
from his nation to Caligula. He was unsuccessful in his embassy, of
which he wrote an entertaining account; and the emperor, who wished
to be worshipped as a god, expressed his dissatisfaction with the
Jews, because they refused to place his statues in their temples. He
was so happy in his expressions, and elegant in his variety, that he
has been called the Jewish Plato, and the book which he wrote on the
sufferings of the Jews in the reign of Caius, met with such unbounded
applause in the Roman senate, where he read it publicly, that he was
permitted to consecrate it in the public libraries. His works were
divided into three parts, of which the first related to the creation
of the world, the second spoke of sacred history, and in the third
the author made mention of the laws and customs of the Jewish nation.
The best edition of Philo is that of Mangey, 2 vols., folio, London,
1742.――――A man who fell in love with his daughter, called Proserpine,
as she was bathing. He had by her a son, Mercurius Trismegistus.――――A
man who wrote an account of a journey to Arabia.――――A philosopher who
followed the doctrines of Carneades, B.C. 100.――――Another philosopher
of Athens, tutor to Cicero.――――A grammarian in the first century.
――――An architect of Byzantium, who flourished about three centuries
before the christian era. He built a dock at Athens, where ships were
drawn in safety, and protected from storms. _Cicero_, _On Oratory_,
bk. 1, ch. 14.――――A Greek christian writer, whose work was edited at
Rome, 4to, 1772.――――A dialectic philosopher, 260 B.C.

=Philobœotus=, a mountain of Bœotia. _Plutarch._

=Philochorus=, a man who wrote a history of Athens in 17 books,
a catalogue of the archons, two books of olympiads, &c. He died
B.C. 222.

=Philŏcles=, one of the admirals of the Athenian fleet, during the
Peloponnesian war. He recommended to his countrymen to cut off the
right hand of such of the enemies as were taken, that they might
be rendered unfit for service. His plan was adopted by all the
10 admirals except one; but their expectations were frustrated,
and instead of being conquerors, they were totally defeated at
Ægospotamos by Lysander, and Philocles, with 3000 of his countrymen,
was put to death, and denied the honours of a burial. _Plutarch_,
_Lysander_.――――A general of Ptolemy king of Egypt.――――A comic poet.
――――Another, who wrote tragedies at Athens.

=Philocrātes=, an Athenian, famous for his treachery, &c.――――A writer
who published a history of Thessaly.――――A servant of Caius Gracchus.
――――A Greek orator.

=Philoctētes=, son of Pœan and Demonassa, was one of the Argonauts,
according to Flaccus and Hyginus, and the arm-bearer and particular
friend of Hercules. He was present at the death of Hercules, and
because he had erected the burning pile on which the hero was
consumed, he received from him the arrows which had been dipped in
the gall of the hydra, after he had bound himself by a solemn oath
not to betray the place where his ashes were deposited. He had no
sooner paid the last office to Hercules, than he returned to Melibœa,
where his father reigned. From thence he visited Sparta, where he
became one of the numerous suitors of Helen, and soon after, like the
rest of those princes who had courted the daughter of Tyndarus, and
who had bound themselves to protect her from injury, he was called
upon by Menelaus to accompany the Greeks to the Trojan war, and he
immediately set sail from Melibœa with seven ships, and repaired
to Aulis, the general rendezvous of the combined fleet. He was
here prevented from joining his countrymen, and the offensive smell
which arose from a wound in his foot, obliged the Greeks, at the
instigation of Ulysses, to remove him from the camp, and he was
accordingly carried to the island of Lemnos, or, as others say, to
Chryse, where Phimachus the son of Dolophion was ordered to wait upon
him. In this solitary retreat he was suffered to remain for some time,
till the Greeks, on the tenth year of the Trojan war, were informed
by the oracle that Troy could not be taken without the arrows of
Hercules, which were then in the possession of Philoctetes. Upon this
Ulysses, accompanied by Diomedes, or, according to others, by Pyrrhus,
was commissioned by the rest of the Grecian army to go to Lemnos,
and to prevail upon Philoctetes to come and finish the tedious siege.
Philoctetes recollected the ill-treatment which he had received from
the Greeks, and particularly from Ulysses, and therefore he not only
refused to go to Troy, but he even persuaded Pyrrhus to conduct him
to Melibœa. As he embarked, the manes of Hercules forbade him to
proceed, but immediately to repair to the Grecian camp, where he
should be cured of his wounds, and put an end to the war. Philoctetes
obeyed, and after he had been restored to his former health by
Æsculapius, or, according to some, by Machaon, or Podalirus, he
destroyed an immense number of the Trojan enemy, among whom was Paris
the son of Priam, with the arrows of Hercules. When by his valour
Troy had been ruined, he set sail from Asia, but as he was unwilling
to visit his native country, he came to Italy, where, by the
assistance of his Thessalian followers, he was enabled to build a
town in Calabria, which he called Petilia. Authors disagree about
the causes of the wound which Philoctetes received on the foot. The
most ancient mythologists support that it was the bite of the serpent
which Juno had sent to torment him, because he had attended Hercules
in his last moments, and had buried his ashes. According to another
opinion, the princes of the Grecian army obliged him to discover
where the ashes of Hercules were deposited, and as he had made
an oath not to mention the place, he only with his foot struck
the ground where they lay, and by this means concluded he had not
violated his solemn engagement. For this, however, he was soon after
punished, and the fall of one of the poisoned arrows from his quiver
upon the foot which had struck the ground, occasioned so offensive
a wound, that the Greeks were obliged to remove him from their camp.
The sufferings and adventures of Philoctetes are the subject of one
of the best tragedies of Sophocles, _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 46.
――_Pindar_, _Pythian_, poem 1.――_Dictys Cretensis_, bk. 1, ch. 14.
――_Seneca_, _Hercules_.――_Sophocles_, _Philoctetes_.――_Quintus
Calaber [Smyrnæus]_, bks. 9 & 10.――_Hyginus_, fables 26, 97, & 102.
――_Diodorus_, bks. 2 & 4.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 329;
bk. 9, li. 234; _Tristia_, bk. 5, poem 2.――_Cicero_, _Tusculanæ
Disputationes_, ch. 2.――_Ptolemy_, _Hephæstion_, ch. 6.

=Philocyprus=, a prince of Cyprus in the age of Solon, by whose advice
he changed the situation of a city, which in gratitude he called Soli.
_Plutarch_, _Solon_.

=Philodamēa=, one of the Danaides, mother of Phares by Mercury.
_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 22.

=Philodēmus=, a poet in the age of Cicero, who rendered himself known
by his lascivious and indelicate verses. _Cicero_, _de Finibus
Bonorum et Malorum_, bk. 2.――_Horace_, bk. 1, satire 2, li. 121.――――A
comic poet, ridiculed by Aristophanes.

=Philodĭce=, a daughter of Inachus, who married Leucippus.

=Philolāus=, a son of Minos by the nymph Paria, from whom the island
of Paros received its name. Hercules put him to death, because he
had killed two of his companions. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 1.――――A
Pythagorean philosopher of Crotona, B.C. 374, who first supported
the diurnal motion of the earth round its axis, and its annual motion
round the sun. _Cicero_, _Academica_, bk. 4, ch. 39, has ascribed
this opinion to the Syracusan philosopher Nicetas, and likewise to
Plato; and from this passage some supposed that Copernicus started
the idea of the system which he afterwards established. _Diogenes
Laërtius._――_Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 3.――_Plutarch._――――A lawgiver
of Thebes. He was a native of Corinth, and of the family of the
Bacchiades, &c. _Aristotle_, bk. 2, _Politics_, final chapter.――――A
mechanic of Tarentum.――――A surname of Æsculapius, who had a temple in
Laconia, near the Asopus.

=Philolŏgus=, a freedman of Cicero. He betrayed his master to Antony,
for which he was tortured by Pomponia the wife of Cicero’s brother,
and obliged to cut off his own flesh by piece-meal, and to boil and
eat it up. _Plutarch_, _Cicero_, &c.

=Philomăche=, the wife of Pelias king of Iolchos. According to some
writers, she was daughter to Amphion king of Thebes, though she is
more generally called Anaxibia daughter of Bias. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1.

=Philombrŏtus=, an archon at Athens, in whose age the state was
entrusted to Solon, when torn by factions. _Plutarch_, _Solon_.

=Philomēdus=, a man who made himself absolute in Phocæa, by promising
to assist the inhabitants. _Polyænus._

=Phĭlŏmēla=, a daughter of Pandion king of Athens, and sister to
Procne, who had married Tereus king of Thrace. Procne separated from
Philomela, to whom she was particularly attached, spent her time in
great melancholy till she prevailed upon her husband to go to Athens,
and bring his sister to Thrace. Tereus obeyed his wife’s injunctions,
but he had no sooner obtained Pandion’s permission to conduct
Philomela to Thrace, than he became enamoured of her, and resolved to
gratify his passion. He dismissed the guards, whom the suspicions of
Pandion had appointed to watch his conduct, and he offered violence
to Philomela, and afterwards cut off her tongue, that she might not
be able to discover his barbarity, and the indignities which she
had suffered. He confined her also in a lonely castle, and after he
had taken every precaution to prevent a discovery, he returned to
Thrace, and he told Procne that Philomela had died by the way, and
that he had paid the last offices to her remains. Procne, at this
sad intelligence, put on mourning for the loss of Philomela; but a
year had scarcely elapsed before she was secretly informed that her
sister was not dead. Philomela, during her captivity, described on
a piece of tapestry her misfortunes and the brutality of Tereus, and
privately conveyed it to Procne. She was then going to celebrate the
orgies of Bacchus when she received it; she disguised her resentment,
and as, during the festivals of the god of wine, she was permitted to
rove about the country, she hastened to deliver her sister Philomela
from her confinement, and she concerted with her on the best measures
of punishing the cruelty of Tereus. She murdered her son Itylus, who
was in the sixth year of his age, and served him up as food before
her husband during the festival. Tereus, in the midst of his repast,
called for Itylus, but Procne immediately informed him that he was
then feasting on his flesh, and that instant Philomela, by throwing
on the table the head of Itylus, convinced the monarch of the cruelty
of the scene. He drew his sword to punish Procne and Philomela, but
as he was going to stab them to the heart, he was changed into a
hoopoe, Philomela into a nightingale, Procne into a swallow, and
Itylus into a pheasant. This tragical scene happened at Daulis
in Phocis; but Pausanias and Strabo, who mention the whole of the
story, are silent about the transformation; and the former observes
that Tereus, after this bloody repast, fled to Megara, where he
destroyed himself. The inhabitants of the place raised a monument to
his memory, where they offered yearly sacrifices, and placed small
pebbles instead of barley. It was on this monument that the birds
called hoopoes were first seen; hence the fable of his metamorphosis.
Procne and Philomela died through excess of grief and melancholy, and
as the nightingale’s and swallow’s voice is peculiarly plaintive and
mournful, the poets have embellished the fable by supposing that the
two unfortunate sisters were changed into birds. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3,
ch. 14.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 42; bk. 10, ch. 4.――_Hyginus_, fable
45.――_♦Strabo_, bk. 9.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, fables 9 & 10.
――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4, lis. 15 & 511.――――A daughter of Actor
king of the Myrmidons.

♦ ‘Stabo’ replaced with ‘Strabo’

=Philomēlum=, a town of Phrygia. _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 5,
ltr. 20; _Against Verres_, bk. 3, ch. 83.

=Philomēlus=, a general of Phocis, who plundered the temple of Delphi,
and died B.C. 354. _See:_ Phocis.――――A rich musician. _Martial_,
bk. 4, ltr. 5.

=Philon=, a general of some Greeks, who settled in Asia. _Diodorus_,
bk. 18.

=Philonides=, a courier of Alexander, who ran from Sicyon to Elis,
160 miles, in nine hours, and returned the same journey in 15 hours.
_Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 71.

=Philonis=, a name of Chione daughter of Dædalion, made immortal by
Diana.

=Philonoe=, a daughter of Tyndarus king of Sparta by Leda daughter of
Thestius. _Apollodorus._――――A daughter of Iobates king of Lycia, who
married Bellerophon. _Pliny_, bk. 2.

=Philonŏme=, a daughter of Nyctimus king of Arcadia, who threw into
the Erymanthus two children whom she had by Mars. The children
were preserved, and afterwards ascended their grandfather’s throne.
_Plutarch_, _Pericles_.――――The second wife of Cycnus the son of
Neptune. She became enamoured of Tennes, her husband’s son by his
first wife Proclea the daughter of Clytius, and when he refused to
gratify her passion, she accused him of attempts upon her virtue.
Cycnus believed the accusation, and ordered Tennes to be thrown into
the sea, &c. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 14.

=Philonŏmus=, a son of Electryon king of Mycenæ by Anaxo. _Apollodorus_,
bk. 2.

=Philonus=, a village of Egypt. _Strabo._

=Philopător=, a surname of one of the Ptolemies, king of Egypt. _See:_
Ptolemæus.

=Philophron=, a general who, with 5000 soldiers, defended Pelusium
against the Greeks who invaded Egypt. _Diodorus_, bk. 16.

=Philopœmen=, a celebrated general of the Achæan league, born at
Megalopolis. His father’s name was Grangis. His education was begun
and finished under Cassander, Ecdemus, and Demophanes, and he early
distinguished himself in the field of battle, and appeared fond of
agriculture and a country life. He proposed himself Epaminondas for a
model, and he was not unsuccessful in imitating the prudence and the
simplicity, the disinterestedness and activity, of this famous Theban.
When Megalopolis was attacked by the Spartans, Philopœmen, then in
the 30th year of his age, gave the most decisive proofs of his valour
and intrepidity. He afterwards assisted Antigonus, and was present
in the famous battle in which the Ætolians were defeated. Raised to
the rank of chief commander, he showed his ability to discharge that
important trust, by killing with his own hand Mechanidas the ♦tyrant
of Sparta; and if he was defeated in a naval battle by Nabis, he
soon after repaired his losses by taking the capital of Laconia, B.C.
188, and by abolishing the laws of ♠Lycurgus, which had flourished
there for such a length of time. Sparta, after its conquest, became
tributary to the Achæans, and Philopœmen enjoyed the triumph of
having reduced to ruins one of the greatest and the most powerful
of the cities of Greece. Some time after the Messenians revolted
from the Achæan league, and Philopœmen, who headed the Achæans,
unfortunately fell from his horse, and was dragged to the enemy’s
camp. ♣Dinocrates the general of the Messenians treated him with
great severity; he was thrown into a dungeon, and obliged to drink
a dose of poison. When he received the cup from the hand of the
executioner, Philopœmen asked him how his countrymen had behaved in
the field of battle; and when he heard that they had obtained the
victory, he drank the whole with pleasure, exclaiming that this was
comfortable news. The death of Philopœmen, which happened about 183
years before the christian era, in his 70th year, was universally
lamented, and the Achæans, to revenge his fate, immediately marched
to Messenia, where Dinocrates, to avoid their resentment, killed
himself. The rest of his murderers were dragged to his tomb, where
they were sacrificed; and the people of Megalopolis, to show further
their great sense of his merit, ordered a bull to be yearly offered
on his tomb, and hymns to be sung in his praise, and his actions to
be celebrated in a panegyrical oration. He had also statues raised
to his memory, which some of the Romans attempted to violate, and
to destroy, to no purpose, when Mummius took Corinth. Philopœmen
has been justly called by his countrymen the last of the Greeks.
_Plutarch_, _ Lives_.――_Justin_, bk. 32, ch. 4.――_Polybius._――――A
native of Pergamus, who died B.C. 138.

♦ ‘tyant’ replaced with ‘tyrant’

♠ ‘Lyturgus’ replaced with ‘Lycurgus’

♣ ‘Dioncrates’ replaced with ‘Dinocrates’

=Phĭlostrătus=, a famous sophist born at Lemnos, or, according to some,
at Athens. He came to Rome, where he lived under the patronage of
Julia the wife of the emperor Severus, and he was entrusted by the
empress with all the papers which contained some account or anecdotes
of Apollonius Thyanæus, and he was ordered to review them, and with
them to compile a history. The life of Apollonius is written with
elegance, but the improbable accounts, the fabulous stories, and
the exaggerated details which it gives, render it disgusting. There
is, besides, another treatise remaining of his writings, &c. He died
A.D. 244. The best edition of his writings is that of Olearius, folio,
Lipscomb, 1709.――――His nephew, who lived in the reign of Heliogabalus,
wrote an account of sophists.――――A philosopher in the reign of Nero.
――――Another in the age of Augustus.

=Philōtas=, a son of Parmenio, distinguished in the battles of
Alexander, and at last accused of conspiring against his life. He was
tortured and stoned to death, or, according to some, struck through
with darts by the soldiers, B.C. 330. _Curtius_, bk. 6, ch. 11.
――_Plutarch._――_Arrian._――――An officer in the army of Alexander.
――――Another, who was made master of Cilicia, after Alexander’s death.
――――A physician in the age of Antony. He ridiculed the expenses and
the extravagance of this celebrated Roman. _Plutarch._

=Philotĕra=, the mother of Mylo, &c. _Polyænus_, bk. 8.

=Philotĭmus=, a freedman of Cicero. _Cicero_, _De Divinatione_, bk. 3,
ch. 9.

=Philōtis=, a servant-maid at Rome, who saved her countrymen from
destruction. After the siege of Rome by the Gauls, the Fidenates
assembled an army, under the command of Lucius Posthumius, and
marched against the capital, demanding all the wives and daughters
in the city, as the conditions of peace. This extraordinary demand
astonished the senators, and when they refused to comply, Philotis
advised them to send all their female slaves disguised in matron’s
clothes, and she offered to march herself at the head. Her advice was
followed, and when the Fidenates had feasted late in the evening, and
were quite intoxicated, and fallen asleep, Philotis lighted a torch
as a signal for her countrymen to attack the enemy. The whole was
successful, the Fidenates were conquered, and the senate, to reward
the fidelity of the female slaves, permitted them to appear in the
dress of the Roman matrons. _Plutarch_, _Romulus_.――_Varro_, _de
Lingua Latina_, bk. 5.――_Ovid_, _de Ars Amatoria_, bk. 2.

=Philoxĕnus=, an officer of Alexander, who received Cilicia, at the
general division of the provinces.――――A son of Ptolemy, who was given
to Pelopidas as a hostage.――――A dithyrambic poet of Cythera, who
enjoyed the favour of Dionysius tyrant of Sicily for some time, till
he offended him by seducing one of his female singers. During his
confinement, Philoxenus composed an allegorical poem, called Cyclops,
in which he had delineated the character of the tyrant under the
name of Polyphemus, and represented his mistress under the name of
Galatæa, and himself under that of Ulysses. The tyrant, who was fond
of writing poetry, and of being applauded, removed Philoxenus from
his dungeon, but the poet refused to purchase his liberty, by saying
things unworthy of himself, and applauding the wretched verses of
Dionysius, and therefore he was sent to the quarries. When he was
asked his opinion at a feast about some verses which Dionysius had
just repeated, and which the courtiers had received with the greatest
applause, Philoxenus gave no answer, but he ordered the guards that
surrounded the tyrant’s table to take him back to the quarries.
Dionysius was pleased with his pleasantry and with his firmness,
and immediately forgave him. Philoxenus died at Ephesus, about 380
years before Christ. _Plutarch._――――A celebrated musician of Ionia.
――――A painter of Eretria, who made for Cassander an excellent
representation of the battle of Alexander with Darius. He was pupil
to Nicomachus. _Pliny_, bk. 31, ch. 10.――――A philosopher, who wished
to have the neck of a crane, that he might enjoy the taste of his
aliments longer, and with more pleasure. _Aristotle_, _Eudemian
Ethics_, bk. 3.

=Philyllius=, a comic poet. _Athenæus._

=Phily̆ra=, one of the Oceanides, who was met by Saturn in Thrace. The
god, to escape from the vigilance of Rhea, changed himself into a
horse, to enjoy the company of Philyra by whom he had a son, half a
man and half a horse, called Chiron. Philyra was so ashamed of giving
birth to such a monster, that she entreated the gods to change her
nature. She was metamorphosed into the linden tree, called by her
name among the Greeks. _Hyginus_, fable 138.――――The wife of Nauplius.

=Philyres=, a people near Pontus.

=Phily̆rĭdes=, a patronymic of Chiron the son of Philyra. _Ovid_, _Ars
Amatoria_.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 550.

=Phineus=, a son of Agenor king of Phœnicia, or, according to some, of
Neptune, who became king of Thrace, or, as the greater part of the
mythologists support, of Bithynia. He married Cleopatra the daughter
of Boreas, whom some call Cleobula, by whom he had Plexippus and
Pandion. After the death of Cleopatra, he married Idæa the daughter
of Dardanus. Idæa, jealous of Cleopatra’s children, accused them of
attempts upon their father’s life and crown, or, according to some,
of attempts upon her virtue, and they were immediately condemned by
Phineus to be deprived of their eyes. This cruelty was soon after
punished by the gods. Phineus suddenly became blind, and the Harpies
were sent by Jupiter to keep him under continual alarm, and to spoil
the meats which were placed on his table. He was some time after
delivered from these dangerous monsters by his brothers-in-law
Zetes and Calais, who pursued them as far as the Strophades. He
also recovered his sight by means of the Argonauts, whom he had
received with great hospitality, and instructed in the easiest and
speediest way by which they could arrive in Colchis. The causes of
the blindness of Phineus are a matter of dispute among the ancients,
some supposing that this was inflicted by Boreas, for his cruelty
to his grandson, whilst others attribute it to the anger of Neptune,
because he had directed the sons of Phryxus how to escape from
Colchis to Greece. Many, however, think that it proceeded from his
having rashly attempted to develop futurity, while others assert that
Zetes and Calais put out his eyes on account of his cruelty to their
nephews. The second wife of Phineus is called by some Dia, Eurytia,
Danae, and Idothea. Phineus was killed by Hercules. _Argonautica_,
bk. 2.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9; bk. 3, ch. 15.――_Diodorus_,
bk. 4.――_Hyginus_, fable 19.――_Orpheus._――_Flaccus._――――The brother
of Cepheus king of Æthiopia. He was going to marry his niece
Andromeda, when her father Cepheus was obliged to give her up to be
devoured by a sea monster, to appease the resentment of Neptune. She
was, however, delivered by Perseus, who married her by the consent
of her parents, for having destroyed the sea monster. This marriage
displeased Phineus; he interrupted the ceremony, and, with a number
of attendants, attacked Perseus and his friends. Perseus defended
himself, and turned into stone Phineus and his companions, by showing
them the Gorgon’s head. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, chs. 1 & 4.――_Ovid_,
_Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, fables 1 & 2.――_Hyginus_, fable 64.――――A son
of Melas.――――A son of Lycaon king of Arcadia.――――A son of Belus and
Anchinoe.

=Phinta=, a king of Messenia, &c. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 4.

=Phinthias=, a fountain where it is said nothing could sink. _Pliny_,
bk. 31, ch. 2.

=Phintia=, a town of Sicily, at the mouth of the Himera. _Cicero_,
_Against Verres_, bk. 3, ch. 83.

=Phintias=, called also Pithias, Pinthias, and Phytias, a man famous
for his unparalleled friendship for Damon. _See:_ Damon. _Cicero_,
_de Officiis_, bk. 3, bk. 10; _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 5,
ch. 22.――_Diodorus_, bk. 6.――――A tyrant of Agrigentum, B.C. 282.

=Phinto=, a small island between Sardinia and Corsica, now _Figo_.

=Phla=, a small island in the lake Tritonis. _Herodotus_, bk. 4,
ch. 178.

=Phlegelas=, an Indian king beyond the Hydaspes, who surrendered to
Alexander. _Curtius_, bk. 9, ch. 1.

=Phlegĕthon=, a river of hell, whose waters were _burning_, as the word
φλεγεθω, from which the name is derived, seems to indicate. _Virgil_,
_Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 550.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 532.
――_Seneca_, Thyestes _Hippolytus_.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 13,
li. 564.

=Phlegias=, a man of Cyzicus when the Argonauts visited it, &c.
_Flaccus._

=Phlegon=, a native of Tralles in Lydia, one of the emperor Adrian’s
freedmen. He wrote different treatises on the long-lived, on
wonderful things, besides an historical account of Sicily, 16 books
on the olympiads, an account of the principal places in Rome, three
books of fasti, &c. Of these some fragments remain. His style was not
elegant, and he wrote without judgment or precision. His works have
been edited by Meursius, 4to, Leiden, 1620.――――One of the horses of
the sun. The word signifies _burning_. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2.

=Phlegra=, or =Phlegræus Campus=, a place of Macedonia, afterwards
called _Pallene_, where the giants attacked the gods and were
defeated by Hercules. The combat was afterwards renewed in Italy, in
a place of the same name near Cumæ. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 538;
bk. 9, li. 305.――_Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Diodorus_, bks. 4 & 5.――_Ovid_,
_Metamorphoses_, bk. 10, li. 151; bk. 12, li. 378; bk. 15, li. 532.
――_Statius_, bk. 5, _Sylvæ_, poem 3, li. 196.

=Phlegyæ=, a people of Thessaly. Some authors place them in Bœotia.
They received their name from Phlegyas the son of Mars, with whom
they plundered and burned the temple of Apollo at Delphi. Few of them
escaped to Phocis, where they settled. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 36.
――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 13, li. 301.――_Strabo_, bk. 9.

=Phlegyas=, a son of Mars by Chryse daughter of Halmus, was king of
the Lapithæ in Thessaly. He was father of Ixion and Coronis, to whom
Apollo offered violence. When the father heard that his daughter
had been so wantonly abused, he marched an army against Delphi, and
reduced the temple of the god to ashes. This was highly resented.
Apollo killed Phlegyas and placed him in hell, where a huge stone
hangs over his head, and keeps him in continual alarms, by its
appearance of falling every moment. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 36.
――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 5.――_Pindar_, _Pythian_, bk. 3.――_Ovid_,
_Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 87.――_Servius_, _Commentary on the Aeneid
of Vergil_, bk. 6, li. 618.

=Phlias=, one of the Argonauts, son of Bacchus and Ariadne. _Pausanias_,
bk. 2, ch. 12.

=Phliasia=, a country of Peloponnesus, near Sicyon, of which Phlius was
the capital.

=Phlius=, (genitive, untis), a town in Peloponnesus, now _Staphlica_,
in the territory of Sicyon.――――Another, in Elis.――――Another, in
Argolis, now _Drepano_.

=Phlœus=, a surname of Bacchus, expressive of his youth and vigour.
_Plutarch_, _Quæstiones Convivales_, bk. 5, qu. 8.

=Phobētor=, one of the sons of Somnus, and his principal minister.
His office was to assume the shape of serpents and wild beasts, to
inspire terror into the minds of men, as his name intimates (φοβεω).
The other two ministers of Somnus were Phantasia and Morpheus. _Ovid_,
_Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, li. 640.

=Phobos=, son of Mars, and god of terror among the ancients, was
represented with a lion’s head, and sacrifices were offered to him
to deprecate his appearance in armies. _Plutarch_, _Amatorius_.

=Phocæa=, now _Fochia_, a maritime town of Ionia, in Asia Minor, with
two harbours, between Cumæ and Smyrna, founded by an Athenian colony.
It received its name from Phocus the leader of the colony, or from
_phocæ_, _sea calves_, which are found in great abundance in the
neighbourhood. The inhabitants, called _Phocæi_ and _Phocæenses_,
were expert mariners, and founded many cities in different parts of
Europe. They left Ionia, when Cyrus attempted to reduce them under
his power, and they came after many adventures into Gaul, where they
founded _Massilia_, now Marseilles. The town of Marseilles is often
distinguished by the epithet of _Phocaica_, and its inhabitants
called _Phocæenses_. Phocæa was declared independent by Pompey,
and under the first emperors of Rome it became one of the most
flourishing cities of Asia Minor. _Livy_, bk. 5, ch. 34; bk. 37, ch.
31; bk. 38, ch. 39.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 17.――_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch.
3.――_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 165.――_Strabo_, bk. 14.――_Horace_, epode
16.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, li. 9.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 4.

=Phocenses= and =Phocĭci=, the inhabitants of Phocis in Greece.

=Phocilides=, a Greek poet and philosopher of Miletus, about 540
years before the christian era. The poetical piece now extant called
νουθετικον, and attributed to him, is not of his composition, but of
another poet who lived in the reign of Adrian.

=Phocion=, an Athenian, celebrated for his virtues, private as well as
public. He was educated in the school of Plato and Xenocrates, and as
soon as he appeared among the statesmen of Athens, he distinguished
himself by his prudence and moderation, his zeal for the public
good, and his military abilities. He often checked the violent and
inconsiderate measures of Demosthenes, and when the Athenians seemed
eager to make war against Philip king of Macedonia, Phocion observed
that war should never be undertaken without the strongest and most
certain expectations of success and victory. When Philip endeavoured
to make himself master of Eubœa, Phocion stopped his progress,
and soon obliged him to relinquish his enterprise. During the time
of his administration he was always inclined to peace, though he
never suffered his countrymen to become indolent, and to forget the
jealousy and rivalship of their neighbours. He was 45 times appointed
governor of Athens, and no greater encomium can be passed upon his
talents as a minister and statesman, than that he never solicited
that high, though dangerous, office. In his rural retreat, or at
the head of the Athenian armies, he always appeared barefooted, and
without a cloak, whence one of his soldiers had occasion to observe,
when he saw him dressed more warmly than usual during a severe winter,
that since Phocion wore his cloak it was a sign of the most inclement
weather. If he was the friend of temperance and discipline, he was
not a less brilliant example of true heroism. Philip, as well as
his son Alexander, attempted to bribe him, but to no purpose; and
Phocion boasted in being one of the poorest of the Athenians, and
in deserving the appellation of _the Good_. It was through him that
Greece was saved from an impending war, and he advised Alexander
rather to turn his arms against Persia, than to shed the blood of
the Greeks, who were either his allies or his subjects. Alexander
was so sensible of his merit and of his integrity, that he sent him
100 talents from the spoils which he had obtained from the Persians,
but Phocion was too great to suffer himself to be bribed; and when
the conqueror had attempted a second time to oblige him, and to
conciliate his favour, by offering him the government and possession
of five cities, the Athenian rejected the presents with the same
indifference, and with the same independent mind. But not totally to
despise the favours of the monarch, he begged Alexander to restore to
their liberty four slaves that were confined in the citadel of Sardis.
Antipater, who succeeded in the government of Macedonia after the
death of Alexander, also attempted to corrupt the virtuous Athenian,
but with the same success as his royal predecessor; and when a friend
had observed to Phocion, that if he could so refuse the generous
offers of his patrons, yet he should consider the good of his
children, and accept them for their sake, Phocion calmly replied,
that if his children were like him they could maintain themselves
as well as their father had done, but if they behaved otherwise he
declared that he was unwilling to leave them anything which might
either supply their extravagancies, or encourage their debaucheries.
But virtues like these could not long stand against the insolence
and fickleness of an Athenian assembly. When the Piræus was taken,
Phocion was accused of treason, and therefore, to avoid the public
indignation, he fled for safety to Polyperchon. Polyperchon sent
him back to Athens, where he was immediately condemned to drink the
fatal poison. He received the indignities of the people with uncommon
composure; and when one of his friends lamented his fate, Phocion
exclaimed, “This is no more than what I expected; this treatment
the most illustrious citizens of Athens have received before me.” He
took the cup with the greatest serenity of mind, and as he drank the
fatal draught, he prayed for the prosperity of Athens, and bade his
friends to tell his son Phocus not to remember the indignities which
his father had received from the Athenians. He died about 318 years
before the christian era. His body was deprived of a funeral by order
of the ungrateful Athenians, and if it was at last interred, it was
by stealth, under a hearth, by the hand of a woman who placed this
inscription over his bones: _Keep inviolate, O sacred hearth, the
precious remains of a good man, till a better day restores them to
the monument of their forefathers, when Athens shall be delivered of
her frenzy, and shall be more wise_. It has been observed of Phocion,
that he never appeared elated in prosperity, or dejected in adversity,
he never betrayed pusillanimity by a tear, nor joy by a smile. His
countenance was stern and unpleasant, but he never behaved with
severity; his expressions were mild, and his rebukes gentle. At the
age of 80 he appeared at the head of the Athenian armies like the
most active officer, and to his prudence and cool valour in every
period of life his citizens acknowledged themselves much indebted.
His merits were not buried in oblivion; the Athenians repented of
their ingratitude, and honoured his memory by raising him statues,
and putting to a cruel death his guilty accusers. _Plutarch_ &
_Cornelius Nepos_, _Lives_.――_Diodorus_, bk. 16.

=Phocis=, a country of Greece, bounded on the east by Bœotia, and by
Locris on the west. It originally extended from the bay of Corinth
to the sea of Eubœa, and reached on the north as far as Thermopylæ,
but its boundaries were afterwards more contracted. Phocis received
its name from Phocus, a son of Ornytion, who settled there. The
inhabitants were called _Phocenses_, and from thence the epithet
of _Phocicus_ was formed. Parnassus was the most celebrated of
the mountains of Phocis, and Delphi was the greatest of its towns.
Phocis is rendered famous for a war which it maintained against
some of the Grecian republics, and which has received the name of
the _Phocian war_. This celebrated war originated in the following
circumstances: ――When Philip king of Macedonia had, by his intrigues
and well-concerted policy, fomented divisions in Greece, and
disturbed the peace of every republic, the Greeks universally became
discontented in their situation, fickle in their resolutions, and
jealous of the prosperity of the neighbouring states. The Amphictyons,
who were the supreme rulers of Greece, and who at that time were
subservient to the views of the Thebans, the inveterate enemies of
the Phocians, showed the same spirit of fickleness, and, like the
rest of their countrymen, were actuated by the same fears, the same
jealousy and ambition. As the supporters of religion, they accused
the Phocians of impiety for ploughing a small portion of land which
belonged to the god of Delphi. They immediately commanded that the
sacred field should be laid waste, and that the Phocians, to expiate
their crime, should pay a heavy fine to the community. The inability
of the Phocians to pay the fine, and that of the Amphictyons to
enforce their commands by violence, gave rise to new events. The
people of Phocis were roused by the eloquence and the popularity
of Philomelus, one of their countrymen, and when this ambitious
ringleader had liberally contributed the great riches he possessed
for the good of his countrymen, they resolved to oppose the
Amphictyonic council by force of arms. He seized the rich temple
of Delphi, and employed the treasures which it contained to raise a
mercenary army. During two years hostilities were carried on between
the Phocians and their enemies, the Thebans and the people of Locris,
but no decisive battles were fought; and it can only be observed,
that the Phocian prisoners were always put to an ignominious death,
as guilty of the most abominable sacrilege and impiety, a treatment
which was liberally retaliated on such of the army of the Amphictyons
as became the captives of the enemy. The defeat, however, and death
of Philomelus for a while checked their successes; but the deceased
general was soon succeeded in the command by his brother, called
Onomarchus, his equal in boldness and ambition, and his superior in
activity and enterprise. Onomarchus rendered his cause popular, the
Thessalians joined his army, and the neighbouring states observed at
least a strict neutrality, if they neither opposed nor favoured his
arms. Philip of Macedonia, who had assisted the Thebans, was obliged
to retire from the field with dishonour, but a more successful battle
was fought near Magnesia, and the monarch, by crowning the head of
his soldiers with laurel, and telling them that they fought in the
cause of Delphi and heaven, obtained a complete victory. Onomarchus
was slain, and his body exposed on a gibbet; 6000 shared his fate,
and their bodies were thrown into the sea, as unworthy of funeral
honours, and 3000 were taken alive. This fatal defeat, however,
did not ruin the Phocians; Phayllus, the only surviving brother of
Philomelus, took the command of their armies, and doubling the pay
of his soldiers, he increased his forces by the addition of 9000 men
from Athens, Lacedæmon, and Achaia. But all this numerous force at
last proved ineffectual; the treasures of the temple of Delphi, which
had long defrayed the expenses of the war, began to fail; dissensions
arose among the ringleaders of Phocis; and when Philip had crossed
the straits of Thermopylæ, the Phocians, relying on his generosity,
claimed his protection, and implored him to plead their cause before
the Amphictyonic council. His feeble intercession was not attended
with success, and the Thebans, the Locrians, and the Thessalians, who
then composed the Amphictyonic council, unanimously decreed that the
Phocians should be deprived of the privilege of sending members among
the Amphictyons. Their arms and their horses were to be sold, for the
benefit of Apollo; they were to pay the annual sum of 60,000 talents
till the temple of Delphi had been restored to its ancient splendour
and opulence; their cities were to be dismantled, and reduced to
distinct villages, which were to contain no more than 60 houses
each, at the distance of a furlong from one another, and all the
privileges and the immunities of which they were stripped, were to
be conferred on Philip king of Macedonia, for his eminent services
in the ♦prosecution of the Phocian war. The Macedonians were ordered
to put these cruel commands into execution. The Phocians were unable
to make resistance, and 10 years after they had undertaken the sacred
war, they saw their country laid desolate, their walls demolished,
and their cities in ruins, by the wanton jealousy of their enemies,
and the inflexible cruelty of the Macedonian soldiers, B.C. 348.
They were not, however, long under this disgraceful sentence; their
well-known valour and courage recommended them to favour, and they
gradually regained their influence and consequence by the protection
of the Athenians, and the favours of Philip. _Livy_, bk. 32, ch. 18.
――_Ovid_, bk. 2, _Amores_, poem 6, li. 15; _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5,
li. 276.――_Demosthenes._――_Justin_, bk. 8, &c.――_Diodorus_, bk. 16,
&c.――_Plutarch_, _Demosthenes_, _Lysander_, _Pericles_, &c.――_Strabo_,
bk. 5.――_Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 5.

♦ ‘prosetion’ replaced with ‘prosecution’

=Phocus=, son of Phocion, was dissolute in his manners and unworthy of
the virtues of his great father. He was sent to Lacedæmon to imbibe
there the principles of sobriety, of temperance, and frugality. He
cruelly revenged the death of his father, whom the Athenians had put
to death. _Plutarch_, _Phocion_ & _Apophthegmata Laconica_.――――A son
of Æacus by Psamathe, killed by Telamon. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 12.
――――A son of Ornytion, who led a colony of Corinthians into Phocis.
He cured Antiope, a daughter of Nycteus, of insanity, and married her,
and by her became father of Panopeus and Crisus. _Pausanias_, bk. 2,
ch. 4.

=Phocylides=, an ancient poet. _See:_ Phocilides.

=Phœbas=, a name applied to the priestess of Apollo’s temple at Delphi.
_Lucan_, bk. 5, li. 128, &c.

=Phœbe=, a name given to Diana, or the moon, on account of the
brightness of that luminary. She became, according to Apollodorus,
mother of Asteria and Latona. _See:_ Diana.――――A daughter of
Leucippus and Philodice, carried away, with her sister Hilaira,
by Castor and Pollux, as she was going to marry one of the sons
of Aphareus. _See:_ Leucippides. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 10.
――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 22.

=Phœbeum=, a place near Sparta.

=Phœbĭdas=, a Lacedæmonian general sent by the Ephori to the assistance
of the Macedonians against the Thracians. He seized the citadel
of Thebes; but though he was disgraced and banished from the
Lacedæmonian army for this perfidious measure, yet his countrymen
kept possession of the town. He died B.C. 377. _Cornelius Nepos_,
_Pelopidas_.――_Diodorus_, bk. 14, &c.

=Phœbigĕna=, a surname of Æsculapius, &c., as being descended from
Phœbus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, ♦bk. 7, li. 773.

♦ book reference omitted in text

=Phœbus=, a name given to Apollo, or the sun. This word expresses the
brightness and splendour of that luminary (φοιβος). _See:_ Apollo.

=Phœmos=, a lake of Arcadia.

=Phœnīce=, or =Phœnīcia=, a country of Asia, at the east of the
Mediterranean, whose boundaries have been different in different
ages. Some suppose that the names of Phœnicia, Syria, and Palestine
are indiscriminately used for one and the same country. Phœnicia,
according to Ptolemy, extended on the north as far as the Eleutherus,
a small river which falls into the Mediterranean sea, a little below
the island of Aradus, and it had Pelusium or the territories of Egypt
as its more southern boundary, and Syria on the east. Sidon and Tyre
were the most capital towns of the country. The inhabitants were
naturally industrious; the invention of letters is attributed to them,
and commerce and navigation were among them in the most flourishing
state. They planted colonies on the shores of the Mediterranean,
particularly Carthage, Hippo, Marseilles, and Utica; and their
manufactures acquired such a superiority over those of other nations,
that among the ancients, whatever was elegant, great, or pleasing,
either in apparel, or domestic utensils, received the epithet of
_Sidonian_. The Phœnicians were originally governed by kings. They
were subdued by the Persians, and afterwards by Alexander, and
remained tributary to his successors and to the Romans. They were
called Phœnicians, from Phœnix son of Agenor, who was one of their
kings, or, according to others, from the great number of _palm trees_
(θοινικες) which grow in the neighbourhood. _Herodotus_, bk. 4,
ch. 42; bk. 5, ch. 58.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 15.――_Mela_, bk. 1,
ch. 11; bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Strabo_, bk. 16.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 1.
――_Lucretius_, bk. 2, li. 829.――_Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 47; bk. 5, ch. 12.
――_Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 2.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, &c.――_Ovid_,
_Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 104; bk. 14, li. 345; bk. 15, li. 288.

=Phœnīce=, a town of Epirus. _Livy_, bk. 22, ch. 12.

=Phœnīcia.= _See:_, Phœnice.

=Phœnīcus=, a mountain of Bœotia.――――Another in Lycia, called also
_Olympus_, with a town of the same name.――――A port of Erythræ. _Livy_,
bk. 56, ch. 45.

=Phœnicŭsa=, now _Felicudi_, one of the Æolian islands.

=Phœnissa=, a patronymic given to Dido, as a native of Phœnicia.
_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 529.

=Phœnix=, son of Amyntor king of Argos by Cleobule, or Hippodamia,
was preceptor to young Achilles. When his father proved faithless to
his wife, on account of his fondness for a concubine called Clytia,
Cleobule, jealous of her husband, persuaded her son Phœnix to
ingratiate himself into the favours of his father’s mistress. Phœnix
easily succeeded, but when Amyntor discovered his intrigues, he drew
a curse upon him, and the son was soon after deprived of his sight
by divine vengeance. According to some, Amyntor himself put out the
eyes of his son, which so cruelly provoked him, that he meditated
the death of his father. Reason and piety, however, prevailed over
passion, and Phœnix, not to become a parricide, fled from Argos
to the court of Peleus king of Phthia. Here he was treated with
tenderness. Peleus carried him to Chiron, who restored to him his
eyesight, and soon after he was made preceptor to Achilles, his
benefactor’s son. He was also presented with the government of many
cities, and made king of the Dolopes. He accompanied his pupil to
the Trojan war, and Achilles was ever grateful for the instructions
and precepts which he had received from Phœnix. After the death of
Achilles, Phœnix, with others, was commissioned by the Greeks to
return to Greece, to bring to the war young Pyrrhus. This commission
he performed with success, and after the fall of Troy, he returned
with Pyrrhus, and died in Thrace. He was buried at Æon, or, according
to Strabo, near Trachinia, where a small river in the neighbourhood
received the name of Phœnix. _Strabo_, bk. 9.――_Homer_, _Iliad_,
bk. 9, &c.――_Ovid_, _Ibis_, li. 259.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.
――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 2, li. 762.――――A son of Agenor, by a nymph
who was called Telephassa, according to Apollodorus and Moschus, or,
according to others, Epimedusa, Perimeda, or Agriope. He was, like
his brothers Cadmus and Cilix, sent by his father in pursuit of his
sister Europa, whom Jupiter had carried away under the form of a bull,
and when his inquiries proved unsuccessful, he settled in a country
which, according to some, was from him called _Phœnicia_. From him,
as some suppose, the Carthaginians were called _Pœni_. _Apollodorus_,
bk. 3.――_Hyginus_, fable 178.――――The father of Adonis, according
to Hesiod.――――A Theban, delivered to Alexander, &c.――――A native of
Tenedos, who was an officer in the service of Eumenes.

=Pholoe=, one of the horses of Admetus.――――A mountain of Arcadia, near
Pisa. It received its name from Pholus the friend of Hercules, who
was buried there. It is often confounded with another of the same
name in Thessaly, near mount Othrys. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 6.――_Lucan_,
bk. 3, li. 198; bk. 6, li. 388; bk. 7, li. 449.――_Ovid_, bk. 2,
_Fasti_, li. 273.――――A female servant, of Cretan origin, given with
her two sons to Sergestus by Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 285.
――――A courtesan in the age of Horace. _Horace_, bk. 1, ode 33, li. 7.

=Pholus=, one of the Centaurs, son of Silenus and Melia, or, according
to others, of Ixion and the cloud. He kindly entertained Hercules
when he was going against the boar of Erymanthus, but he refused
to give him wine, as that which he had belonged to the rest of the
Centaurs. Hercules, upon this, without ceremony, broke the cask and
drank the wine. The smell of the liquor drew the Centaurs from the
neighbourhood to the house of Pholus, but Hercules stopped them when
they forcibly entered the habitation of his friend, and killed the
greatest part of them. Pholus gave the dead a decent funeral, but he
mortally wounded himself with one of the arrows which were poisoned
with the venom of the hydra, and which he attempted to extract
from the body of one of the Centaurs. Hercules, unable to cure him,
buried him when dead, and called the mountain where his remains were
deposited by the name of _Pholoe_. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1.――_Pausanias_,
bk. 3.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2, li. 456; _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 294.
――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 1.――_Lucan_, bks. 3, 6 &
7.――_Statius Thebaid_, bk. 2.――――One of the friends of Æneas, killed
by Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 12, li. 341.

=Phorbas=, a son of Priam and Epithesia, killed during the Trojan
war by Menelaus. The god Somnus borrowed his features when he
deceived Palinurus, and threw him into the sea near the coast of
Italy. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 842.――――A son of Lapithus, who
married Hyrmine the daughter of Epeus, by whom he had Actor. Pelops,
according to Diodorus, shared his kingdom with Phorbas, who also,
says the same historian, established himself at Rhodes, at the head
of a colony from Elis and Thessaly, by order of the oracle, which
promised, by his means only, deliverance from the numerous serpents
which infested the island. _Diodorus_, bk. 2.――_Pausanias_, bk. 5,
ch. 1.――――A shepherd of Polybus king of Corinth.――――A man who profaned
Apollo’s temple, &c. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, li. 414.――――A
king of Argos.――――A native of Cyrene, son of Methion, killed by
Perseus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, fable 3.

=Phorcus=, or =Phorcys=, a sea deity, son of Pontus and Terra, who
married his sister Ceto, by whom he had the Gorgons, the dragon
that kept the apples of the Hesperides, and other monsters. _Hesiod_,
_Theogony_.――_Apollodorus._――――One of the auxiliaries of Priam,
killed by Ajax during the Trojan war. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 17.――――A
man whose seven sons assisted Turnus against Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_,
bk. 10, li. 328.

=Phormio=, an Athenian general, whose father’s name was Asopicus. He
impoverished himself to maintain and support the dignity of his army.
His debts were some time after paid by the Athenians, who wished to
make him their general, an office which he refused, while he had so
many debts, observing that it was unbecoming an officer to be at the
head of an army, when he knew that he was poorer than the meanest of
his soldiers.――――A general of Crotona.――――A peripatetic philosopher
of Ephesus, who once gave a lecture upon the duties of an officer,
and a military profession. The philosopher was himself ignorant of
the subject which he treated, upon which Hannibal the Great, who
was one of his auditors, exclaimed that he had seen many doting old
men, but never one worse than Phormio. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_,
bk. 2.――――An Athenian archon.――――A disciple of Plato, chosen by the
people of Elis to make a reformation in their government and their
jurisprudence.

=Phormis=, an Arcadian who acquired great riches at the court of Gelon
and Hiero in Sicily. He dedicated the brazen statue of a mare to
Jupiter Olympius in Peloponnesus, which so much resembled nature,
that horses came near it, as if it had been alive. _Pausanias_, bk. 5,
ch. 27.

=Phŏrōneus=, the god of a river of Peloponnesus of the same name. He
was son of the river Inachus by Melissa, and he was the second king
of Argos. He married a nymph called Cerdo, or Laodice, by whom he had
Apis, from whom Argolis was called Apia, and Niobe, the first woman
of whom Jupiter became enamoured. Phoroneus taught his subjects the
utility of laws, and the advantages of a social life and of friendly
intercourse, whence the inhabitants of Argolis are often called
_Phoronæi_. Pausanias relates that Phoroneus, with the Cephisus,
Asterion, and Inachus, were appointed as umpires in a quarrel between
Neptune and Juno, concerning their right of patronizing Argolis. Juno
gained the preference, upon which Neptune, in a fit of resentment,
dried up all the four rivers, whose decision he deemed partial. He
afterwards restored them to their dignity and consequence. Phoroneus
was the first who raised a temple to Juno. He received divine honours
after death. His temple still existed at Argos, under Antoninus the
Roman emperor. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 15, &c.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2,
ch. 1.――_Hyginus_, fable 143.

=Phorōnis=, a patronymic of Io the sister of Phoroneus. _Ovid_,
_Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 625.

=Phorōnium=, a town of Argolis, built by Phoroneus.

=Photīnus=, a eunuch who was prime minister to Ptolemy king of Egypt.
When Pompey fled to the court of Ptolemy, after the battle of
Pharsalia, Photinus advised his master not to receive him, but to
put him to death. His advice was strictly followed. Julius Cæsar some
time after visited Egypt, and Photinus raised seditions against him,
for which he was put to death. When Cæsar triumphed over Egypt and
Alexandria, the pictures of Photinus, and of some of the Egyptians,
were carried in the procession at Rome. _Plutarch._

=Photius=, a son of Antonina, who betrayed to Belisarius his wife’s
debaucheries.――――A patrician in Justinian’s reign.

=Phoxus=, a general of the Phocæans, who burnt Lampsacus, &c.
_Polyænus_, bk. 8.――――A tyrant of Chalcis, banished by his subjects,
&c. _Aristotle_, _Politics_, bk. 5, ch. 4.