Chapter XII: Preface: To the Original Edition (11)

=Archippus=, a king of Italy, from whom, perhaps, the town of
Archippe received its name. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 752.――――A
philosopher of Thebes, pupil to Pythagoras.――――An archon at Athens.
――――A comic poet of Athens, of whose eight comedies only one obtained
the prize.――――A philosopher in the age of Trajan.

=Archītis=, a name of Venus, worshipped on mount Libanus.

=Archon=, one of Alexander’s generals, who received the provinces of
Babylon, at the general division after the king’s death. _Diodorus_,
bk. 18.

=Archontes=, the name of the chief magistrates of Athens. They were
nine in number, and none were chosen but such as were descended
from ancestors who had been free citizens of the republic for three
generations. They were also to be without deformity in all the parts
and members of their body, and were obliged to produce testimonies
of their dutiful behaviour to their parents, of the services they
had rendered their country, and the competency of their fortune
to support their dignity. They took a solemn oath that they would
observe the laws, administer justice with impartiality, and never
suffer themselves to be corrupted. If they ever received bribes,
they were compelled by the laws to dedicate to the god of Delphi
a statue of gold of equal weight with their body. They all had the
power of punishing malefactors with death. The chief among them
was called _Archon_. The year took its denomination from him; he
determined all causes between man and wife, and took care of legacies
and wills; he provided for orphans, protected the injured, and
punished drunkenness with uncommon severity. If he suffered himself
to be intoxicated during the time of his office, the misdemeanour
was punished with death. The second of the archons was called
_Basileus_. It was his office to keep good order, and to remove all
causes of quarrel in the families of those who were dedicated to the
service of the gods. The profane and the impious were brought before
his tribunal; and he offered public sacrifices for the good of the
state. He assisted at the celebration of the Eleusinian festivals,
and other religious ceremonies. His wife was to be related to
the whole people of Athens, and of a pure and unsullied life. He
had a vote among the Areopagites, but was obliged to sit among
them without his crown. The _Polemarch_ was another archon of
inferior dignity. He had the care of all foreigners, and provided a
sufficient maintenance from the public treasury for the families of
those who had lost their lives in defence of their country. These
three chief archons generally chose each of them two persons of
respectable character, and of an advanced age, whose counsels and
advice might assist and support them in their public capacity.
The six other archons were indistinctly called _Thesmothetæ_, and
received complaints against persons accused of impiety, bribery,
and ill behaviour. They settled all disputes between the citizens,
redressed the wrongs of strangers and forbade any laws to be
enforced but such as were conducive to the safety of the state.
These officers of state were chosen after the death of king
Codrus; their power was originally for life, but afterwards it was
limited to 10 years, and at last to one year. After some time, the
qualifications which were required to be an archon were not strictly
observed. Adrian, before he was elected emperor of Rome, was made
archon at Athens, though a foreigner; and the same honours were
conferred upon Plutarch. The perpetual archons, after the death of
Codrus, were Medon, whose office began B.C. 1070; Acastus, 1050;
Archippus, 1014; Thersippus, 995; Phorbas, 954; Megacles, 923;
Diognetus, 893; Pherecles, 865; Ariphron, 846; Thespius, 826;
Agamestor, 799; Æschylus, 778; Alcmæon, 756; after whose death the
archons were decennial, the first of whom was Charops, who began
753; Æsimedes, 744; Clidicus, 734; Hippomenes, 724; Leocrates, 714;
Apsander, 704; Eryxias, 694; after whom the office became annual,
and of these annual archons Creon was the first. _Aristophanes_, _The
Clouds_ & _The Birds_.――_Plutarch_, _Convivium Septem Sapientium_,
ch. 1.――_Demosthenes._――_Pollux._――_Lysias._

=Archy̆lus Thurius=, a general of Dionysius the elder. _Diodorus_,
bk. 14.

=Archytas=, a musician of Mitylene, who wrote a treatise on
agriculture. _Diogenes Laërtius._――――The son of Hestiæus of Tarentum,
was a follower of the Pythagorean philosophy, and an able astronomer
and geometrician. He redeemed his master, Plato, from the hands of
the tyrant Dionysius, and for his virtues he was seven times chosen,
by his fellow-citizens, governor of Tarentum. He invented some
mathematical instruments, and made a wooden pigeon which could fly.
He perished in a shipwreck about 394 years before the christian
era. He is also the reputed inventor of the screw and the pulley.
A fragment of his writings has been preserved by Porphyry. _Horace_,
bk. 1, ode 28.――_Cicero_, bk. 3, _On Oratory_.――_Diogenes Laërtius_,
_Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers_.

=Arcĭtĕnens=, an epithet applied to Apollo, from his bearing a _bow_,
with which, as soon as born, he destroyed the serpent Python.
_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 75.

=Arctīnus=, a Milesian poet, said to be pupil to Homer. _Dionysius of
Halicarnassus_, bk. 1.

=Arctophy̆lax=, a star near the great bear, called also Bootes.
_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 2, ch. 42.

=Arctos=, a mountain near Propontis, inhabited by giants and monsters.
――――Two celestial constellations near the north pole, commonly
called Ursa Major and Minor; supposed to be Arcas and his mother,
who were made constellations. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1.――_Aratus._
――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 107.

=Arctūrus=, a star near the tail of the great bear, whose rising and
setting were generally supposed to portend great tempests. _Horace_,
bk. 3, ode 1. The name is derived from its situation, ἀρκτος _ursus_,
οὐρα _cauda_. It rises now about the beginning of October, and Pliny
tells us it rose in his age on the 12th, or, according to Columella,
on the 5th of September.

=Ardălus=, a son of Vulcan, said to have been the first who invented
the pipe. He gave it to the Muses, who on that account have been
called _Ardalides_ and _Ardalīotides_. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 31.

=Ardalia=, a country of Egypt. _Strabo._

=Ardaxānus=, a small river of Illyricum. _Polybius._

=Ardea=, formerly Ardua, a town of Latium, built by Danae, or,
according to some, by a son of Ulysses and Circe. It was the capital
of the Rutuli. Some soldiers set it on fire, and the inhabitants
publicly reported that their city had been changed into a bird,
called by the Latins _Ardea_. It was rebuilt, and it became a rich
and magnificent city, whose enmity to Rome rendered it famous.
Tarquin the Proud was pressing it with a siege, when his son
ravished Lucretia. A road called _Ardeatina_ branched from the
Appian road to Ardea. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Atticus_, ch. 14.――_Livy_,
bk. 1, ch. 57; bk. 3, ch. 71; bk. 4, ch. 9, &c.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_,
bk. 7, li. 412.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 573.――_Strabo_,
bk. 5.

=Ardericca=, a small town on the Euphrates, north of Babylon.

=Ardiæi=, a people of Illyricum, whose capital was called Ardia.
_Strabo_, bk. 7.

=Ardonea=, a town of Apulia. _Livy_, bk. 24, ch. 20.

=Ardua=, an ancient name of Ardea. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 411.

=Arduenna=, now _Ardenne_, a large forest of Gaul, in the time of
Julius Cæsar, which extended 50 miles from the Rhine to the borders
of the Nervii. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 8, ch. 42.――_Cæsar_, _Gallic
War_, bk. 6, ch. 29.

=Arduine=, the goddess of hunting among the Gauls; represented with
the same attributes as the Diana of the Romans.

=Ardyenses=, a nation near the Rhone. _Polybius_, bk. 3.

=Ardys=, a son of Gyges king of Lydia, who reigned 49 years, took
Priene, and made war against Miletus. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 15.

=Area=, a surname of Minerva, from her temple on Mars’ hill (ἀρης)
erected by Orestes. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 28.

=Areacidæ=, a nation of Numidia. _Polybius._

=Areas=, a general chosen by the Greeks against Ætolia. _Justin_,
bk. 24, ch. 1.

=Aregŏnis=, the mother of Mopsus by Ampyx. _Orpheus_, _Argonautica_.

=Arelātum=, a town of Gallia Narbonensis. _Strabo_, bk. 4.――_Mela_,
bk. 2, ch. 5.

=Arellius=, a celebrated painter of Rome in the age of Augustus. He
painted the goddesses in the form of his mistresses. _Pliny_, bk. 35,
ch. 10.――――A miser in _Horace_.

=Aremorĭca=, a part of Gaul, at the north of the Loire, now called
Britany. _Pliny_, bk. 4.

=Arēna= and =Arene=, a city of Messenia in Peloponnesus. _Homer_,
_Iliad_, bk. 2.

=Arenăcum=, a town of Germany. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 5, ch. 20.

=Areopagītæ=, the judges of the Areopagus, a seat of justice on a small
eminence near Athens, whose name is derived from Αρεος παγος, _the
hill of Mars_, because Mars was the first who was tried there, for
the murder of Hallirhotius, who had offered violence to his daughter
Alcippe. Some say that the place received the name of Areopagus
because the Amazons pitched their camp there, and offered sacrifices
to their progenitor Mars, when they besieged Athens; and others
maintain that the name was given to the place because Mars is the
god of bloodshed, war, and murder, which were generally punished by
that court. The time in which this celebrated seat of justice was
instituted is unknown. Some suppose that Cecrops, the founder of
Athens, first established it, while others give the credit of it
to Cranaus, and others to Solon. The number of judges that composed
this august assembly is not known. They have been limited by some to
9, to 31, to 51, and sometimes to a greater number. The most worthy
and religious of the Athenians were admitted as members, and such
archons as had discharged their duty with care and faithfulness. In
the latter ages of the republic, this observance was often violated,
and we find some of their members of loose and debauched morals. If
any of them were convicted of immorality, if they were seen sitting
at a tavern, or had used any indecent language, they were immediately
expelled from the assembly, and held in the greatest disgrace,
though the dignity of a judge of the Areopagus always was for life.
The Areopagites took cognizance of murders, impiety, and immoral
behaviour, and particularly of idleness, which they deemed the cause
of all vice. They watched over the laws, and they had the management
of the public treasury; they had the liberty of rewarding the
virtuous, and of inflicting severe punishment upon such as blasphemed
against the gods, or slighted the celebration of the holy mysteries.
They always sat in the open air, because they took cognizance of
murder; and by their laws it was not permitted for the murderer and
his accuser to be both under the same roof. This custom also might
originate because the persons of the judges were sacred, and they
were afraid of contracting pollution by conversing in the same house
with men who had been guilty of shedding innocent blood. They always
heard causes and passed sentence in the night, that they might not
be prepossessed in favour of the plaintiff or of the defendant by
seeing them. Whatever causes were pleaded before them, were to be
divested of all oratory and fine speaking, lest eloquence should
charm their ears and corrupt their judgment. Hence arose the most
just and most impartial decisions, and their sentence was deemed
sacred and inviolable, and the plaintiff and defendant were equally
convinced of its justice. The Areopagites generally sat on the 27th,
28th, and 29th days of every month. Their authority continued in
its original state till Pericles, who was refused admittance among
them, resolved to lessen their consequence and destroy their power.
From that time the morals of the Athenians were corrupted, and the
Areopagites were no longer conspicuous for their virtue and justice;
and when they censured the debaucheries of Demetrius, one of the
family of Phalereus, he plainly told them, that if they wished to
make a reform in Athens, they must begin at home.

=Areopăgus=, a hill in the neighbourhood of Athens. _See:_ Areopagitæ.

=Arestæ=, a people of India, conquered by Alexander. _Justin_, bk. 12,
ch. 8.

=Aresthanas=, a countryman, whose goat suckled Æsculapius, when exposed
by his mother. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 26.

=Arestorĭdes=, a patronymic given to the hundred-eyed Argus, as son of
Arestor. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 584.

=Arĕta=, the mother of Aristippus the philosopher. _Diogenes Laërtius_,
bk. 2.――――A daughter of Dionysius, who married Dion. She was thrown
into the sea. _Plutarch_, _Dion_.――――A female philosopher of Cyrene,
B.C. 377.

=Arēta=, a daughter of Rhexenor, descended from Neptune, who married
her uncle Alcinous, by whom she had Nausicaa. _Homer_, _Odyssey_,
bks. 7 & 8.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1.

=Aretæus=, a physician of Cappadocia, very inquisitive after the
operations of nature. His treatise on agues has been much admired.
The best edition of his works which are extant, is that of Boerhaave,
Leiden, folio, 1735.

=Aretaphĭla=, the wife of Melanippus, a priest of Cyrene. Nicocrates
murdered her husband to marry her. She, however, was so attached
to Melanippus, that she endeavoured to poison Nicocrates, and at
last caused him to be assassinated by his brother Lysander, whom
she married. Lysander proved as cruel as his brother, upon which
Aretaphila ordered him to be thrown into the sea. After this she
retired to a private station. _Plutarch_, _de Mulierum Virtutes_.
――_Polyænus_, bk. 8, ch. 38.

=Aretāles=, a Cnidian, who wrote a history of Macedonia, besides a
treatise on islands. _Plutarch._

=Arēte.= _See:_ Areta.

=Arētes=, one of Alexander’s officers. _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 15.

=Arethūsa=, a nymph of Elis, daughter of Oceanus, and one of Diana’s
attendants. As she returned one day from hunting, she sat near
the Alpheus, and bathed in the stream. The god of the river was
enamoured of her, and he pursued her over the mountains and all the
country, when Arethusa, ready to sink under fatigue, implored Diana,
who changed her into a fountain. The Alpheus immediately mingled his
streams with hers, and Diana opened a secret passage under the earth
and under the sea, where the waters of Arethusa disappeared, and
rose in the island of Ortygia, near Syracuse in Sicily. The river
Alpheus followed her also under the sea, and rose also in Ortygia;
so that, as mythologists relate, whatever is thrown into the Alpheus
in Elis, rises again, after some time, in the fountain Arethusa
near Syracuse. _See:_ Alpheus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, fable
10.――_Athenæus_, bk. 7.――_Pausanias._――――One of the Hesperides.
_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 5.――――A daughter of Herileus, mother of
Abas by Neptune. _Hyginus_, fable 157.――――One of Actæon’s dogs.
_Hyginus_, fable 181.――――A lake of Upper Armenia, near the fountains
of the Tigris. Nothing can sink under its waters. _Pliny_, bk. 2,
ch. 103.――――A town of Thrace.――――Another in Syria.

=Aretīnum=, a Roman colony in Etruria. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 5,
li. 123.

=Arētus=, a son of Nestor and Anaxibia. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 3,
li. 413.――――A Trojan against the Greeks. He was killed by Automedon.
_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 17, li. 494.――――A famous warrior, whose only
weapon was an iron club. He was treacherously killed by Lycurgus
king of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 11.

=Areus=, a king of Sparta, preferred in the succession to Cleonymus,
brother of Acrotatus, who had made an alliance with Pyrrhus. He
assisted Athens when Antigonus besieged it, and died at Corinth.
_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 6.――_Plutarch._――――A king of Sparta, who
succeeded his father Acrotatus II., and was succeeded by his son
Leonidas, son of Cleonymus.――――A philosopher of Alexandria, intimate
with Augustus. _Suetonius._――――A poet of Laconia.――――An orator
mentioned by _Quintilian_.

=Argæus= and =Argēus=, a son of Apollo and Cyrene. _Justin_, bk. 13,
ch. 7.――――A son of Perdiccas, who succeeded his father in the
kingdom of Macedonia. _Justin_, bk. 7, ch. 1.――――A mountain of
Cappadocia, covered with perpetual snows, at the bottom of which
is the capital of the country called Maxara. _Claudian._――――A son
of Ptolemy, killed by his brother. _Pausanias_, bk. 1.――――A son of
Licymnius. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2.

=Argălus=, a king of Sparta, son of Amyclas. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 1.

=Argathŏna=, a huntress of Cios in Bithynia, whom Rhesus married before
he went to the Trojan war. When she heard of his death, she died in
despair. _Parthenius_, _Narrationum Amatoriarum Libellus_, ch. 36.

=Argathōnius=, a king of Tartessus, who, according to _Pliny_, bk. 7,
ch. 48, lived 120 years, and 300 according to _Silius Italicus_,
bk. 3, li. 396.

=Arge=, a beautiful huntress changed into a stag by Apollo. _Hyginus_,
fable 205.――――One of the Cyclops. _Hesiod._――――A daughter of
Thespius, by whom Hercules had two sons. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2.――――A
nymph, daughter of Jupiter and Juno. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1.

=Argea=, a place at Rome where certain Argives were buried.

=Argæāthæ=, a village of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 23.

=Argennum=, a promontory of Ionia.

=Arges=, a son of Cœlus and Terra, who had only one eye in his
forehead. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 1.

=Argestrătus=, a king of Lacedæmon, who reigned 35 years.

=Argēus=, a son of Perdiccas king of Macedonia, who obtained the
kingdom when Amyntas was deposed by the Illyrians. _Justin_, bk. 7,
ch. 2.

=Argi= (plural, masculine). _See:_ Argos.

=Argīa=, daughter of Adrastus, married Polynices, whom she loved with
uncommon tenderness. When he was killed in the war, she buried his
body in the night, against the positive orders of Creon, for which
pious action she was punished with death. Theseus revenged her death
by killing Creon. _Hyginus_, fables 69 & 72.――_Statius_, _Thebiad_,
bk. 12. _See:_ Antigone and Creon.――――A country of Peloponnesus,
called also Argolis, of which Argos was the capital.――――One of the
Oceanides. _Hyginus_, _preface_.――――The wife of Inachus, and mother
of Io. _Hyginus_, fable 145.――――The mother of Argos by Polybus.
_Hyginus_, fable 145.――――A daughter of Autesion, who married
Aristodemus, by whom she had two sons, Eurysthenes and Procles.
_Apollodorus_, bk. 2.――_Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 3.

=Argias=, a man who founded Chalcedon, A.U.C. 148.

=Argilētum=, a place at Rome near the Palatium, where the tradesmen
generally kept their shops. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 355.
――_Martial_, bk. 1, ltr. 4.

=Argilius=, a favourite youth of Pausanias, who revealed his master’s
correspondence with the Persian king to the Ephori. _Cornelius
Nepos_, _Pausanias_.

=Argillus=, a mountain of Egypt near the Nile.

=Argĭlus=, a town of Thrace near the Strymon, built by a colony of
Andrians. _Thucydides_, bk. 4, ch. 103.――_Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 115.

=Arginūsæ=, three small islands near the continent, between Mitylene
and Methymna, where the Lacedæmonian fleet was conquered by Conon
the Athenian. _Strabo_, bk. 13.

=Argiŏpe=, a nymph of mount Parnassus, mother of Thamyris by Philammon
the son of Apollo. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 33.

=Argiphontes=, a surname given to Mercury, because he _killed_ the
hundred-eyed _Argus_, by order of Jupiter.

=Argippēi=, a nation among the Sauromatians, born bald, and with flat
noses. They lived upon trees. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 23.

=Argīva=, a surname of Juno, worshipped at Argos. She had also a temple
at Sparta, consecrated to her by Eurydice the daughter of Lacedæmon.
_Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 13.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 547.

=Argīvi=, the inhabitants of the city of Argos and the neighbouring
country. The word is indiscriminately applied by the poets to all
the inhabitants of Greece.

=Argius=, a steward of Galba, who privately interred the body of his
master in his gardens. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 1, ch. 49.

=Argo=, the name of the famous ship which carried Jason and his 54
companions to Colchis, when they resolved to recover the golden
fleece. The derivation of the word Argo has often been disputed.
Some derive it from Argos, the person who first proposed the
expedition, and who built the ship. Others maintain that it was
built at Argos, whence its name. Cicero, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_,
bk. 1, ch. 20, calls it Argo, because it carried Grecians, commonly
called Argives. Diodorus, bk. 4, derives the word from ἀργος, which
signifies _swift_. Ptolemy says, but falsely, that Hercules built
the ship, and called it Argo after a son of Jason, who bore the same
name. The ship Argo had 50 oars. According to many authors, she had
a beam on her prow, cut in the forest of Dodona by Minerva, which
had the power of giving oracles to the Argonauts. This ship was
the first that ever sailed on the sea, as some report. After the
expedition was finished, Jason ordered her to be drawn aground at
the isthmus of Corinth, and consecrated to the god of the sea. The
poets have made her a constellation in heaven. Jason was killed
by a beam which fell from the top, as he slept on the ground near
it. _Hyginus_, fable 14; _Poetica astronomica_, bk. 2, ch. 37.
――_Catullus_, _Marriage of Peleus and Thetis_.――_Valerius Flaccus_,
bk. 1, li. 93, &c.――_Phædras_, bk. 4, fable 6.――_Seneca_, _Medea_.
――_Apollonius_, _Argonautica_.――_Apollodorus._――_Cicero_, _de Natura
Deorum_.――_Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 56.――_Marcus Manilius_, bk. 1.

=Argolĭcus sinus=, a bay on the coast of Argolis.

=Argŏlis= and =Argia=, a country of Peloponnesus between Arcadia and
the Ægean sea. Its chief city was called Argos.

=Argon=, one of the descendants of Hercules, who reigned in Lydia 505
years before Gyges. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 7.

=Argonautæ=, a name given to those ancient heroes who went with Jason
on board the ship Argo to Colchis, about 79 years before the taking
of Troy, or 1263 B.C. The causes of this expedition arose from the
following circumstance:――Athamas king of Thebes had married Ino
the daughter of Cadmus, whom he divorced to marry Nephele, by whom
he had two children, Phryxus and Helle. As Nephele was subject to
certain fits of madness, Athamas repudiated her, and took a second
time Ino, by whom he had soon after two sons, Learchus and Melicerta.
As the children of Nephele were to succeed to their father by
right of birth, Ino conceived an immortal hatred against them, and
she caused the city of Thebes to be visited by a pestilence, by
poisoning all the grain which had been sown in the earth. Upon this
the oracle was consulted; and as it had been corrupted by means of
Ino, the answer was, that Nephele’s children should be immolated to
the gods. Phryxus was apprised of this, and he immediately embarked
with his sister Helle, and fled to the court of Æetes king of
Colchis, one of his near relations. In the voyage Helle died, and
Phryxus arrived safe at Colchis, and was received with kindness
by the king. The poets have embellished the flight of Phryxus, by
supposing that he and Helle fled through the air on a ram which had
a golden fleece and wings, and was endowed with the faculties of
speech. This ram, as they say, was the offspring of Neptune’s amours,
under the form of a ram, with the nymph Theopane. As they were
going to be sacrificed, the ram took them on his back, and instantly
disappeared in the air. On their way Helle was giddy, and fell
into that part of the sea which from her was called the Hellespont.
When Phryxus came to Colchis, he sacrificed the ram to Jupiter, or,
according to others, to Mars, to whom he also dedicated the golden
fleece. He soon after married Chalciope the daughter of Æetes; but
his father-in-law envied him the possession of the golden fleece,
and therefore to obtain it he murdered him. Some time after this
event, when Jason the son of Æson demanded of his uncle Pelias the
crown which he usurped [_See:_ Pelias, Jason, Æson], Pelias said
that he would restore it to him, provided he avenged the death of
their common relation Phryxus, whom Æetes had basely murdered in
Colchis. Jason, who was in the vigour of youth, and of an ambitious
soul, cheerfully undertook the expedition, and embarked with all the
young princes of Greece in the ship Argo. They stopped at the island
of Lemnos, where they remained two years, and raised a new race of
men from the Lemnian women who had murdered their husbands. _See:_
Hypsipyle. After they had left Lemnos, they visited Samothrace,
where they offered sacrifices to the gods, and thence passed to
Troas and Cyzicum. Here they met with a favourable reception from
Cyzicus the king of the country. The night after their departure,
they were driven back by a storm again on the coast of Cyzicum, and
the inhabitants, supposing them to be their enemies, the Pelasgi,
furiously attacked them. In this nocturnal engagement the slaughter
was great, and Cyzicus was killed by the hand of Jason, who, to
expiate the murder he had ignorantly committed, buried him in a
magnificent manner, and offered a sacrifice to the mother of the
gods, to whom he built a temple on mount Dindymus. From Cyzicum they
visited Bebrycia, otherwise called Bithynia, where Pollux accepted
the challenge of Amycus king of the country in the combat of the
cestus, and slew him. They were driven from Bebrycia by a storm to
Salmydessa, on the coast of Thrace, where they delivered Phineus
king of the place from the persecution of the harpies. Phineus
directed their course through the Cyanean rock or the Symplegades
[_See:_ Cyaneæ], and they safely entered the Euxine sea. They
visited the country of the Mariandynians, where Lycus reigned,
and lost two of their companions, Idmon, and Tiphys their pilot.
After they had left this coast, they were driven upon the island of
Arecia, where they found the children of Phryxus, whom Æetes their
grandfather had sent to Greece to take possession of their father’s
kingdom. From this island they at last arrived safe in Æa, the
capital of Colchis. Jason explained the causes of his voyage to
Æetes; but the conditions on which he was to recover the golden
fleece were so hard, that the Argonauts must have perished in the
attempt, had not Medea the king’s daughter fallen in love with their
leader. She had a conference with Jason, and after mutual oaths of
fidelity in the temple of Hecate, Medea pledged herself to deliver
the Argonauts from her father’s hard conditions, if Jason married
her, and carried her with him to Greece. He was to tame two bulls,
which had brazen feet and horns, and which vomited clouds of fire
and smoke, and to tie them to a plough made of adamant stone, and to
plough a field of two acres of ground never before cultivated. After
this he was to sow in the plain the teeth of a dragon, from which
an armed multitude were to rise up, and to be all destroyed by his
hands. This done, he was to kill an ever-watchful dragon, which was
at the bottom of the tree, on which the golden fleece was suspended.
All these labours were to be performed in one day; and Medea’s
assistance, whose knowledge of herbs, magic, and potions was
unparalleled, easily extricated Jason from all danger to the
astonishment and terror of his companions, and of Æetes, and the
people of Colchis, who had assembled to be spectators of this
wonderful action. He tamed the bulls with ease, ploughed the field,
sowed the dragon’s teeth, and when the armed men sprang from the
earth, he threw a stone in the midst of them, and they immediately
turned their weapons one against the other, till they all perished.
After this he went to the dragon and by means of enchanted herbs,
and a draught which Medea had given him he lulled the monster to
sleep, and obtained the golden fleece, and immediately set sail with
Medea. He was soon pursued by Absyrtus the king’s son, who came up
to them, and was seized and murdered by Jason and Medea. The mangled
limbs of Absyrtus were strewed in the way through which Æetes was
to pass, that his further pursuit might be stopped. After the murder
of Absyrtus, they entered the Palus Mæotis, and by pursuing their
course towards the left, according to the foolish account of poets
who were ignorant of geography, they came to the island Peucestes,
and to that of Circe. Here Circe informed Jason that the cause of
all his calamities arose from the murder of Absyrtus, of which she
refused to expiate him. Soon after, they entered the Mediterranean
by the columns of Hercules, and passed the straits of Charybdis and
Scylla, where they must have perished, had not Tethys the mistress
of Peleus, one of the Argonauts, delivered them. They were preserved
from the Sirens by the eloquence of Orpheus, and arrived in the
island of the Phæacians, where they met the enemy’s fleet, which
had continued their pursuit by a different course. It was therefore
resolved that Medea should be restored, if she had not been actually
married to Jason; but the wife of Alcinous the king of the country,
being appointed umpire between the Colchians and Argonauts, had
the marriage privately consummated by night, and declared that the
claims of Æetes to Medea were now void. From Phæacia the Argonauts
came to the bay of Ambracia, whence they were driven by a storm
upon the coast of Africa, and, after many disasters, at last came
in sight of the promontory of Melea in the Peloponnesus, where Jason
was purified of the murder of Absyrtus, and soon after arrived safe
in Thessaly. The impracticability of such a voyage is well known.
Apollonius Rhodius gives another account, equally improbable. He
says that they sailed from the Euxine up one of the mouths of the
Danube, and that Absyrtus pursued them by entering another mouth of
the river. After they had continued their voyage for some leagues,
the waters decreased, and they were obliged to carry the ship Argo
across the country to the Adriatic, upwards of 150 miles. Here they
met with Absyrtus, who had pursued the same measures, and conveyed
his ships in like manner over the land. Absyrtus was immediately put
to death; and soon after the beam of Dodona [_See:_ Argo] gave an
oracle, that Jason should never return home if he was not previously
purified of the murder. Upon this they sailed to the island of
Æa, where Circe, who was the sister of Æetes, expiated him without
knowing who he was. There is a third tradition, which maintains that
they returned to Colchis a second time, and visited many places of
Asia. This famous expedition has been celebrated in the ancient ages
of the world; it has employed the pen of many writers, and among
the historians, Diodorus, Siculus, Strabo, Apollodorus, and Justin;
and among the poets, Onomacritus, more generally called Orpheus,
Apollonius Rhodius, Pindar, and Valerius Flaccus, have extensively
given an account of its most remarkable particulars. The number of
the Argonauts is not exactly known. Apollodorus and Diodorus say
that they were 54. Tzetzes admits the number of 50, but Apollodorus
mentions only 45. The following list is drawn from the various
authors who have made mention of the Argonautic expedition. Jason
son of Æson, as is well known, was the chief of the rest. His
companions were Acastus son of Pelias, Actor son of Hippasus,
Admetus son of Pheres, Æsculapius son of Apollo, Ætalides son of
Mercury and Eupoleme, Almenus son of Mars, Amphiaraus son of Œcleus,
Amphidamus son of Aleus, Amphion son of Hyperasius, Anceus a son of
Lycurgus, and another of the same name, Areus, Argus the builder of
the ship Argo, Argus son of Phryxus, Armenus, Ascalaphus son of Mars,
Asterion son of Cometes, Asterius son of Neleus, Augeas son of Sol,
Atalanta daughter of Schœneus, disguised in a man’s dress, Autolycus
son of Mercury, Azorus, Buphagus, Butes son of Teleon, Calais son
of Boreas, Canthus son of Abas, Castor son of Jupiter, Ceneus son
of Elatus, Cepheus son of Aleus, Cius, Clytius and Iphitus sons of
Eurythus, Coronus, Deucalion son of Minos, Echion son of Mercury
and Antianira, Ergynus son of Neptune, Euphemus son of Neptune
and Macionassa, Eribotes, Euryalus son of Cisteus, Eurydamus and
Eurythion sons of Iras, Eurytus son of Mercury, Glaucus, Hercules
son of Jupiter, Idas son of Aphareus, Ialmenus son of Mars, Idmon
son of Abas, Iolaus son of Iphiclus, Iphiclus son of Thestius,
Iphiclus son of Philacus, Iphis son of Alector, Lynceus son of
Aphareus, Iritus son of Naubolus, Laertes son of Arcesius, Laocoon,
Leodatus son of Bias, Leitus son of Alector, Meleager son of Œneus,
Menœtius son of Actor, Mopsus son of Amphycus, Nauplius son of
Neptune, Neleus the brother of Peleus, Nestor son of Neleus, Oileus
the father of Ajax, Orpheus son of Œager, Palemon son of Ætolus,
Peleus and Telamon sons of Æacus, Periclymenes son of Neleus,
Peneleus son of Hipalmus, Philoctetes son of Pœan, Phlias, Pollux
son of Jupiter, Polyphemus son of Elates, Pœas son of Thaumacus,
Phanus son of Bacchus, Phalerus son of Alcon, Phocas and Priasus
sons of Ceneus one of the Lapithæ, Talaus, Tiphys son of Aginus,
Staphilus son of Bacchus, two of the name of Iphitus, Theseus son
of Ægeus, with his friend Pirithous. Among these Æsculapius was
physician, and Tiphys was pilot.

=Argos= (singular neuter, and Argi, masculine plural), an ancient city,
capital of Argolis in Peloponnesus, about two miles from the sea,
on the bay called _Argolicus sinus_. Juno was the chief deity of the
place. The kingdom of Argos was founded by Inachus 1856 years before
the christian era, and after it had flourished for about 550 years,
it was united to the crown of Mycenæ. Argos was built according to
Euripides, _Iphigeneia in Aulis_, lis. 152, 534, by seven Cyclops
who came from Syria. These Cyclops were not Vulcan’s workmen. The
nine first kings of Argos were called _Inachides_, in honour of
the founder. Their names were Inachus, Phoroneus, Apis, Argus,
Chryasus, Phorbas, Triopas, Stelenus, and Gelanor. Gelanor gave
a kind reception to Danaus, who drove him from his kingdom in
return for his hospitality. The descendants of Danaus were called
_Belides_. Agamemnon was king of Argos during the Trojan war; and,
80 years after, the Heraclidæ seized the Peloponnesus and deposed
the monarchs. The inhabitants of Argos were called _Argivi_ and
_Argolici_; and this name has been often applied to all the Greeks
without distinction. _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 56.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch.
15, &c.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 7.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 9,
ch. 15.――_Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 13, &c.; bk. 2, ch. 3.
――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, 4to, &c.――――A town of Thessaly, called
Pelasgicon by the Pelasgians. _Lucan_, bk. 6, li. 355.――――Another in
Epirus, called Amphilochium.

=Argus=, a king of Argos, who reigned 70 years.――――A son of Arestor,
whence he is often called _Arestorides_. He married Ismene the
daughter of the Asopus. As he had 100 eyes, of which only two were
asleep at one time, Juno set him to watch Io, whom Jupiter had
changed into a heifer: but Mercury, by order of Jupiter, slew him,
by lulling all his eyes asleep with the sound of his lyre. Juno put
the eyes of Argus on the tail of the peacock, a bird sacred to her
divinity. _Moschus_, _Idyl_.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, fables
12 & 13.――_Propertius_, bk. 1, li. 585, &c.; poem 3.――_Apollodorus_,
bk. 1, ch. 9; bk. 2, ch. 1.――――A son of Agenor. _Hyginus_, fable 145.
――――A son of Danaus, who built the ship Argo. _Hyginus_, fable 14.
――――A Son of Jupiter and Niobe, the first child which the father
of the gods had by a mortal. He built Argos, and married Evadne the
daughter of Strymon. _Hyginus_, fable 145.――――A son of Pyras and
Callirhoe. _Hyginus_, fable 145.――――A son of Phryxus. _Hyginus_,
fable 3.――――A son of Polybus. _Hyginus_, fable 14.――――One of
Actæon’s dogs. _Apollodorus._――――A dog of Ulysses, which knew his
master after an absence of 20 years. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 17,
li. 300.

=Argyllæ=, an ancient name of Cære in Etruria. _Virgil_, _Æneid_,
bk. 7, li. 652; bk. 8, li. 478.

=Argynnis=, a name of Venus, which she received from _Argynnus_,
a favourite youth of Agamemnon, who was drowned in the Cephisus.
_Propertius_, bk. 3, poem 5, li. 52.

=Argy̆ra=, a nymph greatly beloved by a shepherd called Selimnus. She
was changed into a fountain, and the shepherd into a river of the
same name, whose waters made lovers forget the object of their
affections. _See:_ Selimnus. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 23.――――A city
of Troas.――――Also the native place of Diodorus Siculus in Sicily.

=Argy̆raspĭdes=, a Macedonian legion which received this name from
their silver helmets. _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 13.

=Argy̆re=, an island beyond the mouth of the river Indus, abounding in
metal. _Mela_, bk. 3, ch. 7.

=Argyrĭpa=, a town of Apulia built by Diomedes after the Trojan war,
and called by Polybius _Argipana_. Only ruins remain to show where
it once stood, though the place still preserves the name of Arpi.
_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 246.

=Aria=, a country of Asia, situate at the east of Parthia. _Mela_,
bk. 1, ch. 2; bk. 2, ch. 7.――――The wife of Pætus Cecinna of Padua,
a Roman senator who was accused of conspiracy against Claudius,
and carried to Rome by sea. She accompanied him, and in the boat
she stabbed herself, and presented the sword to her husband, who
followed her example. _Pliny_, bk. 7.

=Ariadne=, daughter of Minos II. king of Crete by Pasiphae, fell in
love with Theseus, who was shut up in the labyrinth to be devoured
by the Minotaur, and gave him a clue of thread, by which he
extricated himself from the difficult windings of his confinement.
After he had conquered the Minotaur, he carried her away according
to the promise he had made, and married her; but when he arrived at
the island of Naxos he forsook her, though she was already pregnant,
and repaid his love with the most endearing tenderness. Ariadne
was so disconsolate upon being abandoned by Theseus, that she hung
herself, according to some; but Plutarch says that she lived many
years after, and had some children by Onarus the priest of Bacchus.
According to some writers, Bacchus loved her after Theseus had
forsaken her, and he gave her a crown of seven stars, which, after
her death, was made a constellation. The Argives showed Ariadne’s
tomb, and when one of their temples was repaired, her ashes were
found in an earthen urn. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 11, li. 320, says
that Diana detained Ariadne at Naxos. _Plutarch_, _Theseus_.――_Ovid_,
_Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, fable 2; _Heroides_, poem 10; _De Ars
Amatoria_, bk. 2; _Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 462.――_Catullus_, _Marriage
of Peleus and Thetis_; poem 61.――_Hyginus_, fables 14, 43, 270.
――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 1.

=Ariæus=, an officer who succeeded to the command of the surviving
army after the death of Cyrus the younger, after the battle of
Cunaxa. He made peace with Artaxerxes. _Xenophon._

=Ariāni= and =Ariēni=, a people of Asia. _Dionysius Periegetes_,
li. 714.

=Ariantas=, a king of Scythia, who yearly ordered every one of his
subjects to present him with an arrow. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 81.

=Ariamnes=, a king of Cappadocia, son of Ariarathes III.

=Ariarāthes=, a king of Cappadocia, who joined Darius Ochus in his
expedition against Egypt, where he acquired much glory.――――His
nephew, the second of that name, defended his kingdom against
Perdiccas the general of Alexander, but he was defeated and hung
on a cross in the 81st year of his age, 321 B.C.――――His son
Ariarathes III. escaped the massacre which attended his father
and his followers; and after the death of Perdiccas, he recovered
Cappadocia, by conquering Amyntas the Macedonian general. He was
succeeded by his son Ariamnes.――――Ariarathes IV. succeeded his
father Ariamnes, and married Stratonice daughter of Antiochus Theos.
He died after a reign of 28 years, B.C. 220, and was succeeded by
his son Ariarathes V., a prince who married Antiochia the daughter
of king Antiochus, whom he assisted against the Romans. Antiochus
being defeated, Ariarathes saved his kingdom from invasion by paying
the Romans a large sum of money remitted at the instance of the king
of Pergamus.――――His son, the sixth of that name, called _Philopater_,
from his piety, succeeded him 166 B.C. An alliance with the Romans
shielded him against the false claims that were laid to his crown by
one of the favourites of Demetrius king of Syria. He was maintained
on his throne by Attalus, and assisted his friends of Rome against
Aristonicus the usurper of Pergamus; but he was killed in the war,
B.C. 130, leaving six children, five of whom were murdered by his
surviving wife Laodice.――――The only one who escaped, Ariarathes VII.,
was proclaimed king, and soon after married Laodice the sister of
Mithridates Eupator, by whom he had two sons. He was murdered by an
illegitimate brother, upon which his widow Laodice gave herself and
kingdom to Nicomedes king of Bithynia. Mithridates made war against
the new king, and raised his nephew to the throne. The young king,
who was the eighth of the name of Ariarathes, made war against the
tyrannical Mithridates, by whom he was assassinated in the presence
of both armies, and the murderer’s son, a child eight years old,
was placed on the vacant throne. The Cappadocians revolted, and made
the late monarch’s brother, Ariarathes IX., king; but Mithridates
expelled him, and restored his own son. The exiled prince died of
a broken heart, and Nicomedes of Bithynia, dreading the power of
the tyrant, interested the Romans in the affairs of Cappadocia.
The arbiters wished to make the country free; but the Cappadocians
demanded a king, and received Ariobarzanes, B.C. 91. On the death
of Ariobarzanes, his brother ascended the throne, under the name of
Ariarathes X.; but his title was disputed by Sisenna, the eldest son
of Glaphyra by Arthelaus priest of Comana. Marcus Antony, who was
umpire between the contending parties, decided in favour of Sisenna;
but Ariarathes recovered it for a while, though he was soon after
obliged to yield in favour of Archelaus, the second son of Glaphyra,
B.C. 36. _Diodorus_, bk. 18.――_Justin_, bks. 13 & 29.――_Strabo_,
bk. 12.

=Aribbæus=, a general mentioned by _Polyænus_, bk. 7, ch. 29.

=Arīcia=, an Athenian princess, niece to Ægeus, whom Hippolytus married
after he had been raised from the dead by Æsculapius. He built a
city in Italy, which he called by her name. He had a son by her
called Virbius. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 544.――_Virgil_,
_Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 762, &c.――――A very ancient town of Italy, now
_Riccia_, built by Hippolytus son of Theseus, after he had been
raised from the dead by Æsculapius, and transported into Italy by
Diana. In a grove in the neighbourhood of Aricia, Theseus built a
temple to Diana, where he established the same rites as were in the
temple of that goddess in Tauris. The priest of this temple, called
_Rex_, was always a fugitive, and the murderer of his predecessor,
and went always armed with a dagger, to prevent whatever attempts
might be made upon his life by one who wished to be his successor.
The Arician forest, frequently called _nemorensis_ or _nemoralis
sylva_, was very celebrated, and no horses would ever enter it,
because Hippolytus had been killed by them. Egeria, the favourite
nymph, and invisible protectress of Numa, generally resided in this
famous grove, which was situated on the Appian way, beyond mount
Albanus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15; _Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 263.
――_Lucan_, bk. 6, li. 74.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 761, &c.

=Aricīna=, a surname of Diana, from her temple near Aricia. _See:_
Aricia.――――The mother of Octavius. _Cicero_, bk. 3, _Philippics_,
ch. 6.

=Aridæus=, a companion of Cyrus the younger. After the death of his
friend he reconciled himself to Artaxerxes, by betraying to him the
surviving Greeks in their return. _Diodorus._――――An illegitimate
son of Philip, who, after the death of Alexander, was made king of
Macedonia till Roxane, who was pregnant by Alexander brought into
the world a legitimate male successor. Aridæus had not the free
enjoyment of his senses; and therefore Perdiccas, one of Alexander’s
generals, declared himself his protector, and even married his
sister to strengthen their connection. He was seven years in
possession of the sovereign power, and was put to death, with his
wife Eurydice, by Olympias. _Justin_, bk. 9, ch. 8.――_Diodorus._

=Ariēnis=, daughter of Alyattes, married Astyages king of Media.
_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 74.

=Arigæum=, a town of India, which Alexander found burnt, and without
inhabitants. _Arrian_, bk. 4.

=Arīi=, a savage people of India,――――of Arabia. _Pliny_, bk. 6.――――Of
Scythia. _Herodotus._――――Of Germany. _Tacitus._

=Arĭma=, a place of Cilicia or Syria, where Typhœus was overwhelmed
under the ground. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2.

=Arimarius=, a god of Persia and Media.

=Arimaspi=, a people conquered by Alexander the Great. _Curtius_,
bk. 7, ch. 3.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 1.

=Arimaspias=, a river of Scythia with golden sands. The neighbouring
inhabitants had but one eye, in the middle of their forehead, and
waged continual wars against the griffins, monstrous animals that
collected the gold of the river. _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 3.――_Herodotus_,
bks. 3 & 4.――_Strabo_, bks. 1 & 13.

=Arimasthæ=, a people near the Euxine sea. _Orpheus_, _Argonautica_.

=Arimazes=, a powerful prince of Sogdiana, who treated Alexander with
much insolence, and even asked whether he could fly to aspire to so
extensive a dominion. He surrendered and was exposed on a cross with
his friends and relations. _Curtius_, bk. 7, ch. 11.

=Arĭmi=, a nation of Syria. _Strabo._

=Arīmĭnum= (now _Rimini_), an ancient city of Italy, near the Rubicon,
on the borders of Gaul, on the Adriatic founded by a colony of
Umbrians. It was the cause of Cæsar’s civil wars. _Lucan_, bk. 1,
li. 231.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 15.

=Ariminus=, a river of Italy rising in the Apennine mountains. _Pliny_,
bk. 3, ch. 15.

=Arimphœi=, a people of Scythia near the Riphæan mountains, who lived
chiefly upon berries in the woods, and were remarkable for their
innocence and mildness. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 7.

=Arĭmus=, a king of Mysia. _Varro._

=Ariobarzānes=, a man made king of Cappadocia by the Romans, after
the troubles which the false Ariarathes had raised had subsided.
Mithridates drove him from his kingdom, but the Romans restored him.
He followed the interest of Pompey, and fought at Pharsalia against
Julius Cæsar. He and his kingdom were preserved by means of Cicero.
_Cicero_, bk. 5, _Letters to Atticus_, ltr. 29.――_Horace_, ltr. 6,
li. 38.――_Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 5.――――A satrap of Phrygia, who, after
the death of Mithridates, invaded the kingdom of Pontus, and kept it
for 26 years. He was succeeded by the son of Mithridates. _Diodorus_,
bk. 17.――――A general of Darius, who defended the passes of Susa
with 15,000 foot against Alexander. After a bloody encounter with
the Macedonians, he was killed as he attempted to seize the city of
Persepolis. _Diodorus_, bk. 17.――_Curtius_, bks. 4 & 5.――――A Mede
of elegant stature and great prudence, whom Tiberius appointed to
settle the troubles of Armenia. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 2, ch. 4.
――――A mountain between Parthia and the country of the Massagetæ.
――――A satrap, who revolted from the Persian king.

=Ariomandes=, son of Gobryas, was general of Athens against the
Persians. _Plutarch_, _Cimon_.

=Ariomardus=, a son of Darius, in the army of Xerxes when he went
against Greece. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 78.

=Ariomēdes=, a pilot of Xerxes.

=Arīon=, a famous lyric poet and musician, son of Cyclos of Methymna,
in the island of Lesbos. He went into Italy with Periander tyrant
of Corinth, where he obtained immense riches by his profession.
Some time after, he wished to revisit his country; and the sailors
of the ship in which he embarked resolved to murder him, to obtain
the riches which he was carrying to Lesbos. Arion, seeing them
inflexible in their resolution, begged that he might be permitted
to play some melodious tune; and as soon as he had finished it, he
threw himself into the sea. A number of dolphins had been attracted
round the ship by the sweetness of his music; and it is said that
one of them carried him safe on his back to Tænarus, whence he
hastened to the court of Periander, who ordered all the sailors to
be crucified at their return. _Hyginus_, fable 194.――_Herodotus_,
bk. 1, chs. 23 & 24.――_Ælian_, _de Natura Animalium_, bk. 13, ch. 45.
――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 11.――_Propertius_, bk. 2, poem 26, li. 17.
――_Plutarch_, _Convivium Septem Sapientium_.――――A horse, sprung from
Ceres and Neptune. Ceres, when she travelled over the world in quest
of her daughter Proserpine, had taken the figure of a mare, to avoid
the importuning addresses of Neptune. The god changed himself also
into a horse, and from their union arose a daughter called Hera,
and the horse Arion, which had the power of speech, the feet on
the right side like those of a man, and the rest of the body like a
horse. Arion was brought up by the Nereides, who often harnessed him
to his father’s chariot, which he drew over the sea with uncommon
swiftness. Neptune gave him to Copreus, who presented him to
Hercules. Adrastus king of Argos received him as a present from
Hercules and with this wonderful animal he won the prize at the
Nemæan games. Arion, therefore, is often called the horse of
Adrastus. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 25.――_Propertius_, bk. 2, poem 34,
li. 37.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 6.

=Ariovistus=, a king of Germany, who professed himself a friend of
Rome. When Cæsar was in Gaul, Ariovistus marched against him, and
was conquered with the loss of 80,000 men. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_,
bk. 1.――_Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 4.

=Aris=, a river of Messenia. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 31.

=Arisba=, a town of Lesbos, destroyed by an earthquake. _Pliny_, bk. 5,
ch. 31.――――A colony of the Mityleneans in Troas, destroyed by the
Trojans before the coming of the Greeks. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9,
li. 264.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 7.――――The name of Priam’s first wife,
divorced that the monarch might marry Hecuba.

=Aristænĕtus=, a writer whose epistles have been beautifully edited by
Abresch. Zwollæ, 1749.

=Aristæum=, a city of Thrace at the foot of mount Hæmus. _Pliny_,
bk. 4, ch. 11.

=Aristæus=, son of Apollo and the nymph Cyrene, was born in the deserts
of Libya, and brought up by the Seasons, and fed upon nectar and
ambrosia. His fondness for hunting procured him the surname of Nomus
and Agreus. After he had travelled over the greatest part of the
world, Aristæus came to settle in Greece, where he married Autonoe
the daughter of Cadmus, by whom he had a son called Actæon. He fell
in love with Eurydice the wife of Orpheus, and pursued her in the
fields. She was stung by a serpent that lay in the grass, and died,
for which the gods destroyed all the bees of Aristæus. In this
calamity he applied to his mother, who directed him to seize the
sea-god Proteus, and consult him how he might repair the losses he
had sustained. Proteus advised him to appease the manes of Eurydice
by the sacrifice of four bulls and four heifers; and as soon as he
had done it and left them in the air, swarms of bees immediately
sprang from the rotten carcases, and restored Aristæus to his former
prosperity. Some authors say that Aristæus had the care of Bacchus
when young, and that he was initiated in the mysteries of this god.
Aristæus went to live on mount Hæmus, where he died. He was, after
death, worshipped as a demi-god. Aristæus is said to have learned
from the nymphs the cultivation of olives, and the management of
bees, &c., which he afterwards communicated to the rest of mankind.
_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 317.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Justin_,
bk. 13, ch. 7.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 1, li. 363.――_Cicero_, _de
Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 18.――_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 17.
――_Hyginus_, fables 161, 180, 247.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 4.
――_Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 4, &c.――_Polyænus_, bk. 1, ch. 24.――――A
general who commanded the Corinthian forces at the siege of Potidæa.
He was taken by the Athenians and put to death.

=Aristagŏras=, a writer who composed a history of Egypt. _Pliny_,
bk. 36, ch. 12.――――A son-in-law of Histiæus tyrant of Miletus, who
revolted from Darius, and incited the Athenians against Persia,
and burnt Sardis. This so exasperated the king, that every evening
before supper he ordered his servants to remind him of punishing
Aristagoras. He was killed in a battle against the Persians, B.C.
499. _Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 30, &c.; bk. 7, ch. 8.――_Polyænus_,
bk. 1, ch. 14.――――A man of Cyzicus.――――Another of Cumæ. _Herodotus_,
bk. 4.

=Aristander=, a celebrated soothsayer, greatly esteemed by Alexander.
_Plutarch_, _Alexander_.――_Pliny_, bk. 17, ch. 25.――――An Athenian,
who wrote on agriculture.

=Aristandros=, a statuary of Sparta. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 18.

=Aristarche=, a matron of Ephesus, who by order of Diana sailed to the
coasts of Gaul with the Phocæans, and was made priestess. _Strabo_,
bk. 4.