Chapter X

=Xanthe=, one of the Oceanides. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 356.

=Xanthi=, a people of Thrace.――――The inhabitants of Xanthus in Asia.
_See:_ Xanthus.

=Xanthia Phoceus=, a Roman whom Horace addresses in his bk. 2, ode 4,
and of whom he speaks as enamoured of a servant-maid.

=Xanthĭca=, a festival observed by the Macedonians in the month called
Xanthicus, the same as April. It was then usual to make a lustration
of the army with great solemnity. A bitch was cut into two parts,
and one half of the body placed on one side, and the other part on
the other side, after which the soldiers marched between, and they
imitated a real battle by a sham engagement.

=Xanthippe=, a daughter of Dorus. _See:_ Xantippe.

=Xanthippus=, a son of Melas killed by Tydeus. _See:_ Xantippus.

=Xantho=, one of Cyrene’s attendant nymphs. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4,
li. 336.

=Xanthus=, or =Xanthos=, a river of Troas, in Asia Minor. It is the
same as the _Scamander_, but, according to Homer, it was called
Xanthus by the gods and Scamander by men. _See:_ Scamander.――――A
river of Lycia, anciently called _Sirbes_. It was sacred to Apollo,
and fell into the sea near Patara. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 6, li. 172.
――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 143.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 15.――――One
of the horses of Achilles, who spoke to his master when chid with
severity, and told him he must soon be killed. _Homer_, _Iliad_,
bk. 19.――――One of the horses given to Juno by Neptune, and afterwards
to the sons of Leda.――――An historian of Sardes in the reign of
Darius.――――A Greek historian of Lydia, who wrote an account of his
country, of which some fragments remain. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus._
――――A king of Lesbos.――――A king of Bœotia, who made war against
the Athenians. He was killed by the artifice of Melanthus. _See:_
Apaturia.――――A Greek poet. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 4, ch. 26.
――_Suidas._――――A philosopher of Samos, in whose house Æsop lived some
time as servant.――――A town of Lycia, on the river of the same name,
at the distance of about 15 miles from the sea-shore. The inhabitants
were celebrated for their love of liberty and national independence.
Brutus laid siege to their city, and when at last they were unable
longer to support themselves against the enemy, they set fire to
their houses and destroyed themselves. The conqueror wished to spare
them, but though he offered rewards to his soldiers if they brought
any of the Xanthians alive into his presence, only 150 were saved,
much against their will. _Appian_, bk. 4.――_Plutarch_, _Brutus_.

=Xantĭcles=, one of the leaders of the 10,000 Greeks, after the battle
of Cunaxa.

=Xantippe=, a daughter of Dorus, who married Pleuron, by whom she had
Agenor, &c. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 7.――――The wife of Socrates,
remarkable for her ill humour and peevish disposition, which are
become proverbial. Some suppose that the philosopher was acquainted
with her moroseness and insolence before he married her, and that
he took her for his wife to try his patience, and inure himself to
the malevolent reflections of mankind. She continually tormented him
with her impertinence; and one day, not satisfied with using the most
bitter invectives, she emptied a vessel of dirty water on his head,
upon which the philosopher coolly observed, “After thunder there
generally falls rain.” _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 7, ch. 10;
bk. 9, ch. 7; bk. 11, ch. 12.――_Diogenes Laërtius_, _Socrates_.

=Xantippus=, a Lacedæmonian general who assisted the Carthaginians
in the first Punic war. He defeated the Romans, 256 B.C., and took
the celebrated Regulus prisoner. Such signal services deserved to
be rewarded, but the Carthaginians looked with envious jealousy upon
Xantippus, and he retired to Corinth after he had saved them from
destruction. Some authors support that the Carthaginians ordered him
to be assassinated, and his body to be thrown into the sea as he was
returning home; while others say that they had prepared a leaky ship
to convey him to Corinth, which he artfully avoided. _Livy_, bk. 18
& bk. 28, ch. 43.――_Appian_, _Punic Wars_.――――An Athenian general
who defeated the Persian fleet at Mycale with Leotychides. A statue
was erected to his honour at the citadel of Athens. He made some
conquests in Thrace, and increased the power of Athens. He was father
to the celebrated Pericles by Agariste the niece of Clisthenes, who
expelled the Pisistratidæ from Athens. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 7;
bk. 8, ch. 52.――――A son of Pericles who disgraced his father by his
disobedience, his ingratitude, and his extravagance. He died of the
plague in the Peloponnesian war. _Plutarch._

=Xenagŏras=, an historian. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus._――――A
philosopher who measured the height of mount Olympus.

=Xenarchus=, a comic poet.――――A peripatetic philosopher of Seleucia,
who taught at Alexandria and at Rome, and was intimate with Augustus.
_Strabo_, bk. 14.――――A pretor of the Achæan league, who wished to
favour the interest of Perseus king of Macedonia against the Romans.

=Xenares=, an intimate friend of Cleomenes king of Sparta.

=Xenetus=, a rich Locrian, whose daughter Doris married Dionysius of
Sicily, &c. _Aristotle_, _Politics_, bk. 5, ch. 7.

=Xeneus=, a Chian writer who composed a history of his country.

=Xeniădes=, a Corinthian who went to buy Diogenes the Cynic when sold
as a slave. He asked him what he could do; upon which the Cynic
answered, “Command freemen.” This noble answer so pleased Xeniades,
that he gave the Cynic his liberty, and entrusted him with the care
and education of his children. _Diogenes Laërtius._――_Aulus Gellius_,
bk. 2, ch. 18.

=Xenius=, a surname given to Jupiter as the god of _hospitality_.

=Xenoclea=, a priestess of Apollo’s temple at Delphi, from whom
Hercules extorted an oracle by force, when she refused to answer
him because he was not purified of the blood and death of Iphitus.
_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 13.

=Xenŏcles=, a tragic writer, who obtained four times a poetical prize
in a contention in which Euripides was competitor, either through the
ignorance or by the bribery of his judges. The names of his tragedies
which obtained the victory were Œdipus, Lycaon, Bacchæ, Athamas
Satyricus, against the Alexander, Palamedes, Trojani, and Sisyphus
Satyricus of Euripides. His grandson bore also the name of Xenocles,
and excelled in tragical compositions. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_,
bk. 2, ch. 8.――――A Spartan officer in the expedition which Agesilaus
undertook against the Persians.――――An architect of Eleusis.――――A
friend of Aratus.――――One of the friends of Cicero.――――A celebrated
rhetorician of Adramyttium. _Strabo_, bk. 13.

=Xenocrătes=, an ancient philosopher born at Chalcedonia, and educated
in the school of Plato, whose friendship he gained, and whose
approbation he merited. Though of a dull and sluggish disposition, he
supplied the defects of nature by unwearied attention and industry,
and was at last found capable of succeeding in the school of Plato
after Speusippus, about 339 years before Christ. He was remarkable
as a disciplinarian, and he required that his pupils should be
acquainted with mathematics before they came under his care, and he
even rejected some who had not the necessary qualification, saying
that they had not yet found the key of philosophy. He recommended
himself to his pupils not only by precepts, but more powerfully
by example, and since the wonderful change he had made upon the
conduct of one of his auditors [_See:_ Polemon], his company was
as much shunned by the dissolute and extravagant, as it was courted
by the virtuous and benevolent. Philip of Macedon attempted to gain
his confidence with money, but with no success. Alexander in this
imitated his father, and sent some of his friends with 50 talents
for the philosopher. They were introduced, and supped with Xenocrates.
The repast was small, frugal, and elegant, without ostentation.
On the morrow, the officers of Alexander wished to pay down the
50 talents, but the philosopher asked them whether they had not
perceived from the entertainment of the preceding day that he was not
in want of money. “Tell your master,” said he, “to keep his money;
he has more people to maintain than I have.” Yet, not to offend the
monarch, he accepted a small sum, about the 200th part of one talent.
His character was not less conspicuous in every other particular,
and he has been cited as an instance of virtue from the following
circumstance: The courtesan Lais had pledged herself to forfeit
an immense sum of money, if she did not triumph over the virtue of
Xenocrates. She tried every art, assumed the most captivating looks,
and used the most tempting attitudes to gain the philosopher, but
in vain; and she declared at last that she had not lost her money,
as she had pledged herself to conquer a human being, not a lifeless
stone. Though so respected and admired, yet Xenocrates was poor,
and he was dragged to prison, because he was unable to pay a small
tribute to the state. He was delivered from confinement by one of his
friends. His integrity was so well known, that when he appeared in
the court as a witness, the judges dispensed with his oath. He died
B.C. 314, in his 82nd year, after he had presided in the academy
for above 25 years. It is said that he fell in the night with his
head into a basin of water, and that he was suffocated. He had
written above 60 treatises on different subjects, all now lost.
He acknowledged no other deity but heaven, and the seven planets.
_Diogenes Laërtius._――_Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 10, ltr. 1,
&c. _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 5, ch. 32.――_Valerius Maximus_,
bk. 2, ch. 10.――_Lucian._――――A physician in the age of Nero, not in
great esteem. His Greek treatise, _de alimento ex aquatilibus_, is
best edited by Franzius, Lipscomb, 8vo, 1774.――――An excellent painter.
_Pliny_, bk. 34, ch. 8.

=Xenodamus=, an illegitimate son of Menelaus by Gnossia. _Apollodorus_,
bk. 3, ch. 11.――――An athlete of Anticyra. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 36.

=Xēnodĭce=, a daughter of Syleus, killed by Hercules. _Apollodorus_,
bk. 2, ch. 6.――――A daughter of Minos and Pasiphae. _Apollodorus_,
bk. 3, ch. 1.

=Xenodŏchus=, a Messenian crowned at the Olympic games. _Pausanias_,
bk. 4, ch. 5.――――A native of Cardia, &c.

=Xenophănes=, a Greek philosopher of Colophon, disciple of Archelaus,
B.C. 535. He wrote several poems and treatises, and founded a
sect which was called the Eleatic, in Sicily. Wild in his opinions
about astronomy, he supposed that the stars were extinguished every
morning, and rekindled at night; that eclipses were occasioned by
the temporary extinction of the sun; that the moon was inhabited,
and 18 times bigger than the earth; and that there were several suns
and moons for the convenience of the different climates of the earth.
He further imagined that God and the world were the same, and he
credited the eternity of the universe, but his incoherent opinion
about the divinity raised the indignation of his countrymen, and
he was banished. He died very poor, when about 100 years old.
_Cicero_, _Academica Priora_, bk. 4, ch. 37; _de Divinatione_, bk. 1,
ch. 3; _De Natura Deorum_, bk. 1, ch. 11.――_Lactantius_, _Divinae
institutiones_, bk. 3, ch. 23.――――A governor of Olbus, in the age of
Marcus Antony. _Strabo_, bk. 14.――――One of the ministers of Philip,
who went to Annibal’s camp, and made a treaty of alliance between
Macedonia and Carthage.

=Xenophĭlus=, a Pythagorean philosopher, who lived to his 170th year,
and enjoyed all his faculties to the last. He wrote upon music, and
thence he was called the musician. _Lucian_, _Macrobii_.――_Pliny_, bk.
7, ch. 50.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 8, ch. 13.――――One of Alexander’s
generals. _Curtius_, bk. 5, ch. 2.――――A robber of whom Aratus hired
some troops.

=Xenŏphon=, an Athenian, son of Gryllus, celebrated as a general, an
historian, and a philosopher. In the school of Socrates he received
those instructions and precepts which afterwards so eminently
distinguished him at the head of an army, in literary solitude, and
as the prudent father of a family. He was invited by Proxenus, one of
his intimate friends, to accompany Cyrus the younger in an expedition
against his brother Artaxerxes king of Persia; but he refused to
comply without previously consulting his venerable master, and
inquiring into the propriety of such a measure. Socrates strongly
opposed it, and observed that it might raise the resentment of his
countrymen, as Sparta had made an alliance with the Persian monarch;
but, however, before he proceeded further, he advised him to consult
the oracle of Apollo. Xenophon paid due deference to the injunctions
of Socrates, but as he was ambitious of glory, and eager to engage
in a distant expedition, he hastened with precipitation to Sardis,
where he was introduced to the young prince, and treated with great
attention. In the army of Cyrus, Xenophon showed that he was a true
disciple of Socrates, and that he had been educated in the warlike
city of Athens. After the decisive battle in the plains of Cunaxa,
and the fall of young Cyrus, the prudence and vigour of his mind were
called into action. The 10,000 Greeks who had followed the standard
of an ambitious prince were now at the distance of above 600 leagues
from their native home, in a country surrounded on every side by a
victorious enemy, without money, without provisions, and without a
leader. Xenophon was selected from among the officers to superintend
the retreat of his countrymen, and though he was often opposed by
malevolence and envy, yet his persuasive eloquence and his activity
convinced the Greeks that no general could extricate them from every
difficulty better than the disciple of Socrates. He rose superior to
danger, and though under continual alarms from the sudden attacks of
the Persians, he was enabled to cross rapid rivers, penetrate through
vast deserts, gain the tops of mountains, till he could rest secure
for a while and refresh his tired companions. This celebrated retreat
was at last happily effected; the Greeks returned home after a march
of 1155 parasangs, or leagues, which was performed in 215 days, after
an absence of 15 months. The whole, perhaps, might now be forgotten,
or at least obscurely known, if the great philosopher who planned it
had not employed his pen in describing the dangers which he escaped,
and the difficulties which he surmounted. He was no sooner returned
from Cunaxa, than he sought new honours in following the fortune of
Agesilaus in Asia. He enjoyed his confidence, he fought under his
standard, and conquered with him in the Asiatic provinces, as well
as at the battle of Coronæa. His fame, however, did not escape the
aspersions of jealousy; he was publicly banished from Athens for
accompanying Cyrus against his brother, and being now without a home,
he retired to Scillus, a small town of the Lacedæmonians, in the
neighbourhood of Olympia. In this solitary retreat he dedicated his
time to literary pursuits, and as he had acquired riches in his
Asiatic expeditions, he began to adorn and variegate by the hand of
art, for his pleasure and enjoyment, the country which surrounded
Scillus. He built a magnificent temple to Diana, in imitation of that
of Ephesus, and spent part of his time in rural employments, or in
hunting in the woods and mountains. His peaceful occupations, however,
were soon disturbed. A war arose between the Lacedæmonians and Elis,
and the sanctity of Diana’s temple, and the venerable age of the
philosopher, who lived in the delightful retreats of Scillus, were
disregarded, and Xenophon, driven by the Elians from his favourite
spot, where he had composed and written for the information of
posterity, and the honour of his country, retired to the city of
Corinth. In this place he died in the 90th year of his age, 359
years before the christian era. The works of Xenophon are numerous.
He wrote an account of the expedition of Cyrus, called _the Anabasis_,
and as he had no inconsiderable share in the enterprise, his
description must be authentic, as he was himself an eye-witness.
Many, however, have accused him of partiality. He appeared often
too fond of extolling the virtues of his favourite Cyrus, and while
he describes with contempt the imprudent operations of the Persians,
he does not neglect to show that he was a native of Greece. His
_Cyropædia_, divided into eight books, has given rise to much
criticism, and while some warmly maintain that it is a faithful
account of the life and the actions of Cyrus the Great, and declare
that it is supported by the authority of Scripture, others as
vehemently deny its authenticity. According to the opinions of
Plato and of Cicero, the Cyropædia of Xenophon was a moral romance,
and these venerable philosophers support that the historian did
not so much write what Cyrus had been, as what every true, good,
and virtuous monarch ought to be. His _Hellenica_ were written as a
continuation of the history of Thucydides; and in his _Memorabilia_
of Socrates, and in his _Apology_, he has shown himself, as Valerius
Maximus observes, a perfect master of the philosophy of that great
man, and he has explained his doctrines and moral precepts with all
the success of persuasive eloquence and conscious integrity. These
are the most famous of his compositions, besides which there are
other small tracts, his eulogium given on Agesilaus, his œconomics,
on the duties of domestic life, the dialogue entitled Hiero, in
which he happily describes and compares the misery which attended the
tyrant, with the felicity of a virtuous prince; a treatise on hunting,
the symposium of the philosophers, on the government of Athens and
Sparta, a treatise on the revenues of Attica, &c. The simplicity
and the elegance of Xenophon’s diction have procured him the name
of the Athenian muse, and the bee of Greece, and they have induced
Quintilian to say that the graces dictated his language, and that
the goddess of persuasion dwelt upon his lips. His sentiments, as to
the divinity and religion, were the same as those of the venerable
Socrates; he supported the immortality of the soul, and exhorted
his friends to cultivate those virtues which ensure the happiness of
mankind, with all the zeal and fervour of a christian. He has been
quoted as an instance of tenderness and of resignation on Providence.
As he was offering a sacrifice, he was informed that Gryllus his
eldest son had been killed at the battle of Mantinea. Upon this he
tore the garland from his head, but when he was told that his son had
died like a Greek, and had given a mortal wound to Epaminondas, the
enemy’s general, he replaced the flowers on his head, and continued
the sacrifice, exclaiming that the pleasure he derived from the
valour of his son was greater than the grief which his unfortunate
death occasioned. The best editions of Xenophon are those of
Leunclavius, folio, Frankfurt, 1596, of Ernesti, 4 vols., 8vo,
Lipscomb, 1763, and the Glasgow edition, 12mo; of the Cyropædia,
1767, the expedition of Cyrus, 1764, the Memorabilia, 1761, and
the history of Greece, 1762, and likewise the edition of Zeunius,
published at Leipsic, in 8vo, in 6 vols., between the years 1778 and
1791. _Cicero_, _Orator_, ch. 19.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 5, ch. 10.
――_Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 2.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 3, ch.
13; bk. 4, ch. 5.――_Diogenes Laërtius_, _Xenophon_.――_Seneca._――――A
writer in the beginning of the fourth century, known by his Greek
romance in five books, _De Amoribus Anthiæ et Abrocomæ_, published in
8vo and 4to by Cocceius, London, 1726.――――A physician of the emperor
Claudius, born in the island of Cos, and said to be descended from
the Asclepiades. He enjoyed the emperor’s favours, and through him
the people of Cos were exempt from all taxes. He had the meanness
to poison his benefactor at the instigation of Agrippina. _Tacitus_,
_Annals_, bk. 12, chs. 61 & 67.――――An officer under Adrian, &c.

=Xera=, a town of Spain, now _Xerex_, where the Moors gained a battle
over Roderic king of the Goths, and became masters of the country.

=Xerolibya=, a part of Africa between Egypt and Cyrene.

=Xerxena=, a part of Armenia. _Strabo_, bk. 11.

=Xerxes I.=, succeeded his father Darius on the throne of Persia, and
though but the second son of the monarch, he was preferred to his
elder brother Artabazanes. The causes alleged for this preference
were, that Artabazanes was son of Darius when a private man, and
that Xerxes was born, after his father had been raised on the Persian
throne, of Atossa the daughter of Cyrus. Xerxes continued the warlike
preparations of his father, and added the revolted kingdom of Egypt
to his extensive possessions. He afterwards invaded Europe, and
entered Greece with an army which, together with the numerous retinue
of servants, eunuchs, and women that attended it, amounted to no
less than 5,283,220 souls. This multitude, which the fidelity of the
historians has not exaggerated, was stopped at Thermopylæ, by the
valour of 300 Spartans, under king Leonidas. Xerxes, astonished that
such a handful of men should dare to oppose his progress, ordered
some of his soldiers to bring them alive into his presence; but
for three successive days the most valiant of the Persian troops
were repeatedly defeated in attempting to execute the monarch’s
injunctions, and the courage of the Spartans might perhaps have
triumphed longer, if a Trachinian had not led a detachment to the
top of the mountain, and suddenly fallen upon the devoted Leonidas.
The king himself nearly perished on this occasion, and it has been
reported that, in the night, the desperate Spartans sought, for
a while, the royal tent, which they found deserted, and wandered
through the Persian army, slaughtering thousands before them. The
battle of Thermopylæ was the beginning of the disgrace of Xerxes.
The more he advanced, it was to experience new disappointments; his
fleet was defeated at Artemisium and Salamis, and though he burnt the
deserted city of Athens, and trusted to the artful insinuations of
Themistocles, yet he found his millions unable to conquer a nation
that was superior to him in the knowledge of war and maritime affairs.
Mortified with the ill success of his expedition, and apprehensive
of imminent danger in an enemy’s country, Xerxes hastened to Persia,
and in 30 days he marched over all that territory which before he
had passed with much pomp and parade in the space of six months.
Mardonius, the best of his generals, was left behind with an army
of 300,000 men, and the rest that had survived the ravages of war,
of famine, and pestilence, followed their timid monarch into Thrace,
where his steps were marked by the numerous birds of prey that
hovered round him, and fed upon the dead carcases of the Persians.
When he reached the Hellespont, Xerxes found the bridge of boats
which he had erected there totally destroyed by the storms, and he
crossed the straits in a small fishing vessel. Restored to his
kingdom and safety, he forgot his dangers, his losses, and his
defeats, and gave himself up to riot and debauchery. His indolence
and luxurious voluptuousness offended his subjects, and Artabanus,
the captain of his guards, conspired against him, and murdered him
in his bed, in the 21st year of his reign, about 464 years before
the christian era. The personal accomplishments of Xerxes have been
commended by ancient authors, and Herodotus observes that there was
not one man among the millions of his army that was equal to the
monarch in comeliness or stature, or that was as worthy to preside
over a great and extensive empire. The picture is finished, and the
character of Xerxes completely known, when we hear Justin exclaim
that the vast armament which invaded Greece was without a head.
Xerxes has been cited as an instance of humanity. When he reviewed
his millions from a stately throne in the plains of Asia, he suddenly
shed a torrent of tears on the recollection that the multitude of
men he saw before his eyes in 100 years should be no more. His pride
and insolence have been deservedly censured; he ordered chains to be
thrown into the sea, and the waves to be whipped, because the first
bridge he had laid across the Hellespont had been destroyed by a
storm. He cut a channel through mount Athos, and saw his fleet sail
in a place which before was dry ground. The very rivers were dried
up by his army as he advanced towards Greece, and the cities which he
entered reduced to want and poverty. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 183; bk.
7, ch. 2, &c.――_Diodorus_, bk. 11.――_Strabo_, bk. 9.――_Ælian_, bk. 3,
_Varia Historia_, ch. 25.――_Justin_, bk. 2, ch. 10, &c.――_Pausanias_,
bk. 3, ch. 4; bk. 8, ch. 46.――_Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 672.――_Plutarch_,
_Themistocles_, &c. _Valerius Maximus._――_Isocrates_, _Panathenaicus_.
――_Seneca_, _de Constantia Sapientis_, ch. 4.

=Xerxes II.=, succeeded his father Artaxerxes Longimanus on the throne
of Persia, 425 B.C., and was assassinated in the first year of his
reign by his brother Sogdianus.

=Xerxes=, a painter of Heraclea, who made a beautiful representation of
Venus.

=Xeuxes=, an officer of Antiochus the Great king of Syria.

=Xiline=, a town of Colchis.

=Xiphonia=, a promontory of Sicily at the north of Syracuse, now
_Cruce_. _Strabo_, bk. 6.――――Also a town near it, now _Augusta_.

=Xois=, an island formed by the mouths of the Nile. _Strabo_, bk. 17.

=Xuthia=, the ancient name of the plains of Leontium in Sicily.
_Diodorus_, bk. 5.

=Xuthus=, a son of Hellen, grandson of Deucalion. He was banished from
Thessaly by his brothers, and came to Athens, where he married Creusa
the daughter of king Erechtheus, by whom he had Achæus and Ion. He
retired after the death of his father-in-law into Achaia, where he
died. According to some, he had no children, but adopted Ion, the son
whom Creusa, before her marriage, had borne to Apollo. _Apollodorus_,
bk. 1, ch. 7.――_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 1.――_Euripides_, _Ion_, bk. 1,
scene 1.

=Xychus=, a Macedonian who told Philip of his cruelty when he had put
his son Demetrius to death, at the instigation of Perseus.

=Xylenopŏlis=, a town at the mouth of the Indus, built by Alexander,
supposed to be _Laheri_. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 23.

=Xyline=, a town of Pamphylia. _Livy_, bk. 38, ch. 15.

=Xylopŏlis=, a town of Macedonia. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 10.

=Xynias=, a lake of Thessaly, or, according to some, of Bœotia. _Livy_,
bk. 32, ch. 13; bk. 33, ch. 3.

=Xynoichia=, an anniversary day observed at Athens in honour of Minerva,
and in commemoration of the time in which the people of Attica left
their country seats, and, by advice of Theseus, all united in one
body.

Z

=Zabatus=, a river of Media, falling into the Tigris, near which the
10,000 Greeks stopped in their return. _Xenophon._

=Zabdicēne=, a province of Persia.

=Zabirna=, a town of Libya, where Bacchus destroyed a large beast that
infested the country. _Diodorus_, bk. 3.

=Zabus=, a river of Assyria, falling into the Tigris.

=Zacynthus=, a native of Bœotia, who accompanied Hercules when he went
into Spain to destroy Geryon. At the end of the expedition he was
entrusted with the care of Geryon’s flocks by the hero, and ordered
to conduct them to Thebes. As he went on his journey, he was bit by
a serpent, and some time after died. His companions carried his body
away, and buried it in an island of the Ionian sea, which from that
time was called _Zacynthus_. The island of Zacynthus, now called
_Zante_, is situate at the south of Cephalenia, and at the west of
the Peloponnesus. It is about 60 miles in circumference. _Livy_, bk.
26, ch. 24.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.――_Strabo_, bks. 2 & 8.――_Mela_,
bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 1, li. 246; bk. 9, li. 24.
――_Ovid_, _Ars Amatoria_, bk. 2, li. 432.――_Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 23.
――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 270.――――A son of Dardanus.
_Pausanias_, bk. 8.

=Zadris=, a town of Colchis.

=Zagræus=, a son of Jupiter and Proserpine, the same as the first
Bacchus, of whom Cicero speaks. Some say that Jupiter obtained
Proserpine’s favours in the form of a serpent in one of the caves
of Sicily, where her mother had concealed her from his pursuits, and
that from this union Zagræus was born.

=Zagrus=, a mountain on the confines of Media and Babylonia. _Strabo_,
bk. 11.

=Zalates=, an effeminate youth brought to Rome from Armenia as a
hostage, &c. _Juvenal_, satire 20, li. 164.

=Zaleucus=, a lawgiver of the Locrians in Italy, and one of the
disciples of Pythagoras, 550 B.C. He was very humane, and at the
same time very austere, and he attempted to enforce his laws more
by inspiring shame than dread. He had wisely decreed that a person
guilty of adultery should lose both his eyes. His philosophy was
called to a trial when he was informed that his son was an adulterer.
He ordered the law to be executed; the people interfered, but
Zaleucus resisted, and rather than violate his own institutions, he
commanded one of his own eyes, and one of those of his son, to be
put out. This made such an impression upon the people, that while
Zaleucus presided over the Locrians, no person was again found
guilty of adultery. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 1, ch. 2; bk. 6, ch. 5.
――_Cicero_, _de Legibus_, bk. 2, ch. 6; _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 6,
ltr. 1.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 2, ch. 37; bk. 3, ch. 17;
bk. 13, ch. 24.――_Strabo_, bk. 6.

=Zama=, or =Zagma=, a town of Numidia, 300 miles from Carthage,
celebrated for the victory which Scipio obtained there over the great
Annibal, B.C. 202. Metellus besieged it, and was obliged to retire
with great loss. After Juba’s death it was destroyed by the Romans.
_Hirtius_, _African War_, ch. 91.――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Hannibal_.
――_Livy_, bk. 30, ch. 29.――_Sallust_, _Jugurthine War_.――_Florus_,
bk. 3, ch. 1.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 261.――_Strabo_, bk. 17.
――――A town of Cappadocia,――――of Mesopotamia.

=Zameis=, a debauched king of Assyria, son of Semiramis and Ninus, as
some report. He reigned 38 years.

=Zamolxis=, or =Zalmoxis=, a slave and disciple of Pythagoras. He
accompanied his master in Egypt, and afterwards retired into the
country of the Getæ, which had given him birth. He began to civilize
his countrymen, and the more easily to gain reputation, he concealed
himself for three years in a subterraneous cave, and afterwards made
them believe that he was just raised from the dead. Some place him
before the age of Pythagoras. After death he received divine honours.
_Diodorus._――_Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 19, &c.

=Zancle=, a town of Sicily, on the straits which separate that island
from Italy. It received its name from its appearing like a scythe,
which was called ξανκλον in the language of the country, or, as
others say, because the scythe with which Saturn mutilated his father
fell there, or because, as Diodorus reports, a person named Zanclus
had either built it or exercised its sovereignty. Zancle fell into
the hands of the Samians 497 years before the christian era, and
three years after it was recovered by Anaxilaus the Messenian tyrant
of Rhegium, who gave it the name of his native country, and called it
_Messana_. It was founded, as most chronologers support, about 1058
years before the christian era, by the pirates of Cumæ in Italy,
and peopled by Samians, Ionians, and Chalcidians. _Strabo_, bk. 6.
――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 1, li. 662.――_Ovid_,
_Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 499; _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 6; bk. 15,
li. 290.――_Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 23.

=Zarax=, a town of Peloponnesus.

=Zarbiēnus=, a petty monarch of Asia, who was gained to the interest
of the Romans by one of the officers of Lucullus. Tigranes put him
to death for his desertion, and his funeral was celebrated with great
magnificence by the Roman general. _Plutarch_, _Lucullus_.

=Zariaspes=, a Persian who attempted to revolt from Alexander, &c.
_Curtius_, bk. 9, ch. 10.――――A river, now _Dehash_, on which Bactria,
the capital of Bactriana, was built. It is called Bactrus by Curtius,
bk. 7, ch. 4.――_Pliny_, bk. 6, chs. 15 & 16.

=Zathes=, a river of Armenia.

=Zaueces=, a people of Libya. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 193.

=Zebīna Alexander=, an impostor who usurped the throne of Syria, at the
instigation of Ptolemy Physcon.

=Zela=, or =Zelia=, a town of Pontus near the river Lycus, where Cæsar
defeated Pharnaces son of Mithridates. In expressing this victory,
the general used the words, _Veni_, _vidi_, _vinci_. _Suetonius_,
_Cæsar_, ch. 37.――_Hirtius_, _Alexandrine War_, ch. 72.――――A town of
Troas at the foot of Ida.――――Another in Lycia.

=Zelasium=, a promontory of Thessaly. _Livy_, bk. 31, ch. 46.

=Zeles=, a town of Spain.

=Zelus=, a daughter of Pallas.

=Zeno=, a philosopher of Elia or Velia in Italy, the disciple, or,
according to some, the adopted son of Parmenides, and the supposed
inventor of dialectic. His opinions about the universe, the unity,
incomprehensibility, and immutability of all things, were the same
with those of Xenophanes and the rest of the Eleatic philosophers.
It is said that he attempted to deliver his country from the tyranny
of Nearchus. His plot was discovered, and he was exposed to the most
excruciating torments to reveal the name of his accomplices, but this
he bore with unparalleled fortitude, and not to be at last conquered
by tortures, he cut off his tongue with his teeth, and spit it into
the face of the tyrant. Some say that he was pounded alive in a
mortar, and that in the midst of his torments he called to Nearchus,
as if to reveal something of importance; the tyrant approached him,
and Zeno, as if willing to whisper to him, caught his ear with his
teeth, and bit it off. _Cicero_, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 2,
ch. 22; _De Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 33.――_Diodorus Siculus_,
_Fragment_.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 3, ch. 3.――_Diogenes Laërtius_,
bk. 9.――――The founder of the sect of the stoics, born at Citium
in the island of Cyprus. The first part of his life was spent
in commercial pursuits, but he was soon called to more elevated
employments. As he was returning from Phœnicia, a storm drove his
ship on the coast of Attica, and he was shipwrecked near the Piræus.
This moment of calamity he regarded as the beginning of his fame. He
entered the house of a bookseller, and, to dissipate his melancholy
reflections, he began to read. The book was written by Xenophon;
and the merchant was so pleased and captivated by the eloquence
and beauties of the philosopher, that from that time he renounced
the pursuits of a busy life, and applied himself to the study of
philosophy. Ten years were spent in frequenting the school of Crates,
and the same number under Stilpo, Xenocrates, and Polemon. Perfect
in every branch of knowledge, and improved from experience as well
as observation, Zeno opened a school at Athens, and soon saw himself
attended by the great, the learned, and the powerful. His followers
were called _Stoics_, because they received the instructions of the
philosopher in the portico called στοα. He was so respected during
his lifetime, that the Athenians publicly decreed him a brazen statue
and a crown of gold, and engraved their decree, to give it more
publicity, on two columns in the academy, and in the Lyceum. His
life was an example of soberness and moderation; his manners were
austere, and to his temperance and regularity he was indebted for the
continual flow of health which he always enjoyed. After he had taught
publicly for 48 years, he died in the 98th year of his age, B.C. 264,
a stranger to diseases, and never incommoded by a real indisposition.
He was buried in that part of the city called Ceramicus, where the
Athenians raised him a monument. The founder of the stoic philosophy
shone before his followers as a pure example of imitation. Virtue he
perceived to be the ultimate aim of his researches. He wished to live
in the world as if nothing was properly his own; he loved others, and
his affections were extended even to his enemies. He felt a pleasure
in being kind, benevolent, and attentive, and he found that these
sentiments of pleasure were reciprocal. He saw a connection and
dependence in the system of the universe, and perceived that from
thence arose the harmony of civil society, the tenderness of parents,
and filial gratitude. In the attainment of virtue the goods of the
mind were to be preferred to those of the body, and when that point
was once gained, nothing could equal our happiness and perfection,
and the stoic could view with indifference health or sickness, riches
or poverty, pain and pleasure, which could neither move nor influence
the serenity of his mind. Zeno recommended resignation; he knew that
the laws of the universe cannot be changed by man, and therefore he
wished that his disciples should not in prayer deprecate impending
calamities, but rather beseech Providence to grant them fortitude
to bear the severest trials with pleasure and due resignation to the
will of Heaven. An arbitrary command over the passions was one of
the rules of stoicism; to assist our friends in the hour of calamity
was our duty, but to give way to childish sensations was unbecoming
our nature. Pity, therefore, and anger, were to be banished from the
heart, propriety and decorum were to be the guides in everything, and
the external actions of men were the best indications of their inward
feelings, their secret inclinations, and their character. It was the
duty of the stoic to study himself; in the evening he was enjoined to
review with critical accuracy the events of the day, and to regulate
his future conduct with more care, and always to find an impartial
witness within his own breast. Such were the leading characters of
the stoic philosophy, whose followers were so illustrious, so perfect,
and so numerous, and whose effects were productive of such exemplary
virtues in the annals of the human mind. Zeno in his maxims used to
say, that with virtue man could live happy under the most pressing
calamities. He said that nature had given us two ears, and only
one mouth, to tell us that we ought to listen more than speak. He
compared those whose actions were dissonant with their professions,
to the coin of Alexandria, which appeared beautiful to the eye,
though made of the basest metals. He acknowledged only one God,
the soul of the universe, which he conceived to be the body, and
therefore he believed that those two together united, the soul and
the body, formed one perfect animal, which was the god of the stoics.
Amongst the most illustrious followers of his doctrine, and as the
most respectable writers, may be mentioned _Epictetus_, _Seneca_,
the emperor _Antoninus_, &c. _Cicero_, _Academica_, bk. 1, ch. 12;
_De Natura Deorum_, bk. 1, ch. 14; bk. 2, chs. 8 & 24; bk. 3, ch. 24;
_For Marcellus_; _Orator_, ch. 32, &c.; _de Finibus Bonorum et
Malorum._――_Seneca._――_Epictetus._――_Arrian._――_Ælian_, _Varia
Historia_, bk. 9, ch. 26.――_Diogenes Laërtius._――――An Epicurean
philosopher of Sidon, who numbered among his pupils Cicero, Pomponius
Atticus, Cotta, Pompey, &c. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 1,
chs. 21 & 34.――――A rhetorician, father to Polemon, who was made king
of Pontus.――――The son of Polemon, who was king of Armenia, was also
called Zeno. _Strabo_, bk. 12.――_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 2, ch. 56.
――――A native of Lepreos, son of Calliteles, crowned at the Olympic
games, and honoured with a statue in the grove of Jupiter, and at
Olympia. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 15.――――A general of Antiochus.――――A
philosopher of Tarsus, B.C. 207.――――The name of Zeno was common to
some of the Roman emperors on the throne of Constantinople, in the
fifth and sixth centuries.

=Zenobia=, a queen of Iberia, wife to Rhadamistus. She accompanied
her husband when he was banished from his kingdom by the Armenians;
but as she was unable to follow him on account of her pregnancy,
she entreated him to murder her. Rhadamistus long hesitated, but
fearful of her falling into the hands of his enemy, he obeyed,
and threw her body into the Araxes. Her clothes kept her up on the
surface of the water, where she was found by some shepherds, and
as the wound was not mortal, her life was preserved, and she was
carried to Tiridates, who acknowledged her as queen. _Tacitus_,
_Annals_, bk. 12, ch. 51.――――Septimia, a celebrated princess of
Palmyra, who married Odenatus, whom Gallienus acknowledged as his
partner on the Roman throne. After the death of her husband, which,
according to some authors, she is said to have hastened, Zenobia
reigned in the east as regent of her infant children, who were
honoured with the title of Cæsars. She assumed the name of Augusta,
and she appeared in imperial robes, and ordered herself to be
styled the queen of the east. The troubles which at that time
agitated the western parts of the empire, prevented the emperor
from checking the insolence and ambition of this princess, who
boasted to be sprung from the Ptolemies of Egypt. Aurelian was
no sooner invested with the imperial purple than he marched into
the east, determined to punish the pride of Zenobia. He well knew
her valour, and he was not ignorant that in her wars against the
Persians she had distinguished herself no less than Odenatus.
She was the mistress of the east; Egypt acknowledged her power,
and all the provinces of Asia Minor were subject to her command.
When Aurelian approached the plains of Syria, the Palmyrean queen
appeared at the head of 700,000 men. She bore the labours of the
field like the meanest of her soldiers, and walked on foot fearless
of danger. Two battles were fought; the courage of the queen
gained the superiority, but an imprudent evolution of the Palmyrean
cavalry ruined her cause; and while they pursued with spirit the
flying enemy, the Roman infantry suddenly fell upon the main body
of Zenobia’s army, and the defeat was inevitable. The queen fled
to Palmyra, determined to support a siege. Aurelian followed her,
and after he had almost exhausted his stores, he proposed terms
of accommodation, which were rejected with disdain by the warlike
princess. Her hopes of victory, however, soon vanished, and though
she harassed the Romans night and day by continual sallies from her
walls, and the working of her military engines, she despaired of
success when she heard that the armies which were marching to her
relief from Armenia, Persia, and the east, had partly been defeated
and partly bribed from her allegiance. She fled from Palmyra in the
night, but Aurelian, who was apprised of her escape, pursued her,
and she was caught as she was crossing the river Euphrates. She was
brought into the presence of Aurelian, and though the soldiers were
clamorous for her death, she was reserved to adorn the triumph of
the conqueror. She was treated with great humanity, and Aurelian
gave her large possessions near Tibur, where she was permitted
to live the rest of her days in peace, with all the grandeur and
majesty which became a queen of the east, and a warlike princess.
Her children were patronized by the emperor, and married to persons
of the first distinction at Rome. Zenobia has been admired not only
for her military abilities, but also for her literary talents. She
was acquainted with every branch of useful learning, and spoke with
fluency the language of the Egyptians, the Greeks, and the Latins.
She composed an abridgment of the history of the oriental nations,
and of Egypt, which was greatly commended by the ancients. She
received no less honour from the patronage she afforded to the
celebrated Longinus, who was one of her favourites, and who taught
her the Greek tongue. She has also been praised for her great
chastity, and her constancy, though she betrayed too often her
propensities to cruelty and intoxication when in the midst of her
officers. She fell into the hands of Aurelian about the 273rd year
of the christian era. _Aurelius Victor._――_Zosimus_, &c.――――A town
of Syria on the Euphrates.

=Zenobii insulæ=, small islands at the mouth of the Arabian gulf.

=Zenodōrus=, a sculptor in the age of Nero. He made a statue of Mercury,
as also a colossus for the emperor, which was 110 or 120 feet high,
and which was consecrated to the sun. The head of this colossus was
some time after broken by Vespasian, who placed there the head of
an Apollo surrounded with seven beams, each of which was seven feet
and a half long. From this famous colossus the modern coliseum, whose
ruins are now so much admired at Rome, took its name. _Pliny_, bk. 54,
ch. 7.

=Zenodotia=, a town of Mesopotamia, near Nicephorium. _Plutarch_,
_Crassus_.

=Zenodōtus=, a native of Trœzene, who wrote a history of Umbria.
_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 2.――――A grammarian of Alexandria,
in the age of Ptolemy Soter, by whom he was appointed to take care of
the celebrated library of Alexandria. He died B.C. 245.

=Zenothemis=, a Greek writer. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 17, ch. 30.

=Zephyrium=, a promontory of Magna Græcia towards the Ionian sea,
whence, according to some, the Locrians are called _Epizephyrii_.
――――A town of Cilicia. _Livy_, bk. 33, ch. 20.――――A cape of Crete,
now _San Zuane_.――――Of Pontus, &c.

=Zephy̆rum=, a promontory in the island of Cyprus, where Venus had
a temple built by Ptolemy Philadelphus, whence she was called
_Zephyria_. It was in this temple that Arsione made an offering of
her hair to the goddess of beauty.

=Zephy̆rus=, one of the winds, son of Astreus and Aurora, the same as
the _Favonius_ of the Latins. He married a nymph called Chloris, or
Flora, by whom he had a son called Carpos. Zephyr was said to produce
flowers and fruits by the sweetness of his breath. He had a temple
at Athens, where he was represented as a young man of delicate form,
with two wings on his shoulders, and with his head covered with all
sorts of flowers. He was ♦supposed to be the same as the west wind.
_Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 377.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 135;
bk. 2, li. 417; bk. 4, li. 223, &c.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1,
li. 64; bk. 15, li. 700.――_Propertius_, bk. 1, poem 16, li. 34, &c.

♦ ‘suppossd’ replaced with ‘supposed’

=Zerynthus=, a town of Samothrace, with a cave sacred to Hecate. The
epithet of _Zerynthius_ is applied to Apollo, and also to Venus.
_Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 1, poem 9, li. 19.――_Livy_, bk. 38, ch. 41.

=Zethes=, =Zetes=, or =Zetus=, a son of Boreas king of Thrace and
Orithyia, who accompanied, with his brother Cailas, the Argonauts
to Colchis. In Bithynia, the two brothers, who are represented
with wings, delivered Phineus from the continual persecution of
the Harpies, and drove these monsters as far as the islands called
Strophades, where at last they were stopped by Iris, who promised
them that Phineus should no longer be tormented by them. They
were both killed, as some say, by Hercules during the Argonautic
expedition, and were changed into those winds which generally
blow eight or ten days before the dog-star appears, and are called
Prodromi by the Greeks. Their sister Cleopatra married Phineus king
of Bithynia. _Orpheus_, _Argonautica_.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9;
bk. 3, ch. 15.――_Hyginus_, fable 14.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8,
li. 716.――_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 18.――_Valerius Flaccus._

=Zetta=, a town of Africa, near Thapsus, now _Zerbi_. _Strabo_, bk. 17.
――_Hirtius_, _African War_, ch. 68.

=Zetus=, or =Zethus=, a son of Jupiter and Antiope, brother to Amphion.
The two brothers were born on mount Cithæron, where Antiope had fled
to avoid the resentment of her father Nycteus. When they had attained
the years of manhood, they collected a number of their friends to
avenge the injuries which their mother had suffered from Lycus, the
successor of Nycteus on the throne of Thebes, and from his wife Dirce.
Lycus was put to death, and his wife tied to the tail of a wild bull,
that dragged her over rocks and precipices till she died. The crown
of Thebes was seized by the two brothers, not only as the reward of
this victory, but as their inheritance, and Zethus surrounded the
capital of his dominions with a strong wall, while his brother amused
himself with playing on his lyre. Music and verses were disagreeable
to Zethus, and, according to some, he prevailed upon his brother
no longer to pursue so unproductive a study. _Hyginus_, fable 7.
――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 6, &c.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, chs. 5 & 10.
――_Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 18, li. 41.

=Zeugis=, a portion of Africa, in which Carthage was. The other
division was called _Byzacium_. _Isidorus_, bk. 14, ch. 5.――_Pliny_,
bk. 5, ch. 4.

=Zeugma=, a town of Mesopotamia, on the western bank of the Euphrates,
where was a well-known passage across the river. It was the eastern
boundary of the Roman empire, and in Pliny’s age a chain of iron was
said to extend across it. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 24.――_Strabo_, bk. 16.
――_Curtius_, bk. 3, ch. 7.――_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 12, ch. 12.――――A
town of Dacia.

=Zeus=, a name of Jupiter among the Greeks, expressive of his being the
father of mankind, and by whom all things live. _Diodorus_, bk. 5.

=Zeuxidămus=, a king of Sparta, of the family of the Proclidæ. He was
father of Archidamus and grandson of Theopompus, and was succeeded by
his son Archidamus. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 7.

=Zeuxidas=, a pretor of the Achæan league, deposed because he had
promised to his countrymen an alliance with the Romans.

=Zeuxippe=, a daughter of Eridanus, mother of Butes, one of the
Argonauts, &c. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 15.――――A daughter of
Laomedon. She married Sicyon, who after his father-in-law’s death
became king of that city of Peloponnesus, which from him has been
called Sicyon. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 6.

=Zeuxis=, a celebrated painter, born at Heraclea, which some suppose to
be the Heraclea of Sicily. He flourished about 468 years before the
christian era, and was the disciple of Apollodorus, and contemporary
with Parrhasius. In the art of painting he surpassed not only all
his contemporaries, but also his master, and became so sensible,
and at the same time so proud, of the value of his pieces, that he
refused to sell them, observing that no sum of money, however great,
was sufficient to buy them. His most celebrated paintings were his
Jupiter sitting on a throne, surrounded by the gods; his Hercules
strangling the serpents in the presence of his affrighted parents;
his modest Penelope; and his Helen, which was afterwards placed in
the temple of Juno Lacinia, in Italy. This last piece he had painted
at the request of the people of Crotona, and that he might not be
without a model, they sent him the most beautiful of their virgins.
Zeuxis examined their naked beauties, and retained five, from whose
elegance and graces united, he conceived in his mind the form of
the most perfect woman in the universe, which his pencil at last
executed with wonderful success. His contest with Parrhasius is well
known [_See:_ Parrhasius]; but though he represented nature in such
perfection, and copied all her beauties with such exactness, he
often found himself deceived. He painted grapes, and formed an idea
of the goodness of his piece from the birds which came to eat the
fruit on the canvas. But he soon acknowledged that the whole was
an ill-executed piece, as the figure of the man who carried the
grapes was not done with sufficient expression to terrify the birds.
According to some, Zeuxis died from laughing at a comical picture
which he had made of an old woman. _Cicero_, _de Inventione_, bk. 2,
ch. 1.――_Plutarch_, _Parallela minora_, &c.――_Quintilian._

=Zeuxo=, one of the Oceanides. _Hesiod._

=Zilia=, or =Zelis=, a town in Mauritania, at the mouth of a river of
the same name. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 1.

=Zimara=, a town of Armenia Minor, 12 miles from the sources of the
Euphrates. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 24.

=Zingis=, a promontory of Æthiopia, near the entrance of the Red sea,
now cape _Orfui_.

=Ziobĕris=, a river of Hyrcania, whose rapid course is described by
_Curtius_, bk. 6, ch. 4.

=Zipætes=, a king of Bithynia, who died in his 70th year, B.C. 279.

=Zitha=, a town of Mesopotamia.

=Ziza=, a town of Arabia.

=Zōĭlus=, a sophist and grammarian of Amphipolis, B.C. 259. He rendered
himself known by his severe criticisms on the works of Isocrates
and Plato, and the poems of Homer, for which he received the name
of _Homeromastic_, or the chastiser of Homer. He presented his
criticisms to Ptolemy Philadelphus, but they were rejected with
indignation, though the author declared that he starved for want of
bread. Some say that Zoilus was cruelly stoned to death, or exposed
on a cross by order of Ptolemy, while others support that he was
burnt alive at Smyrna. The name of _Zoilus_ is generally applied
to austere critics. The works of this unfortunate grammarian are
lost. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 11, ch. 10.――_Dionysius of
Halicarnassus._――_Ovid_, _Remedia Amoris_, li. 266.――――An officer
in the army of Alexander.

=Zoippus=, a son-in-law of Hiero of Sicily.

=Zona=, a town of Africa. _Dio Cassius_, bk. 48.――――Of Thrace, on the
Ægean sea, where the woods are said to have followed the strains of
Orpheus. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 2.――_Herodotus._

=Zonăras=, one of the Byzantine historians, whose Greek Annals were
edited, 2 vols., folio, Paris, 1686.

=Zopy̆rio=, one of Alexander’s officers left in Greece when the
conqueror was in Asia, &c. _Curtius_, bk. 10, ch. 1.

=Zopy̆rion=, a governor of Pontus, who made war against Scythia, &c.
_Justin_, bk. 2, ch. 3.

=Zopy̆rus=, a Persian, son of Megabyzus, who, to show his attachment
to Darius the son of Hystaspes, while he besieged Babylon, cut
off his ears and nose, and fled to the enemy, telling them that he
had received such a treatment from his royal master because he had
advised him to raise the siege, as the city was impregnable. This
was credited by the Babylonians, and Zopyrus was appointed commander
of all their forces. When he had totally gained their confidence,
he betrayed the city into the hands of Darius, for which he was
liberally rewarded. The regard of Darius for Zopyrus could never be
more strongly expressed than in what he used often to say, that he
had rather have Zopyrus not mutilated than 20 Babylons. _Herodotus_,
bk. 3, ch. 154, &c.――_Plutarch_, _Regum et imperatorum apophthegmata_,
ch. 3.――_Justin_, bk. 1, ch. 10.――――An orator of Clazomenæ.
_Quintilian_, bk. 3, ch. 6.――――A physician in the age of Mithridates.
He gave the monarch a description of an antidote which would prevail
against all sorts of poisons. The experiment was tried upon criminals,
and succeeded.――――A physician in the age of Plutarch.――――An officer
of Argos, who cut off the head of Pyrrhus. _Plutarch._――――A man
appointed master of Alcibiades, by Pericles. _Plutarch._――――A
physiognomist. _Cicero_, _de Fato_, ch. 5.――――A rhetorician of
Colophon. _Diogenes Laërtius._

=Zoroanda=, a part of Taurus between Mesopotamia and Armenia, near
which the Tigris flows. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 27.

=Zoroaster=, a king of Bactria, supposed to have lived in the age of
Ninus king of Assyria, some time before the Trojan war. According to
Justin, he first invented magic, or the doctrines of the Magi, and
rendered himself known by his deep and acute researches in philosophy,
the origin of the world, and the study of astronomy. He was respected
by his subjects and contemporaries for his abilities as a monarch,
a lawgiver, and a philosopher, and though many of his doctrines are
puerile and ridiculous, yet his followers are still found in numbers
in the wilds of Persia, and the extensive provinces of India. Like
Pythagoras, Zoroaster admitted no visible object of devotion except
fire, which he considered as the most proper emblem of a supreme
being; which doctrines seem to have been preserved by Numa, in
the worship and ceremonies which he instituted in honour of Vesta.
According to some of the moderns, the doctrines, the laws, and
regulations of this celebrated Bactrian are still extant, and they
have been lately introduced in Europe in a French translation by
Marcus Anquetil. The age of Zoroaster is so little known that many
speak of two, three, four, and even six lawgivers of that name. Some
authors, who support that two persons only of this name flourished,
describe the first as an astronomer living in Babylon, 2459 years
B.C., whilst the era of the other, who is supposed to have been
a native of Persia, and the restorer of the religion of the Magi,
is fixed 589, and by some 519 years B.C. _Justin_, bk. 1, ch. 1.
――_Augustine_, _City of God_, bk. 21, ch. 14.――_Orosius_, bk. 1.
――_Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 10; bk. 30, ch. 1.

=Zosĭmus=, an officer in the reign of Theodosius the younger, about
the year 410 of the christian era. He wrote the history of the Roman
emperors in Greek, from the age of Augustus to the beginning of the
fifth century, of which only the five first books, and the beginning
of the sixth, are extant. In the first of those he is very succinct
in his account from the time of Augustus to the reign of Diocletian,
but in the succeeding he becomes more diffuse and interesting. His
composition is written with elegance, but not much fidelity, and the
author showed his malevolence against the christians in his history
of Constantine, and some of his successors. The best editions of
Zosimus are that of Celarius, 8vo. Jenæ, 1728, and that of Reiemier,
8vo, Lipscomb, 1784.

=Zosine=, the wife of king Tigranes, led in triumph by Pompey.
_Plutarch._

=Zoster=, a town, harbour, and promontory of Attica. _Cicero_, _Letters
to Atticus_, bk. 5, ltr. 12.

=Zosteria=, a surname of Minerva. She had two statues under that name
in the city of Thebes, in Bœotia. The word signified girt, or armed
for battle, words synonymous among the ancients. _Pausanias_, bk. 9,
ch. 17.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2, li. 478; bk. 11, li. 15.

=Zotale=, a place near Antiochia in Margiana, where the Margus was
divided into small streams. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 16.

=Zothraustes=, a lawgiver among the Arimaspi. _Diodorus._

=Zuchis=, a lake to the east of the Syrtis Minor, with a town of the
same name, famous for a purple dye, and salt-fish. _Strabo_, bk. 17.

=Zygantes=, a people of Africa.

=Zygia=, a surname of Juno, because she presided over marriage (_a_
ζευγνυμι _jungo_). She is the same as the _Pronuba_ of the Latins.
_Pindar._――_Pollux_, bk. 3, ch. 3.

=Zygii=, a savage nation at the north of Colchis. _Strabo_, bk. 11.

=Zygopŏlis=, a town of Cappadocia, on the borders of Colchis. _Strabo_,
bk. 12.

=Zygrītæ=, a nation of Libya.