Chapter C (6)

=Cleanthes=, a stoic philosopher of Assos in Troas, successor of Zeno.
He was so poor, that to maintain himself he used to draw out water
for a gardener in the night, and study in the daytime. Cicero calls
him the father of the stoics; and, out of respect for his virtues,
the Roman senate raised a statue to him in Assos. It is said that
he starved himself in his 90th year, B.C. 240. _Strabo_, bk. 13.
――_Cicero_, _de Finibus Bonorum et Malorum_, bk. 2, ch. 69; bk. 4,
ch. 7.

=Clearchus=, a tyrant of Heraclea in Pontus, who was killed by
Chion and Leonidas, Plato’s pupils, during the celebration of the
festivals of Bacchus, after the enjoyment of the sovereign power
during 12 years, 353 B.C. _Justin_, bk. 16, ch. 4.――_Diodorus_, bk.
15.――――The second tyrant of Heraclea of that name, died B.C. 288.
――――A Lacedæmonian sent to quiet the Byzantines. He was recalled but
refused to obey, and fled to Cyrus the younger, who made him captain
of 13,000 Greek soldiers. He obtained a victory over Artaxerxes,
who was so enraged at the defeat, that when Clearchus fell into
his hands by the treachery of Tissaphernes, he put him to immediate
death. _Diodorus_, bk. 14.――――A disciple of Aristotle, who wrote a
treatise on tactics, &c. _Xenophon._

=Clearides=, a son of Cleonymus governor of Amphipolis. _Thucydides_,
bk. 4, ch. 132; bk. 5, ch. 10.

=Clemens Romanus=, one of the fathers of the church, said to be
contemporary with St. Paul. Several spurious compositions are
ascribed to him, but the only thing extant is his epistle to the
Corinthians, written to quiet the disturbances that had arisen
there. It has been much admired. The best edition is that of Wotton,
8vo, Cambridge, 1718.――――Another of Alexandria, called from thence
_Alexandrinus_, who flourished 206 A.D. His works are various,
elegant, and full of erudition; the best edition of which is
Potter’s, 2 vols., folio, Oxford, 1715.――――A senator who favoured
the party of Niger against Severus.

=Clementia=, one of the virtues to whom the Romans paid adoration.

=Cleo=, a Sicilian among Alexander’s flatterers. _Curtius_, bk. 8,
ch. 5.

=Cleŏbis= and =Biton=, two youths, sons of Cydippe, the priestess
of Juno at Argos. When oxen could not be procured to draw their
mother’s chariot to the temple of Juno, they put themselves
under the yoke, and drew it 45 stadia to the temple, amidst the
acclamations of the multitude, who congratulated the mother on
account of the filial affection of her sons. Cydippe entreated the
goddess to reward the piety of her sons with the best gift that
could be granted to a mortal. They went to rest, and awoke no more;
and by this the goddess showed, that death is the only true happy
event that can happen to man. The Argives raised statues at Delphi.
_Cicero_, _Tusculanæ Disputations_, bk. 1, ch. 47.――_Valerius
Maximus_, bk. 5, ch. 4.――_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 31.――_Plutarch_,
_de Consolatio ad Apollonium_.

=Cleobūla=, the wife of Amyntor, by whom she had Phœnix.――――A daughter
of Boreas and Orithyia, called also Cleopatra. She married Phineus
son of Agenor, by whom she had Plexippus and Pandion. Phineus
repudiated her to marry a daughter of Dardanus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3,
ch. 15.――――A woman, mother of a son called Euripides by Apollo.
――――Another, who bore Cepheus and Amphidamus to Ægeus.――――The mother
of Pithus. _Hyginus_, fables 14, 97, &c.

=Cleobūlīna=, a daughter of Cleobulus, remarkable for her genius,
learning, judgment, and courage. She composed enigmas, some of
which have been preserved. One of them runs thus: “A father had 12
children, and these 12 children had each 30 white sons and 30 black
daughters, who are immortal, though they died every day.” In this
there is no need of an Œdipus to discover that there are 12 months
in the year, and that every month consists of 30 days, and of the
same number of nights. _Diogenes Laërtius._

=Cleobūlus=, one of the seven wise men of Greece, son of Evagoras
of Lindos, famous for the beautiful shape of his body. He wrote
some few verses, and died in the 70th year of his age, B.C. 564.
_Diogenes Laërtius_, _Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers_.
――_Plutarch_, _Convivium Septem Sapientium_.――――An historian.
_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 31.――――One of the Ephori. _Thucydides._

=Cleochares=, a man sent by Alexander to demand Porus to surrender.
_Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 13.

=Cleocharia=, the mother of Eurotas by Lelax. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3,
ch. 10.

=Cleodæus=, a son of Hyllus. _Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 52; bk. 7,
ch. 204; bk. 8, ch. 131. He endeavoured to recover Peloponnesus
after his father’s death, but to no purpose.

=Cleodamus=, a Roman general under Gallienus.

=Cleodēmus=, a physician. _Plutarch_, _de Convivium Septem Sapientium_.

=Cleodōra=, a nymph, mother of Parnassus. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 6.
――――One of the Danaides, who married Lyxus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2,
ch. 1.

=Cleodoxa=, a daughter of Niobe and Amphion, changed into a stone as
a punishment for her mother’s pride. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 5.

=Cleogĕnes=, a son of Silenus, &c. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 1.

=Cleolāus=, a son of Hercules, by Argele daughter of Thestius, who,
upon the ill success of the Heraclidæ in Peloponnesus, retired to
Rhodes with his wife and children. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2.

=Cleomăchus=, a boxer of Magnesia.

=Cleomantes=, a Lacedæmonian soothsayer. _Plutarch_, _Alexander_.

=Cleombrŏtus=, son of Pausanias, a king of Sparta after his brother
Agesipolis I. He made war against the Bœotians, and lest he should
be suspected of treacherous communication with Epaminondas, he gave
that general battle at Leuctra, in a very disadvantageous place.
He was killed in the engagement, and his army destroyed, B.C. 371.
_Diodorus_, bk. 15.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 13.――_Xenophon._――――A
son-in-law of Leonidas king of Sparta, who for a while usurped the
kingdom, after the expulsion of his father-in-law. When Leonidas was
recalled, Cleombrotus was banished; and his wife Chelonis, who had
accompanied her father, now accompanied her husband in his exile.
_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 6.――_Plutarch_, _Agis_ & _Cleomenes_.――――A
youth of Ambracia, who threw himself into the sea, after reading
Plato’s treatise on the immortality of the soul. _Cicero_, _Tusculanæ
Disputations_, bk. 1, ch. 34.――_Ovid_, _Ibis_, li. 493.

=Cleomēdes=, a famous athlete of Astypalæa, above Crete. In a combat
at Olympia, he killed one of his antagonists by a blow with his
fist. On account of this accidental murder, he was deprived of the
victory, and he became delirious. In his return to Astypalæa, he
entered a school and pulled down the pillars which supported the
roof, and crushed to death 60 boys. He was pursued with stones, and
he fled for shelter into a tomb, whose doors he so strongly secured,
that his pursuers were obliged to break them for access. When the
tomb was opened, Cleomedes could not be found either dead or alive.
The oracle of Delphi was consulted, and gave this answer, _Ultimus
heroum Cleomedes Astypalæus_. Upon this they offered sacrifices to
him as a god. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 9.――_Plutarch_, _Romulus_.

=Cleomĕnes I.=, king of Sparta, conquered the Argives, and burnt 5000
of them by setting fire to a grove where they had fled, and freed
Athens from the tyranny of the Pisistratidæ. By bribing the oracle,
he pronounced Demaratus, his colleague on the throne, illegitimate,
because he had refused to punish the people of Ægina, who had
deserted the Greeks. He killed himself in a fit of madness, 491 B.C.
_Herodotus_, bks. 5, 6, & 7.――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 3, &c.

=Cleomĕnes II.=, succeeded his brother Agesipolis II. He reigned 61
years in the greatest tranquillity, and was father to Acrotatus
and Cleonymus, and was succeeded by Areus I. son of Acrotatus.
_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 6.

=Cleomĕnes III.=, succeeded his father Leonidas. He was of an
enterprising spirit, and resolved to restore the ancient discipline
of Lycurgus in its full force, by banishing luxury and intemperance.
He killed the Ephori, and removed by poison his royal colleague
Eurydamidas, and made his own brother Euclidas king, against the
laws of the state, which forbade more than one of the same family
to sit on the throne. He made war against the Achæans, and attempted
to destroy their league. Aratus the general of the Achæans, who
supposed himself inferior to his enemy, called Antigonus to his
assistance; and Cleomenes, when he had fought the unfortunate battle
of Sellasia, B.C. 222, retired into Egypt, to the court of Ptolemy
Evergetes, where his wife and children had fled before him. Ptolemy
received him with great cordiality; but his successor, weak and
suspicious, soon expressed his jealousy of this noble stranger, and
imprisoned him. Cleomenes killed himself, and his body was flayed
and exposed on a cross, B.C. 219. _Polybius_, bk. 6.――_Plutarch_,
_Parallel Lives_.――_Justin_, bk. 28, ch. 4.

=Cleomĕnes=, a man appointed by Alexander to receive the tributes
of Egypt and Africa. _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 8.――――A man placed as
arbitrator between the Athenians and the people of Megara.――――An
historian.――――A dithyrambic poet of Rhegium.――――A Sicilian
contemporary with Verres, whose licentiousness and avarice he was
fond of gratifying. _Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 4, ch. 12.――――A
Lacedæmonian general.

=Cleon=, an Athenian, who, though originally a tanner, became
general of the armies of the state, by his intrigues and eloquence.
He took Thoron in Thrace, and after distinguishing himself in
several engagements, he was killed at Amphipolis, in a battle with
Brasidas the Spartan general, 422 B.C. _Thucydides_, bks. 3, 4, &c.
――_Diodorus_, bk. 12.――――A general of Messenia, who disputed with
Aristodemus for the sovereignty.――――A statuary. _Pausanias_, bk. 1,
ch. 8.――――A poet who wrote a poem on the Argonauts.――――An orator
of Halicarnassus, who composed an oration for Lysander, in which he
intimated the propriety of making the kingdom of Sparta elective.
_Cornelius Nepos_ & _Plutarch_, _Lysander_.――――A Magnesian, who
wrote some commentaries, in which he speaks of portentous events,
&c. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 4.――――A Sicilian, one of Alexander’s
flatterers. _Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 5.――――A tyrant of Sicyon.――――A
friend of Phocion.

=Cleōnæ= and =Cleona=, a village of Peloponnesus, between Corinth and
Argos. Hercules killed the lion of Nemæa in its neighbourhood, and
thence it is called Cleonæus. It was made a constellation. _Statius_,
bk. 4, _Sylvæ_, poem 4, li. 28.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, li.
417.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 32.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 15.
――_Pliny_, bk. 36, ch. 5.――――A town of Phocis.

=Cleōne=, a daughter of Asopus. _Diodorus_, bk. 4.

=Cleonīca=, a young virgin of Byzantium, whom Pausanias king of Sparta
invited to his bed. She was introduced into his room when he was
asleep, and unluckily overturned a burning lamp which was by the
side of the bed. Pausanias was awakened at the sudden noise, and
thinking it to be some assassin, he seized his sword, and killed
Cleonica before he knew who it was. Cleonica often appeared to
him, and he was anxious to make a proper expiation to her manes.
_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 17.――_Plutarch_, _Cimon_, &c.

=Cleonīcus=, a freedman of Seneca, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 15,
ch. 45.

=Cleonnis=, a Messenian who disputed with Aristodemus for the sovereign
power of his country. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 10.

=Cleony̆mus=, a son of Cleomenes II., who called Pyrrhus to his
assistance, because Areus his brother’s son had been preferred to
him in the succession; but the measure was unpopular, and even the
women united to repel the foreign prince. His wife was unfaithful
to his bed, and committed adultery with Acrotatus. _Plutarch_,
_Pyrrhus_.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 3.――――A general who assisted the
Tarentines, and was conquered by Æmilius the Roman consul. _Strabo_,
bk. 6.――――A person so cowardly that _Cleonymo timidior_ became
proverbial.

=Cleŏpăter=, an officer of Aratus.

=Cleŏpātra=, the granddaughter of Attalus, betrothed to Philip of
Macedonia, after he had divorced Olympias. When Philip was murdered
by Pausanias, Cleopatra was seized by order of Olympias, and put
to death. _Diodorus_, bk. 16.――_Justin_, bk. 9, ch. 7.――_Plutarch_,
_Pyrrhus_.――――A sister of Alexander the Great, who married Perdiccas,
and was killed by Antigonus as she attempted to fly to Ptolemy in
Egypt. _Diodorus_, bks. 16 & 20.――_Justin_, bk. 9, ch. 6; bk. 13,
ch. 6.――――A harlot of Claudius Cæsar.――――A daughter of Boreas. _See:_
Cleobula.――――A daughter of Idas and Marpessa, daughter of Evenus
king of Ætolia. She married Meleager son of king Œneus. _Homer_,
_Iliad_, bk. 9, li. 552.――_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 2.――――One of the
Danaides. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1.――――A daughter of Amyntas
of Ephesus. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 44.――――A wife of Tigranes king
of Armenia, sister of Mithridates. _Justin_, bk. 38, ch. 3.――――A
daughter of Tros and Callirhoe. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 12.――――A
daughter of Ptolemy Philometor, who married Alexander Bala, and
afterwards Nicanor. She killed Seleucus, Nicanor’s son, because
he ascended the throne without her consent. She was suspected of
preparing poison for Antiochus her son, and compelled to drink
it herself, B.C. 120.――――A wife and sister of Ptolemy Evergetes,
who raised her son Alexander a minor, to the throne of Egypt, in
preference to his elder brother Ptolemy Lathurus, whose interest
the people favoured. As Alexander was odious, Cleopatra suffered
Lathurus to ascend the throne, on condition, however, that he should
repudiate his sister and wife, called Cleopatra, and marry Seleuca
his younger sister. She afterwards raised her favourite Alexander to
the throne; but her cruelties were so odious, that he fled to avoid
her tyranny. Cleopatra laid snares for him; and when Alexander heard
it, he put her to death. _Justin_, bk. 39, chs. 3 & 4.――――A queen of
Egypt, daughter of Ptolemy Auletes, and sister and wife to Ptolemy
Dionysius, celebrated for her beauty and her cunning. She admitted
Cæsar to her arms, to influence him to give her the kingdom, in
preference to her brother who had expelled her, and had a son by
him called Cæsarion. As she had supported Brutus, Antony, in his
expedition to Parthia, summoned her to appear before him. She
arrayed herself in the most magnificent apparel, and appeared before
her judge in the most captivating attire. Her artifice succeeded;
Antony became enamoured of her, and publicly married her, forgetful
of his connections with Octavia the sister of Augustus. He gave her
the greatest part of the eastern provinces of the Roman empire. This
behaviour was the cause of a rupture between Augustus and Antony;
and these two celebrated Romans met at Actium, where Cleopatra,
by flying with 60 sail, ruined the interest of Antony, and he was
defeated. Cleopatra had retired to Egypt, where soon after Antony
followed. Antony killed himself upon the false information that
Cleopatra was dead; and as his wound was not mortal, he was carried
to the queen, who drew him up by a cord from one of the windows of
the monument, where she had retired and concealed herself. Antony
soon after died of his wounds; and Cleopatra, after she had received
pressing invitations from Augustus, and even pretended declarations
of love, destroyed herself by the bite of an asp not to fall into
the conqueror’s hands. She had previously attempted to stab herself,
and had once made a resolution to starve herself. Cleopatra was a
voluptuous and extravagant woman, and in one of the feasts she gave
to Antony at Alexandria, she melted pearls in her drink to render
her entertainment more sumptuous and expensive. She was fond of
appearing dressed as the goddess Isis; and she advised Antony to
make war against the richest nations, to support her debaucheries.
Her beauty has been greatly commended, and her mental perfections so
highly celebrated, that she has been described as capable of giving
audience to the ambassadors of seven different nations, and of
speaking their various languages as fluently as her own. In Antony’s
absence, she improved the public library of Alexandria, with the
addition of that of Pergamus. Two treatises, _De medicamene faciei
epistolæ eroticæ_, and _De morbis mulierum_, have been falsely
attributed to her. She died B.C. 30 years, after a reign of 24 years,
aged 39. Egypt became a Roman province at her death. _Florus_, bk. 4,
ch. 11.――_Appian_, bk. 5, _Civil Wars_.――_Plutarch_, _Pompey_ &
_Antonius_.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 37, li. 21, &c.――_Strabo_, bk. 17.
――――A daughter of Ptolemy Epiphanes, who married Philometor, and
afterwards Physcon of Cyrene.

=Cleopatris=, or =Arsinoe=, a fortified town of Egypt on the Arabian
gulf.

=Cleophănes=, an orator.

=Cleophanthus=, a son of Themistocles, famous for his skill in riding.

=Cleŏphes=, a queen of India, who submitted to Alexander, by whom, as
some suppose, she had a son. _Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 10.

=Cleophŏlus=, a Samian, who wrote an account of Hercules.

=Cleŏphon=, a tragic poet of Athens.

=Cleophȳlus=, a man whose posterity saved the poems of Homer.
_Plutarch._

=Cleopompus=, an Athenian, who took Thronium, and conquered the
Locrians, &c. _Thucydides_, bk. 2, chs. 26 & 58.――――A man who
married the nymph Cleodora, by whom he had Parnassus. As Cleodora
was beloved by Neptune, some have supposed that she had two husbands.
_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 6.

=Cleoptolĕmus=, a man of Chalcis, whose daughter was given in marriage
to Antiochus. _Livy_, bk. 36, ch. 11.

=Cleŏpus=, a son of Codrus. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 3.

=Cleora=, the wife of Agesilaus. _Plutarch_, _Agesilaus_.

=Cleostrătus=, a youth devoted to be sacrificed to a serpent among the
Thespians, &c. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 26.――――An ancient philosopher
and astronomer of Tenedos, about 536 years before Christ. He first
found the constellations of the zodiac, and reformed the Greek
calendar.

=Cleoxĕnus=, wrote a history of Persia.

=Clepsy̆dra=, a fountain of Messenia. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 31.

=Cleri=, a people of Attica.

=Clesides=, a Greek painter, about 276 years before Christ, who
revenged the injuries he had received from queen Stratonice, by
representing her in the arms of a fisherman. However indecent the
painter might represent the queen, she was drawn with such personal
beauty, that she preserved the piece, and liberally rewarded the
artist.

=Cleta= and =Phaenna=, two of the Graces, according to some.
_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 18.

=Clidēmus=, a Greek who wrote the history of Attica. _Vossius_,
_historicis græcis_, bk. 3.

=Climax=, a pass of mount Taurus, formed by the projection of a brow
into the Mediterranean sea. _Strabo_, bk. 14.

=Climĕnus=, a son of Arcas descended from Hercules.

=Clinias=, a Pythagorean philosopher and musician, 520 years before
the christian era. _Plutarch_, _Convivium Septem Sapientium_――_Ælian_,
_Varia Historia_, bk. 14, ch. 23.――――A son of Alcibiades, the bravest
man in the Grecian fleet that fought against Xerxes. _Herodotus_,
bk. 8, ch. 17.――――The father of Alcibiades, killed at the battle of
Coronea. _Plutarch_, _Alcibiades_.――――The father of Aratus, killed
by Abantidas, B.C. 263. _Plutarch_, _Aratus_.――――A friend of Solon.
_Plutarch_, _Solon_.

=Clinippĭdes=, an Athenian general in Lesbos. _Diodorus_, bk. 12.

=Clinus= of Cos, was general of 7000 Greeks in the pay of king
Nectanebus. He was killed, with some of his troops, by Nicostratus
and the Argives, as he passed the Nile. _Diodorus_, bk. 16.

=Clio=, the first of the muses, daughter of Jupiter and Mnemosyne.
She presided over history. She is represented crowned with laurels,
holding in one hand a trumpet, and a book in the other. Sometimes
she holds a _plectrum_ or quill with a lute. Her name signifies
honour and reputation (κλεος, _gloria_); and it was her office
faithfully to record the actions of brave and illustrious heroes.
She had Hyacintha by Pierus son of Magnus. She was also mother of
Hymenæus and Ialemus, according to others. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_,
li. 75.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 3.――_Strabo_, bk. 14.――――One of
Cyrene’s nymphs. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 341.

=Clisithera=, a daughter of Idomeneus, promised in marriage to Leucus,
by whom she was murdered.

=Clisthĕnes=, the last tyrant of Sicyon. _Aristotle._――――An Athenian
of the family of Alcmæon. It is said that he first established
ostracism, and that he was the first who was banished by that
institution. He banished Isagoras, and was himself soon after
restored. _Plutarch_, _Aristotle_.――_Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 66, &c.
――――A person censured as effeminate and incontinent. _Aristotle_.
――――An orator. _Cicero_, _Brutus_, ch. 7.

=Clitæ=, a people of Cilicia. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 12, ch. 55.――――A
place near mount Athos. _Livy_, bk. 44, ch. 11.

=Clitarchus=, a man who made himself absolute at Eretria, by means of
Philip of Macedonia. He was ejected by Phocion.――――An historian, who
accompanied Alexander the Great, of whose life he wrote the history.
_Curtius_, bk. 9, ch. 5.

=Clite=, the wife of Cyzicus, who hung herself when she saw her husband
dead. _Apollonius_, bk. 1.――_Orpheus._

=Cliternia=, a town of Italy. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.

=Clitodēmus=, an ancient writer. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 15.

=Clitomăchus=, a Carthaginian philosopher of the third academy, who
was pupil and successor to Carneades at Athens, B.C. 128. _Diogenes
Laërtius_, _Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers_.――――An
athlete of a modest countenance and behaviour. _Ælian_, _Varia
Historia_, bk. 3, ch. 30.

=Clitonymus=, wrote a treatise on Sybaris and Italy.

=Clitophon=, a man of Rhodes, who wrote a history of India, &c.

=Clitor=, a son of Lycaon.――――A son of Azan, who founded a city
in Arcadia, called after his name. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 4.
――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 8. Ceres, Æsculapius, Ilythia, the
Dioscuri, and other deities, had temples in that city. There is
also in this town a fountain called _Clitorium_, whose waters gave a
dislike for wine. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 322.――_Pliny_,
bk. 32, ch. 2.――――A river of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 12.

=Clitoria=, the wife of Cimon the Athenian.

=Clitumnus=, a river of Campania, whose waters, when drunk, made oxen
white. _Propertius_, bk. 2, poem 10, li. 25.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_,
bk. 2, li. 146.――_Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 103.

=Clitus=, a familiar friend and foster-brother of Alexander. Though he
had saved the king’s life in a bloody battle, yet Alexander killed
him with a javelin, in a fit of anger, because, at a feast, he
preferred the actions of Philip to those of his son. Alexander was
inconsolable for the loss of his friend, whom he had sacrificed in
the hour of his drunkenness and dissipation. _Justin_, bk. 12, ch. 6.
――_Plutarch_, _Alexander_.――_Curtius_, bk. 4, &c.――――A commander
of Polyperchon’s ships, defeated by Antigonus. _Diodorus_, bk. 18.
――――An officer sent by Antipater, with 240 ships, against the
Athenians, whom he conquered near the Echinades. _Diodorus_, bk. 18.
――――A Trojan prince killed by Teucer.――――A disciple of Aristotle,
who wrote a book on Miletus.

=Cloacīna=, a goddess at Rome, who presided over the Cloacæ. Some
suppose her to be Venus, whose statue was found in the _Cloacæ_,
whence the name. The Cloacæ were large receptacles for the filth
and dung of the whole city, begun by Tarquin the elder, and finished
by Tarquin the Proud. They were built all under the city; so that,
according to an expression of Pliny, Rome seemed to be suspended
between heaven and earth. The building was so strong, and the stones
so large, that though they were continually washed by impetuous
torrents, they remained unhurt during above 700 years. There were
public officers chosen to take care of the Cloacæ, called _Curatores
Cloacarum urbis_. _Livy_, bk. 3, ch. 48.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 29.

=Cloanthus=, one of the companions of Æneas, from whom the family
of the Cluentii at Rome were descended. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5,
li. 122.

=Clodia=, the wife of Lucullus, repudiated for her lasciviousness.
_Plutarch_, _Lucullus_.――――An opulent matron at Rome, mother of
Decimus Brutus. _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_.――――A vestal virgin.
_See:_ Claudia.――――Another of the same family who successfully
repressed the rudeness of a tribune that attempted to stop the
procession of her father in his triumph through the streets of
Rome. _Cicero_, _For Marcus Cælius_.――――A woman who married Quintus
Metellus, and afterwards disgraced herself by her amours with Cœlius,
and her incest with her brother Publius, for which he is severely
and eloquently arraigned by Cicero. _For Marcus Cælius._

=Clodia lex=, _de Cypro_, was enacted by the tribune Clodius, A.U.C.
695, to reduce Cyprus into a Roman province, and expose Ptolemy
king of Egypt to sale in his regal ornaments. It empowered Cato
to go with the pretorian power and see the auction of the king’s
goods, and commissioned him to return the money to Rome.――――Another,
_de Magistratibus_, A.U.C. 695, by Clodius the tribune. It forbade
the censors to put a stigma or mark of infamy upon any person who
had not been actually accused and condemned by both the censors.
――――Another, _de Religione_, by the same, A.U.C. 696, to deprive the
priest of Cybele, a native of Pessinus, of his office, and confer
the priesthood upon Brotigonus, a Gallogrecian.――――Another, _de
Provinciis_, A.U.C. 696, which nominated the provinces of Syria,
Babylon, and Persia, to the consul Gabinius; and Achaia, Thessaly,
Macedon, and Greece, to his colleague Piso, with proconsular power.
It empowered them to defray the expenses of their march from the
public treasury.――――Another, A.U.C. 695, which required the same
distribution of corn among the people _gratis_, as had been given
them before at six _asses_ and a _triens_ the bushel.――――Another,
A.U.C. 695 by the same, _de Judiciis_. It called to an account such
as had executed a Roman citizen without a judgment of the people,
and all the formalities of a trial.――――Another, by the same, to pay
no attention to the appearances of the heavens, while any affair
was before the people.――――Another, to make the power of the tribunes
free, in making and proposing laws.――――Another, to re-establish the
companies of artists, which had been instituted by Numa, but since
his time abolished.

=Clodii forum=, a town of Italy. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 15.

=Publius Clōdius=, a Roman descended from an illustrious family,
and remarkable for his licentiousness, avarice, and ambition. He
committed incest with his three sisters, and introduced himself
in women’s clothes into the house of Julius Cæsar, whilst Pompeia,
Cæsar’s wife, of whom he was enamoured, was celebrating the mysteries
of Ceres, where no man was permitted to appear. He was accused for
this violation of human and divine laws; but he corrupted his judges,
and by that means screened himself from justice. He descended from
a patrician into a plebeian family to become a tribune. He was such
an enemy to Cato, that he made him go with pretorian power in an
expedition against Ptolemy king of Cyprus, that, by the difficulty
of the campaign, he might ruin his reputation, and destroy his
interest at Rome during his absence. Cato, however, by his uncommon
success, frustrated the views of Clodius. He was also an inveterate
enemy to Cicero; and by his influence he banished him from Rome,
partly on pretence that he had punished with death, and without
trial, the adherents of Catiline. He wreaked his vengeance upon
Cicero’s house, which he burnt, and set all his goods to sale; which,
however, to his great mortification, no one offered to buy. In spite
of Clodius, Cicero was recalled, and all his goods restored to him.
Clodius was some time after murdered by Milo, whose defence Cicero
took upon himself. _Plutarch_, _Cicero_.――_Appian_ _on Cicero_,
bk. 2.――_Cicero_, _for Milo_ & _On his House_.――_Dio Cassius._――――A
certain author, quoted by _Plutarch_.――――Licinius, wrote a history
of Rome. _Livy_, bk. 29, ch. 22.――――Quirinalis, a rhetorician in
Nero’s age. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 1, ch. 7.――――Sextus, a
rhetorician of Sicily, intimate with Marcus Antony, whose preceptor
he was. _Suetonius_, _Lives of the Rhetoricians_.――_Cicero_,
_Philippics_.

=Clœlia=, a Roman virgin, given, with other maidens, as hostages to
Porsonna king of Etruria. She escaped from her confinement, and swam
across the Tiber to Rome. Her unprecedented virtue was rewarded by
her countrymen with an equestrian statue in the Via Sacra. _Livy_,
bk. 2, ch. 13.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 651.――_Dionysius of
Halicarnassus_, bk. 5.――_Juvenal_, satire 8, li. 265.――――A patrician
family descended from Clœlius, one of the companions of Æneas.
_Dionysius of Halicarnassus._

=Clœliæ fossæ=, a place near Rome. _Plutarch_, _Coriolanus_.

=Clœlius Gracchus=, a general of the Volsci and Sabines against Rome,
conquered by Quinctius Cincinnatus the dictator.――――Tullus, a Roman
ambassador, put to death by Tolumnius king of the Veientes.

=Clonas=, a musician. _Plutarch_, _de Musica_.

=Clonia=, the mother of Nycteus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 10.

=Clonius=, a Bœotian, who went with 50 ships to the Trojan war.
_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2.――――A Trojan killed by Messapus in Italy.
_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 749.――――Another, killed by Turnus.
_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 574.

=Clotho=, the youngest of the three Parcæ, daughter of Jupiter and
Themis, or, according to Hesiod, of Night, was supposed to preside
over the moment that we are born. She held the distaff in her hand,
and spun the thread of life, whence her name (κλωθειν, _to spin_).
She was represented wearing a crown with seven stars, and covered
with a variegated robe. _See:_ Parcæ. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 218.
――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 3.

=Cluacīna=, a name of Venus, whose statue was erected in that place
where peace was made between the Romans and Sabines, after the rape
of the virgins. _See:_ Cloacina.

=Cluentius=, a Roman citizen, accused by his mother of having murdered
his father, 54 years B.C. He was ably defended by Cicero, in an
oration still extant. The family of the Cluentii was descended from
Cloanthus, one of the companions of Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5,
li. 122.――_Cicero_, _For Aulus Cluentius_.

=Cluilia fossa=, a place five miles distant from Rome. _Livy_, bk. 1,
ch. 23; bk. 2, ch. 39.

=Clŭpea= and =Cly̆pea=, now _Aklibia_, a town of Africa Propria,
22 miles east of Carthage, which receives its name from its exact
resemblance to a shield, _clypeus_. _Lucan_, bk. 4, li. 586.
――_Strabo_, bk. 17.――_Livy_, bk. 27, ch. 29.――_Cæsar_, _Civil War_,
bk. 2, ch. 23.

=Clusia=, a daughter of an Etrurian king, of whom Valerius Torquatus
the Roman general became enamoured. He asked her of her father, who
slighted his addresses; upon which he besieged and destroyed his
town. Clusia threw herself down from a high tower, and came to the
ground unhurt. _Plutarch_, _Parallela minora_.

=Clusīni fontes=, baths in Etruria. _Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 15, li. 9.

=Clusium=, now _Chiusi_, a town of Etruria, taken by the Gauls under
Brennus. Porsena was buried there. At the north of Clusium there was
a lake called _Clusina lacus_, which extended northward as far as
Arretium, and had a communication with the Arnus, which falls into
the sea at Pisa. _Diodorus_, bk. 14.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10,
lis. 167 & 655.

=Clusius=, a river of Cisalpine Gaul. _Polybius_, bk. 2.――――The surname
of Janus, when his temple was shut. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 1, li. 130.

=Cluvia=, a noted debauchee, &c. _Juvenal_, satire 2, li. 49.

=Cluvius Rufus=, a questor, A.U.C. 693. _Cicero_, _Letters to his
Friends_, bk. 13, ltr. 56.――――A man of Puteoli appointed by Cæsar
to divide the lands of Gaul, &c. _Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_,
bk. 13, ch. 7.

=Clymĕne=, a daughter of Oceanus and ♦Tethys, who married Japetus, by
whom she had Atlas, Prometheus, Menœtius, and Epimetheus. _Hesiod_,
_Theogony_.――――One of the Nereides, mother of Mnemosyne by Jupiter.
_Hyginus_.――――The mother of Thesimenus by Parthenopæus. _Hyginus_,
fable 71.――――A daughter of Mymas, mother of Atalanta by Jasus.
_Apollodorus_, bk. 3.――――A daughter of Crateus, who married Nauplius.
_Apollodorus_, bk. 2.――――The mother of Phaeton by Apollo. _Ovid_,
_Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 756.――――A Trojan woman. _Pausanias_,
bk. 10, ch. 26.――――The mother of Homer. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 24.
――――A female servant of Helen, who accompanied her mistress to Troy,
when she eloped with Paris. _Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 17, li. 267.
――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 3, li. 144.

♦ ‘Thetys’ replaced with ‘Tethys’

=Clymeneĭdes=, a patronymic given to Phaeton’s sisters, who were
daughters of Clymene.

=Clymĕnus=, a king of Orchomenos, son of Presbon and father of Erginus,
Stratius, Arrhon, and Axius. He received a wound from a stone thrown
by a Theban, of which he died. His son Erginus, who succeeded him,
made war against the Thebans, to revenge his death. _Pausanias_,
bk. 9, ch. 37.――――One of the descendants of Hercules, who built
a temple to Minerva of Cydonia. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 21.――――A
son of Phoroneus. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 35.――――A king of Elis.
_Pausanias._――――A son of Œneus king of Calydon.

=Clysony̆mus=, a son of Amphidamas, killed by Patroclus. _Apollodorus_,
bk. 3, ch. 13.

=Clytemnestra=, a daughter of Tyndarus king of Sparta by Leda. She
was born, together with her brother Castor, from one of the eggs
which her mother brought forth after her amour with Jupiter, under
the form of a swan. Clytemnestra married Agamemnon king of Argos.
She had before married Tantalus son of Thyestes, according to some
authors. When Agamemnon went to the Trojan war, he left his cousin
Ægysthus to take care of his wife, of his family, and all his
domestic affairs. Besides this, a certain favourite musician was
appointed by Agamemnon to watch over the conduct of the guardian as
well as that of Clytemnestra. In the absence of Agamemnon, Ægysthus
made his court to Clytemnestra, and publicly lived with her. Her
infidelity reached the ears of Agamemnon before the walls of Troy,
and he resolved to take full revenge upon the adulterers at his
return. He was prevented from putting his scheme into execution;
Clytemnestra, with her adulterer, murdered him at his arrival, as
he came out of the bath, or, according to other accounts, as he sat
down at a feast prepared to celebrate his happy return. Cassandra,
whom Agamemnon had brought from Troy, shared his fate; and Orestes
would also have been deprived of his life, like his father, had
not his sister Electra removed him from the reach of Clytemnestra.
After this murder, Clytemnestra publicly married Ægysthus, and he
ascended the throne of Argos. Orestes, after an absence of seven
years, returned to Mycenæ, resolved to avenge his father’s murder.
He concealed himself in the house of his sister Electra, who had been
married by the adulterers to a person of mean extraction and indigent
circumstances. His death was publicly announced; and when Ægysthus
and Clytemnestra repaired to the temple of Apollo, to return thanks
to the god for the death of the surviving son of Agamemnon, Orestes,
who with his faithful friend Pylades had concealed himself in the
temple, rushed upon the adulterers and killed them with his own hand.
They were buried without the walls of the city, as their remains
were deemed unworthy to be laid in the sepulchre of Agamemnon. _See:
_ Ægysthus, Agamemnon, Orestes, Electra. _Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Homer_,
_Odyssey_, bk. 11.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 10.――_Pausanias_,
bk. 2, chs. 18 & 22.――_Euripides_, _Iphigeneia in Aulis_.――_Hyginus_,
fables 117 & 140.――_Propertius_, bk. 3, poem 19.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_,
bk. 4, li. 471.――_Philostratus_, _Imagines_, bk. 2, ch. 9.

=Clytia=, or =Clytie=, a daughter of Oceanus and Tethys, beloved by
Apollo. She was deserted by her lover, who paid his addresses to
Leucothoe; and this so irritated her, that she discovered the whole
intrigue to her rival’s father. Apollo despised her the more for
this, and she pined away, and was changed into a flower, commonly
called a sunflower, which still turns its head towards the sun
in his course, as in pledge of her love. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
bk. 4, fable 3, &c.――――A daughter of Amphidamus, mother of Pelops by
Tantalus.――――A concubine of Amyntor son of Phrastor, whose calumny
caused Amyntor to put out the eyes of his falsely accused son Phœnix.
――――A daughter of Pandarus.

=Clytius=, a son of Laomedon by Strymo. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 10.――――A
youth in the army of Turnus, beloved by Cydon. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk.
10, li. 325.――――A giant, killed by Vulcan, in the war waged against
the gods. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 6.――――The father of Pireus, who
faithfully attended Telemachus. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 15, li. 251.
――――A son of Æolus, who followed Æneas in Italy, where he was killed
by Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 744.――――A son of Alcmæon
the son of Amphiaraus. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 17.

=Clytus=, a Greek in the Trojan war, killed by Hector. _Homer_,
_Iliad_, bk. 11, li. 302.

=Cnacadium=, a mountain of Laconia. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 24.

=Cnacălis=, a mountain of Arcadia, where festivals were celebrated in
honour of Diana. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 23.

=Cnagia=, a surname of Diana.

=Cnemus=, a Macedonian general, unsuccessful in an expedition against
the Acarnanians. _Diodorus_, bk. 12.――_Thucydides_, bk. 2, ch. 66, &c.

=Cneus=, or =Cnæus=, a prænomen common to many Romans.

=Cnidinium=, a name given to a monument near Ephesus.

=Cnidus= and =Gnidus=, a town and promontory of Doris in Caria. Venus
was the chief deity of the place, and had there a famous statue made
by Praxiteles. _Horace_, bk. 1, ode 30.――_Pliny_, bk. 36, ch. 15.

=Cnopus=, one of the descendants of Codrus, who went to settle a
colony, &c. _Polyænus_, bk. 8.

=Cnossia=, a mistress of Menelaus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 11.

=Cnossus=, or =Gnossus=, a town of Crete, about 25 stadia from the
sea. It was built by Minos, and had a famous labyrinth. _Pausanias_,
bk. 1, ch. 27.

=Co=, =Coos=, and =Cos=, now _Zia_, one of the Cyclades, situate near
the coasts of Asia, about 15 miles from the town of Halicarnassus.
Its town is called Cos, and anciently bore the name of Astypalæa.
It gave birth to Hippocrates, Apelles, and Simonides, and was famous
for its fertility, for the wine and silkworms which it produced, and
for the manufacture of silk and cotton of a beautiful and delicate
texture. The women of the island always dressed in white; and their
garments were so clear and thin, that their bodies could be seen
through, according to _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, fable 9. The
women of Cos were changed into cows by Venus or Juno; whom they
reproached for suffering Hercules to lead Geryon’s flocks through
their territories. _Tibullus_, bk. 2, poem 4, li. 29.――_Horace_, bk.
1, satire 2, li. 101.――_Strabo_, bk. 14.――_Pliny_, bk. 11, ch. 23.
――_Propertius_, bk. 1, poem 2, li. 2; bk. 2, poem 1, li. 5; bk. 4,
poem 2, li. 23.――_Ovid_, _Ars Amatoria_, bk. 2, li. 298.

=Coamani=, a people of Asia. _Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 2.

=Coastræ=, and =Coactræ=, a people of Asia near the Palus Mæotis.
_Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 246.

=Cobares=, a celebrated magician of Media, in the age of Alexander.
_Curtius_, bk. 7, ch. 4.

=Cōcălus=, a king of Sicily, who hospitably received Dædalus, when he
fled before Minos. When Minos arrived in Sicily, the daughters of
Cocalus destroyed him. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, li. 261.
――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.

=Cocceius Nerva=, a friend of Horace and Mecænas, and grandfather
to the emperor Nerva. He was one of those who settled the disputes
between Augustus and Antony. He afterwards accompanied Tiberius in
his retreat in Campania, and starved himself to death. _Tacitus_,
_Annals_, bk. 4, ch. 58; bk. 6, ch. 26.――_Horace_, bk. 1, satire 5,
li. 27.――――An architect of Rome, one of whose buildings is still
in being, the present cathedral of Naples.――――A nephew of Otho.
_Plutarch._――――A man to whom Nero granted a triumph, after the
discovery of the Pisonian conspiracy. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 15,
ch. 72.

=Coccygius=, a mountain of Peloponnesus. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 36.

=Cocintum=, a promontory of the Brutii, now Cape _Stilo_.

=Cocles Publius Horatius=, a celebrated Roman, who, alone, opposed the
whole army of Porsenna at the head of a bridge, while his companions
behind him were cutting off the communication with the other shore.
When the bridge was destroyed, Cocles, though severely wounded in
the leg by the darts of the enemy, leaped into the Tiber, and swam
across with his arms. A brazen statue was raised to him in the
temple of Vulcan, by the consul Publicola, for his eminent services.
He had the use only of _one eye_, as _Cocles_ signifies. _Livy_,
bk. 2, ch. 10.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 3, ch. 2.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_,
bk. 8, li. 650.

=Coctiæ= and =Cottiæ=, certain parts of the Alps, called after Coctius,
the conqueror of the Gauls, who was in alliance with Augustus.
_Tacitus_, _Histories_.

=Cocȳtus=, a river of Epirus. The word is derived from κωκυειν, _to
weep and to lament_. Its etymology, the unwholesomeness of its water,
and above all, its vicinity to the Acheron, have made the poets
call it one of the rivers of hell, hence _Cocytia virgo_, applied
to Alecto, one of the furies. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 38;
bk. 4, li. 479; _Æneid_, bk. 6, lis. 297, 323; bk. 7, li. 479.
――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 17.――――A river of Campania, flowing into
the Lucrine lake.

=Codanus sinus=, one of the ancient names of the Baltic. _Pliny_,
bk. 4, ch. 13.

=Codomănus=, a surname of Darius III. king of Persia.

=Codrĭdæ=, the descendants of Codrus, who went from Athens at the head
of several colonies. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 2.

=Codropŏlis=, a town of Illyricum.

=Codrus=, the seventeenth and last king of Athens, son of Melanthus.
When the Heraclidæ made war against Athens, the oracle declared that
the victory would be granted to that nation whose king was killed in
battle. The Heraclidæ upon this gave strict orders to spare the life
of Codrus; but the patriotic king disguised himself, and attacked
one of the enemy, by whom he was killed. The Athenians obtained the
victory, and Codrus was deservedly called the father of his country.
He reigned 21 years, and was killed 1070 years before the christian
era. To pay greater honour to his memory, the Athenians made a
resolution that no man after Codrus should reign in Athens under the
name of king, and therefore the government was put into the hands
of perpetual archons. _Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 2.――_Justin_, bk. 2,
chs. 6 & 7.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 19; bk. 7, ch. 25.――_Valerius
Maximus_, bk. 5, ch. 6.――――A man who, with his brothers, killed
Hegesias tyrant of Ephesus, &c. _Polyænus_, bk. 6, ch. 49.――――A
Latin poet contemporary with Virgil. _Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 7.
――――Another in the reign of Domitian, whose poverty became a proverb.
_Juvenal_, satire 3, li. 203.

=Cœcilus=, a centurion. _Cæsar_, _Civil War_.

=Cœla=, a place in the bay of Eubœa. _Livy_, bk. 31, ch. 47.――――A part
of Attica. _Strabo_, bk. 10.

=Cœlaletæ=, a people of Thrace.

=Cœlesyria= and =Cœlosyria=, a country of Syria, between mount Libanus
and Antilibanus, where the Orontes takes its rise. Its capital was
Damascus.――――Antiochus Cyzicenus gave his name to that part of Syria
which he obtained as his share when he divided his father’s dominions
with Grypus, B.C. 112. _Dionysius Periegetes._

=Cœlia=, the wife of Sylla. _Plutarch_, _Sulla_. The Cœlian family,
which was plebeian, but honoured with the consulship, was descended
from Vibenna Cœles, an Etrurian, who came to settle at Rome in the
age of Romulus.

=Cœlius=, a Roman, defended by Cicero.――――Two brothers of Tarracina
accused of having murdered their father in his bed. They were
acquitted when it was proved that they were both asleep at the
time of the murder. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 8, ch. 1.――_Plutarch_,
_Cicero_.――――A general of Carbo.――――An orator. _Plutarch_, _Pompey_.
――――A lieutenant of Antony’s.――――Cursor, a Roman knight, in the age
of Ticerius.――――A man who, after spending his all in dissipation and
luxury, became a public robber with his friend Birrhus. _Horace_, bk.
1, satire 4, li. 69.――――A Roman historian, who flourished B.C. 121.
――――A hill of Rome. _See:_ Cælius.

=Cœlus=, or =Urānus=, an ancient deity, supposed to be the father
of Saturn, Oceanus, Hyperion, &c. He was son of Terra, whom he
afterwards married. The number of his children, according to some,
amounted to 45. They were called Titans, and were so closely confined
by their father, that they conspired against him, and were supported
by their mother, who provided them with a scythe. Saturn armed
himself with this scythe, and deprived his father of the organs
of generation, as he was going to unite himself to Terra. From
the blood which issued from the wound, sprang the giants, furies,
and nymphs. The mutilated parts were thrown into the sea, and from
them, and the foam which they occasioned, arose Venus the goddess of
beauty. _Hesiod_, &c.

=Cœnus=, an officer of Alexander, son-in-law to Parmenio. He died
of a distemper, in his return from India. _Curtius_, bk. 9, ch. 3.
――_Diodorus_, bk. 17.

=Cœrănus=, a stoic philosopher. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 14, ch. 52.
――――A person slain by Ulysses. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13,
li. 157.――――A Greek, charioteer to Merion. He was killed by Hector.
_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 17, li. 610.

=Coes=, a man of Mitylene, made sovereign master of his country by
Darius. His countrymen stoned him to death. _Herodotus_, bk. 5,
chs. 11 & 38.

=Coeus=, a son of Cœlus and Terra. He was father of Latona, Asteria,
&c., by Phœbe. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, lis. 135 & 405.――_Virgil_,
_Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 279.――――A river of Messenia, flowing by
Electra. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 33.

=Cogamus=, a river of Lydia. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 29.

=Cogidūnus=, a king of Britain, faithful to Rome. _Tacitus_,
_Agricola_, ch. 14.

=Cohibus=, a river of Asia, near Pontus.

=Cohors=, a division in the Roman armies, consisting of about 600 men.
It was the tenth part of a legion, and consequently its number was
under the same fluctuation as that of the legions, being sometimes
more and sometimes less.

=Colænus=, a king of Attica, before the age of Cecrops, according to
some accounts. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 31.

=Colaxias=, one of the remote ancestors of the Scythians. _Herodotus_,
bk. 4, ch. 5, &c.

=Colaxes=, a son of Jupiter and Ora. _Flaccus_, bk. 6, li. 48.

=Colchi=, the inhabitants of Colchis.

=Colchis= and =Colchos=, a country of Asia, at the south of Asiatic
Sarmatia, east of the Euxine sea, north of Armenia, and west of
Iberia, now called _Mingrelia_. It is famous for the expedition
of the Argonauts, and as the birthplace of Medea. It was fruitful
in poisonous herbs, and produced excellent flax. The inhabitants
were originally Egyptians, who settled there when Sesostris king
of Egypt extended his conquests in the north. From the country
arises the epithets of _Colchus_, _Colchicus_, _Colchiachus_,
and Medea receives the name of _Colchis_. _Juvenal_, satire 6,
li. 640.――_Flaccus_, bk. 5, li. 418.――_Horace_, bk. 2, ode 13,
li. 8.――_Strabo_, bk. 11.――_Ptolemy_, bk. 5, ch. 10.――_Ovid_,
_Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 24; _Amores_, bk. 2, poem 14, li. 28.
――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 19; bk. 2, ch. 3.

=Colenda=, a town of Spain.

=Colias=, now _Agio Nicolo_, a promontory of Attica, in the form of a
man’s foot, where Venus had a temple. _Herodotus_, bk. 8, ch. 96.

=Collatia=, a town on the Anio, built by the people of Alba. It was
there that Sextus Tarquin offered violence to Lucretia. _Livy_,
bk. 1, ch. 37, &c.――_Strabo_, bk. 3.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6,
li. 774.

=Lucius Tarquinius Collatīnus=, a nephew of Tarquin the Proud, who
married Lucretia, to whom Sextus Tarquin offered violence. He, with
Brutus, drove the Tarquins from Rome, and were made first consuls.
As he was one of the Tarquins, so much abominated by all the Roman
people, he laid down his office of consul, and retired to Alba in
voluntary banishment. _Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 57; bk. 2, ch. 2.――_Florus_,
bk. 1, ch. 9.――――One of the seven hills of Rome.

=Collīna=, one of the gates of Rome, on mount Quirinalis. _Ovid_,
_Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 871.――――A goddess at Rome, who presided over
hills. One of the original tribes established by Romulus.

=Collucia=, a lascivious woman, &c. _Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 306.

=Junius Colo=, a governor of Pontus, who brought Mithridates to the
emperor Claudius. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 12, ch. 21.

=Colōnæ=, a place of Troas. _Cornelius Nepos_, bk. 4, ch. 3.

=Colōne=, a city of Phocis,――――of Erythræa,――――of Thessaly,――――of
Messenia.――――A rock of Asia, on the Thracian Bosphorus.

=Colōnia Agrippina=, a city of Germany on the Rhine, now _Cologne_.
――――Equestris, a town on the lake of Geneva, now _Noyon_.
――――Morinorum, a town of Gaul, now _Terrouen_, in Artois.
――――Norbensis, a town of Spain, now _Alcantara_.――――Trajana, or
Ulpia, a town of Germany, now _Kellen_, near Cleves.――――Valentia,
a town of Spain, which now bears the same name.

=Colōnos=, an eminence near Athens, where Œdipus retired during his
banishment, from which circumstance Sophocles has given the title
of Œdipus _Coloneus_ to one of his tragedies.

=Colŏphon=, a town of Ionia, at a small distance from the sea, first
built by Mopsus the son of Manto, and colonized by the sons of
Codrus. It was the native country of Mimnermus, Nicander, and
Xenophanes, and one of the cities which disputed for the honour of
having given birth to Homer. Apollo had a temple there. _Strabo_, bk.
14.――_Pliny_, bk. 14, ch. 20.――_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 3.――_Tacitus_,
_Annals_, bk. 2, ch. 54.――_Cicero_, _For Archias_, ch. 8.――_Ovid_,
_Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, li. 8.

=Colosse= and =Colossis=, a large town of Phrygia, near Laodicea, of
which the government was democratical, and the first ruler called
archon. One of the first christian churches was established there,
and one of St. Paul’s epistles was addressed to it. _Pliny_, bk. 21,
ch. 9.

=Colossus=, a celebrated brazen image at Rhodes, which passed for one
of the seven wonders of the world. Its feet were upon the two moles
which formed the entrance of the harbour, and ships passed full sail
between its legs. It was 70 cubits, or 105 feet high, and everything
in equal proportion, and few could clasp round its thumb. It was the
work of Chares the disciple of Lysippus, and the artist was 12 years
in making it. It was begun 300 years before Christ; and after it had
remained unhurt during 56 or 88 years, it was partially demolished
by an earthquake, 224 B.C. A winding staircase ran to the top, from
which could easily be discerned the shores of Syria, and the ships
that sailed on the coast of Egypt, by the help of glasses, which
were hung on the neck of the statue. It remained in ruins for the
space of 894 years; and the Rhodians, who had received several large
contributions to repair it, divided the money amongst themselves,
and frustrated the expectations of the donors, by saying that the
oracle of Delphi forbade them to raise it up again from its ruins.
In the year 672 of the christian era, it was sold by the Saracens,
who were masters of the island, to a Jewish merchant of Edessa, who
loaded 900 camels with the brass, whose value has been estimated at
36,000_l._ English money.

=Colotes=, a Teian painter, disciple of Phidias. _Pliny_, bk. 35,
ch. 8.――――A disciple of Epictetus.――――A follower of Epicurus,
accused of ignorance by _Plutarch_.――――A sculptor who made a statue
of Æsculapius. _Strabo_, bk. 8.

=Colpe=, a city of Ionia. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 29.

=Colubraria=, now _Monte Colubre_, a small island at the east of Spain,
supposed to be the same as Ophiusa. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5.

=Columbra=, a dove, the symbol of Venus among the poets. This bird
was sacred to Venus, and received divine honours in Syria. Doves
disappeared once every year at Eryx, where Venus had a temple, and
they were said to accompany the goddess to Libya, whither she went
to pass nine days, after which they returned. Doves were supposed to
give oracles in the oaks of the forest of Dodona. _Tibullus_, bk. 1,
poem 7, li. 17.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 1, ch. 15.

=Columella Lucius Junius Moderatus=, a native of Gades, who wrote,
among other works, 12 books on agriculture, of which the tenth, on
gardening, is in verse. The style is elegant, and the work displays
the genius of a naturalist, and the labours of an accurate observer.
The best edition of Columella is that of Gesner, 2 vols., 4to,
Lipscomb, 1735, and reprinted there 1772.

=Columnæ Hercŭlis=, a name given to two mountains on the extremest
parts of Spain and Africa, at the entrance into the Mediterranean.
They were called _Calpe_ and _Abyla_, the former on the coast of
Spain, and the latter on the side of Africa, at the distance of
only 18 miles. They are reckoned the boundaries of the labours of
Hercules, and they were supposed to have been joined, till the hero
separated them, and opened a communication between the Mediterranean
and Atlantic seas.――――Protei, the boundaries of Egypt, or the extent
of the kingdom of Proteus. Alexandria was supposed to be built near
them, though Homer places them in the island Pharos. _Odyssey_,
bk. 4, li. 351.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 262.

=Colūthus=, a native of Lycopolis in Egypt, who wrote a short poem on
the rape of Helen, an imitation of Homer. The composition remained
long unknown, till it was discovered at Lycopolis in the 15th
century, by the learned cardinal Bessarion. Coluthus was, as some
suppose, a contemporary of Tryphiodorus.

=Colyttus=, a tribe of Athens.

=Comagēna=, a part of Syria, above Cilicia, extending on the east
as far as the Euphrates. Its chief town was called Samosata, the
birthplace of Lucian. _Strabo_, bks. 11 & 17.

=Comāna= (a and orum), a town of Pontus. _Hirtius_, _Alexandrine War_,
ch. 34.――――Another in Cappadocia, famous for a temple of Bellona,
where there were above 6000 ministers of both sexes. The chief
priest among them was very powerful, and knew no superior but
the king of the country. This high office was generally conferred
upon one of the royal family. _Hirtius_, _Alexandrine War_, ch. 66.
――_Flaccus_, bk. 7, li. 636.――_Strabo_, bk. 12.

=Comania=, a country of Asia.

=Comarea=, the ancient name of Cape _Comorin_ in India.

=Comări=, a people of Asia. _Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 2.

=Comărus=, a port in the bay of Ambracia, near Nicopolis.

=Comastus=, a place of Persia.

=Combabus=, a favourite of Stratonice wife of Antiochus.

=Combe=, a daughter of Ophius, who first invented a brazen suit of
armour. She was changed into a bird, and escaped from her children,
who had conspired to murder her. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7,
li. 382.

=Combi=, or =Ombi=, a city of Egypt on the Nile. _Juvenal_, satire 15,
li. 35.

=Combrēa=, a town near Pallene. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 123.

=Combutis=, a general under Brennus. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 22.