Chapter M (27)

=Rhegusci=, a people of the Alps.

=Rhemi.= _See:_ Remi.

=Rhene=, a small island of the Ægean, about 200 yards from Delos, 18
miles in circumference. The inhabitants of Delos always buried their
dead there, and their women also retired there during their labour,
as their own island was consecrated to Apollo, where Latona had
brought forth, and where no dead bodies were to be inhumated. Strabo
says that it was uninhabited, though it was once as populous and
flourishing as the rest of the Cyclades. Polycrates conquered it,
and consecrated it to Apollo, after he had tied it to Delos, by means
of a long chain. Rhene was sometimes called the small Delos, and
the island of Delos the great Delos. _Thucydides_, bk. 3.――_Strabo_,
bk. 10.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.

=Rheni=, a people on the borders of the Rhine.

=Rhenus=, one of the largest rivers of Europe, which divides Germany
from Gaul. It rises in the Rhætian Alps, and falls into the German
ocean. Virgil has called it _bicornis_, because it divides itself
into two streams. The river Rhine was a long time a barrier between
the Romans and the Germans, and on that account its banks were
covered with strong castles. Julius Cæsar was the first Roman who
crossed it to invade Germany. The waters of that river were held in
great veneration, and were supposed by the ancient Germans to have
some peculiar virtue, as they threw their children into it, either
to try the fidelity of the mothers, or to brace and invigorate their
limbs. If the child swam on the surface, the mother was acquitted
of suspicion, but if it sunk to the bottom, its origin was deemed
illegitimate. In modern geography the Rhine is known as dividing
itself into four large branches; the Waal, Lech, Issel, and the
Rhine. That branch which still retains the name of Rhine loses
itself in the sands above modern Leyden, and is afterwards no longer
known by its ancient appellation, since the year 860, A.D., when
inundations of the sea destroyed the regularity of its mouth. _Ovid_,
_Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 258.――_Strabo_, bk. 4.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch.
3; bk. 5, ch. 2.――_Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 4, ch. 10.――_Tacitus_,
_Annals_, bk. 2, ch. 6.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 727.――――A
small river of Italy, falling into the Po on the south, now _Rheno_.
_Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 600.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 16; bk. 16,
ch. 36.

=Rheomitres=, a Persian who revolted from Artaxerxes, &c. _Diodorus_,
bk. 15.――――A Persian officer killed at the battle of Issus. _Curtius_,
bk. 2, ch. 5.

=Rhesus=, a king of Thrace, son of the Strymon and Terpsichore, or,
according to others, of Eioneus by Euterpe. After many warlike
exploits and conquests in Europe, he marched to the assistance of
Priam king of Troy, against the Greeks. He was expected with great
impatience, as an ancient oracle had declared that Troy should never
be taken if the horses of Rhesus drank the waters of the Xanthus, and
fed upon the grass of the Trojan plains. This oracle was well known
to the Greeks, and therefore two of their best generals, Diomedes
and Ulysses, were commissioned by the rest to intercept the Thracian
prince. The Greeks entered his camp in the night, slew him, and
carried away his horses to their camp. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 10.
――_Dictys Cretensis_, bk. 2.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 3.――_Virgil_,
_Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 473.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 98.

=Rhetogĕnes=, a prince of Spain, who surrendered to the Romans, and was
treated with great humanity.

=Rhetĭco=, a mountain of Rhætia.

=Rheunus=, a place in Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 23.

=Rhexēnor=, a son of Nausithous king of Phæacia. _Homer_, _Odyssey_,
bk. 7.――――The father of Chalciope, the wife of Ægeus king of Athens.
――――A musician who accompanied Antony in Asia.

=Rhexibius=, an athlete of Opus, who obtained a prize in the Olympic
games, and had a statue in the grove of Jupiter. _Pausanias_, bk. 6,
ch. 18.

=Rhiānus=, a Greek poet of Thrace, originally a slave. He wrote an
account of the war between Sparta and Messenia, which continued for
20 years, as also a history of the principal revolutions and events
which had taken place in Thessaly. Of this poetical composition
nothing but a few verses are extant. He flourished about 200 years
before the christian era. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 6.

=Rhidago=, a river of Hyrcania falling into the Caspian sea. _Curtius_,
bk. 6, ch. 4.

=Rhimotăcles=, a king of Thrace, who revolted from Antony to
Augustus. He boasted of his attachment to the emperor’s person at an
entertainment, upon which Augustus said, _proditionem amo, proditores
vero odi_.

=Rhinocolūra=, a town on the borders of Palestine and Egypt. _Livy_,
bk. 45, ch. 11.

♦=Rhinthon=, a Greek poet of Tarentum, in the age of Alexander.
_Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, ltr. 20.

♦ Out of alphabetical order in the text.

=Rhion=, a promontory of Achaia, opposite to Antirrhium in Ætolia,
at the mouth of the Corinthian gulf, called also the Dardanelles of
Lepanto. The strait between Naupactum and Patræ bore also the same
name. The tomb of Hesiod was at the top of the promontory. _Livy_,
bk. 27, ch. 30; bk. 38, ch. 7.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 2.――_Pausanias_,
bk. 7, ch. 22.

=Rhipha=, or =Rhiphe=, a town of Arcadia. _Statius_, bk. 4, _Thebaid_,
li. 286.

=Rhiphæi=, large mountains at the north of Scythia, where, as
some suppose, the Gorgons had fixed their residence. The name of
_Rhiphæan_ was applied to any cold mountain in a northern country,
and, indeed, these mountains seem to have existed only in the
imagination of the poets, though some make the Tanais rise there.
_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.――_Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 272; bk. 3, li. 282; bk.
4, li. 418.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 240; bk. 4, li. 518.

=Rhipheus=, one of the Centaurs. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_.――――A Trojan
praised for his justice, &c. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 2, li. 426.
_See:_ Ripheus.

=Rhium.= _See:_ Rhion.

=Rhizonitæ=, a people of Illyricum, whose chief town was called
_Rhizinium_. _Livy_, bk. 45, ch. 26.

=Rhoda=, now _Roses_, a seaport town of Spain. _Livy_, bk. 34, ch. 8.
――――A town on the Rhone, from which the river received its name. It
was ruined in Pliny’s age. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 4.

=Rhodănus=, a river of Gallia Narbonensis, arising in the Rhætian Alps,
and falling into the Mediterranean sea, near Marseilles. It is one
of the largest and most rapid rivers of Europe, now known by the
name of the _Rhone_. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 5; bk. 3, ch. 3.――_Ovid_,
_Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 258.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 477.
――_Marcellinus_, bk. 15, &c.――_Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 1, ch. 1.
――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 4.――_Strabo_, bk. 4.――_Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 433;
bk. 6, li. 475.

=Rhode=, a daughter of Neptune. _Apollodorus._――――Of Danaus.
_Apollodorus._

=Rhodia=, one of the Oceanides. _Hesiod._――――A daughter of Danaus.
_Apollodorus._

=Rhodogȳne=, a daughter of Phraates king of Parthia, who married
Demetrius, when he was in banishment at her father’s court.
_Polyænus_, bk. 8.

=Rhŏdŏpe=, or =Rhodōpis=, a celebrated courtesan of Greece, who was
fellow-servant with Æsop, at the court of a king of Samos. She was
carried to Egypt by Xanthus, and her liberty was at last bought by
Charaxes of Mitylene, the brother of Sappho, who was enamoured of
her, and who married her. She sold her favours at Naucratis, where
she collected so much money, that, to render her name immortal, she
consecrated a number of spits in the temple of Apollo at Delphi;
or, according to others, erected one of the pyramids of Egypt. Ælian
says that, as Rhodope was one day bathing herself, an eagle carried
away one of her sandals, and dropped it near Psammetichus king of
Egypt, at Memphis. The monarch was struck with the beauty of the
sandal, strict inquiry was made to find the owner, and Rhodope, when
discovered, married Psammetichus. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 134, &c.
――_Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 15.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 13,
ch. 33. Perizonius supposes there were two persons of that name.

=Rhŏdŏpe=, a high mountain of Thrace, extending as far as the Euxine
sea, all across the country, nearly in an eastern direction. Rhodope,
according to the poets, was the wife of Hæmus king of Thrace, who
was changed into this mountain, because she preferred herself to Juno
in beauty. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, li. 87, &c.――_Virgil_,
_Eclogues_, poem 8; _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 351.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 2.
――_Strabo_, bk. 7.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 2, li. 73.――_Seneca_,
_Hercules Oetaeus_.

=Rhodopēius=, is used in the same signification as Thracian, because
Rhodope was a mountain of that country. _Ovid_, _Ars Amatoria_, bk. 3,
li. 321; _Heroides_, poem 2.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 461.

=Rhodunia=, the top of mount Œta. _Livy_, bk. 36, ch. 16.

=Rhodus=, a celebrated island in the Carpathian sea, 120 miles in
circumference, at the south of Caria, from which it is distant
about 20 miles. Its principal cities were Rhodes, founded about 408
years before the christian era, Lindus, Camisus, Jalysus. Rhodes
was famous for the siege which it supported against Demetrius, and
for a celebrated statue of Apollo. _See:_ Colossus. The Rhodians
were originally governed by kings, and were independent, but this
government was at last exchanged for a democracy and an aristocracy.
They were naturally given up to commerce, and, during many ages, they
were the most powerful nation by sea. Their authority was respected,
and their laws were so universally approved, that every country made
use of them to decide disputes concerning maritime affairs, and they
were at last adopted by other commercial nations, and introduced into
the Roman codes, from whence they have been extracted to form the
basis of the maritime regulations of modern Europe. When Alexander
made himself master of Asia, the Rhodians lost their independence,
but they soon after asserted their natural privileges under his
cruel successors, and continued to hold that influence among nations
to which their maritime power and consequence entitled them. They
assisted Pompey against Cæsar, and were defeated by Cassius, and
became dependent upon the Romans. The island of Rhodes has been known
by the several names of _Ophiusa_, _Stadia_, _Telchinus_, _Corymbia_,
_Trinacria_, _Æthrea_, _Asteria_, _Poessa_, _Atabyria_, _Oloessa_,
_Marcia_, and _Pelagia_. It received the name of Rhodes, either on
account of Rhode, a beautiful nymph who dwelt there, and who was one
of the favourites of Apollo, or because _roses_ (ῥοδον) grew in great
abundance all over the island. _Strabo_, bk. 14.――_Homer_, _Iliad_,
bk. 2.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Diodorus_, bk. 5.――_Pliny_, bk. 2,
chs. 62 & 87; bk. 5, ch. 31.――_Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Pindar_,
_Olympian_, poem 7.――_Lucan_, bk. 8, li. 248.――_Cicero_, _On Pompey’s
Command_; _Brutus_, ltr. 13.――_Livy_, bk. 27, ch. 30; bk. 31, ch. 2.

=Rhœbus=, a horse of Mezentius, whom his master addressed with the
determination to conquer or to die, when he saw his son Lausus
brought lifeless from the battle. This beautiful address is copied
from Homer, where likewise Achilles addresses his horses. _Virgil_,
_Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 861.

=Rhœcus=, one of the Centaurs who attempted to offer violence to
Atalanta. He was killed at the nuptials of Pirithous by Bacchus.
_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 301.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_,
bk. 2.――――One of the giants killed by Bacchus, under the form of a
lion, in the war which these sons of the earth waged against Jupiter
and the gods. _Horace_, bk. 2, ode 19, li. 23.

=Rhœo=, a nymph beloved by Apollo. _Diodorus_, bk. 5.

=Rhœtēum=, or =Rhœtus=, a promontory of Troas, on the Hellespont, near
which the body of Ajax was buried. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11,
li. 197; bk. 4, _Fasti_, li. 279.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 505;
bk. 12, li. 456.

=Rhœtius=, a mountain of Corsica, now _Rosso_.

=Rhœtus=, a king of the Marrubii, who married a woman called Casperia,
to whom Archemorus, his son by a former wife, offered violence.
After this incestuous attempt, ♦Archemorus fled to Turnus king of
the Rutuli. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 388.――――A Rutulian killed
by Euryalus in the night. _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 344.――――An Æthiopian
killed by Perseus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 38.

♦ ‘Archemorous’ replaced with ‘Archemorus’

=Rhosaces=, a Persian killed by Clitus as he was going to stab
Alexander at the battle of the Granicus. _Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 1.

=Rhosus=, a town of Syria, on the gulf of Issus, celebrated for its
earthen wares. _Cicero_, bk. 6, _Letters to Atticus_, ltr. 1.

=Rhoxalāni=, a people at the north of the Palus Mæotis. _Tacitus_,
_Histories_, bk. 1, ch. 79.

=Rhoxāna=, or =Roxāna=, a mistress of Alexander, daughter of a Persian
satrap. _See:_, Roxana.

=Rhoxāni=, a nation against whom Mithridates made war.

=Rhutēni= and =Rhuthēni=, a people of Gaul.

=Rhyndăcus=, a large river of Mysia, in Asia Minor. _Pliny_, bk. 5,
ch. 32.

=Rhynthon=, a dramatic writer of Syracuse, who flourished at Tarentum,
where he wrote 38 plays. Authors are divided with respect to the
merit of his compositions, and the abilities of the writer. _See:_
Rhinthon.

=Rhypæ=, a town of Achaia, at the west of Helice.

=Rigodulum=, a village of Germany, now _Rigol_, near Cologne. _Tacitus_,
_Histories_, bk. 4, ch. 71.

=Riphæi.= _See:_ Rhiphæi.

=Ripheus=, a Trojan who joined Æneas the night that Troy was reduced
to ashes, and was at last killed after making a great carnage of the
Greeks. He is commended for his love of justice and equity. _Virgil_,
_Æneid_, bk. 2, lis. 339 & 426.――――One of the Centaurs killed by
Theseus at the nuptials of Pirithous. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12,
li. 352.

=Rixamăræ=, a people of Illyricum. _Livy_, bk. 45, ch. 26.

=Robīgo=, or =Rubīgo=, a goddess at Rome, particularly worshipped
by husbandmen, as she presided over corn. Her festivals, called
_Robigalia_, were celebrated on the 25th of April, and incense was
offered to her, as also the entrails of a sheep and of a dog. She was
intreated to preserve the corn from blights. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4,
li. 911.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 151.――_Varro_, _de Lingua
Latina_, bk. 5; _de Re Rustica_, bk. 1, ch. 1.

=Rodumna=, now _Roanne_, a town of the Ædui, on the Loire.

=Roma=, a city of Italy, the capital of the Roman empire, situate on
the banks of the river Tiber, at the distance of about 16 miles from
the sea. The name of its founder, and the manner of its foundation,
are not precisely known. Romulus, however, is universally supposed
to have laid the foundations of that celebrated city, on the 20th
of April, according to Varro, in the year 3961 of the Julian period,
3251 years after the creation of the world, 753 before the birth of
Christ, and 431 years after the Trojan war, and in the fourth year
of the sixth Olympiad. In its original state, Rome was but a small
castle on the summit of mount Palatine; and the founder, to give
his followers the appearance of a nation or a barbarian horde, was
obliged to erect a standard as a common asylum, for every criminal,
debtor, or murderer, who fled from their native country to avoid the
punishment which attended them. From such an assemblage a numerous
body was soon collected, and before the death of the founder, the
Romans had covered with their habitations the Palatine, Capitoline,
Aventine, Esquiline hills, with mount Cœlius and Quirinalis. After
many successful wars against the neighbouring states, the views of
Romulus were directed to regulate a nation naturally fierce, warlike,
and uncivilized. The people were divided into classes, the interests
of the whole were linked in a common chain, and the labours of the
subject, as well as those of his patron, tended to the same end,
the aggrandizement of the state. Under the successors of Romulus,
the power of Rome was increased, and the boundaries of her dominions
extended; while one was employed in regulating the forms of worship,
and inculcating in the minds of his subjects a reverence for the
deity, the other was engaged in enforcing discipline among the army,
and raising the consequence of the soldiers in the government of the
state; and a third made the object of his administration consist in
adorning his capital, in beautifying its edifices, and in fortifying
it with towers and walls. During 244 years the Romans were governed
by kings, but the tyranny, the oppression, and the violence of the
last of these monarchs and of his family, became so atrocious, that a
revolution was effected in the state, and the democratical government
was established. The monarchical government existed under seven
princes, who began to reign in the following order: Romulus, B.C. 753;
and after one year’s interregnum, Numa, 715; Tullus Hostilius, 672;
Ancus Martius, 640; Tarquin Priscus, 616; Servius Tullius, 578; and
Tarquin the Proud, 534, expelled 25 years after, B.C. 509; and this
regal administration has been properly denominated the infancy of the
Roman empire. After the expulsion of the Tarquins from the throne,
the Romans became more sensible of their consequence: with their
liberty they acquired a spirit of faction, and they became so jealous
of their independence, that the first of their consuls who had been
the most zealous and animated in the assertion of their freedom,
was banished from the city because he bore the name, and was of the
family, of the tyrants; and another, to stop their suspicions, was
obliged to pull down his house, whose stateliness and magnificence
above the rest seemed incompatible with the duties and the rank of a
private citizen. They knew more effectually their power when they had
fought with success against Porsenna the king of Etruria, and some of
the neighbouring states, who supported the claim of the tyrant, and
attempted to replace him on his throne by force of arms. A government
which is entrusted into the hands of two of the most distinguished
of its members, for the limited space of one year, cannot but give
rise to great men, glorious exploits, and tremendous seditions. The
general who is placed at the head of an army during a campaign, must
be active and diligent, when he knows that his power is terminated
with the year, and if he has a becoming ambition, he will distinguish
his consulship by some uncommon act of valour, before he descends
from the dignity of an absolute magistrate to the dependence of a
fellow-citizen. Yet these attempts for the attainment of glory often
failed of success; and though the Romans could once boast that every
individual in their armies could discharge with fidelity and honour
the superior offices of magistrate and consul, there are to be found
in their annals many years marked by overthrows, or disgraced by the
ill conduct, the oppression, and the wantonness of their generals.
_See:_ Consul. To the fame which their conquests and daily successes
had gained abroad, the Romans were not a little indebted for their
gradual rise to superiority; and to this may be added the policy of
the census, which every fifth year told them their actual strength,
and how many citizens were able to bear arms. And indeed it was no
small satisfaction to a people who were continually making war, to
see that, in spite of all the losses which they might sustain in the
field, the increase of the inhabitants of the city was prodigious,
and almost incredible; and had Romulus lived after the battle of
Actium, he would have been persuaded with difficulty that above
4,000,000 of inhabitants were contained within those walls, which in
the most flourishing period of his reign could scarce muster an army
of 3000 infantry and 300 horse. But when Rome had flourished under
the consular government for about 120 years, and had beheld with
pleasure the conquests of her citizens over the neighbouring states
and cities, which, according to a Roman historian, she was ashamed to
recollect in the summit of her power, an irruption of the barbarians
of Gaul rendered her very existence precarious, ♦and her name was
nearly extinguished. The valour of an injured individual [_See:_
Camillus] saved it from destruction, yet not before its buildings and
temples were reduced to ashes. This celebrated event, which gave the
appellation of another founder of Rome to Camillus, has been looked
upon as a glorious era to the Romans. The huts and cottages which
Romulus had erected, and all his successors repaired, were totally
consumed, and when the city arose again from its ruins, the streets
were enlarged, convenience as well as order was observed, taste and
regularity were consulted, and the poverty, ignorance, and rusticity
of the Romans seemed to be extinguished with their old habitations.
But no sooner were they freed from the fears of their barbarian
invaders, than they turned their arms against those states which
refused to acknowledge their superiority, or yield their independence.
Their wars with Pyrrhus and the Tarentines displayed their character
in a different view; if they before had fought for freedom and
independence, they now drew their sword for glory; and here we may
see them conquered in the field, and yet refusing to grant that
peace for which their conqueror himself had sued. The advantages
they gained from their battles with Pyrrhus were many. The Roman name
became known in Greece, Sicily, and Africa, and in losing or gaining
a victory, the Romans were enabled to examine the manœuvres, observe
the discipline, and contemplate the order and the encampments of
those soldiers whose friends and ancestors had accompanied Alexander
the Great in the conquest of Asia. Italy became subjected to the
Romans at the end of the war with the Tarentines, and that period of
time has been called the second age, or the adolescence of the Roman
empire. After this memorable era they tried their strength not only
with distant nations, but also upon a new element; and in the long
wars which they waged against Carthage, they acquired territory,
and obtained the sovereignty of the sea; and though Annibal for
16 years kept them in continual alarms, hovered round their gates,
and destroyed their armies almost before their walls, yet they
were doomed to conquer [_See:_ Punicum bellum], and soon to add the
kingdom of Macedonia [_See:_ Macedonicum bellum] and the provinces
of Asia [_See:_ Mithridaticum bellum] to their empire. But while we
consider the Romans as a nation subduing their neighbours by war,
their manners, their counsels, and their pursuits at home are not to
be forgotten. To be warriors was their profession; their assemblies
in the Campus Martius were a meeting of armed men, and very properly
denominated an army. Yet while their conquests were so extensive
abroad, we find them torn by factions at home; and so far was the
resentment of the poorer citizens carried, that we see the enemy at
the gates of the city, while all are unwilling to take up arms and to
unite in the defence of their common liberty. The senators and nobles
were ambitious of power, and endeavoured to retain in their hands
that influence which had been exercised with so much success, and
such cruelty, by their monarchs. This was the continual occasion of
tumults and sedition. The people were jealous of their liberty. The
oppression of the nobles irritated them, and the stripes to which
they were too often exposed without mercy, was often productive of
revolutions. The plebeians, though originally the poorest and most
contemptible citizens of an indigent nation, whose food in the first
ages of the empire was only bread and salt, and whose drink was
water, soon gained rights and privileges by their opposition. Though
really slaves, they became powerful in the state; one concession
from the patricians produced another, and when their independence
was boldly asserted by their tribunes, they were admitted to share
in the highest offices of the state, and the laws which forbade the
intermarriage of plebeian and patrician families were repealed, and
the meanest peasant could by valour and fortitude be raised to the
dignity of dictator and consul. It was not till these privileges
were obtained by the people from the senate, that Rome began to enjoy
internal peace and tranquillity; her battles were then fought with
more vigour, her soldiers were more animated, and her sovereignty was
more universally established. But supreme power lodged in the hands
of a factious and ambitious citizen, becomes too often dangerous.
The greatest oppression and tyranny took place of subordination and
obedience; and from those causes proceeded the unparalleled slaughter
and effusion of blood under a Sylla and a Marius. It has been
justly observed, that the first Romans conquered their enemies by
valour, temperance, and fortitude; their moderation also and their
justice were well known among their neighbours, and not only private
possessions, but even mighty kingdoms and empires, were left in their
power, to be distributed among a family or to be ensured in the hands
of a successor. They were also chosen umpires to decide quarrels,
but in this honourable office they consulted their own interest;
they artfully supported the weaker side, that the more powerful might
be reduced, and gradually become their prey. Under Julius Cæsar and
Pompey, the rage of civil war was carried to unprecedented excess: it
was not merely to avenge a private injury, but it was a contest for
the sovereignty; and though each of the adversaries wore the mask
of pretended sincerity, and professed himself to be the supporter of
the republic, no less than the abolition of freedom and the public
liberty was the aim. What Julius began, his adopted son achieved:
the ancient spirit of national independence was extinguished at Rome;
and after the battle of Actium, the Romans seemed unable to govern
themselves without the assistance of a chief, who, under the title
of _imperator_, an appellation given to every commander by his army
after some signal victory, reigned with as much power and as much
sovereignty as another Tarquin. Under their emperors, the Romans
lived a luxurious and indolent life; they had long forgot to appear
in the field, and their wars were left to be waged by mercenary
troops, who fought without spirit or animosity, and who were ever
ready to yield to him who bought their allegiance and fidelity with
the greatest sums of money. Their leaders themselves were not the
most prudent or the most humane; the power which they had acquired
by bribery was indeed precarious, and among a people where not
only the highest offices of the state, but even the imperial purple
itself, are exposed to sale, there cannot be expected much happiness
or tranquillity in the palace of the emperor. The reigns of the
successors of Augustus were distinguished by variety; one was
the most abandoned and profligate of men, whom his own vices and
extravagance hurried out of the world, while his successor, perhaps
the most clement, just, and popular of princes, was sacrificed in
the midst of his guards and attendants by the dagger of some offended
favourite or disappointed eunuch. Few indeed were the emperors of
Rome whose days were not shortened by poison, or the sword of an
assassin. If one for some time had the imprudence to trust himself
in the midst of a multitude, at last to perish by his own credulity,
the other consulted his safety, but with no better success, in the
innumerable chambers of his palace, and changed every day, to elude
discovery, the place of his retirement. After they had been governed
by a race of princes, remarkable for the variety of their characters,
the Roman possessions were divided into two distinct empires, by the
enterprising Constantine, A.D. 328. Constantinople became the seat
of the eastern empire, and Rome remained in the possession of the
western emperors, and continued to be the capital of their dominions.
In the year 800 of the christian era, Rome with Italy was delivered
by Charlemagne, the then emperor of the west, into the hands of the
Pope, who still continues to hold the sovereignty, and to maintain
his independence under the name of the Ecclesiastical States. The
original poverty of the Romans has often been disguised by their
poets and historians, who wished it to appear that a nation who were
masters of the world, had had better beginning than to be a race
of shepherds and robbers. Yet it was to this simplicity they were
indebted for their successes. Their houses were originally destitute
of every ornament, they were made with unequal boards, and covered
with mud, and these served them rather as a shelter against the
inclemency of the seasons than for relaxation and ease. Till the age
of Pyrrhus, they despised riches, and many salutary laws were enacted
to restrain luxury and to punish indolence. They observed great
temperance in their meals; young men were not permitted to drink
wine till they had attained their 30th year, and it was totally
forbidden to women. Their national spirit was supported by policy;
the triumphal procession of a conqueror along the streets amidst the
applause of thousands, was well calculated to promote emulation, and
the number of gladiators who were regularly introduced not only in
public games and spectacles, but also at private meetings, served
to cherish their fondness for war, whilst it steeled their hearts
against the calls of compassion; and when they could gaze with
pleasure upon wretches whom they forcibly obliged to murder one
another, they were not inactive in the destruction of those whom they
considered as inveterate foes or formidable rivals in the field. In
their punishments, civil as well as military, the Romans were strict
and rigorous; a deserter was severely whipped and sold as a slave,
and the degradation from the rank of a soldier and dignity of a
citizen was the most ignominious stigma which could be affixed upon a
seditious mutineer. The transmarine victories of the Romans proved at
last the ruin of their innocence and bravery. They grew fond of the
luxury of the Asiatics; and, conquered by the vices and indolence of
those nations whom they had subdued, they became as effeminate and as
dissolute as their captives. Marcellus was the first who introduced
a taste for the fine arts among his countrymen. The spoils and
treasures that were obtained in the plunder of Syracuse and Corinth,
rendered the Romans partial to elegant refinement and ornamental
equipage. Though Cato had despised philosophy [_See:_ Carneades],
and declared that war was the only profession of his countrymen, the
Romans, by their intercourse with the Greeks, soon became fond of
literature; and though they had once banished the sophists of Athens
from their city, yet they beheld with rapture their settlement among
them in the principal towns of Italy, after the conquest of Achaia.
They soon after began to imitate their polished captives, and to
cultivate poetry with success. From the valour of their heroes and
conquerors, indeed, the sublimest subjects were offered to the genius
of their poets; but of the little that remains to celebrate the early
victories of Rome, nothing can be compared to the nobler effusions
of the Augustan age. Virgil has done so much for the Latin name that
the splendour and the triumphs of his country are forgotten for a
while, when we are transported in the admiration of the majesty of
his numbers, the elegant delicacy of his expressions, and the fire
of his muse; and the applauses given to the lyric powers of Horace,
the softness of Tibullus, the vivacity of Ovid, and to the ♠superior
compositions of other respectable poets, shall be unceasing so long
as the name of Rome excites our reverence and our praises, and so
long as genius, virtue, and abilities are honoured amongst mankind.
Though they originally rejected with horror a law which proposed the
building of a public theatre, and the exhibition of plays, like the
Greeks, yet the Romans soon proved favourable to the compositions of
their countrymen. Livius was the first dramatic writer of consequence
at Rome, whose plays began to be exhibited A.U.C. 514. After him
Nævius and Ennius wrote for the stage; and in a more polished period
Plautus, Terence, Cæcilius, and Afranius claimed the public attention
and gained the most unbounded applause. Satire did not make its
appearance at Rome till 100 years after the introduction of comedy,
and so celebrated was Lucilius in this kind of writing, that he was
called the inventor of it. In historical writing the progress of the
Romans was slow and inconsiderable, and for many years they employed
the pen of foreigners to compile their annals, till the superior
abilities of a Livy were made known. In their worship and sacrifices
the Romans were uncommonly superstitious; the will of the gods was
consulted on every occasion, and no general marched to an expedition
without the previous assurance from the augurs that the omens were
propitious, and his success almost indubitable. Their sanctuaries
were numerous; they raised altars not only to the gods, who, as
they supposed, presided over their city, but also to the deities of
conquered nations, as well as to the different passions and virtues.
There were no less than 420 temples at Rome, crowded with statues;
the priests were numerous, and each divinity had a particular college
of sacerdotal servants. Their wars were declared in the most awful
and solemn manner, and prayers were always offered in the temples for
the prosperity of Rome, when a defeat had been sustained or a victory
won. The power of fathers over their children was very extensive,
and indeed unlimited; they could sell them or put them to death at
pleasure, without the forms of a trial, or the interference of the
civil magistrate. Many of their ancient families were celebrated for
the great men whom they had produced, but the vigorous and interested
part they took in the government of the republic exposed them often
to danger; and some have observed that the Romans sunk into indolence
and luxury when the Cornelii, the Fabii, the Æmylii, the Marcelli,
&c., who had so often supported their spirit and led them to victory,
had been extinguished in the bloody wars of Marius and of the two
triumvirates. When Rome was become powerful, she was distinguished
from other cities by the flattery of her neighbours and citizens; a
form of worship was established to her as a deity, and temples were
raised in her honour, not only in the city but in the provinces. The
goddess Roma was represented like Minerva, all armed and sitting on a
rock, holding a pike in her hand, with her head covered with a helmet,
and a trophy at her feet. _Livy_, bk. 1, &c.――_Cato_, _de Re Rustica_.
――_Virgil_, _Eclogues_, _Georgics_, & _Æneid_.――_Horace_, bk. 2,
satire 6, &c.――_Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 1, &c.――_Paterculus._――_Tacitus_,
_Annals_ & _Histories_.――_Tibullus_, bk. 4.――_Lucan._――_Plutarch_,
_Romulus_, _Numa_, &c.――_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 1, &c.
――_Pliny_, bk. 7, &c.――_Justin_, bk. 43.――_Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_,
bk. 5.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 1, &c.――_Martial_, bk. 12, ltr. 8.
――――A daughter of Evander.――――A Trojan woman who came to Italy with
Æneas.――――A daughter of Italus and Luceria. It was after one of these
females, according to some authors, that the capital of Italy was
called Roma.

♦ ‘aud’ replaced with ‘and’

♠ ‘superor’ replaced with ‘superior’

=Romāni=, the inhabitants of Rome. _See:_ Roma.

=Romānus=, an officer under Theodosius.――――Another, poisoned by Nero.
――――A son of Constans, &c.

=Romilius Marcellus=, a Roman centurion in Galba’s reign, &c. _Tacitus_,
bk. 1, _Histories_.

=Romŭla=, a name given to the fig tree under which Romulus and Remus
were found. _Ovid._, bk. 2, _Fasti_, li. 412.

=Romulea=, a town of the Samnites. _Livy_, bk. 10, ch. 17.

=Rōmŭlĭdæ=, a patronymic given to the Roman people from Romulus their
first king, and the founder of their city. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8,
li. 638.

=Romŭlus=, a son of Mars and Ilia, grandson of Numitor king of Alba,
was born at the same birth with Remus. These two children were thrown
into the Tiber by order of Amulius, who usurped the crown of his
brother Numitor; but they were preserved, and, according to Florus,
the river stopped its course, and a she-wolf came and fed them with
her milk, till they were found by Faustulus, one of the king’s
shepherds, who educated them as his own children. When they knew
their real origin, the twins, called Romulus and Remus, put Amulius
to death, and restored the crown to their grandfather Numitor. They
afterwards undertook to build a city, and to determine which of the
two brothers should have the management of it, they had recourse
to omens and the flight of birds. Remus went to mount Aventine, and
Romulus to mount Palatine. Remus saw first a flight of six vultures,
and soon after, Romulus 12; and therefore, as his number was greater,
he began to lay the foundations of the city, hoping that it would
become a warlike and powerful nation, as the birds from which he had
received the omen were fond of prey and slaughter. Romulus marked
with a furrow the place where he wished to erect the walls; but their
slenderness was ridiculed by Remus, who leaped over them with the
greatest contempt. This irritated Romulus, and Remus was immediately
put to death, either by the hand of his brother or one of the workmen.
When the walls were built, the city was without inhabitants; but
Romulus, by making an asylum of a sacred grove, soon collected a
number of fugitives, foreigners, and criminals, whom he received as
his lawful subjects. Yet, however numerous these might be, they were
despised by the neighbouring inhabitants, and none were willing to
form matrimonial connections with them. But Romulus obtained by force
what was denied to his petitions. The Romans celebrated games in
honour of the god Consus, and forcibly carried away all the females
who had assembled there to be spectators of these unusual exhibitions.
These violent measures offended the neighbouring nations; they made
war against the ravishers with various success, till at last they
entered Rome, which had been betrayed to them by one of the stolen
virgins. A violent engagement was begun in the middle of the Roman
forum; but the Sabines were conquered, or, according to Ovid, the
two enemies laid down their arms when the women had rushed between
the two armies, and by their tears and entreaties raised compassion
in the bosoms of their parents and husbands. The Sabines left their
original possessions and came to live in Rome, where Tatius their
king shared the sovereign power with Romulus. The introduction of
the Sabines into the city of Rome was attended with the most salutary
consequences, and the Romans, by pursuing this plan, and admitting
the conquered nations among their citizens, rendered themselves
more powerful and more formidable. Afterwards Romulus divided the
lands which he had obtained by conquest; one part was reserved for
religious uses, to maintain the priests, to erect temples, and to
consecrate altars; the other was appropriated for the expenses of the
state; and the third part was equally distributed among his subjects,
who were divided into three classes or tribes. The most aged and
experienced, to the number of 100, were also chosen, whom the monarch
might consult in matters of the highest importance, and from their
age they were called _senators_, and from their authority _patres_.
The whole body of the people were also distinguished by the name of
patricians and plebeians, patron and client, who by mutual interest
were induced to preserve the peace of the state, and to promote the
public good. Some time after Romulus disappeared as he was giving
instructions to the senators, and the eclipse of the sun, which
happened at that time, was favourable to the rumour which asserted
that the king had been taken up to heaven, 714 B.C., after a reign of
39 years. This was further confirmed by Julius Proculus, one of the
senators, who solemnly declared, that as he returned from Alba, he
had seen Romulus in a form above human, and that he had directed him
to tell the Romans to pay him divine honours under the name of
_Quirinus_, and to assure them that their city was doomed one day to
become the capital of the world. This report was immediately credited,
and the more so as the senators dreaded the resentment of the people,
who suspected them of having offered him violence. A temple was
raised to him, and a regular priest, called _Flamen Quirinalis_,
was appointed to offer him sacrifices. Romulus was ranked by the
Romans among the 12 great gods, and it is not to be wondered that
he received such distinguished honours, when the Romans considered
him as the founder of their city and empire, and the son of the god
of war. He is generally represented like his father, so much that
it is difficult to distinguish them. The fable of the two children
of Rhea Sylvia being nourished by a she-wolf, arose from Lupa,
Faustulus’s wife, having brought them up. _See:_ Acca. _Dionysius
of Halicarnassus_, bks. 1 & 2.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 4, &c.――_Justin_,
bk. 43, chs. 1 & 2.――_Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 1.――_Plutarch_, _Romulus_.
――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 3, ch. 2; bk. 5, ch. 3.――_Pliny_, bk. 15,
ch. 18, &c.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 2, lis. 342, 605.――_Ovid_,
_Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, lis. 616 & 845; _Fasti_, bk. 4, &c.
――_Horace_, bk. 3, ode 3.――_Juvenal_, satire 18, li. 272.

=Romŭlus Sylvius=, or =Alladius=, a king of Alba.――――Momyllus
Augustulus, the last of the emperors of the western empire of Rome.
His country was conquered A.D. 476, by the Heruli, under Odoacer, who
assumed the name of king of Italy.

=Romus=, a son of Æneas by Lavinia. Some suppose that he was the
founder of Rome.――――A son of Æmathion sent by Diomedes to Italy, and
also supposed by some to be the founder of Rome.

=Roscia lex=, _de theatris_, by Lucius Roscius Otho the tribune, A.U.C.
685. It required that none should sit in the first 14 seats of the
theatre, if they were not in possession of 400 sestertia, which was
the fortune required to be a Roman knight.

=Roscianum=, the port of Thurii, now _Rossano_.

=Quintus Roscius=, a Roman actor, born at Lanuvium, so celebrated on
the stage that every comedian of excellence and merit has received
his name. His eyes were naturally distorted, and he always appeared
on the stage with a mask, but the Romans obliged him to act his
characters without, and they overlooked the deformities of his
face, that they might the better hear his elegant pronunciation,
and be delighted with the sweetness of his voice. He was accused on
suspicion of dishonourable practices; but Cicero, who had been one of
his pupils, undertook his defence, and cleared him of the malevolent
aspersions of his enemies, in an elegant oration still extant.
Roscius wrote a treatise, in which he compared with great success
and much learning the profession of the orator with that of the
comedian. He died about 60 years before Christ. _Horace_, bk. 2,
ltr. 1.――_Quintilian._――_Cicero_, _For Quintus Roscius the Actor_;
_On Oratory_, bk. 3; _de Divinatione_, bk. 1, &c.; _Tusculanæ
Disputationes_, bk. 3, &c.――_Plutarch_, _Cicero_.――――Sextus, a rich
citizen of Ameria, murdered in the dictatorship of Sylla. His son,
of the same name, was accused of the murder, and eloquently defended
by Cicero, in an oration still extant, A.U.C. 673. _Cicero_, _For
Quintus Roscius the Actor_.――――Lucius, a lieutenant of Cæsar’s army
in Gaul.――――Otho, a tribune, who made a law to discriminate the
knights from the common people at public spectacles.

=Rosiæ campus=, or =Rosia=, a beautiful plain in the country of the
Sabines, near the lake Velinum. _Varro_, _de Re Rustica_, bk. 1,
ch. 7.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 712.――_Cicero_, bk. 4, _Letters
to Atticus_, ltr. 15.

=Rosillanus ager=, a territory in Etruria.

=Rosius=, a harbour of Cilicia.――――A man made consul only for one day
under Vitellius, &c. _Tacitus._

=Rosulum=, a town of Etruria, now _Monte Rosi_.

=Rotomagus=, a town of Gaul, now _Rouen_.

=Roxāna=, a Persian woman, taken prisoner by Alexander. The conqueror
became enamoured of her and married her. She behaved with great
cruelty after Alexander’s death, and she was at last put to death
by Cassander’s order. She was daughter of Darius, or, according to
others, of one of his satraps. _Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 4; bk. 10, ch. 6.
――_Plutarch_, _Alexander_.――――A wife of Mithridates the Great, who
poisoned herself.

=Roxolāni=, a people of European Sarmatia, who proved very active and
rebellious in the reign of the Roman emperors.

=Rubeæ=, the _north cape_ at the north of Scandinavia.

=Rubellius Blandus=, a man who married Julia the daughter of Drusus, &c.
――――One of the descendants of Augustus, treacherously put to death by
Nero, &c. _Tacitus._――――Plautus, an illustrious Roman who disgraced
himself by his arrogance and ambitious views. _Juvenal_, satire 8,
li. 39.

=Rubi=, now _Ruvo_, a town of Apulia, from which the epithet _Rubeus_
is derived, applied to bramble bushes which grew there. The
inhabitants were called _Rubitini_. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 5, li. 94.
――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 266.

=Rubĭcon=, now _Rugone_, a small river of Italy, which it separates
from Cisalpine Gaul. It rises in the Apennine mountains, and falls
into the Adriatic sea. By crossing it, and thus transgressing the
boundaries of his province, Julius Cæsar declared war against the
senate and Pompey, and began the civil wars. _Lucan_, bk. 1, lis. 185
& 213.――_Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Suetonius_, _Cæsar_, ch. 32.――_Pliny_,
bk. 3, ch. 15.

=Rubiēnus Lappa=, a tragic poet in the age of Juvenal, conspicuous
as much for his great genius as his poverty. _Juvenal_, satire 7,
li. 72.

=Rubīgo=, a goddess. _See:_ Robigo.

=Rubo=, the _Dwina_, a river which falls into the Baltic at Riga.

=Rubra saxa=, a place of Etruria, near Veii, at the distance of above
eight miles from Rome. _Martial_, bk. 4, ltr. 64, li. 15.――_Livy_,
bk. 3, ch. 49.

=Rubria lex=, was enacted after the taking of Carthage, to make an
equal division of the lands in Africa.

=Rubrius=, a Roman knight accused of treason under Tiberius, &c.
_Tacitus._――――A man who fled to Parthia on suspicion that the Roman
affairs were ruined.――――A friend of Vitellius.――――An obscure Gaul
in great favour with Domitian. _Juvenal_, satire 4, li. 145.――――An
officer in Cæsar’s army.

=Rubrum mare= (_the Red sea_), is situate between Arabia, Egypt, and
Æthiopia, and is often called Erythræum mare, and confounded with
the Arabicus sinus, and the Indian sea. _Pliny_, bk. 6, chs. 23 & 24.
――_Livy_, bk. 36, ch. 17; bk. 42, ch. 52; bk. 45, ch. 9.――_Virgil_,
_Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 686.――_Lucan_, bk. 8, li. 853.

=Rudiæ=, a town of Calabria near Brundusium, built by a Greek colony,
and famous for giving birth to the poet Ennius. _Cicero_, _For
Archias_, ch. 10.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 12, li. 396.――_Mela_, bk. 2,
ch. 4.

=Ruffīnus=, a general in Gaul in the reign of Vitellius, &c. _Tacitus_,
_Histories_, bk. 2, ch. 94.

=Ruffus Crispīnus=, an officer of the pretorian guards under Claudius.
He was banished by Agrippina for his attachment to Britannicus
and Octavius the sons of Messalina, and put himself to death. His
wife Poppæa Sabina, by whom he had a son called Ruffinus Crispinus,
afterwards married Nero. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 12, ch. 42; bk.
16, ch. 17.――――A soldier presented with a civic crown for preserving
the life of a citizen, &c.

=Rufiāna=, a town of Gaul, now _Rufash_, in Alsace.

=Rufilius=, a Roman ridiculed by Horace, satire 2, li. 27, for his
effeminacy.

=Julius Rufinianus=, a rhetorician, &c.

=Rufinus=, a general of Theodosius, &c.

=Rufræ=, a town of Campania, of which the inhabitants were called
_Rufreni_. _Cicero_, bk. 10, _Letters to his Friends_, ltr. 71.
――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 568.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7,
li. 739.

=Rufrium=, a town of Samnium, now _Ruvo_. _Livy_, bk. 8, ch. 25.

=Rufus=, a Latin historian. _See:_ Quintius.――――A friend of Commodus,
famous for his avarice and ambition.――――One of the ancestors of Sylla,
degraded from the rank of a senator because 10 pounds’ weight of
gold were found in his house.――――A governor of Judæa.――――A man who
conspired against Domitian.――――A poet of Ephesus in the reign of
Trajan. He wrote six books on simples, now lost.――――A Latin poet.
――――Sempronius. _See:_ Prætorius.

=Rugia=, now _Rugen_, an island of the Baltic.

=Rugii=, a nation of Germany. _Tacitus_, _Germania_, ch. 43.

=Rupilius=, an officer surnamed _Rex_, for his authoritative manners.
He was proscribed by Augustus and fled to Brutus. _Horace_,
bk. 1, satire 7, li. 1.――――A writer whose treatises _de figuris
sententiarum_, &c., were edited by Runken, 8vo, Leiden, 1786.

=Ruscino=, a town of Gaul at the foot of the Pyrenees. _Livy_, bk. 21,
ch. 24.――――A seaport town of Africa. _Livy_, bk. 30, ch. 10.

=Ruscius=, a town of Gaul.

=Rusconia=, a town of Mauritania. _Livy_, bk. 21, ch. 24.

=Rusellæ=, an inland town of Etruria destroyed by the Romans. _Livy_,
bk. 28, ch. 45.

=Ruspĭna=, a town of Africa near Adrumetum. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 3,
li. 260.――_Hirtius_, _African War_, li. 640.

=Rustĭcus Lucius Junius Arulenus=, a man put to death by Domitian.
He was the friend and preceptor of Pliny the younger, who praises
his abilities, and he is likewise commended by Tacitus, bk. 16,
_Histories_, ch. 26.――_Pliny_, bk. 1, ltr. 14.――_Suetonius_,
_Domitian_.――――A friend of Marcus Aurelius.

=Rusuccurum=, a town of Mauritania, believed to be modern Algiers.

=Rutēni=, a people of Gaul, now _Ruvergne_, in Guienne. _Cæsar_,
_Gallic War_.

=Rutila=, a deformed old woman, who lived near 100 years, &c. _Pliny_,
bk. 7, ch. 48.――_Juvenal_, satire 10, li. 294.

=Publius Rutilius Rufus=, a Roman consul in the age of Sylla,
celebrated for his virtues and writings. He refused to comply with
the requests of his friends because they were unjust. When Sylla had
banished him from Rome he retired to Smyrna, amidst the acclamations
and praises of the people; and when some of his friends wished him
to be recalled home by means of a civil war, he severely reprimanded
them, and said, that he wished rather to see his country blush at
his exile, than to plunge it into distress by his return. He was the
first who taught the Roman soldiers the principles of fencing, and
by thus mixing dexterity with valour, rendered their attacks more
certain, and more irresistible. During his banishment he employed his
time in study, and wrote a history of Rome in Greek, and an account
of his own life in Latin, besides many other works. _Ovid_, _Fasti_,
bk. 6, li. 563.――_Seneca_, _de Beneficiis_.――_Cicero_, _Brutus_; _On
Oratory_, bk. 1, ch. 53.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 2, ch. 3; bk. 6, ch.
4.――_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 9.――――A Roman proconsul, who is supposed
to have encouraged Mithridates to murder all the Romans who were in
his province.――――Lupus, a pretor, who fled away with three cohorts
from Tarracina.――――A rhetorician. _Quintilian_, bk. 3, ch. 1.――――A
man who went against Jugurtha.――――A friend of Nero.――――Claudius
Numantianus, a poet of Gaul, in the reign of Honorius. According
to some he wrote a poem on mount Ætna. He wrote also an itinerary,
published by Burman in the Poetæ Latini Minores, Leiden, 4to, 1731.

=Rutilus=, a rich man reduced to beggary by his extravagance. _Juvenal_,
satire 11, li. 2.

=Rutŭba=, a river of Liguria, falling from the Apennines into the
Mediterranean. _Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 422.――――Of Latium, falling into
the Tiber. _Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 422.

=Rutŭbus=, a gladiator, &c. _Horace_, bk. 2, satire 7, li. 96.

=Rŭtŭli=, a people of Latium, known as well as the Latins, by the
name of _Aborigines_. When Æneas came into Italy, Turnus was their
king, and they supported him in the war which he waged against this
foreign prince. The capital of their dominions was called Ardea.
_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 883; _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 455,
&c.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, 7, &c.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5.

=Rŭtŭpæ=, a seaport town on the southern coasts of Britain, abounding
in excellent oysters, whence the epithet of Rutupinus. Some suppose
that it is the modern town of _Dover_, but others _Richborough_ or
_Sandwich_. _Lucan_, bk. 6, li. 67.――_Juvenal_, satire 4, li. 141.

=Ryphæi montes.= _See:_ ♦Rhiphæi.

♦ ‘Rhipæi’ replaced with ‘Rhiphæi’

S

=Saba=, a town of Arabia, famous for frankincense, myrrh, and aromatic
plants. The inhabitants were called _Sabæi_. _Strabo_, bk. 16.
――_Diodorus_, bk. 3.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 57; _Æneid_,
bk. 1, li. 420.

=Sabăchus=, or =Sabacon=, a king of Æthiopia, who invaded Egypt and
reigned there, after the expulsion of king Amasis. After a reign
of 50 years he was terrified by a dream, and retired into his own
kingdom. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 137, &c.

=Sabæi=, a people of Arabia. _See:_ Saba.

=Sabāta=, a town of Liguria with a safe and beautiful harbour,
supposed to be the modern _Savona_. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 461.
――_Strabo_, bk. 4.――――A town of Assyria.

=Sabatha=, a town of Arabia, now _Sanaa_.

=Sabatra=, a town of Syria. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 256.

=Sabatini=, a people of Samnium, living on the banks of the Sabatus, a
river which falls into the Vulturnus. _Livy_, bk. 26, ch. 33.

=Sabazius=, a surname of Bacchus, as also of Jupiter. _Cicero_, _de
Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 23.――_Arnobius_, bk. 4.

=Sabbas=, a king of India.

=Sabella=, the nurse of the poet Horace, bk. 1, satire 9, li. 29.

=Sabelli=, a people of Italy, descended from the Sabines, or, according
to some, from the Samnites. They inhabited that part of the country
which lies between the Sabines and the Marsi. Hence the epithet of
_Sabellicus_. _Horace_, bk. 3, ode 6.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3,
li. 255.

=Sabellus=, a Latin poet in the reign of Domitian and Nerva.