Chapter D (2)

=Deiotărus=, a governor of Galatia, made king of that province by
the Roman people. In the civil wars of Pompey and Cæsar, Deiotarus
followed the interest of the former. After the battle of Pharsalia,
Cæsar severely reprimanded Deiotarus for his attachment to Pompey,
deprived him of part of his kingdom, and left him only the bare
title of royalty. When he was accused by his grandson of attempts
upon Cæsar’s life, Cicero ably defended him in the Roman senate.
He joined Brutus with a large army, and faithfully supported the
republican cause. His wife was barren; but fearing that her husband
might die without issue, she presented him with a beautiful slave,
and tenderly educated, as her own, the children of this union.
Deiotarus died in an advanced old age. _Strabo_, bk. 12.――_Lucan_,
bk. 5, li. 55.

=Deĭphĭla.= _See:_ Deipyle.

=Dēĭphŏbe=, a sibyl of Cumæ, daughter of Glaucus. It is supposed that
she led Æneas to the infernal regions. _See:_ Sibyllæ. _Virgil_,
_Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 36.

=Dēĭphŏbus=, a son of Priam and Hecuba, who, after the death of his
brother Paris, married Helen. His wife unworthily betrayed him, and
introduced into his chamber her old husband Menelaus, to whom she
wished to reconcile herself. He was shamefully mutilated and killed
by Menelaus. He had highly distinguished himself during the war,
especially in his two combats with Merion, and in that in which
he slew Ascalaphus son of Mars. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 495.
――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 13.――――A son of Hippolytus, who purified
Hercules after the murder of Iphitus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 6.

=Deĭphon=, a brother of Triptolemus, son of Celeus and Metanira.
When Ceres travelled over the world, she stopped at his father’s
court, and undertook to nurse him and bring him up. To reward the
hospitality of Celeus, the goddess began to make his son immortal;
and every evening she placed him on burning coals to purify him from
whatever mortal particles he still possessed. The uncommon growth
of Deiphon astonished Metanira, who wished to see what Ceres did to
make him so vigorous. She was frightened to see her son on burning
coals, and the shrieks that she uttered disturbed the mysterious
operations of the goddess, and Deiphon perished in the flames.
_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 5.――――The husband of Hyrnetho, daughter of
Temenus king of Argos. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.

=Dēiphontes=, a general of Temenus, who took Epidauria, &c. _Pausanias_,
bk. 2, ch. 12.――――A general of the Dorians, &c. _Polyænus._

=Dēipy̆le=, a daughter of Adrastus, who married Tydeus, by whom she had
Diomedes. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 8.

=Dēipy̆lus=, a son of Sthenelus, in the Trojan war. _Homer_, _Iliad_,
bk. 5.

=Dēipy̆rus=, a Grecian chief during the Trojan war. _Homer_, _Iliad_,
bk. 8.

=Deldon=, a king of Mysia, defeated by Crassus.

=Dēlia=, a festival celebrated every fifth year in the island of Delos,
in honour of Apollo. It was first instituted by Theseus, who, at his
return from Crete, placed a statue there, which he had received from
Ariadne. At the celebration, they crowned the statue of the goddess
with garlands, appointed a choir of music, and exhibited horse-races.
They afterwards led a dance, in which they imitated, by their motions,
the various windings of the Cretan labyrinth, from which Theseus had
extricated himself by Ariadne’s assistance.――――There was also another
festival of the same name, yearly celebrated by the Athenians in
Delos. It was also instituted by Theseus, who, when he was going to
Crete, made a vow, that if he returned victorious, he would yearly
visit in a solemn manner the temple of Delos. The persons employed
in this annual procession were called _Deliastæ_ and _Theori_.
The ship, the same which carried Theseus, and had been carefully
preserved by the Athenians, was called _Theoria_ and _Delias_. When
the ship was ready for the voyage, the priest of Apollo solemnly
adorned the stern with garlands, and a universal lustration was made
all over the city. The _Theori_ were crowned with laurel, and before
them proceeded men armed with axes, in commemoration of Theseus, who
had cleared the way from Trœzene to Athens, and delivered the country
from robbers. When the ship arrived at Delos, they offered solemn
sacrifices to the god of the island, and celebrated a festival in
his honour. After this they retired to their ship, and sailed back
to Athens, where all the people of the city ran in crowds to meet
them. Every appearance of festivity prevailed at their approach, and
the citizens opened their doors, and prostrated themselves before
the Deliastæ, as they walked in procession. During this festival,
it was not lawful to put to death any malefactor, and on that
account the life of Socrates was prolonged for 30 days. _Xenophon_,
_Memorabilia_ & _Symposium_.――♦_Plato_, _Phædo_.――_Seneca_, ltr. 70.

♦ ‘Plutarch’ replaced with ‘Plato’

=Dēlia=, a surname of Diana, because she was born in Delos. _Virgil_,
_Eclogues_, poem 3, li. 67.

=Dēliădes=, a son of Glaucus, killed by his brother Bellerophon.
_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 3.――――The priestesses in Apollo’s temple.
_Homer_, _Hymn to Apollo_.

=Dēlium=, a temple of Apollo.――――A town of Bœotia opposite Calchis,
famous for a battle fought there, B.C. 424, &c. _Livy_, bk. 31,
ch. 45; bk. 35, ch. 51.

=Dēlius=, a surname of Apollo, because he was born in Delos.――――Quintus,
an officer of Antony, who, when he was sent to cite Cleopatra
before his master, advised her to make her appearance in the most
captivating attire. The plan succeeded. He afterwards abandoned his
friend, and fled to Augustus, who received him with great kindness.
Horace has addressed bk. 2, ode 3 to him. _Plutarch_, _Antonius_.

=Delmatius Flavius Julius=, a nephew of Constantine the Great, honoured
with the title of Cæsar, and put in possession of Thrace, Macedonia,
and Achaia. His great virtues were unable to save him from a violent
death, and he was assassinated by his own soldiers, &c.

=Delmĭnium=, a town of Dalmatia. _Florus_, bk. 4, ch. 12.

=Dēlos=, one of the Cyclades at the north of Naxos, was severally
called Lagia, Ortygia, Asteria, Chlamidia, Pelasgia, Pyrpyle,
Cynthus, and Cynæthus, and now bears the name of Sailles. It was
called Delos from δηλος, because it suddenly made its _appearance_
on the surface of the sea, by the power of Neptune, who, according
to the mythologists, permitted Latona to bring forth there, when she
was persecuted all over the earth, and could find no safe asylum.
_See:_ Apollo. The island is celebrated for the nativity of Apollo
and Diana; and the solemnity with which the festivals of these
deities were celebrated there, by the inhabitants of the neighbouring
islands and of the continent, is well known. One of the altars of
Apollo, in the island, was reckoned among the seven wonders of the
world. It had been erected by Apollo when only four years old, and
made with the horns of goats, killed by Diana on mount Cynthus. It
was unlawful to sacrifice any living creature upon that altar, which
was religiously kept pure from blood and every pollution. The whole
island of Delos was held in such veneration, that the Persians, who
had pillaged and profaned all the temples of Greece, never offered
violence to the temple of Apollo, but respected it with the most
awful reverence. Apollo, whose image was in the shape of a dragon,
delivered there oracles during the summer, in a plain manner, without
any ambiguity or obscure meaning. No dogs, as Thucydides mentions,
were permitted to enter the island. It was unlawful for a man to die,
or for a child to be born there; and when the Athenians were ordered
to purify the place, they dug up all the dead bodies that had been
interred there, and transported them to the neighbouring islands.
An edict was also issued, which commanded all persons labouring
under any mortal or dangerous disease to be instantly removed to the
adjacent island called Rhane. Some mythologists suppose that Asteria,
who changed herself into a quail, to avoid the importuning addresses
of Jupiter, was metamorphosed into this island, originally called
Ortygia _ab_ ὀρτυξ, _a quail_. The people of Delos are described by
_Cicero_, _Academica_, bk. 2, chs. 16 & 18; bk. 4, ch. 18, as famous
for rearing hens. _Strabo_, bks. 8 & 10.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
bk. 5, li. 329; bk. 6, li. 333.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Pliny_, bk.
4, ch. 12.――_Plutarch_, _de Sollertia Animalium_, &c.――_Thucydides_,
bks. 3, 4, &c.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 73.――_Ptolemy_, bk. 3,
ch. 15.――_Callimachus_, _Hymn to Delos_.――_Claudian_, _Panegyricus
de Consulatu Honorii Augusti_, bk. 4.

=Delphi=, now _Castri_, a town of Phocis, situate in a valley at
the south-west side of mount Parnassus. It was also called _Pytho_,
because the serpent Python was killed there; and it received the
name of _Delphi_, from Delphus the son of Apollo. Some have also
called it _Parnassia Nape_, the _valley_ of Parnassus. It was famous
for a temple of Apollo, and for an oracle celebrated in every age
and country. The origin of the oracle, though fabulous, is described
as something wonderful. A number of goats that were feeding on mount
Parnassus came near a place which had a deep and long perforation.
The steam which issued from the hole seemed to inspire the goats,
and they played and frisked about in such an uncommon manner,
that the goat-herd was tempted to lean on the hole, and see what
mysteries the place contained. He was immediately seized with a fit
of enthusiasm, and his expressions were wild and extravagant, and
passed for prophecies. This circumstance was soon known about the
country, and many experienced the same enthusiastic inspiration.
The place was revered, and a temple was soon after erected in honour
of Apollo, and a city built. According to some accounts, Apollo was
not the first who gave oracles there; but Terra, Neptune, Themis,
and Phœbe were in possession of the place before the son of Latona.
The oracles were generally given in verse; but when it had been
sarcastically observed that the god and patron of poetry was the
most imperfect poet in the world, the priestess delivered her answers
in prose. The oracles were always delivered by a priestess called
_Pythia_. _See:_ Pythia. The temple was built and destroyed several
times. It was customary for those who consulted the oracle to make
rich presents to the god of Delphi; and no monarch distinguished
himself more by his donations than Crœsus. This sacred repository of
opulence was often the object of plunder, and the people of Phocis
seized 10,000 talents from it, and Nero carried away no less than
500 statues of brass, partly of the gods, and partly of the most
♦illustrious heroes. In another age, Constantine the Great removed
its most splendid ornaments to his new capital. It was universally
believed, and supported, by the ancients, that Delphi was in the
middle of the earth; and on that account it was called _terræ
umbilicus_. This, according to mythology, was first found out by
two doves, which Jupiter had let loose from the two extremities of
the earth, and which met at the place where the temple of Delphi
was built. _Apollonius_, bk. 2, li. 706.――_Diodorus_, bk. 16.
――_Plutarch_, _de Defectu Oraculorum_, &c.――_Pausanias_, bk. 10,
ch. 6, &c.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 10, li. 168.――_Strabo_,
bk. 9.

♦ ‘illustrous’ replaced with ‘illustrious’

=Delphĭcus=, a surname of Apollo, from the worship paid to his
divinity at Delphi.

=Delphīnia=, festivals at Ægina, in honour of Apollo of Delphi.

=Delphīnium=, a place in Bœotia, opposite Eubœa.

=Delphis=, the priestess of Delphi. _Martial_, bk. 9, ltr. 43.

=Delphus=, a son of Apollo, who built Delphi, and consecrated it to
his father. The name of his mother is differently mentioned. She is
called by some Celæno, by others Melæne daughter of Cephis, and by
others Thyas daughter of Castalius, the first who was priestess of
Bacchus. _Hyginus_, fable 161.――_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 6.

=Delphȳne=, a serpent which watched over Jupiter. _Apollodorus_,
bk. 1, ch. 6.

=Delta=, a part of Egypt, which received that name from its resemblance
to the form of the fourth letter of the Greek alphabet. It lies
between the Canopian and Pelusian mouths of the Nile, and begins
to be formed where the river divides itself into several streams.
It has been formed totally by the mud and sand, which are washed
down from the upper parts of Egypt by the Nile, according to ancient
tradition. _Cæsar_, _Alexandrine War_, ch. 27.――_Strabo_, bks. 15
& 17.――_Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 13, &c.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 16.

=Demădes=, an Athenian, who, from a sailor, became an eloquent orator,
and obtained much influence in the state. He was taken prisoner
at the battle of Cheronæa by Philip, and ingratiated himself into
the favour of that prince, by whom he was greatly esteemed. He was
put to death, with his son, on suspicion of treason, B.C. 322. One
of his orations is extant. _Diodorus_, bks. 16 & 17.――_Plutarch_,
_Demosthenes_.

=Demænetus=, a rhetorician of Syracuse, enemy to Timoleon. _Cornelius
Nepos_, _Timoleon_, ch. 5.

=Demagŏras=, one of Alexander’s flatterers.――――An historian, who wrote
concerning the foundation of Rome. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_,
bk. 1.

=Demarāta=, a daughter of Hiero, &c. _Livy_, bk. 24, ch. 22.

=Demarātus=, the son and successor of Ariston on the throne of Sparta,
B.C. 526. He was banished by the intrigues of Cleomenes his royal
colleague, as being illegitimate. He retired into Asia, and was
kindly received by Darius son of Hystaspes king of Persia. When
the Persian monarch made preparations to invade Greece, Demaratus,
though persecuted by the Lacedæmonians, informed them of the
hostilities which hung over their head. _Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 75,
&c.; bk. 6, ch. 50, &c.――――A rich citizen of Corinth, of the family
of the Bacchiadæ. When Cypselus had usurped the sovereign power
of Corinth, Demaratus, with all his family, migrated to Italy, and
settled at Tarquinii, 658 years before Christ. His son Lucumon was
king of Rome, under the name of Tarquinius Priscus. _Dionysius of
Halicarnassus._――――A Corinthian exile at the court of Philip king of
Macedonia. _Plutarch_, _Alexander_.

=Demarchus=, a Syracusan put to death by Dionysius.

=Demarēta=, the wife of Gelon. _Diodorus_, bk. 15.

=Demariste=, the mother of Timoleon.

=Dēmātria=, a Spartan mother, who killed her son because he returned
from a battle without glory. _Plutarch_, _Instituta Laconica_.

=Demetria=, a festival in honour of Ceres, called by the Greeks
_Demeter_. It was then customary for the votaries of the goddess
to lash themselves with whips made with the bark of trees. The
Athenians had a solemnity of the same name, in honour of Demetrius
Poliorcetes.

=Dēmētrias=, a town of Thessaly. The name was common to other places.

=Dēmētrius=, a son of Antigonus and Stratonice, surnamed Poliorcetes,
_destroyer of towns_. At the age of 22, he was sent by his father
against Ptolemy, who had invaded Syria. He was defeated near Gaza,
but he soon repaired his loss by a victory over one of the generals
of the enemy. He afterwards sailed with a fleet of 250 ships to
Athens, and restored the Athenians to liberty, by freeing them from
the power of Cassander and Ptolemy, and expelling the garrison,
which was stationed there under Demetrius Phalereus. After this
successful expedition, he besieged and took Munychia, and defeated
Cassander at Thermopylæ. His reception at Athens, after these
victories, was attended with the greatest servility; and the
Athenians were not ashamed to raise altars to him as to a god, and
to consult his oracles. This uncommon success raised the jealousy of
the successors of Alexander; and Seleucus, Cassander, and Lysimachus
united to destroy Antigonus and his son. Their hostile armies met at
Ipsus, B.C. 301. Antigonus was killed in the battle; and Demetrius,
after a severe loss, retired to Ephesus. His ill success raised
him many enemies; and the Athenians, who lately adored him as a
god, refused to admit him into their city. He soon after ravaged
the territories of Lysimachus, and reconciled himself to Seleucus,
to whom he gave his daughter Stratonice in marriage. Athens now
laboured under tyranny; and Demetrius relieved it, and pardoned the
inhabitants. The loss of his possessions in Asia recalled him from
Greece, and he established himself on the throne of Macedonia, by
the murder of Alexander the son of Cassander. Here he was continually
at war with the neighbouring states; and the superior power of his
adversaries obliged him to leave Macedonia, after he had sat on the
throne for seven years. He passed into Asia, and attacked some of
the provinces of Lysimachus with various success; but famine and
pestilence destroyed the greatest part of his army, and he retired
to the court of Seleucus for support and assistance. He met with
a kind reception, but hostilities were soon begun; and after he
had gained some advantages over his son-in-law, Demetrius was
totally forsaken by his troops in the field of battle, and became
an easy prey to the enemy. Though he was kept in confinement by his
son-in-law, yet he maintained himself like a prince, and passed his
time in hunting and in every laborious exercise. His son Antigonus
offered Seleucus all his possessions and even his person, to procure
his father’s liberty; but all proved unavailing, and Demetrius died
in the 54th year of his age, after a confinement of three years,
286 B. C. His remains were given to Antigonus, and honoured with a
♦splendid funeral pomp at Corinth, and thence conveyed to Demetrias.
His posterity remained in possession of the Macedonian throne till
the age of Perseus, who was conquered by the Romans. Demetrius has
rendered himself famous for his fondness of dissipation when among
the dissolute, and his love of virtue and military glory in the
field of battle. He has been commended as a great warrior, and his
ingenious inventions, his warlike engines, and stupendous machines
in his war with the Rhodians, justify his claims to that perfect
character. He has been blamed for his voluptuous indulgencies; and
his biographer observes, that no Grecian prince had more wives and
concubines than Poliorcetes. His obedience and reverence to his
father have been justly admired; and it has been observed, that
Antigonus ordered the ambassadors of a foreign prince particularly
to remark the cordiality and friendship which subsisted between
him and his son. _Plutarch_, _Parallel Lives_.――_Diodorus_, bk. 17.
――_Justin_, bk. 1, ch. 17, &c.――――A prince who succeeded his father
Antigonus on the throne of Macedonia. He reigned 11 years, and was
succeeded by Antigonus Doson. _Justin_, bk. 26, ch. 2.――_Polybius_,
bk. 2.――――A son of Philip king of Macedonia, given up as a hostage
to the Romans. His modesty delivered his father from a heavy
accusation laid before the Roman senate. When he returned to
Macedonia, he was falsely accused by his brother Perseus, who was
jealous of his popularity, and his father too credulously consented
to his death, B.C. 180. _Livy_, bk. 40, ch. 20.――_Justin_, bk. 32,
ch. 2.――――A Magnesian.――――A servant of Cassius.――――A son of Demetrius
of Cyrene.――――A freedman of Pompey.――――A son of Demetrius, surnamed
Slender.――――A prince surnamed _Soter_, was son of Seleucus Philopater,
the son of Antiochus the Great king of Syria. His father gave him
as a hostage to the Romans. After the death of Seleucus, Antiochus
Epiphanes, the deceased monarch’s brother, usurped the kingdom
of Syria, and was succeeded by his son Antiochus Eupator. This
usurpation displeased Demetrius, who was detained at Rome; he
procured his liberty on pretence of going to hunt, and fled to Syria,
where the troops received him as their lawful sovereign, B.C. 162.
He put to death Eupator and Lysias, and established himself on his
throne by cruelty and oppression. Alexander Bala the son of Antiochus
Epiphanes laid claim to the crown of Syria, and defeated Demetrius
in a battle, in the 12th year of his reign. _Strabo_, bk. 16.
――_Appian._――_Justin_, bk. 34, ch. 3.――――The Second, surnamed
_Nicanor_, or _Conqueror_, was son of Soter, to whom he succeeded by
the assistance of Ptolemy Philometer, after he had driven out the
usurper Alexander Bala, B.C. 146. He married Cleopatra daughter of
Ptolemy; who was, before, the wife of the expelled monarch. Demetrius
gave himself up to luxury and voluptuousness, and suffered his
kingdom to be governed by his favourites. At that time a pretended
son of Bala, called Diodorus Tryphon, seized a part of Syria; and
Demetrius, to oppose his antagonist, made an alliance with the Jews,
and marched into the east, where he was taken by the Parthians.
Phraates king of Parthia gave him his daughter Rhodogyne in marriage;
and Cleopatra was so incensed at this new connection, that she gave
herself up to Antiochus Sidetes her brother-in-law, and married him.
Sidetes was killed in a battle against the Parthians, and Demetrius
regained the possession of his kingdom. His pride and oppression
rendered him odious, and his subjects asked a king of the house of
Seleucus, from Ptolemy Physcon king of Egypt; and Demetrius, unable
to resist the power of his enemies, fled to Ptolemais, which was
then in the hands of his wife Cleopatra. The gates were shut up
against his approach by Cleopatra; and he was killed by order of
the governor of Tyre, whither he had fled for protection. He was
succeeded by Alexander Zebina, whom Ptolemy had raised to the throne,
B.C. 127. _Justin_, bk. 36, &c.――_Appian_, _Syrian Wars_.――_Josephus._
――――The Third, surnamed _Eucerus_, was son of Antiochus Gryphus.
After the example of his brother Philip, who had seized Syria, he
made himself master of Damascus, B.C. 93, and soon after obtained
a victory over his brother. He was taken in a battle against the
Parthians, and died in captivity. _Josephus_, bk. 1.――――Phalereus,
a disciple of Theophrastus, who gained such an influence over the
Athenians, by his eloquence, and the purity of his manners, that
he was elected decennial archon, B.C. 317. He so embellished the
city, and rendered himself so popular by his munificence, that the
Athenians raised 360 brazen statues to his honour. Yet in the midst
of all this popularity, his enemies raised a sedition against him,
and he was condemned to death, and all his statues thrown down,
after obtaining the sovereign power for 10 years. He fled without
concern or mortification to the court of Ptolemy Lagus, where he
met with kindness and cordiality. The Egyptian monarch consulted
him concerning the succession of his children; and Demetrius advised
him to raise to the throne the children of Eurydice, in preference
to the offspring of Berenice. This counsel so irritated Philadelphus
the son of Berenice, that after his father’s death he sent the
philosopher into Upper Egypt, and there detained him in strict
confinement. Demetrius, tired with his situation, put an end to his
life by the bite of an asp, 284 B.C. According to some, Demetrius
enjoyed the confidence of Philadelphus, and enriched his library
at Alexandria with 200,000 volumes. All the works of Demetrius,
on rhetoric, history, and eloquence are lost; and the treatise on
rhetoric, falsely attributed to him, is by some supposed to be the
composition of Halicarnassus. The last edition of this treatise is
that of Glasgow, 8vo, 1743. _Diogenes Laërtius_, _Lives and Opinions
of Eminent Philosophers_.――_Cicero_, _Brutus_ & _de Officiis_,
bk. 1.――_Plutarch_, _De Exilio_.――――A Cynic philosopher, disciple
of Apollonius Thyaneus, in the age of Caligula. The emperor wished
to gain the philosopher to his interest by a large present; but
Demetrius refused it with indignation, and said, “If Caligula wishes
to bribe me, let him send me his crown.” Vespasian was displeased
with his insolence, and banished him to an island. The Cynic derided
the punishment, and bitterly inveighed against the emperor. He died
in a great old age; and Seneca observes, that _nature had brought
him forth, to show mankind that an exalted genius can live securely
without being corrupted by the vices of the surrounding world_.
_Seneca._――_Philostratus_, _Apollonius_.――――One of Alexander’s
flatterers.――――A native of Byzantium, who wrote on the Greek poets.
――――An Athenian killed at Mantinea, when fighting against the
Thebans. _Polyænus._――――A writer who published a history of the
irruptions of the Gauls into Asia.――――A philological writer in the
age of Cicero. _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 8, ltr. 11.――――A
stage player. _Juvenal_, satire 3, li. 99.――――Syrus, a rhetorician
at Athens. _Cicero_, _Brutus_, ch. 174.――――A geographer surnamed the
Calatian. _Strabo_, bk. 1.

♦ ‘splended’ replaced with ‘splendid’

=Demo=, a sibyl of Cumæ.

=Demoanassa=, the mother of Ægialeus.

=Democēdes=, a celebrated physician of Crotona, son of Calliphon, and
intimate with Polycrates. He was carried as a prisoner from Samos
to Darius king of Persia, where he acquired great riches and much
reputation by curing the king’s foot, and the breast of Atossa. He
was sent to Greece as a spy by the king, and fled away to Crotona,
where he married the daughter of the wrestler Milo. _Ælian_, _Varia
Historia_, bk. 8, ch. 18.――_Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 124, &c.

=Dēmŏchăres=, an Athenian sent with some of his countrymen with an
embassy to Philip king of Macedonia. The monarch gave them audience,
and when he asked them what he could do to please the people of
Athens, Demochares replied, “Hang yourself.” This imprudence raised
the indignation of all the hearers; but Philip mildly dismissed
them, and bade them ask their countrymen, which deserved most the
appellation of wise and moderate, either they who gave such ill
language, or he who received it without any signs of resentment?
_Seneca_, _de Irâ_, bk. 3.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bks. 3, 7, 8,
12.――_Cicero_, _Brutus_, ch. 3; _On Oratory_, bk. 2.――――A poet of
Soli, who composed a comedy on Demetrius Poliorcetes. _Plutarch_,
_Demetrius_.――――A statuary, who wished to make a statue to mount
Athos. _Vitruvius._――――A general of Pompey the younger, who died
B.C. 36.

=Dēmŏcles=, a man accused of disaffection towards Dionysius, &c.
_Polyænus_, bk. 5.――――A beautiful youth, passionately loved by
Demetrius Poliorcetes. He threw himself into a cauldron of boiling
water, rather than submit to the unnatural lusts of the tyrant.
_Plutarch_, _Demetrius_.

=Demŏcoon=, a natural son of Priam, who came from his residence at
Abydos to protect his country against the Greeks. He was, after a
glorious defence, killed by Ulysses. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 4.

=Dēmŏcrătes=, an architect of Alexandria.――――A wrestler. _Ælian_,
_Varia Historia_, bk. 4, ch. 15.――――An Athenian, who fought on the
side of Darius against the Macedonians. _Curtius_, bk. 6, ch. 5.

=Dēmŏcrĭtus=, a celebrated philosopher of Abdera, disciple to
Leucippus. He travelled over the greatest part of Europe, Asia, and
Africa, in quest of knowledge, and returned home in the greatest
poverty. There was a law at Abdera, which deprived of the honour
of a funeral the man who had reduced himself to indigence; and
Democritus, to avoid ignominy, repeated before his countrymen one
of his compositions called _Diacosmus_. It was received with such
uncommon applause that he was presented with 500 talents; statues
were erected in his honour; and a decree passed that the expenses
of his funeral should be paid from the public treasury. He retired
to a garden near the city, where he dedicated his time to study
and solitude; and according to some authors he put out his eyes,
to apply himself more closely to philosophical inquiries. He was
accused of insanity, and Hippocrates was ordered to inquire into
the nature of his disorder. The physician had a conference with the
philosopher, and declared that not Democritus, but his enemies, were
insane. He continually laughed at the follies and vanity of mankind,
who distract themselves with care, and are at once a prey to hope
and anxiety. He told Darius, who was inconsolable for the loss of
his wife, that he would raise her from the dead, if he could find
three persons who had gone through life without adversity, whose
names he might engrave on the queen’s monument. The king’s inquiries
to find such persons proved unavailing, and the philosopher in some
manner soothed the sorrow of his sovereign. He taught his disciples
that the soul died with the body; and therefore, as he gave no
credit to the existence of ghosts, some youths, to try his fortitude,
dressed themselves in a hideous and deformed habit, and approached
his cave in the dead of night, with whatever could create terror
and astonishment. The philosopher received them unmoved; and without
even looking at them, he desired them to cease making themselves
such objects of ridicule and folly. He died in the 109th year of his
age, B.C. 361. His father was so rich, that he entertained Xerxes,
with all his army, as he was marching against Greece. All the works
of Democritus are lost. He was the author of the doctrine of atoms,
and first taught that the milky way was occasioned by a confused
light from a multitude of stars. He may be considered as the parent
of experimental philosophy, in the prosecution of which he showed
himself so ardent, that he declared he would prefer the discovery
of one of the causes of the works of nature to the diadem of Persia.
He made artificial emeralds, and tinged them with various colours;
he likewise dissolved stones, and softened ivory. _Eusebius_,
bk. 14, ch. 27.――_Diogenes Laërtius_, _Lives and Opinions of Eminent
Philosophers_.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 4, ch. 20.――_Cicero_,
_de Finibus Bonorum et Malorum_.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 8,
ch. 7.――_Strabo_, bks. 1 & 15.――――An Ephesian, who wrote a book on
Diana’s temple, &c. _Diogenes Laërtius._――――A powerful man of Naxos.
_Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 46.

=Dēmŏdĭce=, the wife of Cretheus king of Iolchos. Some call her
Biadice, or Tyro. _Hyginus_, _Poeticon Astronomicon_, bk. 2, ch. 20.

=Dēmŏdŏchus=, a musician at the court of Alcinous, who sang, in
the presence of Ulysses, the secret amours of Mars and Venus, &c.
_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 8, li. 44.――_Plutarch_, _de Musica_.――――A
Trojan chief, who came with Æneas into Italy, where he was killed.
_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 413.――――An historian. _Plutarch_,
_de Fluviis_.

_Dēmŏleon_, a centaur, killed by Theseus at the ♦nuptials of
Pirithous. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 356.――――A son of
Antenor, killed by Achilles. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 20, li. 395.

♦ ‘nupitals’ replaced with ‘nuptials’

=Dēmŏleus=, a Greek, killed by Æneas in the Trojan war. _Virgil_,
_Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 260.

=Dēmon=, an Athenian, nephew to Demosthenes. He was at the head of the
government during the absence of his uncle, and obtained a decree
that Demosthenes should be recalled, and that a ship should be sent
to bring him back.

=Dēmonassa=, a daughter of Amphiaraus, who married Thersander.
_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 5.

=Dēmōnax=, a celebrated philosopher of Crete, in the reign of Adrian.
He showed no concern about the necessaries of life; but when hungry,
he entered the first house he met, and there satisfied his appetite.
He died in his 100th year.――――A man of Mantinea, sent to settle the
government of Cyrene. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 161.

=Dēmŏnīca=, a woman who betrayed Ephesus to Brennus. _Plutarch_,
_Parallela minora_.

=Dēmŏphantus=, a general killed by Antigonus, &c. _Pausanias_, bk. 8,
ch. 49.

=Demophĭle=, a name given to the sibyl of Cumæ, who, as it is supposed
by some, sold the sibylline books to Tarquin. _Varro_, cited by
_Lactantius_, _[Divine Institutes]_, bk. 1, ch. 6.

=Dēmŏphĭlus=, an Athenian archon.――――An officer of Agathocles.
_Diodorus_, bk. 19.

=Dēmŏphon=, an Athenian, who assisted the Thebans in recovering Cadmea,
&c. _Diodorus_, bk. 15.

=Dēmŏphoon=, son of Theseus and Phædra, was king of Athens, B.C. 1182
and reigned 33 years. At his return from the Trojan war, he visited
Thrace, where he was tenderly received and treated by Phyllis. He
retired to Athens, and forgot the kindness and love of Phyllis, who
hanged herself in despair. _Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 2.――_Pausanias_,
bk. 10, ch. 55.――――A friend of Æneas, killed by Camilla. _Virgil_,
_Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 675.

=Dēmŏpŏlis=, a son of Themistocles. _Plutarch_, _Themistocles_.

=Dēmos=, a place of Ithaca.

=Dēmosthĕnes=, a celebrated Athenian, son of a rich blacksmith, called
Demosthenes, and of Cleobule. He was but seven years of age when
his father died. His guardians negligently managed his affairs, and
embezzled the greatest part of his possessions. His education was
totally neglected; and for whatever advances he made in learning,
he was indebted to his own industry and application. He became the
pupil of Isæus and Plato, and applied himself to study the orations
of Isocrates. At the age of 17 he gave an early proof of his
eloquence and abilities against his guardians, from whom he obtained
the retribution of the greatest part of his estate. His rising
talents were, however, impeded by weak lungs, and a difficulty of
pronunciation, especially of the letter ρ, but these obstacles were
soon conquered by unwearied application. To correct the stammering
of his voice, he spoke with pebbles in his mouth; and removed the
distortion of his features, which accompanied his utterance, by
watching the motions of his countenance in a looking-glass. That
his pronunciation might be loud and full of emphasis, he frequently
ran up the steepest and most uneven walks, where his voice acquired
force and energy; and on the sea-shore, when the waves were violently
agitated, he declaimed aloud, to accustom himself to the noise
and tumults of a public assembly. He also confined himself in a
subterraneous cave, to devote himself more closely to studious
pursuits; and to eradicate all curiosity of appearance in public,
he shaved one half of his head. In this solitary retirement, by
the help of a glimmering lamp, he composed the greatest part of his
orations, which have ever been the admiration of every age, though
his contemporaries and rivals severely inveighed against them, and
observed that they smelt of oil. His abilities as an orator raised
him to consequence at Athens, and he was soon placed at the head
of the government. In this public capacity he roused his countrymen
from their indolence, and animated them against the encroachments of
Philip of Macedonia. In the battle of Cheronæa, however, Demosthenes
betrayed his pusillanimity, and saved his life by flight. After
the death of Philip, he declared himself warmly against his son and
successor Alexander, whom he branded with the appellation of boy;
and when the Macedonians demanded of the Athenians their orators,
Demosthenes reminded his countrymen of the fable of the sheep which
delivered their dogs to the wolves. Though he had boasted that all
the gold of Macedonia could not tempt him, yet he suffered himself
to be bribed by a small golden cup from Harpalus. The tumults
which this occasioned forced him to retire from Athens; and in his
banishment, which he passed at Trœzene and Ægina, he lived with more
effeminacy than true heroism. When Antipater made war against Greece,
after the death of Alexander, Demosthenes was publicly recalled from
his exile, and a galley was sent to fetch him from Ægina. His return
was attended with much splendour, and all the citizens crowded at
the Piræus to see him land. His triumph and popularity, however,
were short. Antipater and Craterus were near Athens, and demanded
all the orators to be delivered up into their hands. Demosthenes,
with all his adherents, fled to the temple of Neptune in Calauria,
and when he saw that all hopes of safety were banished, he took
a dose of poison, which he always carried in a quill, and expired
on the day that the Thesmophoria were celebrated, in the 60th year
of his age, B.C. 322. The Athenians raised a brazen statue to his
honour, with an inscription translated into this distich:

_Si tibi par menti robur, Vir magne, fuisset,
Græcia non Macedæ succubuisset hero._

Demosthenes has been deservedly called the prince of orators; and
Cicero, his successful rival among the Romans, calls him a perfect
model, and such as he wished to be. These two great princes of
eloquence have often been compared together; but the judgment
hesitates to which to give the preference. They both arrived
at perfection, but the measures by which they obtained it were
diametrically opposite. Demosthenes has been compared, and with
propriety, by his rival Æschines, to a Siren, from the melody of
his expressions. No orator can be said to have expressed the various
passions of hatred, resentment, or indignation, with more energy
than he; and as a proof of his uncommon application, it need only be
mentioned, that he transcribed eight or even ten times the history
of Thucydides, that he might not only imitate, but possess the force
and energy of the great historian. The best editions of his works
are that of Wolfius, folio, Frankof. 1604; that left unfinished by
Taylor, Cambridge, 4to, and that published in 12 vols., 8vo, 1720,
&c., Lipscomb, by Reiske and his widow. Many of the orations of
Demosthenes have been published separately. _Plutarch_, _Parallel
Lives_.――_Diodorus_, bk. 16.――_Cicero_, _Orator_, &c.――_Pausanias_,
bk. 1, ch. 8; bk. 2, ch. 33.――――An Athenian general, sent to succeed
Alcibiades in Sicily. He attacked Syracuse with Nicias, but his
efforts were ineffectual. After many calamities he fell into the
enemy’s hands, and his army was confined to hard labour. The accounts
about the death of Demosthenes are various; some believe that he
stabbed himself, while others suppose that he was put to death by
the Syracusans, B.C. 413. _Plutarch_, _Nicias_.――_Thucydides_, bk. 4,
&c.――_Diodorus_, bk. 12.――――The father of the orator Demosthenes.
He was very rich, and employed an immense number of slaves in the
business of a sword-cutler. _Plutarch_, _Demosthenes_.――――A governor
of Cæsarea, under the Roman emperors.

=Dēmostrătus=, an Athenian orator.

=Demūchus=, a Trojan, son of Philetor, killed by Achilles. _Homer_,
_Iliad_, bk. 20, li. 457.

=Dēmy̆lus=, a tyrant who tortured the philosopher Zeno. _Plutarch_,
_de Stoicorum Repugnantiis_.

=Denseletæ=, a people of Thrace. _Cicero_, _Against Piso_, ch. 34.

=Deobriga=, a town on the Iberus in Spain, now _Miranda de Ebro_.

=Deodătus=, an Athenian who opposed the cruel resolutions of Cleon
against the captive prisoners of Mitylene.

=Dēōis=, a name given to Proserpine from her mother Ceres, who was
called _Deo_. This name Ceres received, because when she sought her
daughter all over the world, all wished her success in her pursuits,
with the word δηεις, _invenies_; a δηω, _invenio_. _Ovid_,
_Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, li. 114.

=Deræ=, a place of Messenia.

=Derbe=, a town of Lycaonia, at the north of mount Taurus in Asia
Minor, now _Alah-Dag_.――_Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 13,
ltr. 73.

=Derbĭces=, a people near Caucasus, who killed all those that had
reached their 70th year. They buried such as died a natural death.
_Strabo._

=Derce=, a fountain in Spain, whose waters were said to be uncommonly
cold.

=Dercennus=, an ancient king in Latium. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11,
li. 850.

=Dercĕto= and =Dercĕtis=, a goddess of Syria, called also _Atergatis_,
whom some supposed to be the same as Astarte. She was represented as
a beautiful woman above the waist, and the lower part terminated in
a fish’s tail. According to Diodorus, Venus, whom she had offended,
made her passionately fond of a young priest, remarkable for the
beauty of his features. She had a daughter by him, and became so
ashamed of her incontinence, that she removed her lover, exposed
the fruit of her amour, and threw herself into a lake. Her body was
transformed into a fish, and her child was preserved, and called
Semiramis. As she was chiefly worshipped in Syria, and represented
like a fish, the Syrians anciently abstained from fishes. _Lucian_,
_de Deâ Syria_.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 13.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
bk. 4, li. 44.――_Diodorus_, bk. 2.

=Dercyllĭdas=, a general of Sparta, celebrated for his military
exploits. He took nine different cities in eight days, and freed
Chersonesus from the inroads of the Thracians by building a
wall across the country. He lived B.C. 399. _Diodorus_, bk. 14.
――_Xenophon_, _Hellenica_, bk. 1, &c.

=Dercyllus=, a man appointed over Attica by Antipater. _Cornelius
Nepos_, _Phocion_, ch. 2.

=Dercy̆nus=, a son of Neptune, killed by Hercules. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2,
ch. 5.

=Dersæi=, a people of Thrace.

=Derthona=, now _Tortona_, a town of Liguria, between Genoa and
Placentia, where a Roman colony was settled. _Cicero_, _De
Divinatione_, bk. 2.

=Dertose=, now _Tortosa_, a town of Spain near the Iberus.

=Derusiæi=, a people of Persia.

=Dēsudăba=, a town of Media. _Livy_, bk. 44, ch. 26.

=Deva=, a town of Britain, now _Chester_ on the Dee.

=Deucălion=, a son of Prometheus, who married Pyrrha the daughter of
Epimetheus. He reigned over part of Thessaly, and in his age the
whole earth was overwhelmed with a deluge. The impiety of mankind
had irritated Jupiter, who resolved to destroy the world, and
immediately the earth exhibited a boundless scene of waters. The
highest mountains were climbed up by the frightened inhabitants of
the country; but this seeming place of security was soon overtopped
by the rising waters, and no hope was left of escaping the universal
calamity. Prometheus advised his son to make himself a ship, and
by this means he saved himself and his wife Pyrrha. The vessel was
tossed about during nine successive days, and at last stopped on
the top of mount Parnassus, where Deucalion remained till the waters
had subsided. Pindar and Ovid make no mention of a vessel built
by the advice of Prometheus; but, according to their relation,
Deucalion saved his life by taking refuge on the top of Parnassus,
or, according to Hyginus, of Ætna in Sicily. As soon as the waters
had retired from the surface of the earth, Deucalion and his wife
went to consult the oracle of Themis, and were directed to repair
the loss of mankind, by throwing behind them the bones of their
grandmother. This was nothing but the stones of the earth; and after
some hesitation about the meaning of the oracle, they obeyed. The
stones thrown by Deucalion became men, and those of Pyrrha women.
According to Justin, Deucalion was not the only one who escaped
from the universal calamity. Many saved their lives by ascending the
highest mountains, or trusting themselves in small vessels to the
mercy of the waters. This deluge, which chiefly happened in Thessaly,
according to the relation of some writers, was produced by the
inundation of the waters of the river Peneus, whose regular course
was stopped by an earthquake near mount Ossa and Olympus. According
to Xenophon, there were no less than five deluges. The first
happened under Ogyges, and lasted three months. The second, which
was in the age of Hercules and Prometheus, continued but one month.
During the third, which happened in the reign of another Ogyges, all
Attica was laid waste by the waters. Thessaly was totally covered by
the waters during the fourth, which happened in the age of Deucalion.
The last was before the Trojan war, and its effects were severely
felt by the inhabitants of Egypt. There prevailed a report in Attica,
that the waters of Deucalion’s deluge had disappeared through a
small aperture about a cubit wide, near Jupiter Olympius’s temple;
and Pausanias, who saw it, further adds, that a yearly offering
of flour and honey was thrown into it with religious ceremony.
The deluge of Deucalion, so much celebrated in ancient history, is
supposed to have happened 1503 years B.C. Deucalion had two sons
by Pyrrha, Hellen, called by some son of Jupiter, and Amphictyon
king of Attica, and also a daughter, Protogenia, who became mother
of Æthlius by Jupiter. _Pindar_, poem 9, _Olympian_.――_Ovid_,
_Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, fable 8; _Heroides_, ♦poem 15, li. 167.
――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 7.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 10;
bk. 5, ch. 8.――_Juvenal_, satire 1, li. 81.――_Hyginus_, fable 153.
――_Justin_, bk. 2, ch. 6.――_Diodorus_, bk. 5.――_Lucian_, _de
Deâ Syriâ_.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 62.――――One of the
Argonauts.――――A son of Minos. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 1.――――A son
of Abas.

♦ ‘45’ replaced with ‘15’

=Deucetius=, a Sicilian general. _Diodorus_, bk. 11.

=Deudorix=, one of the Cherusci, led in triumph by Germanicus.

=Dexamĕne=, one of the Nereides. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 18.

=Dexamĕnus=, a man delivered by Hercules from the hands of his
daughter’s suitors. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 5.――――A king of Olenus
in Achaia, whose two daughters married the sons of Actor. _Pausanias_,
bk. 5, ch. 3.

=Dexippus=, a Spartan who assisted the people of Agrigentum, &c.
_Diodorus_, bk. 13.

=Dexithea=, the wife of Minos. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 1.

=Dexius=, a Greek, father of Iphinous, killed by Glaucus in the Trojan
war, &c. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 7.

=Dīa=, a daughter of Deion, mother of Pirithous by Ixion.――――An island
in the Ægean sea, 17 miles from Delos. It is the same as Naxos.
_See:_ Naxos. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, li. 157.――――Another on
the coast of Crete, now _Standia_.――――A city of Thrace,――――of Eubœa,
――――Peloponnesus,――――Lusitania,――――Italy, near the Alps,――――Scythia,
near the Phasis,――――Caria,――――Bithynia,――――and Thessaly.

=Diactorĭdes=, one of Agarista’s suitors. _Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 127.
――――The father of Eurydame the wife of Leutychides. _Herodotus_,
bk. 6, ch. 71.

=Diæus=, of Megalopolis, a general of the Achæans, who killed himself
when his affairs became desperate. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 16.

=Diadumeniānus=, a son of Macrinus, who enjoyed the title of Cæsar
during his father’s lifetime, &c.

=Diăgon= and =Diăgum=, a river of Peloponnesus, flowing into the
Alpheus, and separating Pisa from Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 6,
ch. 21.

=Diagondas=, a Theban who abolished all nocturnal sacrifices. _Cicero_,
_de Legibus_, bk. 2, ch. 15.

=Diăgŏras=, an Athenian philosopher. His father’s name was Teleclytus.
From the greatest superstition, he became a most unconquerable
atheist, because he saw a man who laid a false claim to one of
his poems, and who perjured himself, go unpunished. His great
impiety and blasphemies provoked his countrymen, and the Areopagites
promised one talent to him who brought his head before their
tribunal, and two if he were produced alive. He lived about 416
years before Christ. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 1, ch. 23;
bk. 3, ch. 37, &c.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 1, ch. 1.――――An athlete
of Rhodes, 460 years before the christian era. Pindar celebrated
his merit in a beautiful ode still extant, which was written in
golden letters in a temple of Minerva. He saw his three sons crowned
the same day at Olympia, and died through excess of joy. _Cicero_,
_Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 5.――_Plutarch_, _Pelopidas_.
――_Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 7.

=Diālis=, a priest of Jupiter at Rome, first instituted by Numa. He
was never permitted to swear, even upon public trials. _Varro_, _de
Lingua Latina_, bk. 4, ch. 15.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 2.
――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 20.

=Diallus=, an Athenian who wrote a history of all the memorable
occurrences of his age.

=Diamastigōsis=, a festival of Sparta in honour of Diana Orthia, which
received that name, ἀπο του μαστιγουν, _from whipping_, because boys
were whipped before the altar of the goddess. These boys, called
Bomonicæ, were originally free-born Spartans; but, in the more
delicate ages, they were of mean birth, and generally of a slavish
origin. This operation was performed by an officer in a severe and
unfeeling manner; and that no compassion should be raised, the priest
stood near the altar with a small light statue of the goddess, which
suddenly became heavy and insupportable if the lash of the whip was
more lenient or less rigorous. The parents of the children attended
the solemnity, and exhorted them not to commit anything, either by
fear or groans, that might be unworthy of Laconian education. These
flagellations were so severe, that the blood gushed in profuse
torrents, and many expired under the lash of the whip without
uttering a groan, or betraying any marks of fear. Such a death
was reckoned very honourable, and the corpse was buried with much
solemnity, with a garland of flowers on its head. The origin of this
festival is unknown. Some suppose that Lycurgus first instituted
it to inure the youths of Lacedæmon to bear labour and fatigue, and
render them insensible to pain and wounds. Others maintain that it
was a mitigation of an oracle, which ordered that human blood should
be shed on Diana’s altar; and according to their opinion, Orestes
first introduced that barbarous custom, after he had brought the
statue of Diana Taurica into Greece. There is another tradition,
which mentions that Pausanias, as he was offering prayers and
sacrifices to the gods, before he engaged with Mardonius, was
suddenly attacked by a number of Lydians who disturbed the sacrifice,
and were at last repelled with staves and stones, the only weapons
with which the Lacedæmonians were provided at that moment. In
commemoration of this, therefore, the whipping of boys was instituted
at Sparta, and after that the Lydian procession.

=Diāna=, was the goddess of hunting. According to Cicero, there were
three of this name; a daughter of Jupiter and Proserpine, who became
mother of Cupid; a daughter of Jupiter and Latona; and a daughter
of Upis and Glauce. The second is the most celebrated, and to her
all the ancients allude. She was born at the same birth as Apollo;
and the pains which she saw her mother suffer during her labour,
gave her such an aversion to marriage, that she obtained from her
father the permission to live in perpetual celibacy, and to preside
over the travails of women. To shun the society of men, she devoted
herself to hunting, and obtained the permission of Jupiter to have
for her attendants 60 of the Oceanides, and 20 other nymphs, all of
whom, like herself, abjured the use of marriage. She is represented
with a bent bow and quiver, and attended with dogs, and sometimes
drawn in a chariot by two white stags. Sometimes she appears with
wings, holding a lion in one hand and a panther in the other, with
a chariot drawn by two heifers, or two horses of different colours.
She is represented taller by the head than her attendant nymphs, her
face has something manly, her legs are bare, well-shaped, and strong,
and her feet are covered with a buskin, worn by huntresses among the
ancients. Diana received many surnames, particularly from the places
where her worship was established, and from the functions over
which she presided. She was called Lucina, Ilythia, or Juno Pronuba,
when invoked by women in child-bed, and Trivia when worshipped in
the cross-ways, where her statues were generally erected. She was
supposed to be the same as the moon, and Proserpine or Hecate, and
from that circumstance she was called Triformis; and some of her
statues represented her with three heads, that of a horse, a dog,
and a boar. Her power and functions under these three characters
have been beautifully expressed in these two verses:

Terret, lustrat, agit, Proserpina, Luna, Diana,
Ima, suprema, feras, sceptro, fulgore, sagittâ.

She was also called Agrotera, Orthia, Taurica, Delia, Cynthia,
Aricia, &c. She was supposed to be the same as the Isis of the
Egyptians, whose worship was introduced into Greece with that of
Osiris under the name of Apollo. When Typhon waged war against the
gods, Diana is said to have metamorphosed herself into a cat, to
avoid his fury. The goddess is generally known in the figures that
represent her, by the crescent on her head, by the dogs which attend
her, and by her hunting habit. The most famous of her temples was
that of Ephesus, which was one of the seven wonders of the world.
_See:_ Ephesus. She was there represented with a great number of
breasts, and other symbols which signified the earth, or Cybele.
Though she was the patroness of chastity, yet she forgot her dignity
to enjoy the company of Endymion, and the very familiar favours
which, according to mythology, she granted to Pan and Orion are
well known. _See:_ Endymion, Pan, Orion. The inhabitants of Taurica
were particularly attached to the worship of this goddess, and they
cruelly offered on her altar all the strangers that were shipwrecked
on their coasts. Her temple in Aricia was served by a priest who
had always murdered his predecessor, and the Lacedæmonians yearly
offered her human victims till the age of Lycurgus, who changed this
barbarous custom for the sacrifice of flagellation. The Athenians
generally offered her goats, and others a white kid, and sometimes
a boar pig, or an ox. Among plants the poppy and the ditamy were
sacred to her. She, as well as her brother Apollo, had some oracles,
among which those of Egypt, Cilicia, and Ephesus are the most known.
_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 2, li. 155; _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3, li. 156;
bk. 7, lis. 94 & 194, &c.――_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3.
――_Horace_, bk. 3, ode 22.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 302;
_Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 505.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 5.――_Pausanias_,
bk. 8, chs. 31 & 37.――_Catullus._――_Statius_, bk. 3, _Sylvæ_, poem 1,
li. 57.――_Apollodorus_ bk. 1, ch. 4, &c.; bk. 3, ch. 5, &c.

=Dianasa=, the mother of Lycurgus. _Plutarch_, _Lycurgus_.

=Dianium=, a town and promontory of Spain, now cape _Martin_, where
Diana was worshipped.

=Diasia=, festivals in honour of Jupiter at Athens. They received
their name ἀπο του διος και της ἁτης, _from Jupiter and misfortune_,
because, by making application to Jupiter, men obtained relief from
their misfortunes, and were delivered from dangers. During this
festival things of all kinds were exposed for sale.

=Dibio=, a town of France, now _Dijon_ in Burgundy.

=Dicæa= and =Dicæarchea=, a town of Italy. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 13,
li. 385.

=Dicæus=, an Athenian who was supernaturally apprised of the defeat of
the Persians in Greece. _Herodotus_, bk. 8, ch. 65.

=Dice=, one of the Horæ, daughters of Jupiter. _Apollonius_, bk. 1,
ch. 3.

=Dicearchus=, a Messenian famous for his knowledge of philosophy,
history, and mathematics. He was one of Aristotle’s disciples.
Nothing remains of his numerous compositions. He had composed
a history of the Spartan republic, which was publicly read over
every year by order of the magistrates, for the improvement and
instruction of youth.