Chapter D (10)

=Gregorius Theodore Thaumaturgus=, a disciple of Origen, afterwards
bishop of Neocæsarea, the place of his birth. He died A.D. 266,
and it is said he left only 17 idolaters in his diocese, where
he had found only 17 christians. Of his works, are extant his
congratulatory oration to Origen, a canonical epistle, and other
treatises in Greek, the best edition of which is that of Paris,
folio, 1622.――――Nazianzen, surnamed the _Divine_, was bishop
of Constantinople, which he resigned on its being disputed. His
writings rival those of the most celebrated orators of Greece
in eloquence, sublimity, and variety. His sermons are more for
philosophers than common hearers, but replete with seriousness and
devotion. Erasmus said that he was afraid to translate his works,
from the apprehension of not transfusing into another language the
smartness and acumen of his style, and the stateliness and happy
diction of the whole. He died A.D. 389. The best edition is that of
the Benedictines, the first volume of which, in folio, was published
at Paris, 1778.――――A bishop of Nyssa, author of the Nicene creed.
His style is represented as allegorical and affected; and he has
been accused of mixing philosophy too much with theology. His
writings consist of commentaries on scripture, moral discourses,
sermons on mysteries, dogmatical treatises, panegyrics on saints;
the best edition of which is that of Morell, 2 vols., folio, Paris,
1615. The bishop died, A.D. 396.――――Another christian writer, whose
works were edited by the Benedictines, in 4 vols., folio, Paris,
1705.

=Grinnes=, a people among the Batavians. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 5,
ch. 10.

=Grosphus=, a man distinguished as much for his probity as his riches,
to whom _Horace_ addressed bk. 2, ode 16.

=Grudii=, a people tributary to the Nervii, supposed to have inhabited
the country near Tournay or Bruges in Flanders. _Cæsar_, _Gallic
War_, bk. 5, ch. 38.

=Grumentum=, now _Armento_, an inland town of Lucania on the river
Aciris. _Livy_, bk. 23, ch. 37; bk. 27, ch. 41.

=Gryllus=, a son of Xenophon, who killed Epaminondas, and was himself
slain, at the battle of Mantinea, B.C. 363. His father was offering
a sacrifice when he received the news of his death, and he threw
down the garland which was on his head; but he replaced it when
he heard that the enemy’s general had fallen by his hands; and
he observed, that his death ought to be celebrated with every
demonstration of joy, rather than of lamentation. _Aristotle._
――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 11, &c.――――One of the companions of
Ulysses, changed into a swine by Circe. It it said that he refused
to be restored to his human shape, and preferred the indolence and
inactivity of this squalid animal.

=Grynēum= and =Grynīum=, a town near Clazomenæ, where Apollo had a
temple with an oracle, on account of which he is called _Grynæus_.
_Strabo_, bk. 13.――_Virgil_, _Eclogues_, bk. 6, li. 72; _Æneid_,
bk. 4, li. 345.

=Grynēus=, one of the Centaurs, who fought against the Lapithæ, &c.
_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 260.

=Gyărus= and =Gyăros=, an island in the Ægean sea, near Delos.
The Romans were wont to send their culprits there. _Ovid_,
_Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 407.

=Gyas=, one of the companions of Æneas, who distinguished himself at
the games exhibited after the death of Anchises in Sicily. _Virgil_,
_Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 118, &c.――――A part of the territories of
Syracuse, in the possession of Dionysius.――――A Rutulian, son of
Melampus, killed by Æneas in Italy. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10,
li. 318.

=Gȳgæus=, a lake of Lydia, 40 stadia from Sardis. _Propertius_, bk. 3,
poem 11, li. 18.

=Gȳge=, a maid of Parysatis.

=Gyges=, or =Gyes=, a son of Cœlus and Terra, represented as having
50 heads and 100 hands. He, with his brothers, made war against the
gods, and was afterwards punished in Tartarus. _Ovid_, _Tristia_,
bk. 4, poem 7, li. 18.――――A Lydian, to whom Candaules king of the
country showed his wife naked. The queen was so incensed at this
instance of imprudence and infirmity in her husband, that she
ordered Gyges, either to prepare for death himself, or to murder
Candaules. He chose the latter, and married the queen, and ascended
the vacant throne, about 718 years before the christian era. He was
the first of the Mermnadæ who reigned in Lydia. He reigned 38 years,
and distinguished himself by the immense presents which he made to
the oracle of Delphi. According to Plato, Gyges descended into a
chasm of the earth, where he found a brazen horse, whose sides he
opened, and saw within the body the carcase of a man of uncommon
size, from whose finger he took a famous brazen ring. This ring,
when put on his finger, rendered him invisible; and by means of its
virtue, he introduced himself to the queen, murdered her husband,
and married her, and usurped the crown of Lydia. _Herodotus_, bk. 1,
ch. 8.――♦_Plato_, _Dialogues_, bk. 10, _The Republic_.――_Valerius
Maximus_, bk. 7, ch. 1.――_Cicero_, _De Officiis_, bk. 3, ch. 9.――――A
man killed by Turnus in his wars with Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_,
bk. 9, li. 762.――――A beautiful boy of Cnidos in the age of Horace.
_Horace_, bk. 2, ode 5, li. 30.

♦ ‘Plutarch’ replaced with ‘Plato’

=Gylippus=, a Lacedæmonian sent, B.C. 414, by his countrymen to assist
Syracuse against the Athenians. He obtained a celebrated victory
over Nicias and Demosthenes, the enemy’s generals, and obliged them
to surrender. He accompanied Lysander in his expedition against
Athens, and was present at the taking of that celebrated town. After
the fall of Athens, he was entrusted by the conqueror with the money
which had been taken in the plunder, which amounted to 1500 talents.
As he conveyed it to Sparta, he had the meanness to unsew the bottom
of the bags which contained it, and secreted about 300 talents. His
theft was discovered; and to avoid the punishment which he deserved,
he fled from his country, and by this act of meanness tarnished the
glory of his victorious actions. _Tibullus_, bk. 4, poem 1, li. 199.
――_Plutarch_, _Nicias_.――――An Arcadian in the Rutulian war. _Virgil_,
_Æneid_, bk. 12, li. 272.

=Gymnăsia=, a large city near Colchis. _Diodorus_, bk. 14.

=Gymnăsium=, a place among the Greeks, where all the public exercises
were performed, and where not only wrestlers and dancers exhibited,
but also philosophers, poets, and rhetoricians repeated their
compositions. The room was high and spacious, and could contain many
thousands of spectators. The laborious exercises of the Gymnasium
were running, leaping, throwing the quoit, wrestling, and boxing,
which was called by the Greeks πενταθλον, and by the Romans
_quinquertia_. In riding, the athlete led a horse, on which he
sometimes was mounted, conducting another by the bridle, and jumping
from the one upon the other. Whoever came first to the goal and
jumped with the greatest agility, obtained the prize. In running
afoot the athletes were sometimes armed, and he who came first was
declared victorious. Leaping was a useful exercise; its primary
object was to teach the soldiers to jump over ditches, and to
pass over eminences during a siege, or in the field of battle.
In throwing the quoit, the prize was adjudged to him who threw it
furthest. The quoits were made either with wood, stone, or metal.
The wrestlers employed all their dexterity to bring their adversary
to the ground, and the boxers had their hands armed with gauntlets,
called also _cestus_. Their blows were dangerous, and often ended
in the death of one of the combatants. In wrestling and boxing,
the athletes were often naked, whence the word Gymnasium, γυμνος,
_nudus_. They anointed themselves with oil to brace their limbs, and
to render their bodies slippery and more difficult to be grasped.
_Pliny_, bk. 2, ltr. 17.――_Cornelius Nepos_, bk. 20, ch. 5.

=Gymnēsiæ=, two islands near the Iberus in the Mediterranean, called
Beleares by the Greeks. _Plutarch_, bk. 5, ch. 8.――_Strabo_, bk. 2.

=Gymnetes=, a people of Æthiopia, who lived almost naked. _Pliny_,
bk. 5, ch. 8.

=Gymniæ=, a town of Colchis. _Xenophon_, _Anabasis_, bk. 4.

=Gymnosophistæ=, a certain sect of philosophers in India, who,
according to some, placed their _summum bonum_ in pleasure, and
their _summum malum_ in pain. They lived naked, as their name
implies, and for 37 years they exposed themselves in the open air,
to the heat of the sun, the inclemency of the seasons, and the
coldness of the night. They were often seen in the fields fixing
their eyes full upon the disc of the sun from the time of its rising
till the hour of its setting. Sometimes they stood whole days upon
one foot in burning sand without moving, or showing any concern
for what surrounded them. Alexander was astonished at the sight
of a sect of men who seemed to despise bodily pain, and who inured
themselves to suffer the greatest tortures without uttering a groan,
or expressing any marks of fear. The conqueror condescended to visit
them, and his astonishment was increased when he saw one of them
ascend a burning pile with firmness and unconcern, to avoid the
infirmities of old age, and stand upright on one leg and unmoved,
whilst the flames surrounded him on every side. _See:_ Calanus. The
Brachmans were a branch of the sect of the Gymnosophistæ. _See:_
Brachmanes. _Strabo_, bk. 15, &c.――_Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 2.――_Cicero_,
_Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 5.――_Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 240.
――_Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 9.――_Dionysius._

=Gynæceas=, a woman said to have been the wife of Faunus, and the
mother of Bacchus and of Midas.

=Gynæcothœnas=, a name of Mars at Tegea, on account of a sacrifice
offered by the women without the assistance of the men, who were not
permitted to appear at this religious ceremony. _Pausanias_, bk. 8,
ch. 48.

=Gyndes=, now _Zeindeh_, a river of Assyria, falling into the Tigris.
When Cyrus marched against Babylon, his army was stopped by this
river, in which one of his favourite horses was drowned. This so
irritated the monarch that he ordered the river to be conveyed into
360 different channels by his army, so that after this division it
hardly reached the knee. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, chs. 189 & 202.

=Gythēum=, a seaport town of Laconia, at the mouth of the Eurotas in
Peloponnesus, built by Hercules and Apollo, who had there desisted
from their quarrels. The inhabitants were called _Gytheatæ_.
_Cicero_, _De Officiis_, bk. 3, ch. 11.

H

=Habis=, a king of Spain, who first taught his subjects agriculture,
&c. _Justin_, bk. 44, ch. 4.

=Hadrianopŏlis=, a town of Thrace, on the Hebrus.

=Hadriānus=, a Roman emperor. _See:_ Adrianus.――――Caeso Fabius,
a pretor in Africa, who was burnt by the people of Utica for
conspiring with the slaves. _Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 1,
ch. 27; bk. 5, ch. 26.

=Hadriatĭcum mare.= _See:_ Adriaticum.

=Hædui.= _See:_ Ædui.

=Hæmon=, a Theban youth, son of Creon, who was so captivated with
the beauty of Antigone, that he killed himself on her tomb, when
he heard that she had been put to death by his father’s orders.
_Propertius_, bk. 2, poem 8, li. 21.――――A Rutulian engaged in the
wars of Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 685.――――A friend of
Æneas against Turnus. He was a native of Lycia. _Virgil_, _Æneid_,
bk. 10, li. 126.

=Hæmŏnia.= _See:_ Æmonia.

=Hæmus=, a mountain which separates Thrace from Thessaly, so high that
from its top are visible the Euxine and Adriatic seas, though this,
however, is denied by Strabo. It receives its name from Hæmus son of
Boreas and Orithyia, who married Rhodope, and was changed into this
mountain for aspiring to divine honours. _Strabo_, bk. 7, p. 313.
――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 11.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, li. 87.
――――A stage-player. _Juvenal_, satire 3, li. 99.

=Hages=, a brother of king Porus, who opposed Alexander, &c. _Curtius_,
bk. 8, chs. 5 & 14.――――One of Alexander’s flatterers.――――A man of
Cyzicus, killed by Pollux. _Flaccus_, bk. 3, li. 191.

=Hagno=, a nymph.――――A fountain of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 38.

=Hagnagora=, a sister of Aristomenes. _Pausanias._

=Halæsus= and =Halēsus=, a son of Agamemnon by Briseis or Clytemnestra.
When he was driven from home, he came to Italy, and settled on
mount Massicus in Campania, where he built Falisci, and afterwards
assisted Turnus against Æneas. He was killed by Pallas. _Virgil_,
_Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 724; bk. 10, li. 352.――――A river near Colophon
in Asia Minor. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 29.

=Halala=, a village at the foot of mount Taurus.

=Halcyŏne.= _See:_ Alcyone.

=Halentum=, a town at the north of Sicily. _Cicero_, _Against Verres_,
bk. 3, ch. 43; bk. 4, ch. 23.

=Halesa=, a town of Sicily. _Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 2, ch. 7;
_Letters to his Friends_, bk. 13, ltr. 32.

=Halesius=, a mountain and river near Ætna, where Proserpine was
gathering flowers when she was carried away by Pluto. _Columella._

=Halia=, one of the Nereides. _Apollodorus._――――A festival at Rhodes
in honour of the sun.

=Haliacmon=, a river which separates Thessaly from Macedonia, and
falls into the Sinus Thermaicus. _Cæsar_, _Civil War_, bk. 3, ch. 36.
――_Pliny_, bk. 31, ch. 2.――_Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 127.

=Haliartus=, a town of Bœotia, founded by Haliartus the son of
Thersander. The monuments of Pandion king of Athens, and of Lysander
the Lacedæmonian general, were seen in that town. _Livy_, bk. 42,
chs. 44 & 63.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 32.――――A town of Peloponnesus.

=Halicarnassus=, now _Bodroun_, a maritime city of Caria, in Asia
Minor, where the mausoleum, one of the seven wonders of the world,
was erected. It was the residence of the sovereigns of Caria, and
was celebrated for having given birth to Herodotus, Dionysius,
Heraclitus, &c. _Maximus Tyrius_, bk. 35.――_Vitruvius_, _On
Architecture_.――_Diodorus_, bk. 17.――_Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 178.
――_Strabo_, bk. 14.――_Livy_, bk. 27, chs. 10 & 16; bk. 33, ch. 20.

=Halicyæ=, a town of Sicily, near Lilybæum, now _Saleme_. _Pliny_,
bk. 3, ch. 8.――_Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 2, ch. 33.
――_Diodorus_, bk. 14.

=Halieis=, a town of Argolis.

=Halimede=, a Nereid.

=Halirrhotius=, a son of Neptune and Euryte, who ravished Alcippe
daughter of Mars, because she slighted his addresses. This violence
offended Mars, and he killed the ravisher. Neptune cited Mars to
appear before the tribunal of justice to answer for the murder of
his son. The cause was tried at Athens, in a place which has been
called from thence Areopagus (ἀρης _Mars_, and παγος _village_),
and the murderer was acquitted. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 14.
――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 21.

=Halithersus=, an old man, who foretold Penelope’s suitors the return
of Ulysses, and their own destruction. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 1.

=Halius=, a son of Alcinous, famous for his skill in dancing. _Homer_,
_Odyssey_, bk. 8, lis. 120 & 360.――――A Trojan, who came with Æneas
into Italy, where he was killed by Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9,
li. 767.

=Halizōnes=, a people of Paphlagonia. _Strabo_, bk. 14.

=Halmus=, a son of Sisyphus, father to Chrysogone. He ♦reigned in
Orchomenos. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 35.

♦ ‘regined’ replaced with ‘reigned’

=Halmydessus=, a town of Thrace. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 2.

=Halocrătes=, a son of Hercules and Olympusa. _Apollodorus._

=Halōne=, an island of Propontis, opposite Cyzicus. _Pliny_, bk. 5,
ch. 31.

=Halonnēsus=, an island on the coast of Macedonia, at the bottom
of the Sinus Thermiacus. It was inhabited only by women, who had
slaughtered all the males, and they defended themselves against an
invasion. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.

=Halōtia=, a festival in Tegea. _Pausanias._

=Halōtus=, a eunuch, who used to taste the meat of Claudius. He
poisoned the emperor’s food by order of Agrippina. _Tacitus_,
_Annals_, bk. 2, ch. 66.

=Halus=, a city of Achaia,――――of Thessaly,――――of Parthia.

=Hălyæetus=, a man changed into a bird of the same name. _Ovid_,
_Metamorphoses_, bk. 3, li. 176.

=Halyattes.= _See:_ Alyattes.

=Halycus=, now _Platani_, a river at the south of Sicily.

=Halys=, now _Kizil-ermark_, a river of Asia Minor, rising in
Cappadocia, and falling into the Euxine sea. It received its name
ἀπο του ἁλος from _salt_, because its waters are of a salt and
bitter taste, from the nature of the soil over which they flow. It
is famous for the defeat of Crœsus king of Lydia, who was mistaken
by the ambiguous words of this oracle:

Χροισος Ἁλυν διαβας μεγαλην ἀρχην διαλυσει.

_If Crœsus passes over the Halys, he shall destroy a
great empire._

That empire was his own. _Cicero_, _de Divinatione_, bk. 2, ch. 56.
――_Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 11.――_Strabo_, bk. 12.――_Lucan_, bk. 3,
li. 272.――_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 28.――――A man of Cyzicus, killed
by Pollux. _Valerius Flaccus_, bk. 3, li. 157.

=Halyzia=, a town of Epirus near the Achelous, where the Athenians
obtained a naval victory over the Lacedæmonians.

=Hamadryădes=, nymphs who lived in the country, and presided over
trees, with which they were said to live and die. The word is
derived from ἁμα _simul_, and δρυς _quercus_. _Virgil_, _Eclogues_,
poem 10.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 647.

=Hamæ=, a town of Campania near Cumæ. _Livy_, bk. 23, ch. 25.

=Hamaxia=, a city of Cilicia.

=Hamilcar=, the name of some celebrated generals of Carthage. _See:_
Amilcar.

=Hammon=, the Jupiter of the Africans. _See:_ Ammon.

=Hannibal.= _See:_ Annibal.

=Hanno.= _See:_ Anno.

=Harcălo=, a man famous for his knowledge of poisonous herbs, &c. He
touched the most venomous serpents and reptiles without receiving
the smallest injury. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 1, li. 406.

=Harmatelia=, a town of the Brachmanes in India, taken by Alexander.
_Diodorus_, bk. 17.

=Harmatris=, a town of Æolia.

=Hămillus=, an infamous debauchee. _Juvenal_, satire 10, li. 224.

=Harmodius=, a friend of Aristogiton, who delivered his country from
the tyranny of the Pisistratidæ, B.C. 510. _See:_ Aristogiton. The
Athenians, to reward the patriotism of these illustrious citizens,
made a law that no one should ever bear the name of Aristogiton
and Harmodius. _Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 35.――_Pliny_, bk. 34, ch. 8.
――_Seneca_, _de Ira_, bk. 2.

=Harmŏnia=, or =Hermionea= [_See:_ Hermione], a daughter of Mars ♦and
Venus, who married Cadmus. It is said that Vulcan, to avenge the
infidelity of her mother, made her a present of a vestment dyed
in all sorts of crimes, which, in some measure, inspired all the
children of Cadmus with wickedness and impiety. _Pausanias_, bk. 9,
ch. 16, &c.

♦ ‘aad’ replaced with ‘and’

=Harmŏnĭdes=, a Trojan beloved by Minerva. He built the ships in which
Paris carried away Helen. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 5.

=Harpăgus=, a general of Cyrus. He conquered Asia Minor after he had
revolted from Astyages, who had cruelly forced him to eat the flesh
of his son, because he had disobeyed his orders in not putting to
death the infant Cyrus. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 108.――_Justin_,
bk. 1, chs. 5 & 6.――――A river near Colchis. _Diodorus_, bk. 14.

=Harpălice.= _See:_ Harpalyce.

=Harpălion=, a son of Pylæmenes king of Paphlagonia, who assisted
Priam during the Trojan war, and was killed by Merion. _Homer_,
_Iliad_, bk. 13, li. 643.

=Harpălus=, a man entrusted with the treasures of Babylon by Alexander.
His hopes that Alexander would perish in his expedition rendered him
dissipate, negligent, and vicious. When he heard that the conqueror
was returning with great resentment, he fled to Athens, where, with
his money, he corrupted the orators, among whom was Demosthenes.
When brought to justice, he escaped with impunity to Crete, where
he was at last assassinated by Thimbron, B.C. 325. _Plutarch_,
_Phocion_.――_Diodorus_, bk. 17.――――A robber who scorned the gods.
_Cicero_, bk. 3, _de Natura Deorum_.――――A celebrated astronomer of
Greece, 480 years B.C.

=Harpăly̆ce=, the daughter of Harpalycus king of Thrace. Her mother
died when she was but a child, and her father fed her with the milk
of cows and mares, and inured her early to sustain the fatigues of
hunting. When her father’s kingdom was invaded by Neoptolemus the
son of Achilles, she repelled and defeated the enemy with manly
courage. The death of her father, which happened soon after in a
sedition, rendered her disconsolate; she fled the society of mankind,
and lived in the forests upon plunder and rapine. Every attempt to
secure her proved fruitless, till her great swiftness was overcome
by intercepting her with a net. After her death the people of the
country disputed their respective right to the possessions which
she acquired by rapine, and they soon after appeased her manes, by
proper oblations on her tomb. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 321.
――_Hyginus_, fables 193 & 252.――――A beautiful virgin, daughter
of Clymenus and Epicaste of Argos. Her father became enamoured of
her, and gained her confidence, and enjoyed her company by means
of her nurse, who introduced him as a stranger. Some time after
she married Alastor; but the father’s passion became more violent
and uncontrollable in his daughter’s absence, and he murdered her
husband to bring her back to Argos. Harpalyce, inconsolable for the
death of her husband, and ashamed of her father’s passion, which
was then made public, resolved to revenge her wrongs. She killed
her younger brother, or, according to some, the fruit of her incest,
and served it before her father. She begged the gods to remove her
from the world, and she was changed into an owl, and Clymenus killed
himself. _Hyginus_, fable 253, &c.――_Parthenius_, _Narrationes
Amatoriæ_.――――A mistress of Iphiclus son of Thestius. She died
through despair on seeing herself despised by her lover. This
mournful story was composed in poetry, in the form of a dialogue
called Harpalyce. _Athenæus_, bk. 14.

=Harpăly̆cus=, one of the companions of Æneas, killed by Camilla.
_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 675.――――The father of Harpalyce, king
of part of Thrace.

=Harpăsa=, a town of Caria.

=Harpăsus=, a river of Caria. _Livy_, bk. 38, ch. 13.

=Harpŏcrătes=, a divinity, supposed to be the same as Orus the son
of Isis among the Egyptians. He is represented as holding one of
his fingers on his mouth, and from thence he is called the god of
silence, and intimates that the mysteries of religion and philosophy
ought never to be revealed to the people. The Romans placed his
statues at the entrance of their temples. _Catullus_, poem 75.
――_Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 4, ch. 10.

=Harpocration=, a Platonic philosopher of Argos, from whom Stobæus
compiled his eclogues.――――A sophist, called also Ælius.――――Valerius,
a rhetorician of Alexandria, author of a Lexicon on 10 orators.
――――Another, surnamed Caius.

=Harpylæ=, winged monsters, who had the face of a woman, with the body
of a vulture, and had their feet and fingers armed with sharp claws.
They were three in number, Aello, Ocypete, and Celeno, daughters of
Neptune and Terra. They were sent by Juno to plunder the tables of
Phineus, whence they were driven to the islands called Strophades
by Zethes and Calais. They emitted an infectious smell, and spoiled
whatever they touched by their filth and excrements. They plundered
Æneas during his voyage towards Italy, and predicted many of the
calamities which attended him. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 212;
bk. 6, li. 289.――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 265.

=Harudes=, a people of Germany. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 1, ch. 31.

=Haruspex=, a soothsayer at Rome, who drew omens by consulting the
entrails of beasts that were sacrificed. He received the name of
_Aruspex_, _ab aris aspiciendis_, and that of _Extispex_, _ab extis
inspiciendis_. The order of Aruspices was first established at Rome
by Romulus, and the first Haruspices were Tuscans by origin, as
they were particularly famous in that branch of divination. They
had received all their knowledge from a boy named Tages, who, as was
commonly reported, sprung from a clod of earth. _See:_ Tages. They
were originally three, but the Roman senate yearly sent six noble
youths, or, according to others, 12, to Etruria, to be instructed in
all the mysteries of the art. The office of the Haruspices consisted
in observing these four particulars: the beast before it was
sacrificed; its entrails; the flames which consumed the sacrifice;
and the flour, frankincense, &c., which was used. If the beast
was led up to the altar with difficulty, if it escaped from the
conductor’s hands, roared when it received the blow, or died in
agonies, the omen was unfortunate. But, on the contrary, if it
followed without compulsion, received the blow without resistance,
and died without groaning, and after much effusion of blood, the
Haruspex foretold prosperity. When the body of the victim was opened,
each part was scrupulously examined. If anything was wanting, if
it had a double liver, or a lean heart, the omen was unfortunate.
If the entrails fell from the hands of the Haruspex, or seemed
besmeared with too much blood, or if no heart appeared, as for
instance it happened in the two victims which Julius Cæsar offered
a little before his death, the omen was equally unlucky. When
the flame was quickly kindled, and when it violently consumed
the sacrifice, and arose pure and bright, and like a pyramid,
without any paleness, smoke, sparkling, or crackling, the omen was
favourable. But the contrary augury was drawn when the fire was
kindled with difficulty, and was extinguished before the sacrifice
was totally consumed, or when it rolled in circles round the victim
with intermediate spaces between the flames. In regard to the
frankincense, meal, water, and wine, if there was any deficiency
in the quantity, if the colour was different, or the quality was
changed, or if anything was done with irregularity, it was deemed
inauspicious. This custom of consulting the entrails of victims did
not originate in Tuscany, but it was in use among the Chaldeans,
Greeks, Egyptians, &c., and the more enlightened part of mankind
well knew how to render it subservient to their wishes or tyranny.
Agesilaus, when in Egypt, raised the drooping spirits of his
soldiers by a superstitious artifice. He secretly wrote in his
hand the word νεκη, _victory_, in large characters, and holding
the entrails of a victim in his hand till the impression was
communicated to the flesh, he showed it to the soldiers, and
animated them by observing that the gods signified their approaching
victories even by marking it in the body of the sacrificed animals.
_Cicero_, _de Divinatione_.

=Hasdrubal.= _See:_ Asdrubal.

=Quintus Haterius=, a patrician and orator at Rome under the first
emperors. He died in the 90th year of his age. _Tacitus_, _Annals_,
bk. 4, ch. 61.――――Agrippa, a senator in the age of Tiberius, hated
by the tyrant for his independence. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 6,
ch. 4.――――Antoninus, a dissipated senator, whose extravagance was
supported by Nero. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 13, ch. 34.

=Haustanes=, a man who conspired with Bessus against Darius, &c.
_Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 5.

=Hebdŏle.= _See:_ Ebdome.

=Hebe=, a daughter of Jupiter and Juno. According to some she was the
daughter of Juno only, who conceived her after eating lettuces. As
she was fair, and always in the bloom of youth, she was called the
goddess of youth, and made by her mother cup-bearer to all the gods.
She was dismissed from her office by Jupiter, because she fell down
in an indecent posture as she was pouring nectar to the gods at a
grand festival, and Ganymedes the favourite of Jupiter succeeded her
as cup-bearer. She was employed by her mother to prepare her chariot,
and to harness her peacocks whenever requisite. When Hercules was
raised to the rank of a god he was reconciled to Juno by marrying
her daughter Hebe, by whom he had two sons, Alexiares and Anicetus.
As Hebe had the power of restoring gods and men to the vigour of
youth, she, at the instance of her husband, performed that kind
office to Iolas his friend. Hebe was worshipped at Sicyon, under
the name of _Dia_, and at Rome under the name of _Juventas_. She
is represented as a young virgin crowned with flowers, and arrayed
in a variegated garment. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 19; bk. 2, ch. 12.
――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 400; _Fasti_, bk. 9, li. 76.
――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 3; bk. 2, ch. 7.

=Hēbēsus=, a Rutulian, killed in the night by Euryalus. _Virgil_,
_Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 344.

=Hebrus=, now _Marissa_, a river of Thrace, which was supposed to
roll its waters upon golden sands. It falls into the Ægean sea. The
head of Orpheus was thrown into it, after it had been cut off by the
Ciconian women. It received its name from Hebrus son of Cassandra,
a king of Thrace, who was said to have drowned himself there. _Mela_,
bk. 2, ch. 2.――_Strabo_, bk. 7.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 463.
――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, li. 50.――――A youth of Lipara,
beloved by Neobule. _Horace_, bk. 3, ode 12.――――A man of Cyzicus,
killed by Pollux. _Flaccus_, bk. 3, li. 149.――――A friend of Æneas
son of Dolichaon, killed by Mezentius in the Rutulian war. _Virgil_,
_Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 696.

=Hecăle=, a poor old woman who kindly received Theseus as he was going
against the bull of Marathon, &c. _Plutarch_, _Theseus_.――――A town
of Attica.

=Hecalēsia=, a festival in honour of Jupiter of Hecale, instituted
by Theseus, or in commemoration of the kindness of Hecale, which
Theseus had experienced when he went against the bull of Marathon,
&c.

=Hecamēde=, a daughter of Arsinous, who fell to the lot of Nestor
after the plunder of Tenedos by the Greeks. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 11,
li. 623.

=Hecătæ fanum=, a celebrated temple sacred to Hecate at Stratonice in
Caria. _Strabo_, bk. 14.

=Hecatæus=, an historian of Miletus, born 549 years before Christ,
in the reign of Darius Hystaspes. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 143.
――――A Macedonian intimate with Alexander. _Diodorus_, bk. 17.――――A
Macedonian brought to the army against his will by Amyntas, &c.
_Curtius_, bk. 7, ch. 1.

=Hecăte=, a daughter of Perses and Asteria, the same as Proserpine or
Diana. She was called Luna in heaven, Diana on earth, and Hecate or
Proserpine in hell, whence her name of _Diva triformis, tergemina,
triceps_. She was supposed to preside over magic and enchantments,
and was generally represented like a woman with three heads, that
of a horse, a dog, or a boar; and sometimes she appeared with three
different bodies, and three different faces only with one neck.
Dogs, lambs, and honey were generally offered to her, especially in
highways and cross-roads, whence she obtained the name of _Trivia_.
Her power was extended over heaven, the earth, sea, and hell; and
to her kings and nations supposed themselves indebted for their
prosperity. _Ovid_, bk. 7, _Metamorphoses_, li. 94.――_Hesiod_,
_Theogony_.――_Horace_, bk. 3, ode 22.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 22.
――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 511.

=Hecatēsia=, a yearly festival observed by the Stratonicensians in
honour of Hecate. The Athenians paid also particular worship to this
goddess, who was deemed the patroness of families and of children.
From this circumstance, the statues of the goddess were erected
before the doors of the houses, and upon every new moon a public
supper was always provided at the expense of the richest people, and
set in the streets, where the poorest of the citizens were permitted
to retire and feast upon it, while they reported that Hecate had
devoured it. There were also expiatory offerings to supplicate the
goddess to remove whatever evils might impend on the head of the
public, &c.

=Hecăto=, a native of Rhodes, pupil to Pænætius. He wrote on the
duties of man, &c. _Cicero_, bk. 3, _De Officiis_, ch. 15.

=Hecatomboia=, a festival celebrated in honour of Juno by the Argians
and people of Ægina. It receives its name from ἑκατον, and βους, a
sacrifice of 100 bulls, which were always offered to the goddess,
and the flesh distributed amongst the poorest citizens. There were
also public games, first instituted by Archinus, a king of Argos, in
which the prize was a shield of brass with a crown of myrtle.

=Hecatomphŏnia=, a solemn sacrifice offered by the Messenians to
Jupiter, when any of them had killed 100 enemies. _Pausanias_, bk. 4,
ch. 19.

=Hecatompŏlis=, an epithet applied to Crete, from the 100 cities which
it once contained.

=Hecatompy̆los=, an epithet applied to Thebes in Egypt on account of
its 100 gates. _Ammianus_, bk. 22, ch. 16.――――Also the capital of
Parthia, in the reign of the Arsacidæ. _Ptolemy_, bk. 6, ch. 5.
――_Strabo_, bk. 11.――_Pliny_, bk. 6, chs. 15 & 25.

=Hecatonnēsi=, small islands between Lesbos and Asia. _Strabo_, bk. 13.

=Hector=, son of king Priam and Hecuba, was the most valiant of
all the Trojan chiefs that fought against the Greeks. He married
Andromache the daughter of Eetion, by whom he had Astyanax. He was
appointed captain of all the Trojan forces, when Troy was besieged
by the Greeks; and the valour with which he behaved, showed how well
qualified he was to discharge that important office. He engaged with
the bravest of the Greeks, and according to Hyginus, no less than 31
of the most valiant of the enemy perished by his hand. When Achilles
had driven back the Trojans towards the city, Hector, too great to
fly, waited the approach of his enemy near the Scean gates, though
his father and mother, with tears in their eyes, blamed his rashness,
and entreated him to retire. The sight of Achilles terrified him,
and he fled before him in the plain. The Greek pursued, and Hector
was killed, and his body was dragged in cruel triumph by the
conqueror round the tomb of Patroclus, whom Hector had killed. The
body, after it had received the grossest of insults, was ransomed by
old Priam, and the Trojans obtained from the Greeks a truce of some
days to pay the last offices to the greatest of their leaders. The
Thebans boasted in the age of the geographer Pausanias, that they
had the ashes of Hector preserved in an urn, by order of an oracle;
which promised them undisturbed felicity if they were in possession
of that hero’s remains. The epithet of _Hectoreus_ is applied by the
poets to the Trojans, as best expressive of valour and intrepidity.
_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 1, &c.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, &c.――_Ovid_,
_Metamorphoses_, bks. 12 & 13.――_Dictys Cretensis._――_Dares Phrygius.
_――_Hyginus_, fables 90 & 112.――_Pausanias_, bk. 3 & bk. 9, ch. 18.
――_Quintus Smyrnæus_, bks. 1 & 3.――――A son of Parmenio drowned in
the Nile. Alexander honoured his remains with a magnificent funeral.
_Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 8; bk. 6, ch. 9.

=Hecŭba=, daughter of Dymas, a Phrygian prince, or, according to
others, of Cisseus, a Thracian king, was the second wife of Priam
king of Troy, and proved the chastest of women, and the most tender
and unfortunate of mothers. When she was pregnant of Paris, she
dreamed that she had brought into the world a burning torch which
had reduced her husband’s palace and all Troy to ashes. So alarming
a dream was explained by the soothsayers, who declared that the son
she should bring into the world would prove the ruin of his country.
When Paris was born she exposed him on mount Ida to avert the
calamities which threatened her family; but her attempts to destroy
him were fruitless, and the prediction of the soothsayers was
fulfilled. _See:_ Paris. During the Trojan war she saw the greatest
part of her children perish by the hands of the enemy, and like
a mother she confessed her grief by her tears and lamentations,
particularly at the death of Hector her eldest son. When Troy was
taken, Hecuba, as one of the captives, fell to the lot of Ulysses,
a man whom she hated for his perfidy and avarice, and she embarked
with the conquerors for Greece. The Greeks landed in the Thracian
Chersonesus, to load with fresh honours the grave of Achilles.
During their stay the hero’s ghost appeared to them, and demanded,
to ensure the safety of their return, the sacrifice of Polyxena,
Hecuba’s daughter. They complied, and Polyxena was torn from her
mother to be sacrificed. Hecuba was inconsolable, and her grief was
still more increased at the sight of the body of her son Polydorus
washed on the shore, who had been recommended by his father to
the care and humanity of Polymnestor king of the country. _See:_
Polydorus. She determined to revenge the death of her son, and with
the greatest indignation went to the house of his murderer and tore
his eyes, and attempted to deprive him of his life. She was hindered
from executing her bloody purpose by the arrival of some Thracians,
and she fled with the female companions of her captivity. She was
pursued, and when she ran after the stones that were thrown at
her, she found herself suddenly changed into a bitch, and when
she attempted to speak, found that she could only bark. After this
metamorphosis she threw herself into the sea, according to Hyginus,
and that place was, from that circumstance, called _Cyneum_. Hecuba
had a great number of children by Priam, among whom were Hector,
Paris, Deiphobus, Pammon, Helenus, Polytes, Antiphon, Hipponous,
Polydorus, Troilus, and among the daughters, Creusa, Ilione, Laodice,
Polyxena, and Cassandra. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, li. 761;
bk. 13, li. 515.――_Hyginus_, fable 111.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3,
li. 44.――_Juvenal_, satire 10, li. 271.――_Strabo_, bk. 13.――_Dictys
Cretensis_, bks. 4 & 5.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 12.

=Hecŭbæ Sepulchrum=, a promontory of Thrace.

=Hedĭla=, a poetess of Samos.

=Hedonæum=, a village of Bœotia. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 31.

=Hedui.= _See:_ Ædui.

=Hedymēles=, an admired musician in Domitian’s age. The word signifies
_sweet music_. _Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 381.

=Hegelŏchus=, a general of 6000 Athenians sent to Mantinea to stop the
progress of Epaminondas. _Diodorus_, bk. 15.――――An Egyptian general
who flourished B.C. 128.

=Hegēmon=, a Thrasian poet in the age of Alcibiades. He wrote a poem
called Gigantomachia, besides other works. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_,
bk. 4, ch. 11.――――Another poet, who wrote a poem on the battle of
Leuctra, &c. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 8, ch. 11.

=Hegesiănax=, an historian of Alexandria, who wrote an account of the
Trojan war.

=Hegesias=, a tyrant of Ephesus under the patronage of Alexander.
_Polyænus_, bk. 6.――――A philosopher who so eloquently convinced
his auditors of their failings and follies, and persuaded them that
there were no dangers after death, that many were guilty of suicide.
Ptolemy forbade him to continue his doctrines. _Cicero_, _Tusculanæ
Disputationes_, bk. 1, ch. 34.――――An historian.――――A famous orator
of Magnesia, who corrupted the elegant diction of Attica by the
introduction of Asiatic idioms. _Cicero_, _Orator_, chs. 67, 69;
_Brutus_, ch. 83.――_Strabo_, bk. 9.――_Plutarch_, _Alexander_.

=Hegesilŏchus=, one of the chief magistrates of Rhodes in the reign
of Alexander and his father Philip.――――Another native of Rhodes, 171
years before the christian era. He engaged his countrymen to prepare
a fleet of 40 ships to assist the Romans against Perseus king of
Macedonia.

=Hegesinous=, a man who wrote a poem on Attica. _Pausanias_, bk. 2,
ch. 29.

=Hegesinus=, a philosopher of Pergamus, of the second academy. He
flourished B.C. 193.

=Hegesippus=, an historian who wrote some things upon Pallene, &c.

=Hegesipy̆le=, a daughter of Olorus king of Thrace, who married
Miltiades and became mother of Cimon. _Plutarch._

=Hegesistrătus=, an Ephesian who consulted the oracle to know in what
particular place he should fix his residence. He was directed to
settle where he found peasants dancing with crowns of olives. This
was in Asia, where he founded Elea, &c.

=Hegetorĭdes=, a Thasian, who, upon seeing his country besieged by the
Athenians, and a law forbidding any one on pain of death to speak
of peace, went to the market-place with a rope about his neck, and
boldly told his countrymen to treat him as they pleased, provided
they saved the city from the calamities which the continuation of
the war seemed to threaten. The Thasians were awakened, the law was
abrogated, and Hegetorides pardoned, &c. _Polyænus._

=Helĕna=, the most beautiful woman of her age, sprung from one of the
eggs which Leda the wife of king Tyndarus brought forth after her
amour with Jupiter metamorphosed into a swan. _See:_ Leda. According
to some authors, Helen was daughter of Nemesis by Jupiter, and Leda
was only her nurse; and to reconcile this variety of opinions, some
imagine that Nemesis and Leda are the same persons. Her beauty was
so universally admired, even in her infancy, that Theseus, with his
friend Pirithous, carried her away before she had attained her 10th
year, and concealed her at Aphidnæ, under the care of his mother
Æthra. Her brothers Castor and Pollux recovered her by force of arms,
and she returned safe and unpolluted to Sparta, her native country.
There existed, however, a tradition recorded by Pausanius, that
Helen was of nubile years when carried away by Theseus, and that
she had a daughter by her ravisher, who was entrusted to the care
of Clytemnestra. This violence offered to her virtue did not in
the least diminish, but it rather augmented, her fame, and her
hand was eagerly solicited by the young princes of Greece. The most
celebrated of her suitors were Ulysses son of Laertes, Antilochus
son of Nestor, Sthenelus son of Capaneus, Diomedes son of Tydeus,
Amphilochus son of Cteatus, Meges son of Phileus, Agapenor son of
Ancæus, Thalpius son of Eurytus, Mnestheus son of Peteus, Schedius
son of Epistrophus, Polyxenus son of Agasthenes, Amphilochus son
of Amphiaraus, Ascalaphus and Ialmus sons of the god Mars, Ajax
son of Oileus, Eumelus son of Admetus, Polypœtes son of Pirithous,
Elphenor son of Chalcodon, Podalirius and Machaon sons of Æsculapius,
Leonteus son of Coronus, Philoctetes son of Pœan, Protesilaus son of
Iphiclus, Eurypilus son of Evemon, Ajax and Teucer sons of Telamon,
Patroclus son of Menœtius, Menelaus son of Atreus, Thoas, Idomeneus,
and Merion. Tyndarus was rather alarmed than pleased at the sight of
such a number of illustrious princes who eagerly solicited each to
become his son-in-law. He knew that he could not prefer one without
displeasing all the rest, and from this perplexity he was at last
drawn by the artifice of Ulysses, who began to be already known in
Greece by his prudence and sagacity. This prince, who clearly saw
that his pretensions to Helen would not probably meet with success
in opposition to so many rivals, proposed to extricate Tyndarus from
all his difficulties if he would promise him his niece Penelope in
marriage. Tyndarus consented, and Ulysses advised the king to bind,
by a solemn oath, all the suitors, that they would approve of the
uninfluenced choice which Helen should make of one among them; and
engage to unite together to defend her person and character, if ever
any attempts were made to ravish her from the arms of her husband.
The advice of Ulysses was followed, the princes consented, and Helen
fixed her choice upon Menelaus and married him. Hermione was the
early fruit of this union, which continued for three years with
mutual happiness. After this, Paris, son of Priam king of Troy, came
to Lacedæmon on pretence of sacrificing to Apollo. He was kindly
received by Menelaus, but shamefully abused his favours, and in
his absence in Crete he corrupted the fidelity of his wife Helen,
and persuaded her to follow him to Troy, B.C. 1198. At his return
Menelaus, highly sensible of the injury which he had received,
assembled the Grecian princes, and reminded them of their solemn
promises. They resolved to make war against the Trojans, but they
previously sent ambassadors to Priam to demand the restitution of
Helen. The influence of Paris at his father’s court prevented the
restoration, and the Greeks returned home without receiving the
satisfaction they required. Soon after their return their combined
forces assembled and sailed for the coast of Asia. The behaviour of
Helen during the Trojan war is not clearly known. Some assert that
she had willingly followed Paris, and that she warmly supported
the cause of the Trojans; while others believe that she always
sighed after her husband, and cursed the day in which she had
proved faithless to his bed. Homer represents her as in the last
instance, and some have added that she often betrayed the schemes
and resolutions of the Trojans, and secretly favoured the cause
of Greece. When Paris was killed in the ninth year of the war, she
voluntarily married Deiphobus, one of Priam’s sons, and when Troy
was taken she made no scruple to betray him, and to introduce the
Greeks into his chamber, to ingratiate herself with Menelaus. She
returned to Sparta, and the love of Menelaus forgave the errors
which she had committed. Some, however, say that she obtained her
life even with difficulty from her husband, whose resentment she
had kindled by her infidelity. After she had lived for some years
in Sparta, Menelaus died, and she was driven from Peloponnesus by
Megapenthes and Nicostratus, the illegitimate sons of her husband,
and she retired to Rhodes, where at that time Polyxo, a native
of Argos, reigned over the country. Polyxo remembered that her
widowhood originated in Helen, and that her husband Tlepolemus
had been killed in the Trojan war, which had been caused by the
debaucheries of Helen, therefore she meditated revenge. While
Helen retired one day to bathe in the river, Polyxo disguised her
attendants in the habits of furies, and sent them with orders to
murder her enemy. Helen was tied to a tree and strangled, and her
misfortunes were afterwards remembered, and the crimes of Polyxo
expiated by the temple which the Rhodians raised to Helen Dendritis,
or _tied to a tree_. There is a tradition mentioned by Herodotus,
which says that Paris was driven, as he returned from Sparta, upon
the coast of Egypt, where Proteus king of the country expelled him
from his dominions for his ingratitude to Menelaus, and confined
Helen. From that circumstance, therefore, Priam informed the Grecian
ambassadors that neither Helen nor her possessions were in Troy,
but in the hands of the king of Egypt. In spite of this assertion
the Greeks besieged the town and took it after 10 years’ siege, and
Menelaus by visiting Egypt, as he returned home, recovered Helen
at the court of Proteus, and was convinced that the Trojan war had
been undertaken on very unjust and unpardonable grounds. Helen was
honoured after death as a goddess, and the Spartans built her a
temple at Therapne, which had the power of giving beauty to all
the deformed women that entered it. Helen, according to some, was
carried into the island of Leuce after death, where she married
Achilles, who had been one of her warmest admirers. The age of Helen
has been a matter of deep inquiry among the chronologists. If she
was born of the same eggs as Castor and Pollux, who accompanied the
Argonauts in their expedition against Colchis about 35 years before
the Trojan war, according to some, she was no less than 60 years
old when Troy was reduced to ashes, supposing that her brothers
were only 15 when they embarked with the Argonauts. But she is
represented by Homer so incomparably beautiful during the siege of
Troy, that though seen at a ♦distance she influenced the counsellors
of Priam by the brightness of her charms; therefore we must suppose,
with others, that her beauty remained long undiminished, and
was extinguished only at her death. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 19,
&c.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 10, &c.――_Hyginus_, fable 77.
――_Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 112.――_Plutarch_, _Theseus_, &c.――_Cicero_,
_de Officiis_, bk. 3.――_Horace_, bk. 3, ode 3.――_Dictys Cretensis_,
bk. 1, &c.――_Quintus Smyrnæus_, chs. 10, 13, &c.――_Homer_, _Iliad_,
bk. 2, & _Odyssey_, bks. 4 & 15.――――A young woman of Sparta,
often confounded with the daughter of Leda. As she was going to be
sacrificed, because the lot had fallen upon her, an eagle came and
carried away the knife of the priest, upon which she was released,
and the barbarous custom of offering human victims was abolished.
――――An island on the coast of Attica, where Helen came after the
siege of Troy. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.――――A daughter of the emperor
Constantine, who married Julian.――――The mother of Constantine. She
died in her 80th year, A.D. 328.

♦ ‘distane’ replaced with ‘distance’

=Helĕnia=, a festival in Laconia, in honour of Helen, who received
there divine honours. It was celebrated by virgins riding upon mules,
and in chariots made of reeds and bulrushes.

=Hĕlēnor=, a Lydian prince who accompanied Æneas to Italy, and was killed by the Rutulians. His mother’s name was Licymnia. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 444, &c.

=Hĕlĕnus=, a celebrated soothsayer, son of Priam and Hecuba, greatly
respected by all the Trojans. When Deiphobus was given in marriage
to Helen in preference to himself, he resolved to leave his country,
and he retired to mount Ida, where Ulysses took him prisoner by
the advice of Calchas. As he was well acquainted with futurity, the
Greeks made use of prayers, threats, and promises, to induce him to
reveal the secrets of the Trojans, and either the fear of death or
gratification of resentment seduced him to disclose to the enemies
of his country, that Troy could not be taken whilst it was in
possession of the Palladium, nor before Philoctetes came from his
retreat at Lemnos and assisted to support the siege. After the ruin
of his country, he fell to the share of Pyrrhus the son of Achilles,
and saved his life by warning him to avoid the dangerous tempest
which in reality proved fatal to all those who set sail. This
endeared him to Pyrrhus, and he received from his hand Andromache
the widow of his brother Hector, by whom he had a son called
Cestrinus. This marriage, according to some, was consummated
after the death of Pyrrhus, who lived with Andromache as his wife.
Helenus was the only one of Priam’s sons who survived the ruin of
his country. After the death of Pyrrhus, he reigned over part of
the Epirus, which he called Chaonia, in memory of his brother Chaon,
whom he had inadvertently killed. Helenus received Æneas as he
voyaged towards Italy, and foretold him some of the calamities which
attended his fleet. The manner in which he received the gift of
prophecy is doubtful. _See:_ Cassandra. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 6,
li. 76; bk. 7, li. 47.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 295, &c.
――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 11; bk. 2, ch. 33.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
bk. 13, lis. 99 & 723; bk. 15, li. 437.――――A Rutulian killed by
Pallas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 388.

=Helerni Lucus=, a place near Rome. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 6, li. 105.

=Heles=, or =Hales=, a river of Lucania near Velia. _Cicero_, _Letters
to Atticus_, bk. 16, ltr. 7; _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 7, ltr. 20.

=Hēliădes=, the daughters of the sun and Clymene. They were three in
number, Lampetie, Phaetusa, and Lampethusa, or seven, according to
Hyginus: Merope, Helie, Ægle, Lampetie, Phœbe, Ætheria, and Dioxippe.
They were so afflicted at the death of their brother Phaeton [_See:_
Phaeton], that they were changed by the gods into poplars, and their
tears into precious amber, on the banks of the river Po. _Ovid_,
_Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 340.――_Hyginus_, fable 154.――――The first
inhabitants of Rhodes. This island being covered with mud when the
world was first created, was warmed by the cherishing beams of the
sun, and from thence sprang seven men, which were called Heliades,
ἀπο του ἡλιου, from the _sun_. The eldest of these, called Ochimus,
married Hegetoria, one of the nymphs of the island, and his brothers
fled from the country for having put to death, through jealousy, one
of their number. _Diodorus_, bk. 5.

=Heliastæ=, a name given to the judges of the most numerous tribunal
at Athens. They consisted of 1000, and sometimes of 1500, they were
seldom assembled, and only upon matters of the greatest importance.
_Demosthenes_, _Against Timocrates_.――_Diogenes Laërtius_, _Solon_.

=Helicāon=, a Trojan prince, son of Antenor. He married Laodice the
daughter of Priam, whose form Iris assumed to inform Helen of the
state of the rival armies before Troy. Helicaon was wounded in a
night engagement, but his life was spared by Ulysses, who remembered
the hospitality which he had received from his father Antenor.
_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2, li. 123.

=Hĕlĭce=, a star near the north pole, generally called Ursa Major. It
is supposed to receive its name from the town of Helice, of which
Calisto, who was changed into the Great Bear, was an inhabitant.
_Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 237.――――A town of Achaia, on the bay of Corinth,
overwhelmed by the inundation of the sea. _Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 92.
――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 293.――――A daughter of Silenus
king of Ægiale. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 24.――――A daughter of Lycaon
king of Arcadia.

=Hĕlīcon=, now _Zagaro-Vouni_, a mountain of Bœotia, on the borders
of Phocis. It was sacred to the muses, who had there a temple. The
fountain Hippocrene flowed from this mountain. _Strabo_, bk. 8.
――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 219.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch.
28, &c.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 641.――――A river of Macedonia
near Dium. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 30.

=Hĕlīcŏniădes=, a name given to the Muses because they lived upon
mount Helicon, which was sacred to them.

=Helĭcōnis=, a daughter of Thespius. _Apollodorus._

=Heliodōrus=, one of the favourites of Seleucus Philopator king
of Syria. He attempted to plunder the temple of the Jews, about
176 years before Christ, by order of his master, &c.――――A Greek
mathematician of Larissa.――――A famous sophist, the best editions
of whose entertaining romance, called _Æthiopica_, are by Commelin,
8vo, 1596, and Bourdelot, 8vo, Paris, 1619.――――A learned Greek
rhetorician in the age of Horace.――――A man who wrote a treatise on
tombs.――――A poet.――――A geographer.――――A surgeon at Rome in Juvenal’s
age. _Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 372.