Chapter D (16)

=Juliānus=, a son of Julius Constantius, the brother of Constantine
the Great, born at Constantinople. The massacre which attended
the elevation of the sons of Constantine the Great to the throne,
nearly proved fatal to Julian and to his brother Gallus. The two
brothers were privately educated together, and taught the doctrines
of the christian religion, and exhorted to be modest, temperate,
and to despise the gratification of all sensual pleasures. Gallus
received the instructions of his pious teachers with deference
and submission, but Julian showed his dislike for christianity
by secretly cherishing a desire to become one of the votaries of
paganism. He gave sufficient proofs of this propensity when he went
to Athens in the 24th year of his age, where he applied himself to
the study of magic and astrology. He was some time after appointed
over Gaul, with the title of Cæsar, by Constans, and there he showed
himself worthy of the imperial dignity by his prudence, valour, and
the numerous victories which he obtained over the enemies of Rome in
Gaul and Germany. His mildness, as well as his condescension, gained
him the hearts of his soldiers; and when Constans, to whom Julian
was become suspected, ordered him to send him part of his forces
to go into the east, the army immediately mutinied, and promised
immortal fidelity to their leader, by refusing to obey the order of
Constans. They even compelled Julian, by threats and entreaties, to
accept of the title of independent emperor and of Augustus; and the
death of Constans, which soon after happened, left him sole master
of the Roman empire, A.D. 261. Julian then disclosed his religious
sentiments, and publicly disavowed the doctrines of christianity,
and offered solemn sacrifices to all the gods of ancient Rome. This
change of religious opinion was attributed to the austerity with
which he received the precepts of christianity, or, according to
others, to the literary conversation and persuasive eloquence of
some of the Athenian philosophers. From this circumstance, therefore,
Julian has been called _Apostate_. After he had made his public
entry at Constantinople, he determined to continue the Persian
war, and check those barbarians, who had for 60 years derided the
indolence of the Roman emperors. When he had crossed the Tigris,
he burned his fleet, and advanced with boldness into the enemy’s
country. His march was that of a conqueror; he met with no opposition
from a weak and indigent enemy; but the country of Assyria had
been left desolate by the Persians, and Julian, without corn or
provisions, was obliged to retire. As he could not convey his fleet
again over the streams of the Tigris, he took the resolution of
marching up the source of the river, and imitating the bold return
of the 10,000 Greeks. As he advanced through the country he defeated
the officers of Sapor the king of Persia; but an engagement proved
fatal to him, and he received a deadly wound as he animated his
soldiers to battle. He expired the following night, the 27th of June,
A.D. 363 in the 32nd year of his age. His last moments were spent
in a conversation with a philosopher about the immortality of the
soul, and he breathed his last without expressing the least sorrow
for his fate, or the suddenness of his death. Julian’s character has
been admired by some and censured by others, but the malevolence of
his enemies arises from his apostacy. As a man and as a monarch he
demands our warmest commendations; but we must blame his idolatry,
and despise his bigoted principles. He was moderate in his successes,
merciful to his enemies, and amiable in his character. He abolished
the luxuries which reigned in the court of Constantinople, and
dismissed with contempt the numerous officers who waited upon
Constantius, to anoint his head or perfume his body. He was frugal
in his meals and slept little, reposing himself on a skin spread on
the ground. He awoke at midnight, and spent the rest of the night
in reading or writing, and issued early from his tent to pay his
daily visit to the guards around the camp. He was not fond of public
amusements, but rather dedicated his time to study and solitude.
When he passed through Antioch in his Persian expedition, the
inhabitants of the place, offended at his religious sentiments,
ridiculed his person and lampooned him in satirical verses. The
emperor made use of the same arms for his defence, and rather than
destroy his enemies by the sword, he condescended to expose them to
derision, and unveil their follies and debaucheries in a humerous
work, which he called Misopogon, or _beard-hater_. He imitated the
virtuous example of Scipio and Alexander, and laid no temptation
for his virtue by visiting some female captives that had fallen into
his hands. In his matrimonial connections, Julian rather consulted
policy than inclination, and his marriage with the sister of
Constantius arose from his unwillingness to offend his benefactor,
rather than to obey the laws of nature. He was buried at Tarsus, and
afterwards his body was conveyed to Constantinople. He distinguished
himself by his writings, as well as by his military character.
Besides his Misopogon, he wrote the history of Gaul. He also wrote
two letters to the Athenians; and, besides, there are now extant 64
of his letters on various subjects. His Cæsars is the most famous
of all his compositions, being a satire upon all the Roman emperors
from Julius Cæsar to Constantine. It is written in the form of
a dialogue, in which the author severely attacks the venerable
character of Marcus Aurelius, whom he had proposed to himself as
a pattern, and speaks in scurrilous and abusive language of his
relation Constantine. It has been observed of Julian that, like
Cæsar, he could employ at the same time his hand to write, his
ear to listen, his eyes to read, and his mind to dictate. The best
edition of his works is that of Spanheim, folio, Leipsic, 1696;
and of the Cæsars, that of Heusinger, 8vo, Gothæ, 1741. _Julian._
――_Socrates._――_Eutropius._――_Ammianus Marcellinus._――_Libanius_,
&c.――――A son of Constantine.――――A maternal uncle of the emperor
Julian.――――A Roman emperor. _See:_ Didius.――――A Roman, who
proclaimed himself emperor in Italy during the reign of Diocletian,
&c.――――A governor of Africa.――――A counsellor of the emperor Adrian.
――――A general in Dacia, in Domitian’s reign.

=Julii=, a family of Alba, brought to Rome by Romulus, where they soon
rose to the greatest honours of the state. Julius Cæsar and Augustus
were of this family; and it was said, perhaps through flattery, that
they were lineally descended from Æneas the founder of Lavinium.

=Jūliomăgus=, a city of Gaul, now _Angers_, in Anjou.

=Juliopŏlis=, a town of Bithynia, supposed by some to be the same as
Tarsus of Cilicia.

=Jūlis=, a town of the island of Cos, which gave birth to Simonides,
&c. The walls of this city were all marble, and there are now some
pieces remaining entire above 12 feet in height, as the monuments of
its ancient splendour. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.

=Jūlius Cæsar.= _See:_ Cæsar.――――Agricola, a governor of Britain,
A.C. 80, who first discovered that Britain was an island by sailing
round it. His son-in-law, the historian Tacitus, has written an
account of his life. _Tacitus_, _Agricola_.――――Obsequens, a Latin
writer who flourished A.D. 214. The best edition of his book _de
prodigiis_ is that of Oudendorp, 8vo, Leiden, 1720.――――Sextus,
a pretor, &c. _Cicero_, _Rhetorica ad Herennium_, bk. 2, ch. 13.
――――Agrippa, banished from Rome by Nero, after the discovery of the
Pisonian conspiracy. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 15, ch. 71.――――Solinus,
a writer. _See:_ Solinus.――――Titianus, a writer in the age of
Diocletian. His son became famous for his oratorical powers, and was
made preceptor in the family of Maximinus. Julius wrote a history
of all the provinces of the Roman empire, greatly commended by the
ancients. He also wrote some letters, in which he happily imitated
the style and elegance of Cicero, for which he was called the _ape
of his age_.――――Africanus, a chronologer, who flourished A.D. 220.
――――Constantius, the father of the emperor Julian, was killed at
the accession of the sons of Constantine to the throne, and his son
nearly shared his fate.――――Pollux, a grammarian of Naupactus, in
Egypt. _See:_ Pollux.――――Canus, a celebrated Roman, put to death by
order of Caracalla. He bore the undeserved punishment inflicted on
him with the greatest resignation, and even pleasure.――――Proculus,
a Roman, who solemnly declared to his countrymen, after Romulus
had disappeared, that he had seen him above a human shape, and
that he had ordered him to tell the Romans to honour him as a god.
Julius was believed. _Plutarch_, _Romulus_.――_Ovid._――――Florus.
_See:_ Florus.――――Lucius Cæsar, a Roman consul, uncle to Antony the
triumvir the father of Cæsar the dictator. He died as he was putting
on his shoes.――――Celsus, a tribune imprisoned for conspiring against
Tiberius. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 6, ch. 14.――――Maximinus, a
Thracian, who, from a shepherd, became an emperor of Rome. _See:_
Maximinus.

=Iūlus=, the name of Ascanius the son of Æneas. _See:_ Ascanius.
――――A son of Ascanius, born in Lavinium. In the succession to the
kingdom of Alba, Æneas Sylvius the son of Æneas and Lavinia was
preferred to him. He was, however, made chief priest. _Dionysius of
Halicarnassus_, bk. 1.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 271.――――A son
of Antony the triumvir and Fulvi. _See:_ Antonius Julius.

=Jūnia lex=, _Sacrata_, by Lucius Junius Brutus the first tribune of
the people, A.U.C. 260. It ordained that the person of the tribune
should be held sacred and inviolable; that an appeal might be made
from the consuls to the tribunes; and that no senator should be able
to exercise the office of a tribune.――――Another, A.U.C. 627, which
excluded all foreigners from enjoying the privileges or names of
Roman citizens.

=Junia=, a niece of Cato of Utica, who married Cassius, and died 64
years after her husband had killed himself at the battle of Philippi.
――――Calvina, a beautiful Roman lady, accused of incest with her
brother Silanus. She was descended from Augustus. She was banished
by Claudius, and recalled by Nero. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 2, ch. 4.

=Junius Blæsus=, a proconsul of Africa under the emperors. _Tacitus_,
_Annals_, bk. 3, ch. 35.――――Lupus, a senator who accused Vitellius
of aspiring to the sovereignty, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 12,
ch. 42.――――Decimus Silanus, a Roman who committed adultery with
Julia the granddaughter of Augustus, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 3,
ch. 24.――――Brutus. _See:_ Brutus.

=Jūno=, a celebrated deity among the ancients, daughter of Saturn and
Ops. She was sister to Jupiter, Pluto, Neptune, Vesta, Ceres, &c.
She was born at Argos, or, according to others, in Samos, and was
entrusted to the care of the Seasons, or, as Homer and Ovid mention,
to Oceanus and Tethys. Some of the inhabitants of Argolis supposed
that she had been brought up by the three daughters of the river
Asterion; and the people of Stymphalus, in Arcadia, maintained that
she had been educated under the care of Temenus the son of Pelasgus.
Juno was devoured by Saturn, according to some mythologists; and
according to Apollodorus she was again restored to the world by
means of a potion which Metis gave to Saturn, to make him throw up
the stone which his wife had given him to swallow instead of Jupiter.
_See:_ Saturnus. Jupiter was not insensible to the charms of his
sister; and the more powerfully to gain her confidence he changed
himself into a cuckoo, and raised a great storm, and made the air
unusually chill and cold. Under this form he went to the goddess,
all shivering. Juno pitied the cuckoo, and took him into her bosom.
When Jupiter had gained these advantages, he resumed his original
form, and obtained the gratification of his desires, after he had
made a solemn promise of marriage to his sister. The nuptials of
Jupiter and Juno were celebrated with the greatest solemnity: the
gods, all mankind, and all the brute creation, attended. Chelone, a
young woman, was the only one who refused to come, and who derided
the ceremony. For this impiety Mercury changed her into a tortoise,
and condemned her to perpetual silence; from which circumstance
the tortoise has always been used as a symbol of silence among the
ancients. By her marriage with Jupiter, Juno became the queen of all
the gods, and mistress of heaven and earth. Her conjugal happiness,
however, was frequently disturbed by the numerous amours of her
husband, and she showed herself jealous and inexorable in the
highest degree. Her severity to the mistresses and illegitimate
children of her husband was unparalleled. She persecuted Hercules
and his descendants with the most inveterate fury; and her
resentment against Paris, who had given the golden apple to Venus
in preference to herself, was the cause of the Trojan war and of
all the miseries which happened to the unfortunate house of Priam.
Her severities to Alcmena, Ino, Athamas, Semele, &c., are also well
known. Juno had some children by Jupiter. According to Hesiod she
was mother of Mars, Hebe, and Ilithyia, or Lucina; and besides these,
she brought forth Vulcan, without having any commerce with the other
sex, but only by smelling a certain plant. This was in imitation
of Jupiter, who had produced Minerva from his brain. According
to others, it was not Vulcan, but Mars, or Hebe, whom she brought
forth in this manner, and this was after eating some lettuces at
the table of Apollo. The daily and repeated debaucheries of Jupiter
at last provoked Juno to such a degree, that she retired to Eubœa,
and resolved for ever to forsake his bed. Jupiter produced a
reconciliation, after he had applied to Cithæron for advice, and
after he had obtained forgiveness by fraud and artifice. _See:_
Dædala. This reconciliation, however cordial ♦it might appear, was
soon dissolved by new offences; and, to stop the complaints of the
jealous Juno, Jupiter had often recourse to violence and blows. He
even punished the cruelties which she had exercised upon his son
Hercules, by suspending her from the heavens by a golden chain, and
tying a heavy anvil to her feet. Vulcan was punished for assisting
his mother in this degrading situation, and he was kicked down from
heaven by his father, and broke his leg by the fall. This punishment
rather irritated than pacified Juno. She resolved to revenge it,
and she engaged some of the gods to conspire against Jupiter and
to imprison him, but Thetis delivered him from this conspiracy, by
bringing to his assistance the famous Briareus. Apollo and Neptune
were banished from heaven for joining in the conspiracy, though some
attribute their exile to different causes. The worship of Juno was
universal, and even more than that of Jupiter, according to some
authors. Her sacrifices were offered with the greatest solemnity.
She was particularly worshipped at Argos, Samos, Carthage, and
afterwards at Rome. The ancients generally offered on her altars
a ewe lamb and a sow the first day of every month. No cows were
ever immolated to her, because she assumed the nature of that
animal when the gods fled into Egypt in their war with the giants.
Among the birds, the hawk, the goose, and particularly the peacock,
often called _Junonia avis_ [_See:_ Argus], were sacred to her. The
dittany, the poppy, and the lily were her favourite flowers. The
latter flower was originally of the colour of the crocus; but, when
Jupiter placed Hercules to the breasts of Juno while asleep, some of
her milk fell down upon earth, and changed the colour of the lilies
from purple to a beautiful white. Some of the milk also dropped in
that part of the heavens which, from its whiteness, still retains
the name of the milky way, _lactea via_. As Juno’s power was
extended over all the gods, she often made use of the goddess
Minerva as her messenger, and even had the privilege of hurling the
thunder of Jupiter when she pleased. Her temples were numerous, the
most famous of which were at Argos, Olympia, &c. At Rome, no woman
of debauched character was permitted to enter her temple, or even
to touch it. The surnames of Juno are various; they are derived
either from the function or things over which she presided, or from
the places where her worship was established. She was the queen of
the heavens; she protected cleanliness, and presided over marriage
and child-birth, and particularly patronized the most faithful and
virtuous of the sex, and severely punished incontinence and lewdness
in matrons. She was the goddess of all power and empire, and she was
also the patroness of riches. She is represented sitting on a throne
with a diadem on her head and a golden sceptre in her right hand.
Some peacocks generally sat by her, and a cuckoo often perched on
her sceptre, while Iris behind her displayed the thousand colours of
her beautiful rainbow. She is sometimes carried through the air in a
rich chariot drawn by peacocks. The Roman consuls, when they entered
upon office, were always obliged to offer her a solemn sacrifice.
The Juno of the Romans was called Matrona or Romana. She was
generally represented as veiled from head to foot, and the Roman
matrons always imitated this manner of dressing themselves, and
deemed it indecent in any married woman to leave any part of
her body but her face uncovered. She has received the surnames
of Olympia, Sarnia, Lacedæmonia, Argiva, Telchinia, Candrena,
Rescinthes, Prosymna, Imbrasia, Acrea, Cithæroneia, Bunea, Ammonia,
Fluonia, Anthea, Migale, Gemelia, Tropeia, Boopis, Parthenos,
Teleia, Xera, Egophage, Hyperchinia, Juga, Ilithyia, Lucina,
Pronuba, Caprotina, Mena, Populonia, Lacinia, Sospita, Moneta,
Curis, Domiduca, Februa, Opigenia, &c. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_,
bk. 2.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, &c.――_Apollodorus_, bks. 1, 2, 3.
――_Apollonius_, bk. 1.――_Argon._――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 1, &c.
――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, &c.――_Herodotus_, bks. 1, 2, 4, &c.
――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 1.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1.
――_Livy_, bks. 23, 24, 27, &c.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, &c.;
_Fasti_, bk. 5.――_Plutarch_, _Quæstiones Romanæ_.――_Tibullus_, bk. 4,
poem 13.――_Athenæus_, bk. 15.――_Pliny_, bk. 34.

♦ ‘in’ replaced with ‘it’

=Junonālia= and =Junonia=, festivals at Rome in honour of Juno, the
same as the Heræa of the Greeks. _See:_ Heræa. _Livy_, bk. 27,
ch. 37.

=Junōnes=, a name of the protecting genii of the women among the
Romans. They generally swore by them, as the men by their genii.
There were altars often erected to their honour. _Pliny_, bk. 2,
ch. 7.――_Seneca_, ltr. 110.

=Junōnia=, two islands, supposed to be among the Fortunate Islands.
――――A name which Gracchus gave to Carthage, when he went with 6000
Romans to rebuild it.

=Junonigĕna=, a surname of Vulcan, as son of Juno. _Ovid_,
_Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 173.

=Junōnis promontorium=, a promontory of Peloponnesus.――――Laciniæ
templum, a temple of Juno in Italy, between Crotona and the Lacinian
promontory.

=Jūpĭter=, the most powerful of all the gods of the ancients. According
to Varro, there were no less than 300 persons of that name; Diodorus
mentions two; and Cicero three, two of Arcadia, and one of Crete. To
that of Crete, who passed for the son of Saturn and Ops, the actions
of the rest have been attributed. According to the opinion of the
mythologists, Jupiter was saved from destruction by his mother, and
entrusted to the care of the Corybantes. Saturn, who had received
the kingdom of the world from his brother Titan, on condition of not
raising male children, devoured all his sons as soon as born; but
Ops, offended at her husband’s cruelty, secreted Jupiter, and gave
a stone to Saturn, which he devoured on the supposition that it was
a male child. Jupiter was educated in a cave on mount Ida, in Crete,
and fed upon the milk of the goat Amalthæa, or upon honey, according
to others. He received the name of _Jupiter_, _quasi juvans pater_.
His cries were drowned by the noise of cymbals and drums, which the
Corybantes beat at the express command of Ops. _See:_ Corybantes. As
soon as he was a year old, Jupiter found him sufficiently strong to
make war against the Titans, who had imprisoned his father because
he had brought up male children. The Titans were conquered, and
Saturn set at liberty by the hands of his son. Saturn, however,
soon after, apprehensive of the power of Jupiter, conspired against
his life, and was, for this treachery, driven from his kingdom, and
obliged to fly for safety into Latium. Jupiter, now become the sole
master of the empire of the world, divided it with his brothers.
He reserved for himself the kingdom of heaven, and gave the empire
of the sea to Neptune, and that of the infernal regions to Pluto.
The peaceful beginning of his reign was soon interrupted by the
rebellion of the giants, who were sons of the earth, and who wished
to revenge the death of their relations the Titans. They were
so powerful that they hurled rocks, and heaped up mountains upon
mountains, to scale heaven, so that all the gods, to avoid their
fury, fled to Egypt, where they escaped from the danger by assuming
the form of different animals. Jupiter, however, animated them, and
by the assistance of Hercules, he totally overpowered the gigantic
race, which had proved such tremendous enemies. _See:_ Gigantes.
Jupiter, now freed from every apprehension, gave himself up to the
pursuit of pleasures. He married Metis, Themis, Eurynome, Ceres,
Mnemosyne, Latona, and Juno. _See:_ Juno. He became a Proteus to
gratify his passions. He introduced himself to Danae in a shower of
gold; he corrupted Antiope in the form of a satyr, and Leda in the
form of a swan; he became a bull to seduce Europa, and he enjoyed
the company of Ægina in the form of a flame of fire. He assumed the
habit of Diana to corrupt Callisto, and became Amphitryon to gain
the affections of Alcmena. His children were also numerous as well
as his mistresses. According to Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 3, he was
father of the Seasons, Irene, Eunomia, the Fates, Clotho, Lachesis,
and Atropos by Themis; of Venus by Dione; of the Graces, Aglaia,
Euphrosyne, and Thalia, by Eurynome the daughter of Oceanus; of
Proserpine by Styx; of the nine muses by Mnemosyne, &c. _See:_
Niobe, Laodamia, Pyrrha, Protogenia, Electra, Maia, Semele, &c. The
worship of Jupiter was universal; he was the Ammon of the Africans,
the Belus of Babylon, the Osiris of Egypt, &c. His surnames were
numerous, many of which he received from the place or function
over which he presided. He was severally called Jupiter Feretrius,
Inventor, Elicius, Capitolinus, Latialis, Pistor, Sponsor, Herceus,
Anxurus, Victor, Maximus, Optimus, Olympius, Fluvialis, &c. The
worship of Jupiter surpassed that of the other gods in solemnity.
His altars were not, like those of Saturn and Diana, stained with
the blood of human victims, but he was delighted with the sacrifice
of goats, sheep, and white bulls. The oak was sacred to him because
he first taught mankind to live upon acorns. He is generally
represented as sitting upon a golden or ivory throne, holding in
one hand thunderbolts just ready to be hurled, and in the other, a
sceptre of cypress. His looks express majesty, his beard flows long
and neglected, and the eagle stands with expanded wings at his feet.
He is sometimes represented with the upper parts of his body naked,
and those below the waist carefully covered, as if to show that he
is visible to the gods above, but that he is concealed from the
sight of the inhabitants of the earth. Jupiter had several oracles,
the most celebrated of which were at Dodona, and Ammon, in Libya.
As Jupiter was the king and father of gods and men, his power was
extended over the deities, and everything was subservient to his
will, except the Fates. From him mankind received their blessings
and their miseries, and they looked upon him as acquainted with
everything past, present, and future. He was represented at
Olympia with a crown like olive branches; his mantle was variegated
with different flowers, particularly by the lily, and the eagle
perched on the top of the sceptre which he held in his hand. The
Cretans represented Jupiter without ears, to signify that the
sovereign master of the world ought not to give a partial ear to any
particular person, but be equally candid and propitious to all. At
Lacedæmon he appeared with four heads, that he might seem to hear
with greater readiness the different prayers and solicitations which
were daily poured to him from every part of the earth. It is said
that Minerva came all armed from his brains when he ordered Vulcan
to open his head. _Pausanias_, bks. 1, 2, &c.――_Livy_, bks. 1,
4, 5, &c.――_Diodorus_, bks. 1 & 3.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bks. 1, 5,
&c.; _Odyssey_, bks. 1, 4, &c.; _Hymn 23 to Zeus_.――_Orpheus._
――_Callimachus_, _Hymn to Zeus_.――_Pindar_, _Olympian_, bks. 1, 3,
5.――_Apollonius_, bk. 1, &c.――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_; _Shield of
Heracles_; _Works and Days_.――_Lycophron_, _Cassandra_.――_Virgil_,
_Æneid_, bks. 1, 2, &c.; _Georgics_, bk. 3.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
bk. 1, fable 1, &c.――_Horace_, bk. 3, ode 1, &c.

=Jura=, a high ridge of mountains separating the Helvetii from the
Sequani, or Switzerland from Burgundy. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 1,
ch. 2.

=Justīnus Marcus Junianus=, a Latin historian in the age of Antoninus,
who epitomized the history of Trogus Pompeius. This epitome,
according to some traditions, was the cause that the comprehensive
work of Trogus was lost. It comprehends the history of the Assyrian,
Persian, Grecian, Macedonia, and Roman empires, &c., in a neat and
elegant style. It is replete with many judicious reflections and
animated harangues, but the author is often too credulous, and
sometimes examines events too minutely, while others are related
only in a few words too often obscure. The indecency of many of his
expressions is deservedly censured. The best editions of Justin are
that of Abraham Gronovius, 8vo, Leiden, 1719, that of Hearne, 8vo,
Oxford, 1703, and that of Barbou, 12mo, Paris, 1770.――――Martyr, a
Greek father, formerly a Platonic philosopher, born at Palestine. He
died in Egypt, and wrote two apologies for the christians, besides
his dialogue with a Jew; two treatises, &c., in a plain, unadorned
style. The best editions of Justin Martyr are that of Paris, folio,
1636; that of his apologies, 2 vols., 8vo, 1700 & 1703; and Jebb’s
dialogue with Trypho, published in London, 1722.――――An emperor of
the east, who reigned nine years, and died A.D. 526.――――Another,
who died A.D. 564, after a reign of 38 years.――――Another, who died
577 A.D., after a reign of 13 years.

=Juturna=, a sister of Turnus king of the Rutuli. She heard with
contempt the addresses of Jupiter, or, according to others, she was
not unfavourable to his passion, so that the god rewarded her love
with immortality. She was afterwards changed into a fountain of the
same name near the Numicus, falling into the Tiber. The waters of
that fountain were used in sacrifices, and particularly in those
of Vesta. They had the power to heal diseases. _Varro_, _de Lingua
Latina_, bk. 1, ch. 10.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 1, li. 708; bk. 2,
li. 585.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 12, li. 139.――_Cicero_, _For Aulus
Cluentius_, ch. 36.

=Juvenālis Decius Junius=, a poet born at Aquinum in Italy. He came
early to Rome, and passed some time in declaiming; after which he
applied himself to write satires, 16 of which are extant. He spoke
with virulence against the partiality of Nero for the pantomime
Paris, and though all his satire and declamation were pointed
against this ruling favourite of the emperor, yet Juvenal lived
in security during the reign of Nero. After the death of Nero,
the effects of the resentment of Paris were severely felt, and the
satirist was sent by Domitian as governor on the frontiers of Egypt.
Juvenal was then in the 80th year of his age, and he suffered much
from the trouble which attended his office, or rather his exile. He
returned, however, to Rome, after the death of Paris, and died in
the reign of Trajan, A.D. 128. His writings are fiery and animated,
and they abound with humour. He is particularly severe upon the vice
and dissipation of the age he lived in; but the gross and indecent
manner in which he exposed to ridicule the follies of mankind,
rather encourages than disarms the debauched and licentious. He
wrote with acrimony against all his adversaries, and whatever
displeased or offended him was exposed to his severest censure.
It is to be acknowledged that Juvenal is far more correct than
his contemporaries, a circumstance which some have attributed to
his judgment and experience, which were uncommonly mature, as his
satires were the productions of old age. He may be called, and
with reason, perhaps, the last of the Roman poets. After him poetry
decayed, and nothing more claims our attention as a perfect poetical
composition. The best editions are those of Casaubon, 4to, Leiden,
1695, with Persius, and of Hawkey, Dublin, 12mo, 1746, and of
Grævius, _cum notis variorum_, 8vo, Leiden, 1684.

=Juventas=, or =Juventus=, a goddess at Rome who presided over
youth and vigour. She is the same as the Hebe of the Greeks, and
represented as a beautiful nymph, arrayed in variegated garments.
_Livy_, bk. 5, ch. 54; bk. 21, ch. 62; bk. 36, ch. 36.――_Ovid_,
_ex Ponto_, bk. 1, ltr. 9, li. 12.

=Juverna=, or =Hibernia=, an island at the west of Britain, now called
_Ireland_. _Juvenal_, satire 2, li. 160.

=Ixibatæ=, a people of Pontus.

=Ixīon=, a king of Thessaly, son of Phlegas, or, according to Hyginus,
of Leontes, or, according to Diodorus, of Antion, by Perimela
daughter of Amythaon. He married Dia daughter of Eioneus or Deioneus,
and promised his father-in-law a valuable present for the choice
he had made of him to be his daughter’s husband. His unwillingness,
however, to fulfil his promises obliged Deioneus to have recourse to
violence to obtain it, and he stole away some of his horses. Ixion
concealed his resentment under the mask of friendship; he invited
his father-in-law to a feast at Larissa, the capital of his kingdom,
and when Deioneus was come, according to the appointment, he threw
him into a pit, which he had previously filled with wood and burning
coals. This premeditated treachery so irritated the neighbouring
princes, that all of them refused to perform the usual ceremony,
by which a man was then purified of murder, and Ixion was shunned
and despised by all mankind. Jupiter had compassion upon him, and
he carried him to heaven, and introduced him at the table of the
gods. Such a favour, which ought to have awakened gratitude in Ixion,
served only to inflame his lust; he became enamoured of Juno, and
attempted to seduce her. Juno was willing to gratify the passion
of Ixion, though according to others she informed Jupiter of the
attempts which had been made upon her virtue. Jupiter made a cloud
in the shape of Juno, and carried it to the place where Ixion had
appointed to meet Juno. Ixion was caught in the snare and from his
embrace with the cloud, he had the Centaurs, or, according to others,
Centaurus. _See:_ Centauri. Jupiter, displeased with the insolence
of Ixion, banished him from heaven; but when he heard that he had
seduced Juno, the god struck him with his thunder, and ordered
Mercury to tie him to a wheel in hell which continually whirls
round. The wheel was perpetually in motion, therefore the punishment
of Ixion was eternal. _Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Hyginus_, fable 62.
――_Pindar_, bk. 2, _Pythian_, poem 2.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk.
4, li. 484; _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 601.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
bk. 12, lis. 210 & 338.――_Philostratus_, _Imagines_, bk. 2, ch. 3.
――_Lactantius [Placidus]_ on [Statius’] _Thebaid_, bk. 2.――――One of
the Heraclidæ, who reigned at Corinth for 57 or 37 years. He was son
of Alethes.

=Ixīŏnĭdes=, the patronymic of Pirithous son of Ixion. _Propertius_,
bk. 2, poem 1, li. 38.