Chapter D (13)

=Hispānia=, or =Hispāniæ=, called by the poets _Iberia_, _Hesperia_,
and _Hesperia Ultima_, a large country of Europe, separated from
Gaul by the Pyrenean mountains, and bounded on every other side
by the sea. Spain was first known to the merchants of Phœnicia,
and from them passed to the Carthaginians, to whose power it long
continued in subjection. The Romans became sole masters of it at the
end of the second Punic war, and divided it at first into _citerior_
and _ulterior_, which last was afterwards separated into _Bætica_
and _Lusitania_ by Augustus. The Hispania _citerior_ was also called
_Tarraconensis_. The inhabitants were naturally warlike, and they
often destroyed a life which was become useless, and even burdensome,
by its infirmities. Spain was famous for its rich mines of silver,
which employed 40,000 workmen, and daily yielded to the Romans no
less than 20,000 drachms. These have long since failed, though, in
the flourishing times of Rome, Spain was said to contain more gold,
silver, brass, and iron than the rest of the world. It gave birth to
Quintilian, Lucan, Martial, Mela, Silius, Seneca, &c. _Justin_, bk.
44.――_Strabo_, bk. 3.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 6.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, chs. 1
& 20.

=Hispānus=, a native of Spain. The word _Hispaniensis_ was also used,
but generally applied to a person living in Spain and not born there.
_Martial_, bk. 12, preface.

=Hispellum=, a town of Umbria.

=Hispo=, a noted debauchee, &c. _Juvenal_, satire 2, li. 50.

=Hispulla=, a lascivious woman. _Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 74.

=Histaspes=, a relation of Darius III., killed in a battle, &c.
_Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 4.

=Hister=, a river. _See:_ Ister.

=Hister Pacuvius=, a man distinguished as much by his vices as his
immense riches. _Juvenal_, satire 2, li. 58.

=Histiæa=, a city of Eubœa, anciently called Talantia. It was near the
promontory called Ceneum. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2.

=Histiæōtis=, a country of Thessaly, situate below mount Olympus and
mount Ossa, anciently called Doris, from Dorus the son of Deucalion,
and inhabited by the Pelasgi. The Pelasgi were driven from the
country by the Cadmeans, and these last were also dispossessed by
the Perrhæbeans, who gave to their newly acquired possessions the
name of Histiæotis, or Estiæotis, from Estiæa, or Histiæa, a town of
Eubœa, which they had then lately destroyed, and whose inhabitants
they had carried to Thessaly with them. _Strabo._――_Herodotus_,
bk. 4.――――A small country of Eubœa, of which Histiæa, or Estiæa,
was the capital.

=Histiæus=, a tyrant of Miletus, who excited the Greeks to take up
arms against Persia. _Herodotus_, bk. 5, &c.――――An historian of
Miletus.

=Histria.= _See:_ Istria.

=Hodius=, a herald in the Trojan war.

=Holŏcron=, a mountain of Macedon.

=Homeromastix=, a surname given to Zoilus the critic.

=Hŏmērus=, a celebrated Greek poet, the most ancient of all the
profane writers. The age in which he lived is not known, though
some suppose it to be about 168 years after the Trojan war, or,
according to others, 160 years before the foundation of Rome.
According to Paterculus, he flourished 968 years before the
christian era, or 884, according to Herodotus, who supposes him
to be contemporary with Hesiod. The Arundelian Marbles fix his
era 907 years before Christ, and make him also contemporary with
Hesiod. This diversity of opinions proves the antiquity of Homer;
and the uncertainty prevails also concerning the place of his
nativity. No less than seven illustrious cities disputed the right
of having given birth to the greatest of poets, as it is well
expressed in these lines:

_Smyrna, Chios, Colophon, Salamis, Rhodos, Argos, Athenæ,
Orbis de patriâ certat, Homere, tuâ._

He was called _Melesigenes_, because supposed to be born on the
borders of the river Meles. There prevailed a report that he had
established a school at Chios in the latter part of his life; and,
indeed, this opinion is favoured by the present inhabitants of the
island, who still glory in showing to travellers the seats where
the venerable master and his pupils sat in the hollow of a rock,
at the distance of about four miles from the modern capital of the
island. These difficulties and doubts have not been removed, though
Aristotle, Herodotus, Plutarch, and others have employed their pen
in writing his life. In his two celebrated poems, called the Iliad
and Odyssey, Homer has displayed the most consummate knowledge of
human nature, and rendered himself immortal by the sublimity, the
fire, sweetness, and elegance of his poetry. He deserves a greater
share of admiration when we consider that he wrote without a model,
and that none of his poetical imitators have been able to surpass,
or, perhaps, to equal their great master. If there are any faults
found in his poetry, they are to be attributed to the age in which
he lived, and not to him; and we must observe that the world is
indebted to Homer for his happy successor Virgil. In his Iliad,
Homer has described the resentment of Achilles, and its fatal
consequences in the Grecian army, before the walls of Troy. In the
Odyssey, the poet has chosen for his subject the return of Ulysses
into his country, with the many misfortunes which attended his
voyage after the fall of Troy. These two poems are each divided into
24 books, the same number as the letters of the Greek alphabet, and
though the Iliad claims an uncontested superiority over the Odyssey,
yet the same force, the same sublimity and elegance, prevail, though
divested of its most powerful fire; and Longinus, the most refined
of critics, beautifully compares the Iliad to the mid-day, and the
Odyssey to the setting sun, and observes, that the latter still
preserves its original splendour and majesty, though deprived of
its meridian heat. The poetry of Homer was so universally admired,
that, in ancient times, every man of learning could repeat with
facility any passage in the Iliad or Odyssey; and, indeed, it was
a sufficient authority to settle disputed boundaries, or to support
any argument. The poems of Homer are the compositions of a man who
travelled and examined with the most critical accuracy whatever
deserved notice and claimed attention. Modern travellers are
astonished to see the different scenes which the pen of Homer
described about 3000 years ago still existing in the same unvaried
form, and the sailor who steers his course along the Ægean, sees all
the promontories and rocks which appeared to Nestor and Menelaus,
when they returned victorious from the Trojan war. The ancients had
such veneration for Homer, that they not only raised temples and
altars to him, but offered sacrifices, and worshipped him as a god.
The inhabitants of Chios celebrated festivals every fifth year in
his honour, and medals were struck, which represented him sitting
on a throne, holding his Iliad and Odyssey. In Egypt his memory was
consecrated by Ptolemy Philopator, who erected a magnificent temple,
within which was placed a statue of the poet, beautifully surrounded
with a representation of the seven cities which contended for the
honour of his birth. The inhabitants of Cos, one of the Sporades,
boasted that Homer was buried in their island; and the Cyprians
claimed the same honour, and said that he was born of Themisto, a
female native of Cyprus. Alexander was so fond of Homer, that he
generally placed his compositions under his pillow, with his sword;
and he carefully deposited the Iliad in one of the richest and most
valuable caskets of Darius, observing that the most perfect work of
human genius ought to be preserved in a box the most valuable and
precious in the world. It is said that Pisistratus tyrant of Athens
was the first who collected and arranged the Iliad and Odyssey in
the manner in which they now appear to us; and that it is to the
well-directed pursuits of Lycurgus that we are indebted for their
preservation. Many of the ancients have written the life of Homer,
yet their inquiries and labours have not much contributed to prove
the native place, the patronage and connections, of a man whom
some have represented as deprived of sight. Besides the Iliad and
Odyssey, Homer wrote, according to the opinion of some authors,
a poem upon Amphiaraus’s expedition against Thebes, besides the
Phoceis, the Cercopes, the small Iliad, the Epicichlides, and the
Batrachomyomachia, and many hymns to some of the gods. The merit
of originality is taken, very improperly perhaps, from Homer, by
those who suppose, with Clement of Alexandria, bk. 6 _Stromateis_,
that he borrowed from Orpheus, or that, according to Suidas [_voce_
Corinnus], he took his plan of the Iliad from Corinnus, an epic poet,
who wrote on the Trojan war, at the very time the Greeks besieged
that famed city. Agathon, an ancient painter, according to Ælian,
represented the merit of the poet in a manner as bold as it was
indelicate. Homer was represented as vomiting, and all other
poets as swallowing what he ejected. Of the numerous commentaries
published on Homer, that of Eustathius bishop of Thessalonica is
by far the most extensive and erudite. The best editions of Homer’s
Iliad and Odyssey may, perhaps, be found to be by Barnes, 2 vols.,
4to, Cambridge, 1711; that of Glasgow, 2 vols., folio, 1758; that
of Berglerus, 2 vols., 12mo, Amsterdam, 1707; that of Dr. Clarke of
the Iliad, 2 vols., 4to, 1729, and that of the Odyssey, 1740; and
that of Oxford, 5 vols., 8vo, 1780, containing the scholia, hymns,
and an index. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 53.――_Theocritus_, poem 16.
――_Aristotle_, _Poetics_.―― _Strabo._――_ Dio Chrysostom_, bk. 33,
_Orationes_.――_Pausanias_, bks. 2, 9, 10.――_Heliodorus_, bk. 3.
――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 13.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 8,
ch. 8.――_Quintilian_, bks. 1, 8, 10, 12.――_Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 5.
――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus._――_Plutarch_, _Alexander_, &c.――――One
of the Greek poets called Pleiades, born at Hierapolis, B.C. 263.
He wrote 45 tragedies, all lost.――――There were seven other poets,
of inferior note, who bore the name of Homer.

=Homŏle=, a lofty mountain of Thessaly, once the residence of the
Centaurs. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 675.

=Homŏlea=, a mountain of Magnesia.

=Homolippus=, a son of Hercules and Xanthis. _Apollodorus._

=Homoloides=, one of the seven gates of Thebes. _Statius_, _Thebiad_,
bk. 7, li. 252.

=Homonadenses=, a people of Cilicia.

=Honōrius=, an emperor of the western empire of Rome, who succeeded
his father Theodosius the Great, with his brother Arcadius. He
was neither bold nor vicious, but he was of a modest and timid
disposition, unfit for enterprise, and fearful of danger. He
conquered his enemies by means of his generals, and suffered himself
and his people to be governed by ministers who took advantage
of their imperial master’s indolence and inactivity. He died of
a dropsy in the 39th year of his age, 15th of August, A.D. 423.
He left no issue, though he married two wives. Under him and his
brother the Roman power was divided into two different empires.
The successors of Honorius, who fixed their residence at Rome, were
called the emperors of the west, and the successors of Arcadius,
who sat on the throne of Constantinople, were distinguished by the
name of emperors of the eastern Roman empire. This division of power
proved fatal to both empires, and they soon looked upon one another
with indifference, contempt, and jealousy.

=Honour=, a virtue worshipped at Rome. Her first temple was erected
by Scipio Africanus, and another was afterwards built by Claudius
Marcellus. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 2, ch. 23.

=Hora=, a goddess at Rome, supposed to be Hersilia, who married Romulus.
She was said to preside over beauty. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14,
li. 851.

=Horacitæ=, a people near Illyricum.

=Horapollo=, a Greek writer, whose age is unknown. His _Hieroglyphica_,
a curious and entertaining book, has been edited by Cornelius de
Pauw, 4to, Utrecht, 1727.

=Horæ=, three sisters, daughters of Jupiter and Themis, according to
Hesiod called Eunomia, Dice, and Irene. They were the same as the
seasons who presided over the spring, summer, and winter, and were
represented by the poets as opening the gates of heaven and of
Olympus. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 5, li. 749.――_Pausanias_, bk. 5,
ch. 11.――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 902.

=Horātia=, the sister of Horatii, killed by her brother for mourning
the death of the Curiatii. _Cicero_, _de Inventione_, bk. 2, ch. 20.

=Hŏrātius Cocles.= _See:_ Cocles.――――Quintus Flaccus, a celebrated
poet, born at Venusia. His father was a freedman, and though poor
in his circumstances, he liberally educated his son, and sent him to
learn philosophy at Athens, after he had received the lessons of the
best masters at Rome. Horace followed Brutus from Athens, and the
timidity which he betrayed at the battle of Philippi so effectually
discouraged him, that he for ever abandoned the profession of arms,
and at his return to Rome he applied himself to cultivate poetry.
His rising talents claimed the attention of Virgil and Varius,
who recommended him to the care of Mecænas and Augustus, the most
celebrated patrons of literature. Under the fostering patronage of
the emperor and of his minister, Horace gave himself up to indolence
and refined pleasure. He was a follower of Epicurus, and while
he liberally indulged his appetites, he neglected the calls of
ambition, and never suffered himself to be carried away by the
tide of popularity or public employments. He even refused to become
the secretary of Augustus, and the emperor was not offended at his
refusal. He lived at the table of his illustrious patrons as if he
were in his own house; and Augustus, while sitting at his meals
with Virgil at his right hand, and Horace at his left, often
ridiculed the short breath of the former, and the watery eyes
of the latter, by observing that he sat between tears and sighs,
_Ego sum inter suspiria et lacrymas_. Horace was warm in his
friendship, and if ever any ill-judged reflection had caused offence,
the poet immediately made every concession which could effect
a reconciliation, and not destroy the good purposes of friendly
society. Horace died in the 57th year of his age, B.C. 8. His gaiety
was suitable to the liveliness and dissipation of a court; and his
familiar intimacy with Mecænas has induced some to believe that the
death of Horace was violent, and that he hastened himself out of
the world to accompany his friend. The 17th ode of his second book,
which was written during the last illness of Mecænas, is too serious
to be considered as a poetical rhapsody or unmeaning effusion, and
indeed, the poet survived the patron only three weeks, and ordered
his bones to be buried near those of his friend. He left all his
possessions to Augustus. The poetry of Horace, so much commended
for its elegance and sweetness, is deservedly censured for the
licentious expressions and indelicate thoughts which he too
frequently introduces. In his odes he has imitated Pindar and
Anacreon; and if he has confessed himself to be inferior to the
former, he has shown that he bears the palm over the latter by his
more ingenious and refined sentiments, by the ease and melody of
his expressions, and by the pleasing variety of his numbers. In his
satires and epistles, Horace displays much wit, and much satirical
humour, without much poetry, and his style, simple and unadorned,
differs little from prosaical composition. In his art of poetry
he has shown much taste and judgment, and has rendered in Latin
hexameters what Aristotle had, some ages before delivered to his
pupils in Greek prose. The poet gives judicious rules and useful
precepts to the most powerful and opulent citizens of Rome, who,
in the midst of peace and enjoyment, wished to cultivate poetry and
court the muses. The best editions of Horace will be found to be
that of Basil, folio, 1580, illustrated by 80 commentators; that of
Baxter’s, edited by Gesner, 8vo, Lipscomb, 1752; and that of Glasgow,
12mo, 1744. _Suetonius_, _Augustus_.――_Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 4,
poem 10, li. 49.――――Three brave Romans, born at the same birth, who
fought against the three Curiatii, about 667 years before Christ.
This celebrated fight was fought between the hostile camps of the
people of Alba and Rome, and on their success depended the victory.
In the first attack two of the Horatii were killed, and the only
surviving brother, by joining artifice to valour, obtained an
honourable trophy. By ♦pretending to fly from the field of battle,
he easily separated his antagonists, and, in attacking them one by
one, he was enabled to conquer them all. As he returned victorious
to Rome, his sister reproached him with the murder of one of the
Curiatii, to whom she was promised in marriage. He was incensed
at the rebuke, and killed his sister. This violence raised the
indignation of the people; he was tried and capitally condemned.
His eminent services, however, pleaded in his favour; the sentence
of death was exchanged for a more moderate, but more ignominious
punishment, and he was only compelled to pass under the yoke. A
trophy was raised in the Roman forum, on which he suspended the
spoils of the conquered Curiatii. _Cicero_, _de Inventione_, bk. 2,
ch. 26.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 24, &c.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_,
bk. 3, ch. 3.――――A Roman consul, who defeated the Sabines.――――A
consul, who dedicated the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus. During
the ceremony he was informed of the death of his son, but he did
not forget the sacred character he then bore for the feelings of a
parent, and continued the dedication after ordering the body to be
buried. _Livy_, bk. 2.

♦ ‘pretenting’ replaced with ‘pretending’

=Horcias=, the general of 3000 Macedonians, who revolted from Antigonus
in Cappadocia. _Polyænus_, bk. 4.

=Hormisdas=, a name which some of the Persian kings bore in the reign
of the Roman emperors.

=Horesti=, a people of Britain, supposed to be the inhabitants of
Eskdale, now in Scotland. _Tacitus_, _Agricola_, ch. 38.

=Horratus=, a Macedonian soldier, who fought with another private
soldier in the sight of the whole army of Alexander. _Curtius_,
bk. 9, ch. 7.

=Hortensia=, a celebrated Roman lady, daughter of the orator
Hortensius, whose eloquence she had inherited in the most eminent
degree. When the triumvirs had obliged 14,000 women to give upon
oath an account of their possessions, to defray the expenses of
the state, ♦Hortensia undertook to plead their cause, and was so
successful in her attempt, that 1000 of her female fellow-sufferers
escaped from the avarice of the triumvirate. _Valerius Maximus_,
bk. 8, ch. 3.

♦ ‘Hortensa’ replaced with ‘Hortensia’

=Hortensia lex=, by Quintus Hortensius the dictator, A.U.C. 697. It
ordered the whole body of the Roman people to pay implicit obedience
to whatever was enacted by the commons. The nobility, before this
law was enacted, had claimed an absolute exemption.

=Horta=, a divinity among the Romans, who presided over youth, and
patronized all exhortations to virtue and honourable deeds. She is
the same as Hersilia.

=Horta=, or =Hortinum=, a town of the Sabines, on the confluence of
the Nar and the Tiber. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 716.

=Quintus Hortensius=, a celebrated orator, who began to distinguish
himself by his eloquence, in the Roman forum, at the age of 19.
His friend and successor Cicero speaks with great eulogium of his
oratorical powers, and mentions the uncommon extent of his memory.
The affected actions of Hortensius at the bar procured him the
ridiculous surname of _Dionysia_, a celebrated stage-dancer at the
time. He was pretor and consul, and died 50 years before Christ, in
his 63rd year. His orations are not extant. Quintilian mentions them
as undeserving the great commendations which Cicero had so liberally
bestowed upon them. Hortensius was very rich, and not less than
10,000 casks of Arvisian wine were found in his cellar after his
death. He had written pieces of amorous poetry, and annals, all lost.
_Cicero_, _Brutus_; _Letters to Atticus_; _On Oratory_, &c.――_Varro_,
_de Re Rustica_, bk. 3, ch. 5.――――Corbio, a grandson of the orator
of the same name, famous for his lasciviousness.――――A rich Roman,
who asked the elder Cato his wife, to procreate children. Cato gave
his wife to his friend, and took her again after his death. This
behaviour of Cato was highly censured at Rome, and it was observed,
that Cato’s wife had entered the house of Hortensius very poor,
but that she returned to the bed of Cato in the greatest opulence.
_Plutarch_, _Cato_.――――A Roman, slain by Antony on his brother’s
tomb. _Plutarch._――――A pretor, who gave up Macedonia to Brutus.
_Plutarch._――――One of Sylla’s lieutenants. _Plutarch._――――A Roman,
the first who introduced the eating of peacocks at Rome. This was at
the feast which he gave when he was created augur.

=Hortōna=, a town of Italy, on the confines of the Æqui. _Livy_, bk. 3,
ch. 30.

=Horus=, a son of Isis, one of the deities of the Egyptians.――――A king
of Assyria.

=Hospitālis=, a surname of Jupiter among the Romans as the god of
hospitality.

=Hostilia lex=, was enacted A.U.C. 583. By it such as were among the
enemies of the republic, or absent when the state required their
assistance, were guilty of rapine.

=Hostilia=, a large town on the Po. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 2, ch. 40.
――_Pliny_, bk. 21, ch. 12.

=Hostius Hostilius=, a warlike Roman, presented with a crown of boughs
by Romulus, for his intrepid behaviour in a battle. _Dionysius of
Halicarnassus._――――A consul.――――A Latin poet in the age of Julius
Cæsar, who composed a poem on the wars of Istria. _Macrobius_,
satire 6, chs. 3 & 5.

=Hunni=, a people of Sarmatia, who invaded the empire of Rome in the
fifth century, and settled in Pannonia, to which they gave the name
of Hungary.

=Hyacinthia=, an annual solemnity at Amyclæ, in Laconia, in honour
of Hyacinthus and Apollo. It continued for three days, during
which time the grief of the people was so great for the death of
Hyacinthus, that they did not adorn their hair with garlands during
their festivals, nor eat bread, but fed only upon sweetmeats. They
did not even sing pæans in honour of Apollo, or observe any of the
solemnities which were usual at other sacrifices. On the second day
of the festival there were a number of different exhibitions. Youths,
with their garments girt about them, entertained the spectators, by
playing sometimes upon the flute, or upon the harp, and by singing
anapestic songs, in loud, echoing voices, in honour of Apollo.
Others passed across the theatre mounted upon horses richly adorned,
and, at the same time, choirs of young men came upon the stage
singing their uncouth rustic songs, and accompanied by persons who
danced at the sound of vocal and instrumental music, according to
the ancient custom. Some virgins were also introduced in chariots of
wood, covered at the top and magnificently adorned. Others appeared
in race chariots. The city began then to be filled with joy, and
immense numbers of victims were offered on the altars of Apollo, and
the votaries liberally entertained their friends and slaves. During
this latter part of the festivity, all were eager to be present
at the games, and the city was almost left without inhabitants.
_Athenæus_, bk. 4.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 10, li. 219.
――_Pausanias_, bk. 3, chs. 1 & 19.

=Hyacinthus=, a son of Amyclas and Diomede, greatly beloved by Apollo
and Zephyrus. He returned the former’s love, and Zephyrus, incensed
at his coldness and indifference, resolved to punish his rival. As
Apollo, who was entrusted with the education of Hyacinthus, once
played at quoit with his pupil, Zephyrus blew the quoit, as soon
as it was thrown by Apollo, upon the head of Hyacinthus, and he was
killed with the blow. Apollo was so disconsolate at the death of
Hyacinthus, that he changed his blood into a flower, which bore his
name, and placed his body among the constellations. The Spartans
also established yearly festivals in honour of the nephew of their
king. _See:_ Hyacinthia. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 19.――_Ovid_,
_Metamorphoses_, bk. 10, li. 185, &c.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, &c.

=Hyădes=, five daughters of Atlas king of Mauritania, who were so
disconsolate at the death of their brother Hyas, who had been killed
by a wild boar, that they pined away and died. They became stars
after death, and were placed near Taurus, one of the 12 signs of
the Zodiac. They received the name of Hyades from their brother
Hyas. Their names are Phaola, Ambrosia, Eudora, Coronis, and Polyxo.
To these some have added Thione and Prodice, and they maintained
that they were daughters of Hyas and Æthra, one of the Oceanides.
Euripides calls them daughters of Erechtheus. The ancients supposed
that the rising and setting of the Hyades were always attended with
much rain, whence the name (ὑω _pluo_). _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 5,
li. 165.――_Hyginus_, fable 182.――_Euripides_, _Ion_.

=Hyăgnis=, a Phrygian, father of Marsyas. He invented the flute.
_Plutarch_, _de Musica_.

=Hyăla=, a city at the mouth of the Indus, where the government is the
same as at Sparta.――――One of Diana’s attendant nymphs. _Ovid._

=Hyampŏlis=, a city of Phocis, on the Cephisus, founded by the
Hyanthes. _Herodotus_, bk. 8.

=Hyanthes=, the ancient name of the inhabitants of Bœotia, from king
Hyas. Cadmus is sometimes called _Hyanthius_, because he was king of
Bœotia. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3, li. 147.

=Hyantis=, an ancient name of Bœotia.

=Hyarbita=, a man who endeavoured to imitate Timogenes, &c. _Horace_,
bk. 1, ltr. 19, li. 15.

=Hyas=, a son of Atlas of Mauritania by Æthra. His extreme fondness
for shooting proved fatal to him, and in his attempts to rob a
lioness of her whelps, he was killed by the enraged animal. Some say
that he died by the bite of a serpent, and others that he was killed
by a wild boar. His sisters mourned his death with such constant
lamentations, that Jupiter, in compassion for their sorrow, changed
them into stars. _See:_ Hyades. _Hyginus_, fable 192.――_Ovid_,
_Fasti_, bk. 5, li. 170.

=Hybla=, a mountain in Sicily, called afterwards _Megara_, where thyme
and odoriferous flowers of all sorts grew in abundance. It is famous
for its honey. There is at the foot of the mountain a town of the
same name. There is also another near mount Ætna, close to Catana.
_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 23.――_Strabo_, bk. 6.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.
――_Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 3, ch. 43; bk. 5, ch. 25.――_Silius
Italicus_, bk. 14, li. 26.――_Statius_, bk. 14, li. 201.――――A city of
Attica bears also the name of Hybla.

=Hybrēas=, an orator of Caria, &c. _Strabo_, bk. 13.

=Hybrianes=, a people near Thrace.

=Hyccaron= (plural, a), a town of Sicily, the native place of Lais.

=Hyda= and =Hyde=, a town of Lydia, under mount Tmolus, which some
suppose to be the same as Sardes.

=Hydara=, a town of Armenia. _Strabo_, bk. 12.

=Hydarnes=, one of the seven noble Persians who conspired to destroy
the usurper Smerdis, &c. _Herodotus_, bks. 3 & 6.――_Strabo_, bk. 11.

=Hydaspes=, a river of Asia, flowing by Susa. _Virgil_, _Georgics_,
bk. 4, li. 211.――――Another in India, now _Behut_ or _Chelum_, the
boundaries of Alexander’s conquests in the east. It falls into the
Indus. _Curtius_, bk. 5, ch. 2.――_Lucan_, bk. 8, li. 227.――_Horace_,
bk. 1, ode 22, li. 7.――_Strabo_, bk. 15.――――A friend of Æneas,
killed in the Rutulian war. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 747.

=Hydra=, a celebrated monster, which infested the neighbourhood of
the lake Lerna in Peloponnesus. It was the fruit of Echidna’s union
with Typhon. It had 100 heads, according to Diodorus; 50, according
to Simonides; and nine, according to the more received opinion of
Apollodorus, Hyginus, &c. As soon as one of these heads was cut off,
two immediately grew up if the wound was not stopped by fire. It was
one of the labours of Hercules to destroy this dreadful monster, and
this he easily effected with the assistance of Iolas, who applied
a burning iron to the wounds as soon as one head was cut off. While
Hercules was destroying the hydra, Juno, jealous of his glory, sent
a sea-crab to bite his foot. This new enemy was soon despatched;
and Juno, unable to succeed in her attempts to lessen the fame of
Hercules, placed the crab among the constellations, where it is now
called the Cancer. The conqueror dipped his arrows in the gall of
the hydra, and, from that circumstance, all the wounds which he gave
proved incurable and mortal. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_.――_Apollodorus_,
bk. 2, ch. 5.――_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 17.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
bk. 9, li. 69.――_Horace_, bk. 4, ode 4, li. 61.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_,
bk. 6, li. 276; bk. 7, li. 658.

=Hydraotes=, a river of India, crossed by Alexander.

=Hydrophŏria=, a festival observed at Athens, called ἀπο του φορειν
ὑδωρ, _from carrying water_. It was celebrated in commemoration of
those who perished in the deluge of Deucalion and Ogyges.

=Hydruntum= and =Hydrus=, a city of Calabria, 50 miles south of
Brundusium. As the distance from thence to Greece was only 60 miles,
Pyrrhus, and afterwards Varro, Pompey’s lieutenant, meditated the
building here a bridge across the Adriatic. Though so favourably
situated, Hydrus, now called _Otranto_, is but an insignificant
town, scarce containing 3000 inhabitants. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 11.
――_Cicero_, bk. 15, _Letters to Atticus_, ltr. 21; bk. 16, ltr. 5.
――_Lucan_, bk. 5, li. 375.

=Hydrūsa=, a town of Attica. _Strabo_, bk. 9.

=Hyĕla=, a town of Lucania. _Strabo_, bk. 6.

=Hyempsal=, a son of Micipsa, brother to Adherbal, murdered by Jugurtha,
after the death of his father. _Sallust_, _Jugurthine War_.

=Hyettus=, a town of Bœotia. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 24.

=Hygeia=, or =Hygiea=, the goddess of health, daughter of Æsculapius,
held in great veneration among the ancients. Her statues represented
her with a veil, and the matrons usually consecrated their locks to
her. She was also represented on monuments as a young woman holding
a serpent in one hand, and in the other a cup, out of which the
serpent sometimes drank. According to some authors, Hygeia is the
same as Minerva, who received that name from Pericles, who erected
her a statue, because in a dream she had told him the means of
curing an architect, whose assistance he wanted to build a temple.
_Plutarch_, _Pericles_.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 23.

=Hygiana=, a town of Peloponnesus.

=Caius Julius Hygīnus=, a grammarian, one of the freedmen of Augustus.
He was a native of Alexandria; or, according to some, he was a
Spaniard, very intimate with Ovid. He was appointed librarian
to the library of mount Palatine, and he was able to maintain
himself by the liberality of Caius Licinius. He wrote a mythological
history, which he called fables, and _Poeticon Astronomicon_, besides
treatises on the cities of Italy, on such Roman families as were
descended from the Trojans, a book on agriculture, commentaries on
Virgil, the lives of great men, &c., now lost. The best edition of
Hyginus is that of Munkerus, 2 vols., 8vo, Amsterdam, 1681. These
compositions have been greatly mutilated, and their incorrectness
and their bad Latinity have induced some to suppose that they are
spurious. _Suetonius_, _Lives of the Grammarians_.

=Hyla= and =Hylas=, a river of Mysia, where Hylas was drowned.
_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 6.――――A colony of Phocis.

=Hylactor=, one of Actæon’s dogs, from his barking (ὐλακτω, _latro_).
_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3.

=Hylæ=, a small town of Bœotia. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 7.

=Hylæus=, a name given to some centaurs, one of whom was killed
by Hercules on mount Pholoe. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 294.
――――Another, by Theseus, at the nuptials of Pirithous. _Statius_,
_Thebiad_, bk. 7, li. 267.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 378.
――――Another, killed by Bacchus. _Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 6, li. 530.
――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2, li. 457.――――A fourth, killed by
Atalanta. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3.――――One of Actæon’s dogs.

=Hylas=, a son of Thiodamas king of Mysia and Menedice, stolen away
by Hercules, and carried on board the ship Argo to Colchis. On the
Asiatic coast the Argonauts landed to take a supply of fresh water,
and Hylas, following the example of his companions, went to the
fountain with a pitcher, and fell into the water and was drowned.
The poets have embellished this tragical story, by saying that the
nymphs of the river, enamoured of the beautiful Hylas, carried him
away; and that Hercules, disconsolate at the loss of his favourite
youth, filled the woods and mountains with his complaints, and
at last abandoned the Argonautic expedition to go and seek him.
_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――_Hyginus_, fables 14, 271.――_Virgil_,
_Eclogues_, poem 6.――_Propertius_, bk. 1, poem 20.――――A river of
Bithynia. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 32.

=Hylax=, a dog mentioned in _Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 8.

=Hylias=, a river of Magna Græcia.

=Hyllaicus=, a part of Peloponnesus, near Messenia.

=Hyllus=, a son of Hercules and Dejanira, who, soon after his father’s
death, married Iole. He, as well as his father, was persecuted by
the envy of Eurystheus, and obliged to fly from the Peloponnesus.
The Athenians gave a kind reception to Hyllus and the rest of the
Heraclidæ, and marched against Eurystheus. Hyllus obtained a victory
over his enemies, and killed with his own hand Eurystheus, and sent
his head to Alcmena his grandmother. Some time after he attempted
to recover the Peloponnesus with the Heraclidæ, and was killed in
single combat by Echemus king of Arcadia. _See:_ Heraclidæ, Hercules.
_Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 204, &c.――_Strabo_, bk. 9.――_Diodorus_, bk.
4.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 279.――――A river of Lydia,
flowing into the Hernus. It is called also Phryx. _Livy_, bk. 37,
ch. 38.――_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 180.

=Hylonŏme=, the wife of Cyllarus, who killed herself the moment her
husband was murdered by the Lapithæ. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12,
li. 405.

=Hylophăgi=, a people of Æthiopia. _Diodorus_, bk. 3.

=Hymĕnæus= and =Hymen=, the god of marriage among the Greeks, was son
of Bacchus and Venus, or, according to others, of Apollo and one of
the muses. Hymenæus, according to the more received opinions, was
a young Athenian of extraordinary beauty, but ignoble origin. He
became enamoured of the daughter of one of the richest and noblest
of his countrymen, and, as the rank and elevation of his mistress
removed him from her presence and conversation, he contented himself
to follow her wherever she went. In a certain procession, in which
all the matrons of Athens went to Eleusis, Hymenæus, to accompany
his mistress, disguised himself in woman’s clothes, and joined
the religious troop. His youth, and the fairness of his features,
favoured his disguise. A great part of the procession was seized
by the sudden arrival of some pirates, and Hymenæus, who shared the
captivity of his mistress, encouraged his female companions, and
assassinated their ravishers while they were asleep. Immediately
after this, Hymenæus repaired to Athens, and promised to restore to
liberty the matrons who had been enslaved, provided he was allowed
to marry one among them who was the object of his passion. The
Athenians consented, and Hymenæus experienced so much felicity in
his marriage state, that the people of Athens instituted festivals
in his honour, and solemnly invoked him at their nuptials, as the
Latins did their Thalassius. Hymen was generally represented as
crowned with flowers, chiefly with marjoram or roses, and holding
a burning torch in one hand, and in the other a vest of a purple
colour. It was supposed that he always attended at nuptials; for,
if not, matrimonial connections were fatal, and ended in the most
dreadful calamities; and hence people ran about calling aloud,
“Hymen! Hymen!” &c. _Ovid_, _Medeâ_; _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12,
li. 215.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, &c.――_Catullus_, poem 62.

=Hymettus=, a mountain of Attica, about 22 miles in circumference, and
about two miles from Athens, still famous for its bees and excellent
honey. There was also a quarry of marble there. Jupiter had there a
temple; whence he is called _Hymettius_. _Strabo_, bk. 9.――_Silius
Italicus_, bk. 2, li. 228; bk. 14, li. 200.――_Pliny_, bk. 36, ch. 3.
――_Horace_, bk. 2, ode 18, li. 3; bk. 2, satire 2, li. 15.――_Cicero_,
bk. 2, _de Finibus Bonorum et Malorum_, ch. 34.

=Hypæpa=, or =Ipepæ=, now _Berki_, a town of Lydia, sacred to Venus,
between mount Tmolus and the Caystrus. _Strabo_, bk. 13.――_Ovid_,
_Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, li. 152.

=Hypæsia=, a country of Peloponnesus.

=Hypănis=, a river of European Scythia, now called _Bog_, which falls
into the Borysthenes, and with it into the Euxine. _Herodotus_, bk.
4, ch. 52, &c.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 285.――――A river
of India.――――Another of Pontus. _Cicero_, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_,
bk. 2, ch. 39.――――A Trojan who joined himself to Æneas, and was
killed by his own people, who took him for one of the enemy in the
night that Troy was burned by the Greeks. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 2,
li. 428.

=Hyparīnus=, a son of Dion, who reigned at Syracuse for two years
after his father.――――The father of Dion.

=Hypătes=, a river of Sicily, near Camarina. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 14,
li. 231.

=Hypătha=, a town of Thessaly. _Livy_, bk. 41, ch. 25.

=Hypatia=, a native of Alexandria celebrated for her beauty, her
virtues, and her great erudition. She was assassinated 415 A.D.

=Hypēnor=, a Trojan killed by Diomedes at Troy. _Homer_, _Iliad_,
bk. 5, li. 144.

=Hyperbatus=, a pretor of the Achæans, B.C. 224.

=Hyperbius=, a son of Ægyptus. _Apollodorus._

=Hy̆perbŏrei=, a nation in the northern parts of Europe and Asia, who
were said to live to an incredible age, even to 1000 years, and in
the enjoyment of all possible felicity. The sun was said to rise
and set to them but once a year, and therefore, perhaps, they are
placed by Virgil under the north pole. The word signifies _people
who inhabit beyond the wind Boreas_. Thrace was the residence of
Boreas, according to the ancients. Whenever the Hyperboreans made
offerings they always sent them towards the south, and the people
of Dodona were the first of the Greeks who received them. The word
Hyperboreans is applied, in general, to all those who inhabit any
cold climate. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12; bk. 6, ch. 17.――_Mela_, bk. 3,
ch. 5.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 240; bk. 3, lis. 169 & 381.
――_Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 13, &c.――_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_,
bk. 3, ch. 23; bk. 4, ch. 12.

=Hyperea= and =Hyperīa=, a fountain of Thessaly, with a town of the
same name. _Strabo_, bk. 9.――――Another in Messenia, in Peloponnesus.
_Flaccus_, bk. 1, li. 375.

=Hyperesia=, a town of Achaia. _Strabo_, bk. 8.

=Hypĕrĭdes=, an Athenian orator, disciple to Plato and Socrates, and
long the rival of Demosthenes. His father’s name was Glaucippus.
He distinguished himself by his eloquence and the active part
which he took in the management of the Athenian republic. After the
unfortunate battle of Cranon, he was taken alive, and, that he might
not be compelled to betray the secrets of his country, he cut off
his tongue. He was put to death by order of Antipater, B.C. 322.
Only one of his numerous orations remains, admired for the sweetness
and elegance of his style. It is said that Hyperides once defended
the courtesan Phryne who was accused of impiety, and that when he
saw his eloquence ineffectual, he unveiled the bosom of his client,
upon which the judges, influenced by the sight of her beauty,
acquitted her. _Plutarch_, _Demosthenes_.――_Cicero_, _Orator_,
ch. 1, &c.――_Quintilian_, bk. 10, &c.

=Hypĕrīon=, a son of Cœlus and Terra, who married Thea, by whom he had
Aurora, the sun, and moon. Hyperion is often taken by the poets for
the sun itself. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, chs. 1
& 2.――_Homer_, _Hymn 3 to Apollo_.――――A son of Priam. _Apollodorus_,
bk. 1, ch. 2.

=Hypermnestra=, one of the 50 daughters of Danaus, who married Lynceus
son of Ægyptus. She disobeyed her father’s bloody commands, who had
ordered her to murder her husband the first night of her nuptials,
and suffered Lynceus to escape unhurt from the bridal bed. Her
father summoned her to appear before a tribunal for her disobedience,
but the people acquitted her, and Danaus was reconciled to her and
her husband, to whom he left his kingdom at his death. Some say
that Lynceus returned to Argos with an army, and that he conquered
and put to death his father-in-law, and usurped his crown. _See:_
Danaides. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 19.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2,
ch. 1.――_Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 14.――――A daughter of Thestius.
_Apollodorus._

=Hyperŏchus=, a man who wrote a poetical history of Cuma. _Pausanias_,
bk. 10, ch. 12.

=Hyphæus=, a mountain of Campania. _Plutarch_, _Sulla_.

=Hypsa=, now _Belici_, a river of Sicily, falling into the Crinisus,
and then into the Mediterranean near Selinus. _Silius Italicus_,
bk. 14, li. 228.

=Hypsea=, a Roman matron, of the family of the Plautii. She was blind,
according to Horace; or, perhaps, was partial to some lover, who
was recommended neither by personal nor mental excellence. _Horace_,
bk. 1, satire 2, li. 91.

=Hypsēnor=, a priest of the Scamander, killed during the Trojan war.
_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 5.

=Hypseus=, a son of the river Peneus.――――A pleader at the Roman bar
before the age of Cicero. _Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 1, ch. 36.

=Hypsicrătēa=, the wife of Mithridates, who accompanied her husband in
man’s clothes, when he fled before Pompey. _Plutarch_, _Pompey_.

=Hypsicrătes=, a Phœnician who wrote a history of his country, in
the Phœnician language. This history was saved from the flames of
Carthage, when that city was taken by Scipio, and translated into
Greek.

=Hypsipĭdes=, a Macedonian in Alexander’s army, famous for his
friendship for Menedemus, &c. _Curtius_, bk. 7, ch. 7.

=Hypsĭpy̆le=, a queen of Lemnos, daughter of Thoas and Myrine. During
her reign, Venus, whose altars had been universally slighted,
punished the Lemnian women, and rendered their mouths and breath so
extremely offensive to the smell, that their husbands abandoned them,
and gave themselves up to some female slaves, whom they had taken in
a war against Thrace. This contempt was highly resented by all the
women of Lemnos, and they resolved on revenge, and all unanimously
put to death their male relations, Hypsipyle alone excepted, who
spared the life of her father Thoas. Soon after this cruel murder,
the Argonauts landed at Lemnos, in their expedition to Colchis,
and remained for some time in the island. During their stay the
Argonauts rendered the Lemnian women mothers, and Jason, the
chief of the Argonautic expedition, left Hypsipyle pregnant at his
departure, and promised her eternal fidelity. Hypsipyle brought
twins, Euneus and Nebrophonus, whom some have called Deiphilus or
Thoas. Jason forgot his vows and promises to Hypsipyle, and the
unfortunate queen was soon after forced to leave her kingdom by the
Lemnian women, who conspired against her life, still mindful that
Thoas had been preserved by means of his daughter. Hypsipyle, in her
flight, was seized by pirates, and sold to Lycurgus king of Nemæa.
She was entrusted with the care of Archemorus the son of Lycurgus;
and, when the Argives marched against Thebes, they met Hypsipyle,
and obliged her to show them a fountain, where they might quench
their thirst. To do this more expeditiously, she laid down
the child on the grass, and in her absence he was killed by a
serpent. Lycurgus attempted to revenge the death of his son, but
Hypsipyle was screened from his resentment by Adrastus the leader
of the Argives. _Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 6.――_Apollonius_, bk. 1.
――_Statius_, bk. 5, _Thebiad_.――_Flaccus_, bk. 2.――_Apollodorus_,
bk. 1, ch. 9; bk. 3, ch. 6.――_Hyginus_, fables 15, 74, &c. _See:_
Archemorus.

=Hyrcānia=, a large country of Asia, at the north of Parthia, and
at the west of Media, abounding in serpents, wild beasts, &c. It
is very mountainous, and unfit for drawing a cavalry in order of
battle. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 367.――_Cicero_, _Tusculanæ
Disputationes_, bk. 1, ch. 45.――_Strabo_, bks. 2 & 11.――――A town
of Lydia, destroyed by a violent earthquake in the age of Tiberius.
_Livy_, bk. 37, ch. 38.

=Hyrcănum mare=, a large sea, called also _Caspian_. _See:_ Caspium
mare.

=Hyrcānus=, a name common to some of the high priests of Judea.
_Josephus._

=Hyria=, a country of Bœotia, near Aulis, with a lake, river, and town
of the same name. It is more probably situate near Tempe. It received
its name from Hyrie, a woman who wept so much for the loss of her
son, that she was changed into a fountain. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
bk. 7, li. 372.――_Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 170.――――A town of Isauria,
on the Calycadnus.

=Hyrieus=, or =Hyreus=, a peasant, or, as some say, a prince of
Tanagra, son of Neptune and Alcyone, who kindly entertained Jupiter,
Neptune, and Mercury, when travelling over Bœotia. Being childless,
he asked of the gods to give him a son without his marrying, as
he promised his wife, who was lately dead, and whom he tenderly
loved, that he never would marry again. The gods, to reward the
hospitality of Hyreus, made water in the hide of a bull, which had
been sacrificed the day before to their divinity, and they ordered
him to wrap it up and bury it in the ground for nine months. At the
expiration of the nine mouths, Hyreus opened the earth, and found
a beautiful child in the bull’s hide, whom he called Orion. _See:_
Orion.

=Hyrmina=, a town of Elis in Peloponnesus. _Strabo_, bk. 8.

=Hyrneto= and =Hyrnetho=, a daughter of Temenus king of Argos, who
married Deyphon son of Celeus. She was the favourite of her father,
who greatly enriched her husband. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 6.
――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 19.

=Hyrnĭthium=, a plain of Argos, near Epidaurus, fertile in olives.
_Strabo_, bk. 6.

=Hyrtăcus=, a Trojan of mount Ida, father to Nisus, one of the
companions of Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, lis. 177 & 406.
Hence the patronymic of _Hyrtacides_ is applied to Nisus. It is
also applied to Hippocoon. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 492.

=Hysia=, a town of Bœotia, built by Nycteus, Antiope’s father.――――A
village of Argos.――――A city of Arcadia.――――The royal residence of
the king of Parthia.

=Hyspa=, a river of Sicily. _Silius Italicus_, ♦bk. 14, li. 228.

♦ ‘24’ replaced with ‘14’

=Hyssus= and =Hyssi=, a port and river of Cappadocia on the Euxine sea.

=Hystaspes=, a noble Persian, of the family of the Achæmenides. His
father’s name was Arsames. His son Darius reigned in Persia after
the murder of the usurper Smerdis. It is said by Ctesias that
he wished to be carried to see the royal monument which his son
had built between two mountains. The priests who carried him, as
reported, slipped the cord with which he was suspended in ascending
the mountain, and he died of the fall. Hystaspes was the first who
introduced the learning and mysteries of the Indian Brachmans into
Persia, and to his researches in India the sciences were greatly
indebted, particularly in Persia. Darius is called _Hystaspes_,
or son of Hystaspes, to distinguish him from his royal successors
of the same name. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 209; bk. 5, ch. 83.
――_Ctesias_, _Fragments_.

=Hystieus.= _See:_ Histiæus.

I [& J]

=Ia=, the daughter of Midas, who married Atys, &c.

=Iacchus=, a surname of Bacchus, _ab_ ἰαχειν, from the _noise_ and
_shouts_ which the bacchanals raised at the festivals of this deity.
_Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 6; _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 166.――_Ovid_,
_Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, ch. 15.――――Some suppose him to be a son of
Ceres; because in the celebration of the Eleusinian mysteries, the
word Iacchus was frequently repeated. _Herodotus_, bk. 8, ch. 65.
――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 2.

=Iader=, a river of Dalmatia.

=Ialēmus=, a wretched singer, son of the muse Calliope. _Athenæus_,
bk. 14.

=Ialmĕnus=, a son of Mars and Astyoche, who went to the Trojan war
with his brother Ascalaphus, with 30 ships, at the head of the
inhabitants of Orchomenes and Aspledon, in Bœotia. _Pausanias_,
bk. 2, ch. 37.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2, li. 19.

=Iāly̆sus=, a town of Rhodes, built by Ialysus, of whom Protogenes was
making a beautiful painting when Demetrius Poliorcetes took Rhodes.
The Telchines were born there. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, fable
9.――_Pliny_, bk. 35, ch. 6.――_Cicero_, bk. 2, _Letters to Atticus_,
ltr. 21.――_Plutarch_, _Demetrius_.――_Ælian_, bk. 12, ch. 5.

=Iambe=, a servant-maid of Metanira, wife of Celeus king of Eleusis,
who tried to exhilarate Ceres, when she travelled over Attica
in quest of her daughter Proserpine. From the jokes and stories
which she made use of, free and satirical verses have been called
_Iambics_. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 5.

=Iamblĭcus=, a Greek author who wrote the life of Pythagoras, and the
history of his followers, an exhortation to philosophy, a treatise
against Porphyry’s letter on the mysteries of the Egyptians, &c. He
was a great favourite with the emperor Julian, and died A.D. 363.

=Iamenus=, a Trojan killed by Leonteus. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 12,
lis. 139 & 193.

=Iamĭdæ=, certain prophets among the Greeks, descended from Iamus, a
son of Apollo, who received the gift of prophecy from his father,
which remained among his posterity. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 2.

=Janĭcŭlum= and =Janicularius mons=, one of the seven hills at Rome
joined to the city by Ancus Martius, and made a kind of citadel,
to protect the place against an invasion. This hill [_See:_ Janus],
which was on the opposite shore of the Tiber, was joined to the city
by the bridge Sublicius, the first ever built across the river, and
perhaps in Italy. It was less inhabited than the other parts of the
city, on account of the grossness of the air, though from its top
the eye could have a commanding view of the whole city. It is famous
for the burial of king Numa and of the poet Italicus. Porsenna king
of Etruria pitched his camp on mount Janiculum, and the senators
took refuge there in the civil wars, to avoid the resentment of
Octavius. _Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 33, &c.――_Dio Cassius_, bk. 47.――_Ovid_,
bk. 1, _Fasti_, li. 246.――_Virgil_, _[Aeneid]_, bk. 8, li. 358.
――_Martial_, bk. 4, ltr. 64; bk. 7, ltr. 16.

=Ianīra=, one of the Nereides.

=Ianthe=, a girl of Crete, who married Iphis. _See:_ Iphis. _Ovid_,
_Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 714, &c.

=Ianthea=, one of the Oceanides.――――One of the Nereides. _Pausanias_,
bk. 4, ch. 30.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 8, li. 47.

=Jānus=, the most ancient king who reigned in Italy. He was a native
of Thessaly, and son of Apollo, according to some. He came to Italy,
where he planted a colony and built a small town on the river Tiber,
which he called Janiculum. Some authors make him son of Cœlus and
Hecate; and others make him a native of Athens. During his reign,
Saturn, driven from heaven by his son Jupiter, came to Italy, where
Janus received him with much hospitality, and made him his colleague
on the throne. Janus is represented with two faces, because he was
acquainted with the past and the future; or, according to others,
because he was taken for the sun, who opens the day at his rising,
and shuts it at his setting. Some statues represented Janus with
four heads. He sometimes appeared with a beard, and sometimes
without. In religious ceremonies, his name was always invoked the
first, because he presides over all gates and avenues, and it is
through him only that prayers can reach the immortal gods. From that
circumstance he often appears with a key in his right hand, and a
rod in his left. Sometimes he holds the number of 300 in one hand,
and in the other 65, to show that he presides over the year, of
which the first month bears his name. Some suppose that he is the
same as the world, or Cœlus; and from that circumstance they call
him Eanus, _ab eundo_, because of the revolution of the heavens. He
was called by different names, such as _Consivius_, _a conserendo_,
because he presided over generation; _Quirinus_ or _Martialis_,
because he presided over war. He is also called _Patuleius_ and
_Clausius_, because the gates of his temples were open during the
time of war, and shut in time of peace. He was chiefly worshipped
among the Romans, where he had many temples, some erected to Janus
Bifrons, others to Janus Quadrifrons. The temples of Quadrifrons
were built with four equal sides, with a door and three windows
on each side. The four doors were the emblems of the four seasons
of the year, and the three windows in each of the sides the three
months in each season, and, all together, the 12 months of the year.
Janus was generally represented in statues as a young man. After
death Janus was ranked among the gods, for his popularity and the
civilization which he had introduced among the wild inhabitants of
Italy. His temple, which was always open in times of war, was shut
only three times during above 700 years, under Numa, 234 B.C., and
under Augustus; and during that long period of time, the Romans were
continually employed in war. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 1, li. 65, &c.
――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 607.――_Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_,
bk. 1.――_Macrobius_, _Saturnalia_, bk. 1.――――A street at Rome near
the temple of Janus. It was generally frequented by usurers and
money-brokers, and booksellers also kept their shops there. _Horace_,
bk. 1, ltr. 1.

=Japetĭdes=, a musician at the nuptials of Perseus and Andromeda.
_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 111.

=Japĕtus=, a son of Cœlus or Titan by Terra, who married Asia, or,
according to others, Clymene, by whom he had Atlas, Menœtius,
Prometheus, and Epimetheus. The Greeks looked upon him as the
father of all mankind, and therefore from his antiquity old men
were frequently called Japeti. His sons received the patronymic of
_Iapetionides_. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 631.――_Hesiod_,
_Theogony_, lis. 136 & 508.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 1.

=Iāpis=, an Ætolian, who founded a city upon the banks of the Timavus.
_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 475.――――A Trojan, favourite
of Apollo, from whom he received the knowledge of the power of
medicinal herbs. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 12, li. 391.