Chapter III: Preface: To the Original Edition (2)

Alexius Commenus I. nephew of Isaac I. ascends the throne.
His reign is rendered illustrious by the pen of his
daughter, the princess Anna Commena. The Normans, under
Robert of Apulia, invade the eastern empire 1081

Asia Minor finally conquered by the Turks 1084

Accession of William II. to the English throne 1087

The first crusade 1096

Jerusalem taken by the crusaders 15th July. The only
learned men of this century were Avicenna, Guy d’Arezzo,
Glaber, Hermannus, Franco, Peter Damiani, Michael
Celularius, George Cedrenus, Berenger, Psellus, Marianus
Scotus, Arzachel, William of Spires, Suidas, Peter the
Hermit, Sigebert 1099

Henry I. succeeds to the throne of England 1100

Learning revived at Cambridge 1110

John, or Calojohannes, son of Alexius, succeeds at
Constantinople 1118

Order of Knights Templars instituted 1118

Accession of Stephen to the English crown 1135

Manuel son of John succeeds at Constantinople 1143

The second crusade 1147

The canon law composed by Gratian, after 24 years’ labour 1151

The party names of Guelfs and Gibbelines begin in Italy 1154

Henry II. succeeds in England 1154

The Teutonic order begins 1164

The conquest of Egypt by the Turks 1169

The famous council of Clarendon in England, January 25th.
Conquest of Ireland by Henry II. 1172

Dispensing of justice by circuits first established in
England 1176

Alexius II. succeeds his father Manuel 1180

English laws digested by Glanville 1181

From the disorders of the government, on account of the
minority of Alexius, Andronicus the grandson of the great
Alexius is named Guardian, but he murders Alexius, and
ascends the throne 1183

Andronicus is cruelly put to death, and Isaac Angelus,
a descendant of the great Alexius by the female line,
succeeds 1185

The third crusade, and siege of Acre 1188

Richard I. succeeds his father Henry in England 1189

Saladin defeated by Richard of England in the battle of
Ascalon 1192

Alexius Angelus brother of Isaac revolts, and usurps the
sovereignty by putting out the eyes of the emperor 1195

John succeeds to the English throne. The learned men
of this century were Peter Abelard, Anna Commena,
St. Bernard, Averroes, William of Malmesbury, Peter
Lombard, Otho ♦Frisingensis, Maimonides, Humenus,
Wernerus, Gratian, Jeoffry of Monmouth, Tzetzes,
Eustathius, John of Salisbury, Simeon of Durham, Henry
of Huntingdon, Peter Comestor, Peter of Blois, Ranulph
Glanville, Roger Hoveden, Campanus, William of Newburgh 1199

♦ ‘Trisingensis’ replaced with ‘Frisingensis’

Constantinople is besieged and taken by the Latins, and
Isaac is taken from his dungeon and replaced on the
throne with his son Alexius. This year is remarkable
for the fourth crusade 1203

The father and son are murdered by Alexius Mourzoufle,
and Constantinople is again besieged and taken by
the French and Venetians, who elect Baldwin count of
Flanders emperor of the east. In the mean time, Theodore
Lascaris makes himself emperor of Nice; Alexius grandson
of the tyrant Andronicus becomes emperor of Trebizond;
and Michael, an illegitimate child of the Angeli, founds
an empire in Epirus 1204

The emperor Baldwin is defeated by the Bulgarians, and
next year is succeeded by his brother Henry 1205

Reign and conquests of the great Zingis Khan first emperor
of the Moguls and Tartars, till the time of his death,
1227 1206

Aristotle’s works imported from Constantinople are
condemned by the council of Paris 1209

Magna Charta granted to the English barons by king John 1215

Henry III. succeeds his father John on the English throne 1216

Peter of Courtenay, the husband of Yolanda sister of the
two last emperors, Baldwin and Henry, is made emperor by
the Latins 1217

Robert son of Peter Courtenay succeeds 1221

Theodore Lascaris is succeeded on the throne of Nice by
his son-in-law John Ducas Vataces 1222

John of Brienne, and Baldwin II. son of Peter, succeeded
on the throne of Constantinople 1228

The inquisition which had been begun 1204 is now trusted
to the Dominicans 1233

Baldwin alone 1237

Origin of the Ottomans 1240

The fifth crusade 1248

Astronomical tables composed by Alphonso XI. of Castile 1253

Ducas Vataces is succeeded on the throne of Nice by his
son Theodore Lascaris II. 1255

Lascaris succeeded by his son John Lascaris, a minor 1259

Michael Palæologus son of the sister of the queen of
Theodore Lascaris ascends the throne, after the murder
of the young prince’s guardian 1260

Constantinople is recovered from the Latins by the Greek
emperors of Nice 1261

Edward I. succeeds on the English throne 1272

The famous Mortmain act passes in England 1279

Eight thousand French murdered during the Sicilian vespers,
30th of March 1282

Wales conquered by Edward and annexed to England 1283

Michael Palæologus dies, and his son Andronicus, who had
already reigned nine years conjointly with his father,
ascends the throne. The learned men of this century are
Gervase, Diceto, Saxo, Walter of Coventry, Accursius,
Anthony of Padua, Alexander Halensis, William of Paris,
Peter de Vignes, Matthew Paris, Grosseteste, Albertus,
Thomas Aquinas, Bonaventura, John Joinville, Roger Bacon,
Cimabue, Durandus, Henry of Ghent, Raymond Lulli, Jacob
Voragine, Albertet, Duns Scotus, Thebit 1293

A regular succession of English parliaments from this time 1293

The Turkish empire begins in Bithynia 1298

The mariner’s compass invented or improved by Flavio 1302

The Swiss cantons begin 1307

Edward II. succeeds to the English crown 1307

Translation of the holy see to Avignon, which alienation
continues 68 years, till the return of Gregory XI. 1308

Andronicus adopts, as his colleagues, Manuel, and his
grandson the younger Andronicus. Manuel dying, Andronicus
revolts against his grandfather, who abdicates 1320

Edward III. succeeds in England ♦1327

♦ ‘1337’ replaced with ‘1327’

First comet observed, whose course is described with
exactness, in June 1337

About this time flourished Leo Pilatus, a Greek professor
at Florence, Barlaam, Petrarch, Boccace, and Manuel
Chrysoloras, where may be fixed the era of the revival
of Greek literature in Italy 1339

Andronicus is succeeded by his son John Palæologus in the
ninth year of his age. John Cantacuzene, who had been
left guardian of the young prince, assumes the purple.
First passage of the Turks into Europe 1341

The knights and burgesses of parliament first sit in the
same house 1342

The battle of Crecy, August 26th 1346

Seditions of Rienzi at Rome, and his elevation to the
tribuneship 1347

Order of the Garter in England established April 23rd 1349

The Turks first enter Europe 1352

Cantacuzene abdicates the purple 1355

The battle of Poictiers, September 19th 1356

Law pleadings altered from French into English as a favour
from Edward III. to his people, in his 50th year 1362

Rise of Timour, or Tamerlane, to the throne of Samarcand,
and his extensive conquests till his death, after a reign
of 35 years 1370

Accession of Richard II. to the English throne 1377

Manuel succeeds his father John Palæologus 1391

Accession of Henry IV. in England. The learned men of
this century were Peter Apono, Flavio, Dante, Arnoldus
Villa, Nicholas Lyra, William Occam, Nicephoras Gregoras,
Leontius Pilatus, Matthew of Westminster, Wickliff,
Froissart, Nicholas Flamel, &c. 1399

Henry IV. is succeeded by his son Henry V. 1413

Battle of Agincourt, October 25th 1415

The island of Madeira discovered by the Portuguese 1420

Henry VI. succeeds to the throne of England. Constantinople
is besieged by Amurath II. the Turkish emperor 1422

John Palæologus II. succeeds his father Manuel 1424

Cosmo de Medici recalled from banishment, and rise of that
family at Florence 1434

The famous pragmatic sanction settled in France 1439

Printing discovered at Mentz, and improved gradually in
22 years 1440

Constantine, one of the sons of Manuel, ascends the throne
after his brother John 1448

Mahomet II. emperor of the Turks besieges and takes
Constantinople on the 29th of May. Fall of the eastern
empire. The captivity of the Greeks, and the extinction
of the imperial families of the Commeni and Palæologi.
About this time the House of York in England began to
aspire to the crown, and, by their ambitious views, to
deluge the whole kingdom in blood. The learned men of
the 15th century were Chaucer, Leonard Aretin, John Huss,
Jerome of Prague, Poggio, Flavius Blondus, Theodore Gaza,
Frank Philelphus, Georgius Trapezuntius, Gemistus Pletho,
Laurentius Valla, Ulugh Beigh, John Guttemberg, John
Faustus, Peter Schoeffer, Wesselus, Peurbachius, Æneas
Sylvius, Bessarion, Thomas à Kempis, Argyropulus,
Regiomontanus, Platina, Agricola, Pontanus, Ficinus,
Lascaris, Tiphernas, Annius of Viterbo, Merula, Savonarola,
Picus, Politian, Hermolaus, Grocyn, Mantuanus, John Colet,
Reuchlin, Lynacre, Alexander ab Alexandro, Demetrius
Chalcondyles, &c. 1453

A CLASSICAL DICTIONARY,
ETC., ETC.

A

=ABA= and =Abæ=, a town of Phocis, famous for an oracle of Apollo,
surnamed Abæus. The inhabitants, called Abantes, were of Thracian
origin. After the ruin of their country by Xerxes, they migrated
to Eubœa, which from them was called Abantis. Some of them passed
afterwards from Eubœa into Ionia. _Herodotus_, bk. 8, ch. 33.――
_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 55.――――A city of Caria.――――Another of
Arabia Felix.――――A mountain near Smyrna. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 24.――
_Strabo_, bk. 10.

=Abacēne=, a country of Sicily near Messana. _Diodorus_, bk. 14.

=Abălus=, an island in the German ocean, where, as the ancients
supposed, the amber dropped from the trees. If a man was drowned
there, and his body never appeared above the water, propitiatory
sacrifices were offered to his manes during a hundred years. _Pliny_,
bk. 37, ch. 2.

=Abāna=, a place of Capua. _Cicero_, _De Lege Agraria contra Rullum_.

=Abantes=, a warlike people of Peloponnesus, who built a town in
Phocis called Aba, after their leader Abas, whence also their
name originated. They afterwards went to Eubœa. _See:_ Abantis.
_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 146.

=Abantias= and =Abantiădes=, a patronymic given to the descendants
of Abas king of Argos, such as Acrisius, Danae, Perseus, Atalanta,
&c. _Ovid._

=Abantĭdas=, made himself master of Sicyon, after he had murdered
Clinias the father of Aratus. He was himself soon after assassinated,
B.C. 251. _Plutarch_, _Aratus_.

=Abantis=, or =Abantias=, an ancient name of the island of Eubœa,
received from the Abantes, who settled in it from Phocis. _Pliny_,
bk. 4, ch. 12.――――Also a country of Epirus. _Pausanias_, bk. 5,
ch. 22.

=Abarbarea=, one of the Naiades, mother of Æsepus and Pedasus by
Bucolion, Laomedon’s eldest son. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 6, li. 23.

=Abarīmon=, a country of Scythia, near mount Imaus. The inhabitants
were said to have their toes behind their heels, and to breathe no
air but that of their native country. _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 2.

=Abăris=, a man killed by Perseus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5,
li. 86.――――A Rutulian killed by Euryalus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9,
li. 344.――――A Scythian, son of Seuthes, in the age of Crœsus, or
the Trojan war, who received a flying arrow from Apollo, with which
he gave oracles, and transported himself wherever he pleased. He
is said to have returned to the Hyperborean countries from Athens
without eating, and to have made the Trojan Palladium with the bones
of Pelops. Some suppose that he wrote treatises in Greek; and it
is reported, that there is a Greek manuscript of his epistles to
Phalaris, in the library of Augsburg. But there were probably two
persons of that name. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 36.――_Strabo_, bk. 7.
――_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 33.

=Abārus=, an Arabian prince, who perfidiously deserted Crassus in his
expedition against Parthia. _Appian_, _Parthia_.――――He is called
Mezeres by _Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 11, and Ariamnes by _Plutarch_,
_Crassus_.

=Abas=, a mountain in Syria, where the Euphrates rises.――――A river
of Armenia Major, where Pompey routed the Albani. _Plutarch_,
_Pompey_.――――A son of Metanira, or Melaninia, changed into a lizard
for laughing at Ceres. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, fable 7.
――――The 11th king of Argos, son of Belus, some say of Lynceus and
Hypermnestra, was famous for his genius and valour. He was father to
Prœtus and Acrisius, by Ocalea, and built Abæ. He reigned 23 years,
B.C. 1384. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 16; bk. 10, ch. 35.――_Hyginus_,
fable 170, &c.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 2.――――One of Æneas’s
companions, killed in Italy. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 170.――――
Another lost in the storm which drove Æneas to Carthage. _Virgil_,
_Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 125.――――A Latian chief, who assisted Æneas
against Turnus, and was killed by Lausus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10,
li. 170, &c.――――A Greek, son of Eurydamus, killed by Æneas during
the Trojan war. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 286.――_Homer_, _Iliad_,
bk. 5, li. 150.――――A centaur, famous for his skill in hunting.
_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 306.――――A soothsayer, to
whom the Spartans erected a statue in the temple of Apollo, for
his services to Lysander. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 9.――――A son of
Neptune. _Hyginus_, fable 157.――――A sophist who wrote two treatises,
one on history, the other on rhetoric. The time in which he lived
is unknown.――――A man who wrote an account of Troy. He is quoted by
Servius in _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9.

=Abāsa=, an island in the Red sea, near Æthiopia. _Pausanias_, bk. 6,
ch. 26.

=Abasītis=, a part of Mysia in Asia. _Strabo._

=Abassēna=, or =Abassinia=. _See:_ Abyssinia.

=Abassus=, a town of Phrygia. _Livy_, bk. 38, ch. 15.

=Abastor=, one of Pluto’s horses.

=Abătos=, an island in the lake near Memphis in Egypt, abounding with
flax and papyrus. Osiris was buried there. _Lucan_, bk. 10, li. 323.

=Abdalonīmus=, one of the descendants of the kings of Sidon, so poor,
that to maintain himself, he worked in a garden. When Alexander
took Sidon, he made him king, in the room of Strato the deposed
monarch, and enlarged his possessions on account of the great
disinterestedness of his conduct. _Justin_, bk. 11, ch. 10.――
_Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 1.――_Diodorus_, bk. 17.

=Abdēra=, a town of Hispania Bætica, built by the Carthaginians.
_Strabo_, bk. 3.――――A maritime city of Thrace, built by Hercules,
in memory of Abderus, one of his favourites. The Clazomenians
and Teians beautified it. Some suppose that Abdera the sister of
Diomedes built it. The air was so unwholesome, and the inhabitants
of such a sluggish disposition, that stupidity was commonly called
_Abderitica mens_. It gave birth, however, to Democritus, Protagoras,
Anaxarchus, and Hecatæus. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 2.――_Cicero_, _Letters
to Atticus_, bk. 4, ltr. 16.――_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 186.――_Martial_,
bk. 10, ltr. 25.

=Abdēria=, a town of Spain. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 5.

=Abderītes=, a people of Pæonia, obliged to leave their country on
account of the great number of rats and frogs which infested it.
_Justin_, bk. 15, ch. 2.

=Abdērus=, a man of Opus in Locris, arm-bearer to Hercules, torn to
pieces by the mares of Diomedes, which the hero had entrusted to his
care when going to war against the Bistones. Hercules built a city,
which, in honour of his friend, he called Abdera. _Apollodorus_,
bk. 2, ch. 5.――_Philostratus_, bk. 2, ch. 25.

=Abeătæ=, a people of Achaia, probably the inhabitants of Abia.
_Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 30.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 6.

=Abella=, a town of Campania, whose inhabitants were called Abellani.
Its nuts, called _avellanæ_, and also its apples, were famous.
_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 740.――_Justin_, bk. 20, ch. 5.――_Silius
Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 544.

=Abelux=, a noble of Saguntum, who favoured the party of the Romans
against Carthage. _Livy_, bk. 22, ch. 22.

=Abenda=, a town of Caria, whose inhabitants were the first who raised
temples to the city of Rome. _Livy_, bk. 45, ch. 6.

=Abia=, formerly _Ire_, a maritime town of Messenia, one of the seven
cities promised to Achilles by Agamemnon. It is called after Abia,
daughter of Hercules and nurse of Hyllus. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 30.
――_Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 9, li. 292.

=Abii=, a nation between Scythia and Thrace. They lived upon milk,
were fond of celibacy, and enemies to war. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 13,
li. 6.――According to _Curtius_, bk. 7, ch. 6, they surrendered to
Alexander, after they had been independent since the reign of Cyrus.

=Abĭla=, or =Abyla=, a mountain of Africa, in that part which is
nearest to the opposite mountain called Calpe, on the coast of Spain,
only eighteen miles distant. These two mountains are called the
columns of Hercules, and were said formerly to be united, till
the hero separated them, and made a communication between the
Mediterranean and Atlantic seas. _Strabo_, bk. 3.――_Mela_, bk. 1,
ch. 5; bk. 2, ch. 6.――_Pliny_, bk. 3.

=Abisăres=, an Indian prince, who offered to surrender to Alexander.
_Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 12.

=Abisăris=, a country beyond the Hydaspes in India. _Arrian._

=Abisontes=, some inhabitants of the Alps. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 20.

=Ablētes=, a people near Troy. _Strabo._

=Abnoba=, a mountain of Germany. _Tacitus_, _Germania_, ch. 1.

=Abobrĭca=, a town of Lusitania. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 20.――――Another in
Spain.

=Abœcrĭtus=, a Bœotian general, killed with a thousand men, in a
battle at Chæronea, against the Ætolians. _Plutarch_, _Aratus_.

=Abolāni=, a people of Latium, near Alba. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 5.

=Abōlus=, a river of Sicily. _Plutarch_, _Timoleon_.

=Aboniteichos=, a town of Galatia. _Arrian_, _Periplus of the Euxine
Sea_.

=Aborāca=, a town of Sarmatia.

=Aborigĭnes=, the original inhabitants of Italy; or, according
to others, a nation conducted by Saturn into Latium, where they
taught the use of letters to Evander the king of the country. Their
posterity was called Latini, from Latinus, one of their kings. They
assisted Æneas against Turnus. Rome was built in their country.――The
word signifies _without origin_, or whose _origin is not known_,
and is generally applied to the original inhabitants of any country.
_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 1, &c.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1,
ch. 10.――_Justin_, bk. 43, ch. 1.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5.――_Strabo_,
bk. 5.

=Aborras=, a river of Mesopotamia. _Strabo_, bk. 16.

=Abradātes=, a king of Susa, who, when his wife Panthea had been taken
prisoner by Cyrus, and humanely treated, surrendered himself and
his troops to the conqueror. He was killed in the first battle he
undertook in the cause of Cyrus, and his wife stabbed herself on
his corpse. Cyrus raised a monument on their tomb. _Xenophon_,
_Cyropædia_, bks. 5, 6, &c.

=Abrentius=, was made governor of Tarentum by Annibal. He betrayed his
trust to the enemy to gain the favours of a beautiful woman, whose
brother was in the Roman army. _Polyænus_, bk. 8.

=Abrocŏmas=, son of Darius, was in the army of Xerxes, when he
invaded Greece. He was killed at Thermopylæ. _Herodotus_, bk. 7,
ch. 224.――_Plutarch_, _Cleomenes_.

=Abrodiætus=, a name given to Parrhasius the painter, on account of
the sumptuous manner of his living. _See:_ Parrhasius.

=Abron=, an Athenian, who wrote some treatises on the religious
festivals and sacrifices of the Greeks. Only the titles of his
works are preserved. _Suidas._――――A grammarian of Rhodes, who taught
rhetoric at Rome.――――Another who wrote a treatise on Theocritus.――――A
Spartan, son of Lycurgus the orator. _Plutarch_, _Decem Oratorum_.
――――A native of Argos, famous for his debauchery.

=Abronius Silo=, a Latin poet in the Augustan age. He wrote some
fables. _Seneca._

=Abronycus=, an Athenian, very serviceable to Themistocles in his
embassy to Sparta. _Thucydides_, bk. 1, ch. 91.――_Herodotus_, bk. 8,
ch. 21.

=Abrŏta=, the wife of Nisus, the youngest of the sons of Ægeus. As
a monument to her chastity, Nisus, after her death, ordered the
garments which she wore to become the models of fashion in Megara.
_Plutarch_, _Quæstiones Græcæ_.

=Abrotŏnum=, the mother of Themistocles. _Plutarch_, _Themistocles_.
――――A town of Africa, near the Syrtes. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 4.――――A
harlot of Thrace. _Plutarch_, _Aratus_.

=Abrus=, a city of the Sapæi. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 10.

=Abrypŏlis=, an ally of Rome, driven from his possessions by Perseus,
the last king of Macedonia. _Livy_, bk. 42, chs. 13 & 41.

=Abseus=, a giant, son of Tartarus and Terra. _Hyginus_, preface to
fables.

=Absinthii=, a people on the coasts of Pontus, where there is also a
mountain of the same name. _Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 34.

=Absŏrus=, =Absyrtis=, =Absyrtides=, islands in the Adriatic, or near
Istria, where Absyrtus was killed, whence their name. _Strabo_,
bk. 7.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――_Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 190.

=Absyrtos=, a river falling into the Adriatic sea, near which Absyrtus
was murdered. _Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 190.

=Absyrtus=, a son of Æetes king of Colchis, and Hypsea. His sister
Medea, as she fled away with Jason, tore his body to pieces, and
strewed his limbs in her father’s way, to stop his pursuit. Some
say that she murdered him in Colchis, others, near Istria. It is
said by others, that he was not murdered, but that he arrived safe
in Illyricum. The place where he was killed has been called Tomos,
and the river adjoining to it Absyrtos. _Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 190.――
_Strabo_, bk. 7.――_Hyginus_, fable 23.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1,
ch. 9.――_Flaccus_, bk. 8, li. 261.――_Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 3,
poem 9.――_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 19.――_Pliny_,
bk. 3, chs. 21 & 26.

=Abulītes=, governor of Susa, betrayed his trust to Alexander, and
was rewarded with a province. _Curtius_, bk. 5, ch. 2.――_Diodorus_,
bk. 17.

=Abydēnus=, a disciple of Aristotle, too much indulged by his master.
He wrote some historical treatises on Cyprus, Delos, Arabia, and
Assyria. _Philo Judæus._――_Josephus_, _Against Apion_.

=Abȳdos=, a town of Egypt, where was the famous temple of Osiris.
_Plutarch_, on _De Iside et Osiride_.――――A city of Asia, opposite
Sestos in Europe, with which, from the narrowness of the Hellespont,
it seemed, to those who approach it by sea, to form only one town.
It was built by the Milesians, by permission of king Gyges. It
is famous for the amours of Hero and Leander, and for the bridge
of boats which Xerxes built there across the Hellespont. The
inhabitants, being besieged by Philip the father of Perseus, devoted
themselves to death with their families, rather than fall into the
hands of the enemy. _Livy_, bk. 31, ch. 18.――_Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 674.
――_Justin_, bk. 2, ch. 13.――_Musæus_, _Hero & Leander_.――_Flaccus_,
bk. 1, li. 285.

=Abȳla.= _See:_ Abila.

=Abȳlon=, a city of Egypt.

=Abyssinia=, a large kingdom of Africa, in Upper Æthiopia, where
the Nile takes its rise. The inhabitants are said to be of Arabian
origin, and were little known to the ancients.

=Acacallis=, a nymph, mother of Philander and Phylacis by Apollo.
These children were exposed to the wild beasts in Crete; but a goat
gave them her milk, and preserved their life. _Pausanias_, bk. 10,
ch. 16.――――A daughter of Minos, mother of Cydon by Mercury, and of
Amphithemis by Apollo. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 53.――_Apollonius_,
bk. 4, li. 1493.

=Acacēsium=, a town of Arcadia, built by Acacus son of Lycaon.
Mercury, surnamed Acacesius, because brought up by Acacus as his
foster-father, was worshipped there. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, chs. 3,
36, &c.

=Acacius=, a rhetorician in the age of the emperor Julian.

=Acadēmia=, a place near Athens surrounded with high trees, and
adorned with spacious covered walks, belonging to Academus,
from whom the name is derived. Some derive the word from ἑκας
δημος, _removed from the people_. Here Plato opened his school of
philosophy, and from this, every place sacred to learning has ever
since been called _Academia_. To exclude from it profaneness and
dissipation, it was even forbidden to laugh there. It was called
_Academia vetus_, to distinguish it from the _second Academy_,
founded by Arcesilaus, who made some few alterations in the Platonic
philosophy, and from the _third_ which was established by Carneades.
_Cicero_, _de Divinatione_, bk. 1, ch. 3.――_Diogenes Laërtius_,
bk. 3.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 3, ch. 35.

=Acadēmus=, an Athenian, who discovered to Castor and Pollux where
Theseus had concealed their sister Helen, for which they amply
rewarded him. _Plutarch_, _Theseus_.

=Acalandrus=, or =Acalyndrus=, a river falling into the bay of
Tarentum. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 11.

=Acalle=, a daughter of Minos and Pasiphae. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3,
ch. 1.

=Acamarchis=, one of the Oceanides.

=Acămas=, son of Theseus and Phædra, went with Diomedes to demand Helen
from the Trojans after her elopement from Menelaus. In his embassy
he had a son called Munitus, by Laodice the daughter of Priam. He
was concerned in the Trojan war, and afterwards built the town of
Acamantium in Phrygia, and on his return to Greece called a tribe
after his own name at Athens. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 26.――_Quintus
Smyrnæus_, bk. 12.――_Hyginus_, fable 108.――――A son of Antenor in
the Trojan war. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 11, li. 60, &c.――――A Thracian
auxiliary of Priam in the Trojan war. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 11.

=Acampsis=, a river of Colchis. _Arrian._

=Acantha=, a nymph loved by Apollo, and changed into the flower
Acanthus.

=Acanthus=, a town near mount Athos, belonging to Macedonia, or,
according to others, to Thrace. It was founded by a colony from
Andros. _Thucydides_, bk. 4, ch. 84.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 2.――――
Another in Egypt near the Nile, called also Dulopolis. _Pliny_,
bk. 5, ch. 28.――――An island mentioned by _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 32.

=Acăra=, a town of Pannonia.――――Another in Italy.

=Acaria=, a fountain of Corinth, where Iolas cut off the head of
Eurystheus. _Strabo_, bk. 8.

=Acarnania=, anciently Curetis, a country of Epirus, at the north of
the Ionian sea, divided from Ætolia by the Achelous. The inhabitants
reckoned only six months in the year; they were luxurious, and
addicted to pleasure, so that _porcus Acarnas_ became proverbial.
Their horses were famous. It received its name from Acarnas.
_Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 90.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.――_Strabo_, bks. 7
& 9.――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 24.――_Lucian_, _Dialogi Meretricii_.

=Acarnas= and =Amphoterus=, sons of Alcmæon and Callirhöe. Alcmæon
being murdered by the brothers of Alphesibœa his former wife,
Callirhöe obtained from Jupiter, that her children, who were still
in the cradle, might, by a supernatural power, suddenly grow up to
punish their father’s murderers. This was granted. _See:_ Alcmæon.
_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 24.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9,
fable 10.

=Acarnas= and =Acarnan=, a stony mountain of Attica. _Seneca_,
_Hippolytus_, li. 20.

=Acasta=, one of the Oceanides. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 356.

=Acastus=, son of Pelias king of Thessaly by Anaxibia, married
Astydamia or Hippolyte, who fell in love with Peleus son of Æacus,
when in banishment at her husband’s court. Peleus, rejecting the
addresses of Hippolyte, was accused before Acastus of attempts upon
her virtue, and soon after, at a chase, exposed to wild beasts.
Vulcan, by order of Jupiter, delivered Peleus, who returned to
Thessaly, and put to death Acastus and his wife. _See:_ Peleus and
Astydamia. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, li. 306; _Heroides_,
poem 13, li. 25.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9, &c.――――The second
archon at Athens.

=Acathantus=, a bay in the Red sea.――_Strabo_, bk. 16.

=Acca Laurentia=, the wife of Faustulus shepherd of king Numitor’s
flocks, who brought up Romulus and Remus, who had been exposed on
the banks of the Tiber. From her wantonness, she was called _Lupa_,
prostitute, whence the fable that Romulus was suckled by a she-wolf.
_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1, ch. 18.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 4.
――_Aulus Gellius_, bk. 6, ch. 7.――――The Romans yearly celebrated
certain festivals [_See:_ Laurentalia] in honour of another
prostitute of the same name, which arose from this circumstance:
the keeper of the temple of Hercules, one day playing at dice,
made the god one of the number, on condition that if Hercules was
defeated, he should make him a present, but if he conquered he
should be entertained with an elegant feast, and share his bed with
a beautiful female. Hercules was victorious, and accordingly Acca
was conducted to the bed of Hercules, who in reality came to see her,
and told her in the morning to go into the streets, and salute with
a kiss the first man she met. This was Tarrutius, an old unmarried
man, who, not displeased with Acca’s liberty, loved her, and made
her the heiress of all his possessions. These, at her death, she
gave to the Roman people, whence the honours paid to her memory.
_Plutarch_, _Quæstiones Romanæ_, _Romulus_.――――A companion of
Camilla. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 820.

=Accia=, or =Atia=, daughter of Julia and Marcus Atius Balbus, was the
mother of Augustus, and died about 40 years B.C. _Dio Cassius._――
_Suetonius_, _Augustus_, ch. 4.――――Variola, an illustrious female,
whose cause was eloquently pleaded by Pliny. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 33.

=Accĭla=, a town of Sicily. _Livy_, bk. 24, ch. 35.

=Lucius Accius=, a Roman tragic poet, whose roughness of style
Quintilian has imputed to the unpolished age in which he lived. He
translated some of the tragedies of Sophocles, but of his numerous
pieces only some of the names are known; and among these his Nuptiæ,
Mercator, Neoptolemus, Phœnice, Medea, Atreus, &c. The great marks
of honour which he received at Rome may be collected from this
circumstance: that a man was severely reprimanded by a magistrate
for mentioning his name without reverence. Some few of his verses
are preserved in Cicero and in other writers. He died about 180
years B.C. _Horace_, bk. 2, ltr. 1, li. 56.――_Ovid_, _Amores_, bk. 1,
poem 15, li. 19.――_Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1.――_Cicero_, _Letters
to Atticus_ & _Brutus or de Claris Oratoribus_, bk. 3, ch. 16.――――A
famous orator of Pisaurum in Cicero’s age.――――Labeo, a foolish poet
mentioned _Persius_, bk. 1, li. 50.――――Tullius, a prince of the
Volsci, very inimical to the Romans. Coriolanus, when banished by
his countrymen, fled to him, and led his armies against Rome. _Livy_,
bk. 2, ch. 37.――_Plutarch_, _Coriolanus_.

=Acco=, a general of the Senones in Gaul. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 6,
chs. 4 & 44.――――An old woman who fell mad on seeing her deformity in
a looking-glass. _Hesychius._

=Accua=, a town in Italy. _Livy_, bk. 24, ch. 20.

=Ace=, a town in Phœnicia, called also Ptolemais, now Acre. _Cornelius
Nepos_, _Datames_, ch. 5.――――A place of Arcadia near Megalopolis,
where Orestes was cured from the persecution of the furies, who had
a temple there. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 34.

=Acerātus=, a soothsayer, who remained alone at Delphi when the
approach of Xerxes frightened away the inhabitants. _Herodotus_,
bk. 8, ch. 37.

=Acerbas=, a priest of Hercules at Tyre, who married Dido. _See:_
Sichæus. _Justin_, bk. 18, ch. 4.

=Acerīna=, a colony of the Brutii in Magna Græcia, taken by Alexander
of Epirus. _Livy_, bk. 8, ch. 24.

=Acerræ=, an ancient town of Campania, near the river Clanius. It
still subsists; and the frequent inundations from the river which
terrified its ancient inhabitants, are now prevented by the large
drains dug there. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2, li. 225.――_Livy_,
bk. 8, ch. 17.

=Acersecŏmes=, a surname of Apollo, which signifies _unshorn_.
_Juvenal_, satire 8, li. 128.

=Aces=, a river of Asia. _Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 117.

=Acesia=, part of the island of Lemnos, which received this name from
Philoctetes, whose wound was cured there. _Philostratus._

=Acesīnes=, a river of Sicily. _Thucydides_, bk. 4, ch. 25.

=Acesīnus=, or =Acesīnes=, a river of Persia falling into the Indus.
Its banks produce reeds of such an uncommon size, that a piece of
them, particularly between two knots, can serve as a boat to cross
the water. _Justin_, bk. 12, ch. 9.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.

=Acesius=, a surname of Apollo, in Elis and Attica, as god of medicine.
_Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 24.

=Acesta=, a town of Sicily, called after king Acestes, and known also
by the name of Segesta. It was built by Æneas, who left there part
of his crew, as he was going to Italy. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5,
li. 746, &c.

=Acestes=, son of Crinisus and Egesta, was king of the country near
Drepanum in Sicily. He assisted Priam in the Trojan war, and kindly
entertained Æneas during his voyage, and helped him to bury his
father on mount Eryx. In commemoration of this, Æneas built a city
there called Acesta, from Acestes. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 746.

=Acestium=, a woman who saw all her relations invested with the sacred
office of torch-bearer in the festivals of Ceres. _Pausanias_, bk. 1,
ch. 37.

=Acestodōrus=, a Greek historian, who mentions the review which
Xerxes made of his forces before the battle of Salamis. _Plutarch_,
_Themistocles_.

=Acestorĭdes=, an Athenian archon.――――A Corinthian, governor of
Syracuse. _Diodorus_, bk. 19.

=Acetes=, one of Evander’s attendants. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11,
li. 30.

=Achabȳtos=, a lofty mountain in Rhodes, where Jupiter had a temple.

=Achæa=, a surname of Pallas, whose temple in Daunia was defended by
dogs which fawned upon the Greeks, but fiercely attacked all other
persons. _Aristotle_, _de Mirabilibus_.――――Ceres was called Achæa,
from her _lamentations_ (ἀχεα) at the loss of Proserpine. _Plutarch_,
_De Iside et Osiride_.

=Achæi=, the descendants of Achæus, at first inhabited the country near
Argos, but being driven by the Heraclidæ, 80 years after the Trojan
war, they retired among the Ionians, whose 12 cities they seized
and kept. The names of these cities are Pellene, Ægira, Æges, Bura,
Tritæa, Ægion, Rhypæ, Olenos, Helice, Patræ, Dyme, and Pharæ. The
inhabitants of these three last began a famous confederacy, 284
years B.C., which continued formidable upwards of 130 years, under
the name of the _Achæan league_, and was most illustrious whilst
supported by the splendid virtues and abilities of Aratus and
Philopœmen. Their arms were directed against the Ætolians for three
years, with the assistance of Philip of Macedon, and they grew
powerful by the accession of neighbouring states, and freed their
country from foreign slavery, till at last they were attacked by
the Romans, and, after one year’s hostilities, the Achæan league
was totally destroyed, B.C. 147. The Achæans extended the borders
of their country by conquest and even planted colonies in Magna
Græcia.――――The name of _Achæi_ is generally applied to all the
Greeks, indiscriminately, by the poets. _See:_ Achaia. _Herodotus_,
bk. 1, ch. 145; bk. 8, ch. 36.――_Statius_, _Thebaid_, bk. 2, li. 164.
――_Polybius._――_Livy_, bks. 27, 32, &c.――_Plutarch_, _Philopœmen_.
――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 5.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 605.
――_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 1, &c.――――Also a people of Asia on the
borders of the Euxine. _Ovid_, _Ex Ponto_, bk. 4, poem 10, li. 27.

=Achæium=, a place of Troas, opposite Tenedos. _Strabo_, bk. 8.

=Achæmĕnes=, a king of Persia, among the progenitors of Cyrus the
Great; whose descendants were called Achæmenides, and formed a
separate tribe in Persia, of which the kings were members. Cambyses,
son of Cyrus, on his death-bed, charged his nobles, and particularly
the Achæmenides, not to suffer the Medes to recover their former
power, and abolish the empire of Persia. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 125;
bk. 3, ch. 65; bk. 7, ch. 1.――_Horace_, bk. 2, ode 12, li. 21.――――A
Persian, made governor of Egypt by Xerxes, B.C. 484.

=Achæmenia=, part of Persia, called after Achæmenes. Hence Achæmenius.
_Horace_, _Epodes_, poem 13, li. 12.

=Achæmenĭdes=, a native of Ithaca, son of Adramastus, and one of
the companions of Ulysses, abandoned on the coast of Sicily, where
Æneas, on his voyage to Italy, found him. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3,
li. 624.――_Ovid_, _Ibis_, li. 417.

=Achæorum littus=, a harbour in Cyprus. _Strabo._――――In Troas,――――in
Æolia,――――in Peloponnesus,――――on the Euxine. _Pausanias_, bk. 4,
ch. 34.

=Achæorum statio=, a place on the coast of the Thracian Chersonesus,
where Polyxena was sacrificed to the shades of Achilles, and where
Hecuba killed Polymnestor, who had murdered her son Polydorus.

=Achæus=, a king of Lydia, hung by his subjects for his extortion.
_Ovid_, _Ibis_.――――A son of Xuthus of Thessaly. He fled, after the
accidental murder of a man, to Peloponnesus; where the inhabitants
were called from him, Achæi. He afterwards returned to Thessaly.
_Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 1.――――A tragic poet of
Eretria, who wrote 43 tragedies, of which some of the titles are
preserved, such as Adrastus, Linus, Cycnus, Eumenides, Philoctetes,
Pirithous, Theseus, Œdipus, &c.; of these only one obtained the
prize. He lived some time after Sophocles.――――Another of Syracuse,
author of 10 tragedies.――――A river which falls into the Euxine.
_Arrian_, _Periplus of the Euxine Sea_.――――A relation of Antiochus
the Great, appointed governor of all the king’s provinces beyond
Taurus. He aspired to sovereign power, which he disputed for eight
years with Antiochus, and was at last betrayed by a Cretan. His
limbs were cut off, and his body, sewed in the skin of an ass, was
exposed on a gibbet. _Polybius_, bk. 8.

=Achaia=, called also _Hellas_, a country of Peloponnesus at the north
of Elis on the bay of Corinth, which is now part of Livadia. It was
originally called Ægialus (_shore_) from its situation. The Ionians
called it Ionia, when they settled there; and it received the name
of Achaia, from the Achæi, who dispossessed the Ionians. _See:_
Achæi.――――A small part of Phthiotis was also called Achaia, of which
Alos was the capital.

=Achaicum bellum.= _See:_ Achæi.

=Achăra=, a town near Sardis. _Strabo_, bk. 14.

=Acharenses=, a people of Sicily near Syracuse. _Cicero_, _Against
Verres_, bk. 3.

=Acharnæ=, a village of Attica. _Thucydides_, bk. 2, ch. 19.

=Achātes=, a friend of Æneas, whose fidelity was so exemplary that
_Fidus Achates_ became a proverb. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li.
316.――――A river of Sicily.

=Achĕlōĭdes=, a patronymic given to the Sirens as daughters of
Achelous. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, fable 15.

=Achelorium=, a river of Thessaly. _Polyænus_, bk. 8.

=Achelōus=, the son of Oceanus or Sol by Terra or Tethys, god of the
river of the same name in Epirus. As one of the numerous suitors
of Dejanira daughter of Œneus he entered the lists against Hercules
and being inferior, changed himself into a serpent, and afterwards
into an ox. Hercules broke off one of his horns, and Achelous being
defeated, retired in disgrace into his bed of waters. The broken
horn was taken up by the nymphs, and filled with fruits and flowers,
and after it had for some time adorned the hand of the conqueror, it
was presented to the goddess of plenty. Some say that he was changed
into a river after the victory of Hercules. This river is in Epirus,
and rises in mount Pindus, and after dividing Acarnania from Ætolia,
falls into the Ionian sea. The sand and mud which it carries down,
have formed some islands at its mouth. This river is said by some
to have sprung from the earth after the deluge. _Herodotus_, bk. 2,
ch. 10.――_Strabo_, bk. 10.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, fable 5;
bk. 9, fable 1; _Amores_, bk. 3, poem 6, li. 35.――_Apollodorus_,
bk. 1, chs. 3 & 7; bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Hyginus_, preface to fables.――――A
river of Arcadia falling into the Alpheus.――――Another flowing from
mount Sipylus. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 38.

=Acherdus=, a tribe of Attica; hence _Acherdusius_, _Demosthenes_.

=Acherĭmi=, a people of Sicily. _Cicero_, bk. 3, _Against Verres_.

=Achĕron=, a river of Thesprotia, in Epirus, falling into the bay of
Ambracia. Homer called it, from the dead appearance of its waters,
one of the rivers of hell, and the fable has been adopted by all
succeeding poets, who make the god of the stream to be the son of
Ceres without a father, and say that he concealed himself in hell
for fear of the Titans, and was changed into a bitter stream, over
which the souls of the dead are at first conveyed. It receives,
say they, the souls of the dead, because a deadly languor seizes
them at the hour of dissolution. Some make him son of Titan, and
suppose that he was plunged into hell by Jupiter, for supplying the
Titans with water. The word Acheron is often taken for hell itself.
_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 3, li. 36.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2, li.
292; _Æneid_, bk. 2, li. 295, &c.――_Strabo_, bk. 7.――_Lucan_, bk. 3,
li. 16.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 2.――_Sylvæ_, poem 6, li. 80.――_Livy_,
bk. 8, ch. 24.――――A river of Elis in Peloponnesus.――――Another on the
Riphæan mountains. _Orpheus._――――Also a river in the country of the
Brutii in Italy. _Justin_, bk. 12, ch. 2.

=Acherontia=, a town of Apulia on a mountain, thence called _Nidus_ by
_Horace_, bk. 3, ode 4, li. 14.

=Acherūsia=, a lake of Egypt near Memphis, over which, as Diodorus,
bk. 1, mentions, the bodies of the dead were conveyed, and received
sentence according to the actions of their life. The boat was called
Baris, and the ferryman Charon. Hence arose the fable of Charon
and the Styx, &c., afterwards imported into Greece by Orpheus, and
adopted in the religion of the country.――――There was a river of the
same name in Epirus, and another in Italy in Calabria.

=Acherūsias=, a place or cave in Chersonesus Taurica, where Hercules,
as is reported, dragged Cerberus out of hell. _Xenophon_, _Anabasis_,
bk. 6.

=Achetus=, a river of Sicily. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 14.

=Achillas=, a general of Ptolemy, who murdered Pompey the Great.
_Plutarch_, _Pompey_.――_Lucan_, bk. 8, li. 538.

=Achillēa=, a peninsula near the mouth of the Borysthenes. _Mela_,
bk. 2, ch. 1.――_Herodotus_, bk. 4, chs. 55 & 76.――――An island at the
mouth of the Ister, where was the tomb of Achilles, over which it is
said that birds never flew. _Pliny_, bk. 10, ch. 29.――――A fountain
of Miletus, whose waters rise salted from the earth, and afterwards
sweeten in their course. _Athenaeus_, bk. 2, ch. 2.

=Achilleienses=, a people near Macedonia. _Xenophon_, _Hellenica_,
bk. 3.

=Achillēis=, a poem of Statius, in which he describes the education
and memorable actions of Achilles. This composition is imperfect.
The poet’s premature death deprived the world of a valuable history
of the life and exploits of this famous hero. _See:_ Statius.

=Achilles=, the son of Peleus and Thetis, was the bravest of all the
♦Greeks in the Trojan war. During his infancy, Thetis plunged him
in the Styx, and made every part of his body invulnerable, except
the heel, by which she held him. His education was entrusted to the
centaur Chiron, who taught him the art of war and made him master of
music, and by feeding him with the marrow of wild beasts, rendered
him vigorous and active. He was taught eloquence by Phœnix, whom he
ever after loved and respected. Thetis, to prevent him from going to
the Trojan war, where she knew he was to perish, privately sent him
to the court of Lycomedes, where he was disguised in a female dress,
and, by his familiarity with the king’s daughters, made Deidamia
mother of Neoptolemus. As Troy could not be taken without the aid
of Achilles, Ulysses went to the court of Lycomedes, in the habit of
a merchant, and exposed jewels and arms to sale. Achilles, choosing
the arms, discovered his sex, and went to the war. Vulcan, at the
entreaties of Thetis, made him a strong suit of armour, which was
proof against all weapons. He was deprived by Agamemnon of his
favourite mistress, Briseis, who had fallen to his lot at the
division of the booty of Lyrnessus, and for this affront, he refused
to appear in the field till the death of his friend Patroclus
recalled him to action, and to revenge. _See:_ Patroclus. He slew
Hector the bulwark of Troy, tied the corpse by the heels to his
chariot, and dragged it three times round the walls of Troy. After
thus appeasing the shades of his friend, he yielded to the tears and
entreaties of Priam, and permitted the aged father to ransom and to
carry away Hector’s body. In the 10th year of the war, Achilles was
charmed with Polyxena; and as he solicited her hand in the temple of
Minerva, it is said that Paris aimed an arrow at his vulnerable heel,
of which wound he died. His body was buried at Sigæum, and divine
honours were paid to him, and temples raised to his memory. It is
said, that after the taking of Troy, the ghost of Achilles appeared
to the Greeks, and demanded of them Polyxena, who accordingly was
sacrificed on his tomb by his son Neoptolemus. Some say that this
sacrifice was voluntary, and that Polyxena was so grieved at his
death that she killed herself on his tomb. The Thessalians yearly
sacrificed a black and a white bull on his tomb. It is reported
that he married Helen after the siege of Troy; but others maintain,
that this marriage happened after his death, in the island of Leuce,
where many of the ancient heroes lived, as in a separate elysium.
_See:_ Leuce. When Achilles was young, his mother asked him, whether
he preferred a long life, spent in obscurity and retirement, or a
few years of military fame and glory? and that, to his honour, he
made choice of the latter. Some ages after the Trojan war, Alexander
going to the conquest of Persia, offered sacrifices on the tomb
of Achilles, and admired the hero who had found a Homer to publish
his fame to posterity. _Xenophon_, _On Hunting_.――_Plutarch_,
_Alexander_; _De facie in orbe Lunæ_; _De Musica_; _De amicorum
multitudine_; _Quæstiones Græcæ_.――_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 18,
&c.――_Diodorus_, bk. 17.――_Statius_, _Achilleid_.――_Ovid_,
_Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, fable 3, &c.; _Tristia_, bk. 3, poem 5,
li. 37, &c.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, lis. 472, 488; bk. 2, li. 275;
bk. 6, li. 58, &c.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 13.――_Hyginus_, fables
96 & 110.――_Strabo_, bk. 14.――_Pliny_, bk. 35, ch. 15.――_Maximus of
Tyre_, Oration 27.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 8; bk. 2, odes 4 & 16; bk.
4, ode 6; bk. 2, ltr. 2, li. 42.――_Homer_, _Iliad_ & _Odyssey_.――
_Dictys Cretensis_, bks. 1, 2, 3, &c.――_Dares Phrygius._――_Juvenal_,
satire 7, li. 210.―― _Apollonius_, bk. 4, _Argonautica_, li. 869.――――
There were other persons of the same name. The most known were――a
man who received Juno when she fled from Jupiter’s courtship――――the
preceptor of Chiron the centaur――――a son of Jupiter and Lamia,
declared by Pan to be fairer than Venus――――a man who instituted
ostracism at Athens――――Tatius, a native of Alexandria, in the
age of the emperor Claudius, but originally a pagan, converted
to Christianity, and made a bishop. He wrote a mixed history of
great men, a treatise on the sphere, tactics, a romance on the loves
of Clitophon and Leucippe, &c. Some manuscripts of his works are
preserved in the Vatican and Palatinate libraries. The best edition
of his works is that in 12mo, Leiden, 1640.

♦ ‘Geeeks’ replaced with ‘Greeks’

=Achillēum=, a town of Troas near the tomb of Achilles, built by the
Mityleneans. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 30.

♦=Achilleus=, or =Aquileus=, a Roman general in Egypt, in the reign of
Diocletian, who rebelled, and for five years maintained the imperial
dignity at Alexandria. Diocletian at last marched against him; and
because he had supported a long siege, the emperor ordered him to be
devoured by lions.

♦ Placed in alphabetical order

=Achīvi=, the name of the inhabitants of Argos and Lacedæmon before
the return of the Heraclidæ, by whom they were expelled from
their possessions 80 years after the Trojan war. Being without a
home, they drove the Ionians from Ægialus, seized their 12 cities,
and called the country Achaia. The Ionians were received by the
Athenians. The appellation of _Achivi_ is indiscriminately applied
by the ancient poets to all the Greeks. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 1,
&c. _See:_ Achaia.

=Achladæus=, a Corinthian general, killed by Aristomenes. _Pausanias_,
bk. 4, ch. 19.

=Acholōe=, one of the Harpies. _Hyginus_, fable 14.

=Acichōrius=, a general with Brennus in the expedition which the Gauls
undertook against Pæonia. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 10.

=Acidālia=, a surname of Venus, from a fountain of the same name in
Bœotia, sacred to her. The Graces bathed in the fountain. _Virgil_,
_Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 720.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 468.

=Acidāsa=, a river of Peloponnesus, formerly called Jardanus.
_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 5.

=Acilia=, a plebeian family at Rome, which traced its pedigree up to
the Trojans.――――The mother of Lucan.

=Acilia lex=, was enacted, A.U.C. 556, by Acilius the tribune, for the
plantation of five colonies in Italy. _Livy_, bk. 32, ch. 29.――――
Another called also Calpurnia, A.U.C. 684, which enacted, that no
person convicted of _ambitus_, or using bribes at elections, should
be admitted in the senate, or hold an office.――――Another concerning
such as were guilty of extortion in the provinces.

=Marcus Acilius Balbus=, was consul with Portius Cato, A.U.C. 640. It
is said that during his consulship, milk and blood fell from heaven.
_Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 56.――――Glabrio, a tribune of the people, who
with a legion quelled the insurgent slaves in Etruria. Being consul
with Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica, A.U.C. 563, he conquered
Antiochus at Thermopylæ, for which he obtained a triumph, and
three days were appointed for public thanksgiving. He stood for
the censorship against Cato, but desisted on account of the false
measures used by his competitor. _Justin_, bk. 31, ch. 6.――_Livy_,
bk. 30, ch. 40; bk. 31, ch. 50; bk. 33, ch. 10, &c.――――The son of
the preceding, erected a temple to Piety, which his father had vowed
to this goddess when fighting against Antiochus. He raised a golden
statue to his father, the first that appeared in Italy. The temple
of piety was built on the spot where once a woman had fed with her
milk her aged father, whom the senate had imprisoned, and excluded
from all aliments. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 2, ch. 5.――――The enactor
of a law against bribery.――――A prætor in the time that Verres was
accused by Cicero.――――A man accused of extortion, and twice defended
by Cicero. He was proconsul of Sicily, and lieutenant to Cæsar in
the civil wars. _Cæsar_, _Civil War_, bk. 3, ch. 15.――――A consul,
whose son was killed by Domitian, because he fought with wild beasts.
The true cause of this murder was, that young Glabrio was stronger
than the emperor, and therefore envied. _Juvenal_, satire 4, li. 94.

=Acilla=, a town of Africa, near Adrumetum. Some read Acolla. _Cæsar_,
_African War_, ch. 33.

=Acis=, a shepherd of Sicily, son of Faunus and the nymph Simæthis.
Galatæa passionately loved him; upon which his rival Polyphemus,
through jealousy, crushed him to death with a piece of a broken rock.
The gods changed Acis into a stream, which rises from mount Ætna.
_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, fable 8.

=Acmon=, a native of Lyrnessus, who accompanied Æneas into Italy. His
father’s name was Clytus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 128.

=Acmonĭdes=, one of the Cyclops. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 288.

=Acœtes=, the pilot of the ship whose crew found Bacchus asleep, and
carried him away. As they ridiculed the god, they were changed into
sea monsters, but Acœtes was preserved. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
bk. 3, fable 8, &c. _See:_ Acetes.

=Acontes=, one of Lycaon’s 50 sons. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 8.

=Aconteus=, a famous hunter changed into a stone by the head of Medusa,
at the nuptials of Perseus and Andromeda. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
bk. 5, li. 201.――――A person killed in the wars of Æneas and Turnus,
in Italy. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 615.

=Acontius=, a youth of Cea, who, when he went to Delos to see the
sacrifice of Diana, fell in love with Cydippe, a beautiful virgin,
and being unable to obtain her, on account of the obscurity of his
origin, wrote these verses on an apple, which he threw into her
bosom:

_Juro tibi sanctæ per mystica sacra Dianæ,
Me tibi venturam comitem, sponsamque futuram._

Cydippe read the verses, and being compelled by the oath she had
inadvertently made, married Acontius. _Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 20.
――――A mountain of Bœotia. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 7.

=Acontobūlus=, a place of Cappadocia, under Hyppolyte queen of the
Amazons. _Apollonius_, _Argonautica_, bk. 2.

=Acōris=, a king of Egypt, who assisted Evagoras king of Cyprus
against Persia. _Diodorus_, bk. 15.

=Acra=, a town in Italy,――――Eubœa,――――Cyprus,――――Acarnania,――――
Sicily, ――――Africa,――――Sarmatia, &c.――――A promontory of Calabria,
now Capo di Leuca.

=Acradīna=, the citadel of Syracuse, taken by Marcellus the Roman
consul. _Plutarch_, _Marcellus_.――_Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 4.

=Acræ=, a mountain in Peloponnesus. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 34.

=Acræa=, a daughter of the river Asterion.――――A surname of Diana, from
a temple built to her by Melampus, on a mountain near Argos.――――A
surname of Juno. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 17.

=Acræphnia=, a town in Bœotia; whence Apollo is called Acraæphnius.
_Herodotus_, bk. 8, ch. 135.

=Acragallĭdæ=, a dishonest nation living anciently near Athens.
_Æschines_, _Against Ctesiphon_.

=Acrăgas.= _See:_ Agragas.

=Acrātus=, a freedman of Nero, sent into Asia to plunder the temples
of the gods. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 15, ch. 45; bk. 16, ch. 23.

=Acrias=, one of Hippodamia’s suitors. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 21.――――
He built Acriæ, a town of Laconia. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 21.

=Acridophăgi=, an Æthiopian nation, who fed upon locusts, and lived
not beyond their 40th year. At the approach of old age swarms of
winged lice attacked them, and gnawed their belly and breast, till
the patient, by rubbing himself, drew blood, which increased their
number, and ended in his death. _Diodorus_, bk. 3.――_Pliny_, bk. 11,
ch. 29.――_Strabo_, bk. 16.

=Acrīon=, a Pythagorean philosopher of Locris. _Cicero_, _De Finibus_,
bk. 5, ch. 29.

=Acrisioneus=, a patronymic applied to the Argives, from Acrisius, one
of their ancient kings, or from Acrisione, a town of Argolis, called
after a daughter of Acrisius of the same name. _Virgil_, _Æneid_,
bk. 7, li. 410.

=Acrisioniădes=, a patronymic of Perseus, from his grandfather Acrisius.
_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 70.

=Acrisius=, son of Abas king of Argos, by Ocalea daughter of Mantineus.
He was born at the same birth as Prœtus, with whom it is said that
he quarrelled even in his mother’s womb. After many dissensions,
Prœtus was driven from Argos. Acrisius had Danae by Eurydice
daughter of Lacedæmon; and being told by an oracle, that his
daughter’s son would put him to death, he confined Danae in a
brazen tower, to prevent her becoming a mother. She, however,
became pregnant, by Jupiter changed into a golden shower; and though
Acrisius ordered her, and her infant called Perseus, to be exposed
on the sea, yet they were saved; and Perseus soon after became so
famous for his actions, that Acrisius, anxious to see so renowned
a grandson, went to Larissa. Here Perseus, wishing to show his
skill in throwing a quoit, killed an old man who proved to be his
grandfather, whom he knew not, and thus the oracle was unhappily
fulfilled. Acrisius reigned about 31 years. _Hyginus_, fable
63.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, fable 16.――_Horace_, bk. 3,
ode 16.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 2, &c.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2,
ch. 16, &c.――_See:_ Danae, Perseus, Polydectes.

=Acrītas=, a promontory of Messenia, in Peloponnesus. _Pliny_, bk. 4,
ch. 5.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.