Chapter D (7)

=Eurĭpĭdes=, a celebrated tragic poet born at Salamis the day on which
the army of Xerxes was defeated by the Greeks. He studied eloquence
under Prodicus, ethics under Socrates, and philosophy under
Anaxagoras. He applied himself to dramatical composition, and his
writings became so much the admiration of his countrymen, that the
unfortunate Greeks, who had accompanied Nicias in his expedition
against Syracuse, were freed from slavery, only by repeating some
verses from the pieces of Euripides. The poet often retired from
the society of mankind, and confined himself in a solitary cave near
Salamis, where he wrote and finished his most excellent tragedies.
The talents of Sophocles were looked upon by Euripides with jealousy,
and the great enmity which always reigned between the two poets gave
an opportunity to the comic muse of Aristophanes to ridicule them
both on the stage with success and humour. During the representation
of one of the tragedies of Euripides, the audience, displeased with
some lines in the composition, desired the writer to strike them off.
Euripides heard the reproof with indignation; he advanced forward
on the stage, and told the spectators that he came there to instruct
them, and not to receive instruction. Another piece, in which he
called riches the _summum bonum_ and the admiration of gods and men,
gave equal dissatisfaction, but the poet desired the audience to
listen with silent attention, for the conclusion of the whole would
show them the punishment which attended the lovers of opulence. The
ridicule and envy to which he was continually exposed, obliged him
at last to remove from Athens. He retired to the court of Archelaus
king of Macedonia, where he received the most conspicuous marks
of royal munificence and friendship. His end was as deplorable as
it was uncommon. It is said that the dogs of Archelaus met him in
his solitary walks, and tore his body to pieces 407 years before
the christian era, in the 78th year of his age. Euripides wrote 75
tragedies, of which only 19 are extant; the most approved of which
are his Phœnissæ, Orestes, Medea, Andromache, Electra, Hippolytus,
Iphigenia in Aulis, Iphigenia in Tauris, Hercules, and the Troades.
He is peculiarly happy in expressing the passions of love, especially
the more tender and animated. To the pathos he has added sublimity,
and the most common expressions have received a perfect polish from
his pen. In his person, as it is reported, he was noble and majestic,
and his deportment was always grave and serious. He was slow in
composing, and laboured with difficulty, from which circumstance a
foolish and malevolent poet once observed that he had written 100
verses in three days, while Euripides had written only three. “True,”
says Euripides, “but there is this difference between your poetry
and mine; yours will expire in three days, but mine shall live for
ages to come.” Euripides was such an enemy to the fair sex that
some have called him μισογυνης, _woman-hater_, and perhaps from
this aversion arise the impure and diabolical machinations which
appear in his female characters; an observation, however, which he
refuted, by saying he had faithfully copied nature. In spite of all
this antipathy he was married twice, but his connections were so
injudicious, that he was compelled to divorce both his wives. The
best editions of this great poet are that of Musgrave, 4 vols., 4to,
Oxford, 1778; that of Canter apud Commelin, 12mo, 2 vols., 1597; and
of Barnes, folio, Cambridge. 1694. There are also several valuable
editions of detached plays. _Diodorus_, bk. 13.――_Valerius Maximus_,
bk. 3, ch. 7.――_Cicero_, _De Inventione_, bk. 1, ch. 50; _Orator_,
bk. 3, ch. 7; _Academica_ bk. 1, ch. 4; _De Officiis_, bk. 3;
_Finibus Bonorum et Malorum_, bk. 2; _Tusculanæ Disputationes_,
bks. 1 & 4, &c.

=Eurīpus=, a narrow strait which separates the island of Eubœa from
the coast of Bœotia. Its flux and reflux, which continued regular
during 18 or 19 days, and were commonly unsettled the rest of the
month, was a matter of deep inquiry among the ancients; and it is
said that Aristotle threw himself into it because he was unable
to find out the causes of that phenomenon. _Livy_, bk. 28, ch. 6.
――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 95.――_Strabo_, bk. 9.

=Euristhenes.= _See:_ Eurysthenes.

=Eurōmus=, a city of Caria. _Livy_, bk. 32, ch. 33; bk. 33, ch. 30.

=Eurōpa=, one of the three grand divisions of the earth known among
the ancients, extending, according to modern surveys, about 3000
miles from north to south, and 2500 from east to west. Though
inferior in extent, yet it is superior to the others in the learning,
power, and abilities of its inhabitants. It is bounded on the east
by the Ægean sea, Hellespont, Euxine, Palus Mæotis, and the Tanais
in a northern direction. The Mediterranean divides it from Africa
on the south, and on the west and north it is washed by the Atlantic
and northern oceans. It is supposed to receive its name from Europa,
who was carried there by Jupiter. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 1.――_Pliny_, bk.
3, ch. 1, &c.――_Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 275.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7,
li. 222.――――A daughter of Agenor king of Phœnicia and Telephassa.
She was so beautiful that Jupiter became enamoured of her, and the
better to seduce her he assumed the shape of a bull and mingled
with the herds of Agenor, while Europa, with her female attendants,
were gathering flowers in the meadows. Europa caressed the beautiful
animal, and at last had the courage to sit upon his back. The god
took advantage of her situation, and with precipitate steps retired
towards the shore, and crossed the sea with Europa on his back,
and arrived safe in Crete. Here he assumed his original shape, and
declared his love. The nymph consented, though she had once made
vows of perpetual celibacy, and she became mother of Minos, Sarpedon,
and Rhadamanthus. After this distinguished amour with Jupiter, she
married Asterius king of Crete. This monarch, seeing himself without
children by Europa, adopted the fruit of her amours with Jupiter,
and always esteemed Minos, Sarpedon, and Rhadamanthus as his own
children. Some suppose that Europa lived about 1552 years before the
christian era. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, fable 13.――_Moschus_,
_Idylls_.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 5; bk. 3, ch. 1.――――One of the
Oceanides. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 356.――――A part of Thrace near
mount Hæmus. _Justin_, bk. 7, ch. 1.

=Eurŏpæus=, a patronymic of Minos the son of Europa. _Ovid_,
_Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, li. 23.

=Europs=, a king of Sicyon, son of Ægialeus, who died B.C. 1993.
_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 5.

=Eurōpus=, a king of Macedonia, &c. _Justin_, bk. 7, ch. 1.――――A town
of Macedonia on the Axius. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 10.

=Eurōtas=, a son of Lelex, father to Sparta, who married Lacedæmon.
He was one of the first kings of Laconia, and gave his name to
the river which flows near Sparta. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 16.
――_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 1.――――A river of Laconia flowing by Sparta.
It was called, by way of eminence, Basilipotamos, _the king of
rivers_, and worshipped by the Spartans as a powerful god. Laurels,
reeds, myrtles, and olives grew on its banks in great abundance.
_Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 1.――_Livy_, bk. 35, ch. 29.
――_Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 6, li. 82.――_Ptolemy_, bk. 4.――――A
river in Thessaly near mount Olympus, called also _Titaresus_. It
joined the Peneus, but was not supposed to incorporate with it.
_Strabo_, bk. 6.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 8.

=Etrōto=, a daughter of Danaus by Polyxo. _Apollodorus._

=Eurus=, a wind blowing from the eastern parts of the world. The
Latins sometimes called it Vulturnus. _Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 1,
poem 2; _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, &c.

=Euryăle=, a queen of the Amazons, who assisted Æetes, &c. _Flaccus_,
bk. 4.――――A daughter of Minos, mother of Orion by Neptune.――――A
daughter of Prœtus king of Argos.――――One of the Gorgons who was
immortal. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 207.

=Euryălus=, one of the Peloponnesian chiefs who went to the Trojan war
with 80 ships. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2.――――An illegitimate son of
Ulysses and Evippe. _Sophocles._――――A son of Melas, taken prisoner
by Hercules, &c. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 8.――――A Trojan who came
with Æneas into Italy, and rendered himself famous for his immortal
friendship with Nisus. _See:_ Nisus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9,
li. 179.――――A pleasant place of Sicily near Syracuse. _Livy_, bk. 25,
ch. 25.――――A Lacedæmonian general in the second Messenian war.

=Erybătes=, a herald in the Trojan war, who took Briseis from Achilles
by order of Agamemnon. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 1, li. 32.――_Ovid_,
_Heroides_, poem 3.――――A warrior of Argos, often victorious at the
Nemean games, &c. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 29.――――One of the Argonauts.

=Eurybia=, the mother of Lucifer and all the stars. _Hesiod._――――A
daughter of Pontus and Terra, mother of Astræus, Pallas, and Perses
by Crius.――――A daughter of Thespius. _Apollodorus._

=Eurybiădes=, a Spartan general of the Grecian fleet, at the battles
of Artemisium and Salamis against Xerxes. He has been charged with
want of courage, and with ambition. He offered to strike Themistocles
when he wished to speak about the manner of attacking the Persians,
upon which the Athenian said, “Strike me, but hear me.” _Herodotus_,
bk. 8, chs. 2, 74, &c.――_Plutarch_, _Themistocles_.――_Cornelius
Nepos_, _Themistocles_.

=Eurybius=, a son of Eurytus king of Argos, killed in a war between
his countrymen and the Athenians. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 8.――――A
son of Nereus and Chloris. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.

=Euryclēa=, a beautiful daughter of Ops of Ithaca. Laertes bought her
for 20 oxen, and gave her his son Ulysses to nurse, and treated her
with much tenderness and attention. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 19.

=Eurycles=, an orator of Syracuse, who proposed to put Nicias and
Demosthenes to death, and to confine to hard labour all the Athenian
soldiers in the quarries. _Plutarch._――――A Lacedæmonian at the
battle of Actium on the side of Augustus. _Plutarch_, _Antonius_.
――――A soothsayer of Athens.

=Eurycrătes=, a king of Sparta, descended from Hercules. _Herodotus_,
bk. 7, ch. 204.

=Eurycrătĭdas=, a son of Anaxander, &c. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 204.

=Eurydămas=, a Trojan skilled in the interpretation of dreams. His two
sons were killed by Diomedes during the Trojan war. _Homer_, _Iliad_,
bk. 5, li. 148.――――One of Penelope’s suitors. _Odyssey_, bk. 22, li.
283.――――A wrestler of Cyrene, who, in a combat, had his teeth dashed
to pieces by his antagonist, which he swallowed without showing any
signs of pain, or discontinuing the fight. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_,
bk. 10, ch. 19.――――A son of Ægyptus. _Apollodorus._

=Eurydăme=, the wife of Leotychides king of Sparta. _Herodotus._

=Eurydămĭdas=, a king of Lacedæmon, of the family of the Proclidæ.
_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 10.

=Eury̆dĭce=, the wife of Amyntas king of Macedonia. She had by her
husband, Alexander, Perdiccas, and Philip, and one daughter called
Euryone. A criminal partiality for her daughter’s husband, to whom
she offered her hand and the kingdom, made her conspire against
Amyntas, who must have fallen a victim to her infidelity had not
Euryone discovered it. Amyntas forgave her, Alexander ascended the
throne after his father’s death, and perished by the ambition of his
mother; Perdiccas, who succeeded him, shared his fate; but Philip,
who was the next in succession, secured himself against all attempts
from his mother, and ascended the throne with peace and universal
satisfaction. Eurydice fled to Iphicrates the Athenian general for
protection. The manner of her death is unknown. _Cornelius Nepos_,
_Iphicrates_, ch. 3.――――A daughter of Amyntas, who married her
uncle Aridæus, the illegitimate son of Philip. After the death of
Alexander the Great, Aridæus ascended the throne of Macedonia, but
he was totally governed by the intrigues of his wife, who called
back Cassander, and joined her forces with his to march against
Polyperchon and Olympias. Eurydice was forsaken by her troops.
Aridæus was pierced through with arrows by order of Olympias, who
commanded Eurydice to destroy herself either by poison, the sword,
or the halter. She chose the latter.――――The wife of the poet Orpheus.
As she fled before Aristæus, who wished to offer her violence, she
was bit by a serpent in the grass, and died of the wound. Orpheus
was so disconsolate that he ventured to go to hell, where, by the
melody of his lyre, he obtained from Pluto the restoration of his
wife to life, provided he did not look behind before he came upon
earth. He violated the conditions, as his eagerness to see his wife
rendered him forgetful. He looked behind, and Eurydice was for ever
taken from him. _See:_ Orpheus. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 457,
&c.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 30.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 10,
li. 30, &c.――――A daughter of Adrastus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 12.
――――One of the Danaides, who married Dyas. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2,
ch. 1.――――The wife of Lycurgus king of Nemæa in Peloponnesus.
_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――――A daughter of Actor. _Apollodorus._
――――A wife of Æneas. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 26.――――A daughter of
Amphiaraus. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 17.――――A daughter of Antipater,
who married one of the Ptolemies. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 7.――――A
daughter of king Philip. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 17.――――A daughter
of Lacedæmon. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 13.――――A daughter of Clymenus,
who married Nestor. _Homer_, _Odyssey_.――――A wife of Demetrius,
descended from Miltiades. _Plutarch_, _Demetrius_.

=Eurygania=, a wife of Œdipus. _Apollodorus._

=Euryleon=, a king of the Latins, called also Ascanius.

=Eury̆lŏchus=, one of the companions of Ulysses, the only one who did
not taste the potions of Circe. His prudence, however, forsook him
in Sicily, where he carried away the flocks sacred to Apollo, for
which sacrilegious crime he was shipwrecked. _Homer_, _Odyssey_,
bk. 10, li. 205; bk. 12, li. 195.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14,
li. 287.――――A man who broke a conduit which conveyed water into
Cyrrhæ, &c. _Polyænus_, bk. 5.――――A man who discovered the conspiracy
which was made against Alexander by Hermolaus and others. _Curtius_,
bk. 8, ch. 6.

=Eury̆măchus=, a powerful Theban, who seized Platæa by treachery, &c.
――――One of Penelope’s suitors.――――A son of Antenor.――――A lover of
Hippodamia. _Pausanias._

=Eury̆mĕde=, the wife of Glaucus king of Ephyra. _Apollodorus._

=Eurymĕdon=, the father of Peribœa, by whom Neptune had Nausithous.
_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 7.――――A river of Pamphylia, near which
the Persians were defeated by the Athenians under Cimon, B.C. 470.
_Livy_, bk. 33, ch. 41; bk. 37, ch. 23.――――A man who accused
Aristotle of propagating profane doctrines in the Lyceum.

=Eurymĕnes=, a son of Neleus and Chloris. _Apollodorus._

=Eurynŏme=, one of the Oceanides, mother of the Graces. _Hesiod._――――A
daughter of Apollo, mother of Adrastus and Eriphyle.――――A woman of
Lemnos, &c. _Flaccus_, bk. 2, li. 136.――――The wife of Lycurgus son
of Aleus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 9.――――The mother of Asopus by
Jupiter. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 12.――――One of Penelope’s female
attendants. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 17, li. 515.――――An Athenian sent
with a reinforcement to Nicias in Sicily. _Plutarch_, _Nicias_.

=Eurynŏmus=, one of the deities of hell. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 28.

=Euryŏne=, a daughter of Amyntas king of Macedonia by Eurydice.

=Eurypon=, a king of Sparta, son of Sous. His reign was so glorious
that his descendants were called _Eurypontidæ_. _Pausanias_, bk. 3,
ch. 7.

=Eurypy̆le=, a daughter of Thespius.

=Eury̆py̆lus=, a son of Telephus and Astyoche, was killed in the Trojan
war by Pyrrhus. He made his court to Cassandra. _Homer_, _Iliad_,
bk. 11.――――A Grecian at the Trojan war. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2.
――――A prince of Olenus, who went with Hercules against Laomedon.
_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 19.――――A son of Mecisteus, who signalized
himself in the war of the Epigoni against Thebes. _Apollodorus_,
bk. 3.――――A son of Temenus king of Messenia, who conspired against
his father’s life. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 6.――――A son of Neptune,
killed by Hercules. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――――One of Penelope’s
suitors. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 10.――――A Thessalian who became
delirious for looking into a box, which fell to his share after the
plunder of Troy. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 19.――――A soothsayer in the
Grecian camp before Troy, sent to consult the oracle of Apollo, how
his countrymen could return safe home. The result of his inquiries
was the injunction to offer a human sacrifice. _Virgil_, _Æneid_,
bk. 2, li. 114.――_Ovid._

=Eurysthĕnes=, a son of Aristodemus, who lived in perpetual dissension
with his twin brother Procles, while they both sat on the Spartan
throne. It was unknown which of the two was born first; the mother,
who wished to see both her sons raised on the throne, refused to
declare it, and they were both appointed kings of Sparta, by order
of the oracle of Delphi, B.C. 1102. After the death of the two
brothers, the Lacedæmonians, who knew not to what family the right
of seniority and succession belonged, permitted two kings to sit
on the throne, one of each family. The descendants of Eurysthenes
were called _Eurysthenidæ_; and those of Procles, _Proclidæ_. It
was inconsistent with the laws of Sparta for two kings of the same
family to ascend the throne together, yet that law was sometimes
violated by oppression and tyranny. Eurysthenes had a son called
Agis, who succeeded him. His descendants were called _Agidæ_. There
sat on the throne of Sparta 31 kings of the family of Eurysthenes,
and only 24 of the Proclidæ. The former were the more illustrious.
_Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 147; bk. 6, ch. 52.――_Pausanias_, bk. 3,
ch. 1.――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Agesilaus_.

=Eurysthenĭdæ.= _See:_ Eurysthenes.

=Eurystheus=, a king of Argos and Mycenæ, son of Sthenelus and Nicippe
the daughter of Pelops. Juno hastened his birth by two months, that
he might come into the world before Hercules the son of Alcmena,
as the younger of the two was doomed by order of Jupiter to be
subservient to the will of the other. _See:_ Alcmena. This natural
right was cruelly exercised by Eurystheus, who was jealous of
the fame of Hercules, and who, to destroy so powerful a relation,
imposed upon him the most dangerous and uncommon enterprises, well
known by the name of the 12 labours of Hercules. The success of
Hercules in achieving those perilous labours alarmed Eurystheus in a
greater degree, and he furnished himself with a brazen vessel, where
he might secure himself a safe retreat in case of danger. After
the death of Hercules, Eurystheus renewed his cruelties against his
children, and made war against Ceyx king of Trachinia, because he
had given them support, and treated them with hospitality. He was
killed in the prosecution of this war by Hyllus the son of Hercules.
His head was sent to Alcmena the mother of Hercules, who, mindful of
the cruelties which her son had suffered, insulted it and tore out
the eyes with the most inveterate fury. Eurystheus was succeeded on
the throne of Argos by Atreus his nephew. _Hyginus_, fables 30 & 32.
――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 4, &c.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 33;
bk. 3, ch. 6.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, fable 6.――_Virgil_,
_Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 292.

=Eury̆te=, a daughter of Hippodamus, who married Parthaon. _Apollodorus._
――――The mother of Hallirhotius by Neptune. _Apollodorus._

=Euryteæ=, a town of Achaia. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 18.

=Eury̆tĕle=, a daughter of Thespius.――――A daughter of Leucippus.
_Apollodorus._

=Eurythĕmis=, the wife of Thestius. _Apollodorus._

=Eury̆thion= and =Eurytion=, a centaur whose insolence to Hippodamia
was the cause of the quarrel between the Lapithæ and Centaurs,
at the nuptials of Pirithous. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12.
――_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 10.――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_.――――A herdsman
of Geryon, killed by Hercules. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2.――――A king of
Sparta, who seized upon Mantinea by stratagem. _Polyænus_, bk. 2.
――――One of the Argonauts. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, li. 311.
――――A son of Lycaon, who signalized himself during the funeral games
exhibited in Sicily by Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 495.
――――A silversmith. _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 499.――――A man of Heraclea
convicted of adultery. His punishment was the cause of the abolition
of the oligarchical power there. _Aristotle_, bk. 5, _Politics._

=Eury̆tis= (idos), a patronymic of Iole daughter of Eurytus. _Ovid_,
_Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, fable 11.

=Eury̆tus=, a son of Mercury, among the Argonauts. _Flaccus_, bk. 1,
li. 439.――――A king of Œchalia, father to Iole. He offered his
daughter to him who shot a bow better than himself. Hercules
conquered him, and put him to death because he refused him his
daughter as the prize of his victory. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, chs. 4
& 7.――――A son of Actor, concerned in the wars between Augias and
Hercules, and killed by the hero.――――A son of Augias, killed by
Hercules as he was going to Corinth to celebrate the Isthmian games.
_Apollodorus._――――A person killed in hunting the Calydonian boar.
――――A son of Hippocoon. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 10.――――A giant
killed by Hercules or Bacchus for making war against the gods.

=Eusebia=, an empress, wife to Constantius, &c. She died A.D. 360,
highly and deservedly lamented.

=Eusebius=, a bishop of Cæsarea, in great favour with the emperor
Constantine. He was concerned in the theological disputes of Arius
and Athanasius, and distinguished himself by his writings, which
consisted of an ecclesiastical history, the life of Constantine,
Chronicon, Evangelical Preparations, and other numerous treatises,
most of which are now lost. The best edition of his Præparatio and
Demonstratio Evangelica, is by Vigerus, 2 vols., folio, Rothomagi,
1628; and of his ecclesiastical history by Reading, folio, Cambridge.
1720.

=Eusebius=, a surname of Bacchus.

=Eusepus= and =Pedasus=, the twin sons of Bucolion, killed in the
Trojan war. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 6.

=Eustathius=, a Greek commentator on the works of Homer. The best
edition of this very valuable author is that published at Basil,
3 vols., folio, 1560. It is to be lamented that the design of
Alexander Politus, begun at Florence in 1735, and published in
the first five books of the Iliad, is not executed, as a Latin
translation of these excellent commentaries is among the desiderata
of the present day.――――A man who wrote a very foolish romance
in Greek, entitled _De Ismeniæ et Ismenes amoribus_, edited by
Gaulminus, 8vo, Paris, 1617.

=Eutæa=, a town of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 27.

=Eutelidas=, a famous statuary of Argos. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 10.

=Euterpe=, one of the Muses, daughter to Jupiter and Mnemosyne. She
presided over music, and was looked upon as the inventress of the
flute and of all wind instruments. She is represented as crowned
with flowers, and holding a flute in her hands. Some mythologists
attributed to her the invention of tragedy, more commonly supposed
to be the production of Melpomene. _See:_ Musæ.――――The name of the
mother of Themistocles according to some.

=Euthycrătes=, a sculptor of Sicyon, son of Lysippus. He was
particularly happy in the proportions of his statues. Those of
Hercules and Alexander were in general esteem, and particularly that
of Medea, which was carried on a chariot by four horses. _Pliny_,
bk. 34, ch. 8.――――A man who betrayed Olynthus to Philip.

=Euthydēmus=, an orator and rhetorician, who greatly distinguished
himself by his eloquence, &c. _Strabo_, bk. 14.

=Euthȳmus=, a celebrated boxer of Locri in Italy, &c. _Pausanias_,
bk. 6, ch. 6.

=Eutrapĕlus=, a man described as artful and fallacious by _Horace_,
bk. 1, ltr. 18, li. 31.――――A hair-dresser. _Martial_, bk. 7, ltr. 82.

=Eutrăpĕlus Volumnius=, a friend of Marcus Antony, &c. _Cicero_,
_Letters to his Friends_, ltr. 32.

=Eutropius=, a Latin historian in the age of Julian, under whom he
carried arms in the fatal expedition against the Persians. His
origin as well as his dignity are unknown; yet some suppose, from
the epithet of _Clarissimus_ prefixed to his history, that he was
a Roman senator. He wrote an epitome of the history of Rome, from
the age of Romulus to the reign of the emperor Valens, to whom the
work was dedicated. He wrote a treatise on medicine without being
acquainted with the art. Of all his works the Roman history alone is
extant. It is composed with conciseness and precision, but without
elegance. The best edition of Eutropius is that of Haverkamp, _Cum
notis variorum_, 8vo, _Leiden_, 1729 & 1762.――――A famous eunuch at
the court of Arcadius, the son of Theodosius the Great, &c.

=Eutychĭde=, a woman who was 30 times brought to bed, and carried to
the grave by 20 of her children. _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 3.

=Eutychĭdes=, a learned servant of Atticus, &c. _Cicero_, bk. 15,
_Letters to Atticus_.――――A sculptor.

=Euxanthius=, a daughter of Minos and Dexithea. _Apollodorus._

=Euxenĭdas=, a painter, &c. _Pliny_, bk. 35.

=Euxĕnus=, a man who wrote a poetical history of the fabulous ages of
Italy. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1.

=Euxīnus Pontus=, a sea between Asia and Europe, partly at the north
of Asia Minor, and at the west of Colchis. It was anciently called
ἀξεινος, _inhospitable_, on account of the savage manners of the
inhabitants on its coast. Commerce with foreign nations, and the
plantation of colonies in their neighbourhood, gradually softened
their roughness, and the sea was no longer called Axenus, but
Euxenus, _hospitable_. The Euxine is supposed by Herodotus to be
1387 miles long and 420 broad. Strabo calls it 1100 miles long and
in circumference 3125. It abounds in all varieties of fish, and
receives the tribute of above 40 rivers. It is not of great depth,
except in the eastern parts, where some have imagined that it has
a subterraneous communication with the Caspian. It is now called
the _Black_ sea, from the thick dark fogs which cover it. _Ovid_,
_Tristia_, bk. 3, poem 13; bk. 4, poem 4, li. 54.――_Strabo_, bk. 1,
&c.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 1.――_Pliny_, bk. 3.――_Herodotus_, bk. 4,
ch. 85.

=Euxippe=, a woman who killed herself because the ambassadors of
Sparta had offered violence to her virtue, &c.

=Exadius=, one of the Lapithæ at the nuptials of Pirithous. _Homer_,
_Iliad_, bk. 1, li. 264.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 266.

=Exæthes=, a Parthian who cut off the head of Crassus, &c. _Polyænus_,
bk. 7.

=Exagŏnus=, the ambassador of a nation in Cyprus, who came to Rome
and talked so much of the power of herbs, serpents, &c., that the
consuls ordered him to be thrown into a vessel full of serpents.
These venomous creatures, far from hurting him, caressed him and
harmlessly licked him with their tongues. _Pliny_, bk. 28, ch. 3.

=Exomătræ=, a people of Asiatic Sarmatia. _Flaccus_, bk. 6, li. 144.

F

=Fabaria=, festivals at Rome in honour of Carna wife of Janus, when
beans (_fabæ_) were presented as an oblation.

=Fabăris=, now _Farfa_, a river of Italy in the territories of the
Sabines, called also _Farfarus_, _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14,
li. 330.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 715.

=Fabia.= _See:_ Fabius Fabricianus.

=Făbia lex=, _de ambitu_, was to circumscribe the number of
_Sectatores_ or attendants which were allowed to candidates in
canvassing for some high office. It was proposed, but did not pass.

=Făbia=, a tribe at Rome. _Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 7, li. 52.――――A vestal
virgin, sister to Terentia, Cicero’s wife.

=Făbiāni=, some of the Luperci at Rome, instituted in honour of the
Fabian family.

=Făbii=, a noble and powerful family at Rome, who derived their name
from _faba_, a bean, because some of their ancestors cultivated this
pulse. They were said to be descended from Fabius, a supposed son
of Hercules by an Italian nymph; and they were once so numerous that
they took upon themselves to wage war against the Veientes. They
came to a general engagement near the Cremera, in which all the
family, consisting of 306 men, were totally slain, B.C. 477. There
only remained one, whose tender age had detained him at Rome, and
from him arose the noble Fabii in the following ages. The family was
divided into six different branches, the _Ambusti_, the _Maximi_,
the _Vibulani_, the _Buteones_, the _Dorsones_, and the _Pictores_,
the three first of which are frequently mentioned in the Roman
history, but the others seldom. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 9,
ch. 5.――_Livy_, bk. 2, ch. 46, &c.――_Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 2.――_Ovid_,
_Tristia_, bk. 2, li. 235.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 845.

=Făbius Maximus Rullianus=, was the first of the Fabii who obtained
the surname of _Maximus_, for lessening the power of the populace
at elections. He was master of horse, and his victories over the
Samnites in that capacity nearly cost him his life, because he
engaged the enemy without the command of the dictator. He was five
times consul, twice dictator, and once censor. He triumphed over
seven different nations in the neighbourhood of Rome, and rendered
himself illustrious by his patriotism.――――Rusticus, an historian in
the age of Claudius and Nero. He was intimate with Seneca, and the
encomiums which Tacitus passes upon his style make us regret the
loss of his compositions.――――Marcellinus, an historian in the second
century.――――A Roman lawyer whom _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 2, li. 134,
ridicules as having been caught in adultery.――――Quintus Maximus,
a celebrated Roman, first surnamed _Verrucosus_ from a wart on his
lip, and _Agnicula_ from his inoffensive manners. From a dull and
unpromising childhood he burst into deeds of valour and heroism, and
was gradually raised by merit to the highest offices of the state.
In his first consulship, he obtained a victory over Liguria, and
the fatal battle of Thrasymenus occasioned his election to the
dictatorship. In this important office he began to oppose Annibal,
not by fighting him in the open field, like his predecessors, but
he continually harrassed his army by countermarches and ambuscades,
for which he received the surname of Cunctator, or _delayer_. Such
operations for the commander of the Roman armies gave offence to
some, and Fabius was even accused of cowardice. He, however, still
pursued the measures which prudence and reflection seemed to dictate
as most salutary to Rome, and he patiently bore to see his master of
horse raised to share the dictatorial dignity with himself, by means
of his enemies at home. When he had laid down his office of dictator,
his successors for a while followed his plan; but the rashness of
Varro, and his contempt for the operations of Fabius, occasioned the
fatal battle of Cannæ. Tarentum was obliged to surrender to his arms
after the battle of Cannæ, and on that occasion the Carthaginian
enemy observed that Fabius was the Annibal of Rome. When he had made
an agreement with Annibal for the ransom of the captives, which was
totally disapproved by the Roman senate, he sold all his estates
to pay the money, rather than forfeit his word to the enemy. The
bold proposal of young Scipio to go and carry the war from Italy to
Africa, was rejected by Fabius as chimerical and dangerous. He did
not, however, live to see the success of the Roman arms under Scipio,
and the conquest of Carthage, by measures which he treated with
contempt and heard with indignation. He died in the 100th year of
his age, after he had been five times consul, and twice honoured
with a triumph. The Romans were so sensible of his great merit and
services, that the expenses of his funeral were defrayed from the
public treasury. _Plutarch_, _Parallel Lives_.――_Florus_, bk. 2, ch.
6.――_Livy._――_Polybius._――――His son bore the same name, and showed
himself worthy of his noble father’s virtues. During his consulship,
he received a visit from his father on horseback in the camp; the
son ordered the father to dismount, and the old man cheerfully
obeyed, embracing his son, and saying, “I wished to know whether you
knew what it is to be consul.” He died before his father, and the
Cunctator, with the moderation of a philosopher, delivered a funeral
oration over the dead body of his son. _Plutarch_, _Fabius Maximus_.
――――Pictor, the first Roman who wrote an historical account of
his country, from the age of Romulus to the year of Rome, 536. He
flourished B.C. 225. The work which is now extant, and which is
attributed to him, is a spurious composition.――――A loquacious person
mentioned by _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 1, li. 14.――――A Roman consul,
surnamed Ambustus, because he was struck with lightning.――――A
lieutenant of Cæsar in Gaul.――――Fabricianus, a Roman assassinated
by his wife Fabia, that she might more freely enjoy the company of a
favourite youth. His son was saved from his mother’s cruelties, and
when he came of age he avenged his father’s death by murdering his
mother and her adulterer. The senate took cognizance of the action,
and patronized the parricide. _Plutarch_, _Parallela minora_.――――A
chief priest at Rome when Brennus took the city. _Plutarch._――――A
Roman sent to consult the oracle of Delphi while Annibal was in
Italy.――――Another chosen dictator, merely to create new senators.
――――A lieutenant of Lucullus defeated by Mithridates.――――A son of
Paulus Æmilius, adopted into the family of the Fabii.――――A Roman
surnamed Allobrogicus from his victory over the Allobroges, &c.
_Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 17.――――Another chosen general against the
Carthaginians in Italy. He lost all his forces in a battle, and
fell wounded by the side of Annibal. _Plutarch_, _Parallela minora_.
――――A consul with Julius Cæsar, who conquered Pompey’s adherents in
Spain.――――A high priest who wrote some annals, and made war against
Viriathus in Spain. _Livy_, bk. 30, ch. 26.――_Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 2.
――――Dorso. _See:_ Dorso.

=Fābrātĕria=, a colony and town of the Volsci in Latium. _Silius
Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 398.――_Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_,
bk. 9, ltr. 24.

=Fabrĭcius=, a Latin writer in the reign of Nero, who employed his
pen in satirizing and defaming the senators. His works were burnt
by order of Nero.――――Caius Luscinus, a celebrated Roman who, in his
first consulship, obtained several victories over the Samnites and
Lucanians, and was honoured with a triumph. The riches which were
acquired in those battles were immense, the soldiers were liberally
rewarded by the consul, and the treasury was enriched with 400
talents. Two years after, Fabricus went as ambassador to Pyrrhus,
and refused with contempt the presents, and heard with indignation
the offers, which might have corrupted the ♦fidelity of a less
virtuous citizen. Pyrrhus had occasion to admire the magnanimity of
Fabricius; but his astonishment was more powerfully awakened when
he opposed him in the field of battle, and when he saw him make a
discovery of the perfidious offer of his physician, who pledged
himself to the Roman general for a sum of money to poison his royal
master. To this greatness of soul were added the most consummate
knowledge of military affairs, and the greatest simplicity of
manners. Fabricius never used rich plate at his table. A small
salt-cellar, whose feet were of horn, was the only silver vessel
which appeared in his house. This contempt of luxury and useless
ornaments Fabricius wished to inspire among the people; and during
his censorship he banished from the senate Cornelius Rufinus, who
had been twice consul and dictator, because he kept in his house
more than 10 pounds weight of silver plate. Such were the manners
of the conqueror of Pyrrhus, who observed that he wished rather to
command those that had money than possess it himself. He lived and
died in the greatest poverty. His body was buried at the public
charge, and the Roman people were obliged to give a dowry to his two
daughters, when they had arrived to marriageable years. _Valerius
Maximus_, bk. 2, ch. 9; bk. 4, ch. 4.――_Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 18.
――_Cicero_, bk. 3, _de Officiis_.――_Plutarch_, _Pyrrhus_.――_Virgil_,
_Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 844.――――A bridge at Rome, built by the consul
Fabricius, over the Tiber. _Horace_, bk. 2, satire 3, li. 36.

♦ ‘fidelty’ replaced with ‘fidelity’

=Fabulla=, a prostitute, &c. _Juvenal_, satire 2, li. 68.

=Facelina=, a small place on the north of Sicily, where Diana had
a temple. _Servius_, _Commentary on the Æneid of Vergil_, bk. 9,
li. 117.――_Hyginus_, fable 261.

=Fadus=, a Rutulian killed in the night by Euryalus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_,
bk. 9, li. 344.

=Fæsŭlæ=, now _Fiesole_, a town of Etruria, famous for its augurs.
_Cicero_, _For Lucius Murena_, ch. 24.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 8,
li. 478.――_Sallust_, _Catilinae Coniuratio_, ch. 27.

=Falcīdia lex=, was enacted by the tribune Falcidius, A.U.C. 713,
concerning wills and the right of heirs.

=Faleria=, a town of Picenum, now _Fallerona_, of which the inhabitants
were called Falerienses. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 13.

=Falerii= (or ium), now _Palari_, a town of Etruria, of which the
inhabitants are called Falisci. The Romans borrowed some of their
laws from Falerii. The place was famous for its pastures, and for a
peculiar sort of sausage. _See:_ Falisci. _Martial_, bk. 4, ltr. 46.
――_Livy_, bk. 10, chs. 12 & 16.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 1, li. 84; _ex
Ponto_, bk. 4, poem 8, li. 41.――_Cato_, _De Re Rustica_, bks. 4 & 14.
――_Servius_, _Commentary on the Æneid of Vergil_, bk. 7, li. 695.
――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5.

=Falerina=, a tribe at Rome. _Livy_, bk. 9, ch. 23.

=Falernus=, a fertile mountain and plain of Campania, famous for its
wine, which the Roman poets have greatly celebrated. _Livy_, bk. 22,
ch. 14.――_Martial_, bk. 12, ltr. 57.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2,
li. 96.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 20, li. 10; bk. 2, satire 4, li. 15.
――_Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 15.

=Fălisci=, a people of Etruria, originally a Macedonian colony. When
they were besieged by Camillus, a schoolmaster went out of the gates
of the city with his pupils, and betrayed them into the hands of the
Roman enemy, that by such a possession he might easily oblige the
place to surrender. Camillus heard the proposal with indignation,
and ordered the man to be stripped naked and whipped back to the
town by those whom his perfidy wished to betray. This instance
of generosity operated upon the people so powerfully that they
surrendered to the Romans. _Plutarch_, _Camillus_.

=Faliscus Gratius.= _See:_ Gratius.

=Fama= (_fame_), was worshipped by the ancients as a powerful goddess,
and generally represented blowing a trumpet, &c. _Statius_, bk. 3,
_Thebiad_, li. 427.

=Fannia=, a woman of Minturnæ, who hospitably entertained Marius in
his flight, though he had formerly sat in judgment upon her, and
divorced her from her husband.

=Fannia lex=, _de sumptibus_, by Fannius the consul, A.U.C. 593. It
enacted that no person should spend more than 100 _asses_ a day at
the great festivals, and 30 _asses_ on other days, and 10 at all
other times.

=Fannii=, two orators of whom Cicero speaks in _Brutus_.

=Fannius=, an inferior poet ridiculed by Horace, because his poems
and picture were consecrated in the library of Apollo, on mount
Palatine at Rome, as it was then usual for such as possessed merit.
_Horace_, bk. 1, satire 4, li. 21.――――A person who killed himself
when apprehended in a conspiracy against Augustus. _Martial_, bk. 12,
ltr. 80.――――Caius, an author in Trajan’s reign, whose history of the
cruelties of Nero is greatly regretted.

=Fanum Vacūnæ=, a village in the country of the Sabines. _Horace_,
bk. 1, ltr. 10, li. 49.

=Farfărus=, a river of the Sabines, falling into the Tiber above
Capena. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 330.

=Fascelis=, a surname of Diana, because her statue was brought from
Taurica by Iphigenia in a bundle of sticks (_fascis_), and placed at
Aricia.

=Fascellina=, a town of Sicily near Panormus. _Silius Italicus_,
bk. 14, li. 261.

=Faucŭla=, a prostitute who privately conveyed food to the Roman
prisoners at Capua. _Livy_, bk. 26, ch. 33.

=Faventia=, a town of Spain. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 1.――――Of Italy.
_Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 597.――_Pliny_, bk. 14, ch. 15.
――_Martial_, bk. 2, ltr. 74.

=Faveria=, a town of Istria. _Livy_, bk. 41, ch. 11.

=Faula=, a mistress of Hercules.

=Fauna=, a deity among the Romans, daughter of Picus, and originally
called _Marica_. Her marriage with Faunus procured her the name of
Fauna, and her knowledge of futurity that of _Fatua_ and _Fatidica_.
It is said that she never saw a man after her marriage with Faunus,
and that her uncommon chastity occasioned her being ranked among
the gods after death. She is the same, according to some, as _Bona
Mater_. Some mythologists accuse her of drunkenness, and say that
she expired under the blows of her husband, for an immoderate use
of wine. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 47, &c.――_Varro._――_Justin_,
bk. 43, ch. 1.

=Faunalia=, festivals at Rome in honour of Faunus.

=Fauni=, certain deities of the country, represented as having the
legs, feet, and ears of goats, and the rest of the body human. They
were called satyrs by the Greeks. The peasants offered them a lamb
or a kid with great solemnity. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 10.
――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, li. 392.

=Faunus=, a son of Picus, who is said to have reigned in Italy about
1300 years B.C. His bravery as well as wisdom have given rise to
the tradition that he was son of Mars. He raised a temple in honour
of the god Pan, called by the Latins Lupercus, at the foot of the
Palatine hill, and he exercised hospitality towards strangers with a
liberal hand. His great popularity and his fondness for agriculture
made his subjects revere him as one of their country deities after
death. He was represented with all the equipage of the satyrs, and
was consulted to give oracles. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1,
ch. 7.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 47; bk. 8, li. 314; bk. 10,
li. 55.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 17.

=Favo=, a Roman mimic, who at the funeral of Vespasian imitated
the manners and gestures of the deceased emperor. _Suetonius_,
_Vespasian_, ch. 19.

=Favorinus=, a philosopher and eunuch under Adrian, &c.

=Fausta=, a daughter of Sylla, &c. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 2, li. 64.
――――The wife of the emperor Constantine, disgraced for her cruelties
and vices.

=Faustīna=, the wife of the emperor Antoninus, famous for her
debaucheries. Her daughter of the same name, blessed with beauty,
loveliness, and wit, became the most abandoned of her sex.
She married Marcus Aurelius.――――The third wife of the emperor
Heliogabalus bore that name.

=Faustĭtas=, a goddess among the Romans supposed to preside over
cattle. _Horace_, bk. 4, ode 5, li. 17.

=Faustŭlus=, a shepherd ordered to expose Romulus and Remus. He
privately brought them up at home. _Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 4.――_Justin_,
bk. 43, ch. 2.――_Plutarch_, _Romulus_.

=Faustus=, an obscure poet under the first Roman emperors, two
of whose dramatic pieces, Thebæ and Tereus, _Juvenal_ mentions,
satire 7, li. 12.

=Februus=, a god at Rome, who presided over purifications.――――The
Feralia sacrifices which the Romans offered to the gods manes, were
also called _Februa_, whence the name of the month of February,
during which the oblations were made.

=Feciāles=, a number of priests at Rome, employed in declaring war
and making peace. When the Romans thought themselves injured, one
of this sacerdotal body was empowered to demand redress, and after
the allowance of 33 days to consider the matter, war was declared
if submissions were not made, and the Fecialis hurled a bloody spear
into the territories of the enemy in proof of intended hostilities.
_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 3; bk. 4, ch. 30.

=Felginas=, a Roman knight killed by Pompey at Dyrracchium. _Cæsar_,
bk. 3, _Civil War_.

=Felix Marcus Antonius=, a freedman of Claudius Cæsar, made governor
of Judæa, Samaria, and Palestine. He is called by Suetonius the
husband of three queens, as he married the two Drusillæ, one
granddaughter of Antony and Cleopatra, and the other a Jewish
princess, sister of Agrippa. The name of his third wife is unknown.
_Suetonius_, _Divus Claudius_, ch. 18.――_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 12,
ch. 14.

=Feltria=, a town of Italy at the north of Venice.

=Fenestella=, a Roman historian in the age of Augustus. He died at
Cumæ.――――One of the gates at Rome. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 6, li. 578.

=Fenni=, or =Finni=, the inhabitants of Finningia, or Eningia, now
considered as Finland. _Tacitus_, _Germania_, ch. 46.――_Pliny_,
bk. 4, ch. 13.

=Ferālia=, a festival in honour of the dead, observed at Rome the 17th
or 21st of February. It continued for 11 days, during which time
presents were carried to the graves of the deceased, marriages were
forbidden, and the temples of the gods were shut. It was universally
believed that the manes of their departed friends came and hovered
over their graves, and feasted upon the provisions that the hand
of piety and affection had procured for them. Their punishments in
the infernal regions were also suspended, and during that time they
enjoyed rest and liberty.

=Ferentīnum=, a town of the Hernici at the east of Rome. The
inhabitants were called _Ferentinates_, or _Ferentini_. _Silius
Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 394.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 50; bk. 9, chs. 43
& 44.

=Ferentum=, or =Forentum=, a town of Apulia, now _Forenza_. _Horace_,
bk. 3, ode 4, li. 15.――_Livy_, bk. 9, chs. 16 & 20.

=Fĕrētrius=, a surname of _Jupiter_, _a ferendo_, because he had
assisted the Romans, or _a feriendo_, because he had conquered their
enemies under Romulus. He had a temple at Rome built by Romulus,
where the spoils called _opima_ were always carried. Only two
generals obtained these celebrated spoils after the age of Romulus.
_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 10.――_Plutarch_, _Romulus_.――_Cornelius Nepos_,
_Atticus_, ch. 20.

=Feriæ Latīnæ=, festivals at Rome instituted by Tarquin the Proud.
The principal magistrates of 47 towns in Latium usually assembled on
a mount near Rome, where they, together with the Roman magistrates,
offered a bull to Jupiter Latialis, of which they carried home some
part after the immolation, after they had sworn mutual friendship
and alliance. It continued but one day originally, but in process
of time four days were dedicated to its celebration. _Dionysius of
Halicarnassus_, bk. 4, ch. 49.――_Cicero_, ltr. 6.――_Livy_, bk. 21,
&c. The _feriæ_ among the Romans were certain days set apart to
celebrate festivals, and during that time it was unlawful for any
person to work. They were either public or private. The public were
of four different kinds. The _feriæ stativæ_ were certain immovable
days always marked in the calendar, and observed by the whole city
with much festivity and public rejoicing. The _feriæ conceptivæ_
were movable feasts, and the day appointed for the celebration was
always previously fixed by the magistrates or priests. Among these
were the _feriæ Latinæ_, which were first established by Tarquin,
and observed by the consuls regularly before they set out for
the provinces; the _Compitalia_, &c. The _feriæ imperativæ_ were
appointed only by the command of the consul, dictator, or pretor,
as a public rejoicing for some important victory gained over the
enemies of Rome. The _feriæ Nundinæ_ were regular days in which
the people of the country and neighbouring towns assembled together
and exposed their respective commodities to sale. They were called
Nundinæ, because kept every ninth day. The _feriæ privatæ_ were
observed only in families, in commemoration of birthdays, marriages,
funerals, and the like. The days on which the _feriæ_ were observed
were called by the Romans _festi dies_, because dedicated to mirth,
relaxation, and festivity.

=Fērōnia=, a goddess at Rome, who presided over the woods and groves.
The name is derived _a ferendo_, because she gave assistance to
her votaries, or perhaps from the town Feronia, near mount Soracte,
where she had a temple. It was usual to make a yearly sacrifice
to her, and to wash the face and hands in the waters of the sacred
fountain, which flowed near her temple. It is said that those who
were filled with the spirit of this goddess could walk barefooted
over burning coals without receiving any injury from the flames.
The goddess had a temple and a grove about three miles from Anxur,
and also another in the district of Capena. _Livy_, bk. 33, ch. 26.
――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, lis. 697 & 800.――_Varro_, _de Lingua
Latina_, bk. 4, ch. 10.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 13.――_Strabo_, bk. 5.
――_Horace_, bk. 1, satire 5, li. 24.

=Fescennia= (iorum, or ium), a town of Etruria, now _Galese_, where
the _Fescennine verses_ were first invented. These verses, the
name of which conveys an idea of vulgar obscenity, were a sort of
rustic dialogue spoken extempore, in which the actors exposed before
their audience the failings and vices of their adversaries, and by
satirical humour and merriment endeavoured to raise the laughter
of the company. They were often repeated at nuptials, and many
lascivious expressions were used for the general diversion, as also
at harvest home, when gestures were made adapted to the sense of the
unpolished verses that were used. They were proscribed by Augustus
as of immoral tendency. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_,
bk. 7, li. 695.――_Horace_, bk. 2, ltr. 1, li. 145.

=Fesŭlæ=, or =Fæsulæ=, a town of Etruria, where Sylla settled a colony.
_Cicero_, _Against Catiline_, bk. 3, ch. 6.

=Festus=, a friend of Domitian, who killed himself in an illness.
_Martial_, bk. 1, ltr. 79.――――Porcius, a proconsul who succeeded
Felix as governor of Judæa, under Claudius.

=Fibrēnus=, a river of Italy, falling into the Liris through Cicero’s
farm at Arpinum. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 400.――_Cicero_, _De
Legibus_, bk. 2, ch. 1.

=Ficana=, a town of Latium, at the south of Rome, near the Tiber.
_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 33.

=Ficaria=, a small island on the east of Sardinia, now _Serpentera_.
_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 7.

=Ficulea=, or =Ficulnea=, a town of Latium beyond mount Sacer, at
the north of Rome. Cicero had a villa there, and the road that led
to the town was called _Ficulnensis_, afterwards _Nomentana Via_.
_Cicero_, bk. 12, _Letters to Atticus_, ltr. 34.――_Livy_, bk. 1,
ch. 38; bk. 3, ch. 52.

=Fidēna=, an inland town of Latium, whose inhabitants are called
_Fidenates_. The place was conquered by the Romans B.C. 435.
_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 773.――_Juvenal_, satire 1, li. 44.
――_Livy_, bk. 1, chs. 14, 15 & 27; bk. 2, ch. 19; bk. 4, chs. 17
& 21.

=Fidentia=, a town of Gaul on the south of the Po, between Placentia
and Parma. _Velleius Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 28.――_Pliny_, bk. 3,
ch. 15.――_Cicero_, _De Inventione_, bk. 2, ch. 54.

=Fides=, the goddess of faith, oaths, and honesty, worshipped by the
Romans. Numa was the first who paid her divine honours.

=Fĭdĭcŭlæ=, a place of Italy. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 7, ch. 6.

=Fidius Dius=, a divinity by whom the Romans generally swore. He was
also called Sancus, or Sanctus, and Semipater, and he was solemnly
addressed in prayers the 5th of June, which was yearly consecrated
to his service. Some suppose him to be Hercules. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk.
6, li. 213.――_Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 4, ch. 10.――_Dionysius
of Halicarnassus_, bks. 2 & 9.

=Fimbria=, a Roman officer who besieged Mithridates in Pritaine, and
failed in his attempts to take him prisoner. He was deserted by his
troops for his cruelty, upon which he killed himself. _Plutarch_,
_Lucullus_.

=Firmum=, now _Fermo_, a town of Picenum on the Adriatic, the port of
which was called _Castellum Firmanum_. _Cicero_, bk. 8, _Letters to
Atticus_, ltr. 12.――_Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 8.――_Velleius_, bk. 1, ch. 14.

=Marcus Firmius=, a powerful native of Seleucia, who proclaimed
himself emperor, and was at last conquered by Aurelian.

=Fiscellus=, a part of the Apennine mountains in Umbria, where the Nar
rises. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 518.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 12.

=Flacilla Antonia=, a Roman matron in Nero’s age, &c. _Tacitus_,
_Annals_, bk. 14, ch. 7.

=Flaccus=, a consul who marched against Sylla, and was assassinated
by Fimbria. _Plutarch._――――A poet. _See:_ Valerius.――――A governor of
Egypt, who died A.D. 39.――――Verrius, a grammarian, tutor to the two
grandsons of Augustus, and supposed author of the Capitoline marbles.
――――A name of Horace. _See:_ Horatius.

=Ælia Flacilla=, the mother of Arcadius and Honorius, was daughter of
Antonius, a prefect of Gaul.

=Flāmĭnia lex=, _agraria_, by Caius Flaminius the tribune, A.U.C. 525.
It required that the lands of Picenum, from which the Gauls Senones
had been expelled, should be divided among the Roman people.

=Flaminia via=, a celebrated road which led from Rome to Ariminum and
Aquileia. It received its name from Flaminius, who built it, and was
killed at the battle of Thrasymenus against Annibal.――――A gate of
Rome opening to the same road, now _del popolo_.

=Caius Flāmĭnius=, a Roman consul of a turbulent disposition, who was
drawn into a battle near the lake of Thrasymenus, by the artifice of
Annibal. He was killed in the engagement, with an immense number of
Romans, B.C. 217. The conqueror wished to give a burial to his body,
but it was not found in the heaps of slain. While tribune of the
people he proposed an agrarian law against the advice of his friends,
of the senate, and of his own father. _Cicero_, _de Inventione_, bk.
2, ch. 17.――_Livy_, bk. 22, ch. 3, &c.――_Polybius._――_Florus_, bk. 2,
ch. 6.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 1, ch. 6.