Chapter M (13)

=Pan= was the god of shepherds, of huntsmen, and of all the inhabitants
of the country. He was the son of Mercury by Dryope, according to
Homer. Some give him Jupiter and Callisto for parents, others Jupiter
and Ybis or Oneis. Lucian, Hyginus, &c., support that he was the son
of Mercury and Penelope the daughter of Icarius, and that the god
gained the affections of the princess under the form of a goat, as
she tended her father’s flocks on mount Taygetus, before her marriage
with the king of Ithaca. Some authors maintain that Penelope became
mother of Pan during the absence of Ulysses in the Trojan war, and
that he was the offspring of all the suitors that frequented the
palace of Penelope, whence he received the name of _Pan_, which
signifies _all_ or _everything_. Pan was a monster in appearance; he
had two small horns on his head, his complexion was ruddy, his nose
flat, and his legs, thighs, tail, and feet were those of a goat. The
education of Pan was entrusted to a nymph of Arcadia, called Sinoe,
but the nurse, according to Homer, terrified at the sight of such
a monster, fled away and left him. He was wrapped up in the skin of
beasts by his father, and carried to heaven, where Jupiter and the
gods long entertained themselves with the oddity of his appearance.
Bacchus was greatly pleased with him, and gave him the name of Pan.
The god of shepherds chiefly resided in Arcadia, where the woods and
the most rugged mountains were his habitation. He invented the flute
with seven reeds, which he called _Syrinx_, in honour of a beautiful
nymph of the same name, to whom he attempted to offer violence, and
who was changed into a reed. He was continually employed in deceiving
the neighbouring nymphs, and often with success. Though deformed
in his shape and features, yet he had the good fortune to captivate
Diana, and of gaining her favour, by transforming himself into
a beautiful white goat. He was also enamoured of a nymph of the
mountains called Echo, by whom he had a son called Lynx. He also paid
his addresses to Omphale queen of Lydia, and it is well known in what
manner he was received. _See:_ Omphale. The worship of Pan was well
established, particularly in Arcadia, where he gave oracles on mount
Lycæus. His festivals, called by the Greeks _Lycæa_, were brought
to Italy by Evander, and they were well known at Rome by the name
of the Lupercalia. _See:_ Lupercalia. The worship, and the different
functions of Pan, are derived from the mythology of the ancient
Egyptians. This god was one of the eight great gods of the Egyptians,
who ranked before the other 12 gods, whom the Romans called
_Consentes_. He was worshipped with the greatest solemnity over all
Egypt. His statues represented him as a goat, not because he was
really such, but this was done for mysterious reasons. He was the
emblem of fecundity, and they looked upon him as the principle of all
things. His horns, as some observe, represented the rays of the sun,
and the brightness of the heavens was expressed by the vivacity and
the ruddiness of his complexion. The star which he wore on his breast
was the symbol of the firmament, and his hairy legs and feet denoted
the inferior parts of the earth, such as the woods and plants. Some
suppose that he appeared as a goat because, when the gods fled into
Egypt, in their war against the giants, Pan transformed himself into
a goat, an example which was immediately followed by all the deities.
Pan, according to some, is the same as Faunus, and he is the chief
of all the Satyrs. Plutarch mentions that, in the reign of Tiberius,
an extraordinary voice was heard near the Echinades, in the Ionian
sea, which exclaimed that the great Pan was dead. This was readily
believed by the emperor, and the astrologers were consulted; but
they were unable to explain the meaning of so supernatural a voice,
which probably proceeded from the imposition of one of the courtiers
who attempted to terrify Tiberius. In Egypt, in the town of Mendes,
which word also signifies a _goat_, there was a sacred goat kept with
the most ceremonious sanctity. The death of this animal was always
attended with the greatest solemnities, and, like that of another
Apis, became the cause of a universal mourning. As Pan usually
terrified the inhabitants of the neighbouring country, that kind of
fear which often seizes men, and which is only ideal and imaginary,
has received from him the name of _panic fear_. This kind of terror
has been exemplified not only in individuals, but in numerous
armies, such as that of Brennus, which was thrown into the greatest
consternation at Rome, without any cause or plausible reason. _Ovid_,
_Fasti_, bk. 1, li. 396; bk. 2, li. 277; _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1,
li. 689.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 17; _Æneid_, bk. 8,
li. 343; _Georgics_, ch. 3, li. 392.――_Juvenal_, satire 2, li. 142.
――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 30.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 13, li. 327.
――_Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 5, ch. 3.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 5.
――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1.――_Herodotus_, bk. 2, chs. 46 &
145, &c.――_Diodorus_, bk. 1.――_Orpheus_, _Hymns_, poem 10.――_Homer_,
_Hymn to Pan_.――_Lucian_, _Dialogi Deorum_, Dialogue of Pan and Hermes
(Mercury).――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 4.

=Pănăcēa=, a goddess, daughter of Æsculapius, who presided over health.
_Lucan_, bk. 9, li. 918.――_Pliny_, bk. 35, ch. 11, &c.

=Panætius=, a stoic philosopher of Rhodes, 138 B.C. He studied at
Athens for some time, of which he refused to become a citizen,
observing, that a good and modest man ought to be satisfied with one
country. He came to Rome, where he reckoned among his pupils Lælius
and Scipio the second Africanus. To the latter he was attached by
the closest ties of friendship and partiality; he attended him in
his expeditions, and partook of all his pleasures and amusements. To
the interest of their countryman at Rome, the Rhodians were greatly
indebted for their prosperity and the immunities which they for some
time enjoyed. Panætius wrote a treatise on the duties of man, whose
merit can be ascertained from the encomiums which Cicero bestows upon
it. _Cicero_, _de Officiis_; _de Divinatione_, bk. 1; _Academica_, bk.
2, ch. 2; _De Natura Deorum_, bk. 2, ch. 46.――――A tyrant of Leontini
in Sicily, B.C. 613. _Polyænus_, bk. 5.

=Panætolium=, a general assembly of the Ætolians. _Livy_, bk. 31,
ch. 29; bk. 35, ch. 32.

=Panares=, a general of Crete, defeated by Metellus, &c.

=Panariste=, one of the waiting-women of Berenice the wife of king
Antiochus. _Polyænus_, bk. 8.

=Panathenæa=, festivals in honour of Minerva the patroness of Athens.
They were first instituted by Erechtheus or Orpheus, and called
_Athenæa_, but Theseus afterwards renewed them, and caused them to
be celebrated and observed by all the tribes of Athens, which he had
united into one, and from this reason the festivals received their
name. Some suppose that they are the same as the Roman _Quinquatria_,
as they are often called by that name among the Latins. In the first
years of the institution, they were observed only during one day, but
afterwards the time was prolonged, and the celebration was attended
with greater pomp and solemnity. The festivals were two; the _great
Panathenæa_ (μεγαλα), which were observed every fifth year, beginning
on the 22nd of the month called _Hecatombæon_, or the 7th of July;
and the _lesser Panathenæa_ (μικρα), which were kept every third year,
or rather annually, beginning on the 20th or 21st of the month called
_Thargelion_, corresponding to the 5th or 6th day of the month of
May. In the lesser festivals there were three games conducted by 10
presidents chosen from the 10 tribes of Athens, who continued four
years in office. On the evening of the first day there was a race
with torches, in which men on foot, and afterwards on horseback,
contended. The same was also exhibited in the greater festivals. The
second combat was gymnical, and exhibited a trial of strength and
bodily dexterity. The last was a musical contention, first instituted
by Pericles. In the songs they celebrated the generous undertaking
of Harmodius and Aristogiton, who opposed the Pisistratidæ, and of
Thrasybulus, who delivered Athens from its 30 tyrants. Phrynis of
Mitylene was the first who obtained the victory by playing upon the
harp. There were, besides, other musical instruments, on which they
played in concert, such as flutes, &c. The poets contended in four
plays, called from their number τετραλογια. The last of these was
a satire. There was also at Sunium an imitation of a naval fight.
Whoever obtained the victory in any of these games was rewarded with
a vessel of oil, which he was permitted to dispose of in whatever
manner he pleased, and it was unlawful for any other person to
transport that commodity. The conqueror also received a crown of
the olives which grew in the groves of Academus, and were sacred
to Minerva, and called μορειαι, from μορος, _death_, in remembrance
of the tragical end of Hallirhotius the son of Neptune, who cut his
own legs when he attempted to cut down the olive which had given
the victory to Minerva in preference to his father, when these two
deities contended about giving a name to Athens. Some suppose that
the word is derived from μερος, _a part_, because these olives were
given by contribution by all such as attended at the festivals. There
was also a dance called _Pyrrhichia_, performed by young boys in
armour, in imitation of Minerva, who thus expressed her triumph over
the vanquished Titans. Gladiators were also introduced when Athens
became tributary to the Romans. During the celebration no person was
permitted to appear in dyed garments, and if any one transgressed
he was punished according to the discretion of the president of the
games. After these things, a sumptuous sacrifice was offered, in
which every one of the Athenian boroughs contributed an ox, and the
whole was concluded by an entertainment for all the company with the
flesh that remained from the sacrifice. In the greater festivals,
the same rites and ceremonies were usually observed, but with more
solemnity and magnificence. Others were also added, particularly
the procession, in which Minerva’s sacred πεπλος, or _garment_,
was carried. This garment was woven by a select number of virgins,
called ἐργαστικαι, from ἐργον, _work_. They were superintended by
two of the ἀρρηφοροι, or young virgins, not above 17 years of age
nor under 11, whose garments were white and set off with ornaments of
gold. Minerva’s _peplus_ was of a white colour, without sleeves, and
embroidered with gold. Upon it were described the achievements of the
goddess, particularly her victories over the giants. The exploits of
Jupiter and the other gods were also represented there, and from that
circumstance men of courage and bravery are said to be ἀξιοι πεπλου,
worthy to be portrayed on Minerva’s sacred garment. In the procession
of the _peplus_, the following ceremonies were observed. In the
_ceramicus_, without the city, there was an engine built in the form
of a ship, upon which Minerva’s garment was hung as a sail, and the
whole was conducted, not by beasts, as some have supposed, but by
subterraneous machines, to the temple of Ceres Eleusinia, and from
thence to the citadel, where the _peplus_ was placed upon Minerva’s
statue, which was laid upon a bed woven or strewed with flowers,
which was called πλακις. Persons of all ages, of every sex and
quality, attended the procession, which was led by old men and women
carrying olive branches in their hands, from which reason they were
called θαλλοφοροι, _bearers of green boughs_. Next followed men of
full age with shields and spears. They were attended by the μετοικοι,
or _foreigners_, who carried small boats as a token of their
foreign origin, and from that account they were called σκαφηφοροι,
_boat-bearers_. After them came the women, attended by the
wives of the foreigners, called ὑδριαφοροι, because they carried
_water-pots_. Next to these came young men crowned with millet
and singing hymns to the goddess, and after them followed select
virgins of the noblest families, called κανηφοροι, _basket-bearers_,
because they carried baskets, in which were certain things
necessary for the celebration, with whatever utensils were
also requisite. These several necessaries were generally in
the possession of the chief manager of the festival called
ἀρχιθεωρος, who distributed them when occasion offered. The virgins
were attended by the daughters of the foreigners, who carried
umbrellas and little seats, from which they were named διφρηφοροι,
_seat-carriers_. The boys, called παιδαμικοι, as it may be supposed,
led the rear, clothed in coats generally worn at processions. The
necessaries for this and every other festival were prepared in a
public hall erected for that purpose, between the Piræan gate and
the temple of Ceres. The management and the care of the whole was
entrusted to the ὑομοφυλακες, or people employed in seeing the
rites and ceremonies properly observed. It was also usual to set
all prisoners at liberty, and to present golden crowns to such as
had deserved well of their country. Some persons were also chosen
to sing some of Homer’s poems, a custom which was first introduced
by Hipparchus the son of Pisistratus. It was also customary in this
festival, and every other quinquennial festival, to pray for the
prosperity of the Platæans, whose services had been so conspicuous
at the battle of Marathon. _Plutarch_, _Theseus_.――_Pausanias_,
_Arcadia_, ch. 2.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 8, ch. 2.
――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 14.

=Panchæa=, =Panchēa=, or =Panchaia=, an island of Arabia Felix, where
Jupiter Triphylius had a magnificent temple.――――A part of Arabia
Felix, celebrated for the myrrh, frankincense, and perfumes which
it produced. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2, li. 139; bk. 4, li. 379;
_The Gnat_, li. 87.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 309, &c.
――_Diodorus_, bk. 5.――_Lucretius_, bk. 2, li. 417.

=Panda=, two deities at Rome, who presided, one over the openings of
roads, and the other over the openings of towns. _Varro_, _de Re
Rustica_, bk. 1.――_Aulus Gellius_, bk. 13, ch. 22.

=Pandama=, a girl of India favoured by Hercules, &c. _Polyænus_, bk. 1.

=Pandaria=, or =Pandataria=, a small island of the Tyrrhene sea.

=Pandărus=, a son of Lycaon, who assisted the Trojans in their war
against the Greeks. He went to the war without a chariot, and
therefore he generally fought on foot. He broke the truce which had
been agreed upon between the Greeks and Trojans, and wounded Menelaus
and Diomedes, and showed himself brave and unusually courageous. He
was at last killed by Diomedes; and Æneas, who then carried him in
his chariot, by attempting to revenge his death, nearly perished by
the hands of the furious enemy. _Dictys Cretensis_, bk. 2, ch. 35.
――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bks. 2 & 5.――_Hyginus_, fable 112.――_Virgil_,
_Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 495.――_Strabo_, bk. 14.――_Servius_, _Aeneid_,
bk. 5, li. 495 ff.――――A son of Alcanor, killed with his brother Bitias
by Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 735.――――A native of Crete,
punished with death for being accessary to the theft of Tantalus.
What this theft was is unknown. Some, however, suppose that Tantalus
stole the ambrosia and the nectar from the tables of the gods to
which he had been admitted, or that he carried away a dog which
watched Jupiter’s temple in Crete, in which crime Pandarus was
concerned, and for which he suffered. Pandarus had two daughters,
Camiro and Clytia, who were also deprived of their mother by a sudden
death, and left without friends or protectors. Venus had compassion
upon them, and she fed them with milk, honey, and wine. The goddesses
were all equally interested in their welfare. Juno gave them wisdom
and beauty, Diana a handsome figure and regular features, and Minerva
instructed them in whatever domestic accomplishment can recommend a
wife. Venus wished to make their happiness still more complete; and
when they were come to nubile years, the goddess prayed Jupiter to
grant them kind and tender husbands. But in her absence the Harpies
carried away the virgins and delivered them to the Eumenides, to
share the punishment which their father suffered. _Pausanias_, bk. 10,
ch. 30.――_Pindar._

=Pandărus=, or =Pandareus=, a man who had a daughter called Philomela.
She was changed into a nightingale, after she had killed, by mistake,
her son Itylus, whose death she mourned in the greatest melancholy.
Some suppose him to be the same as Pandion king of Athens.

=Pandataria=, an island on the coast of Lucania, now called _Santa
Maria_.

=Pandates=, a friend of Datames at the court of Artaxerxes. _Cornelius
Nepos_, _Datames_.

=Pandemia=, a surname of Venus, expressive of her great power over the
affections of mankind.

=Pandēmus=, one of the surnames of the god of love among the Egyptians
and the Greeks, who distinguished two Cupids, one of whom was the
vulgar, called Pandemus, and another of a purer and more celestial
origin. _Plutarch_, _Amatorius_.

=Pandia=, a festival at Athens established by Pandion, from whom it
received its name, or because it was observed in honour of Jupiter,
who can τα παντα διγευειν, _move and turn all things_ as he pleases.
Some suppose that it concerned the moon, because it does παντοτε
ἰεναι, _moves incessantly_, by showing itself day and night, rather
than the sun, which never appears but in the day-time. It was
celebrated after the Dionysia, because Bacchus is sometimes taken for
the Sun or Apollo, and therefore the brother, or, as some will have
it, the son, of the moon.

=Pandīon=, a king of Athens, son of Erichthon and Pasithea, who
succeeded his father, B.C. 1437. He became father of Procne and
Philomela, Erechtheus and Butes. During his reign, there was such
an abundance of corn, wine, and oil, that it was publicly reported
that Bacchus and Minerva had personally visited Attica. He waged a
successful war against Labdacus king of Bœotia, and gave his daughter
Procne in marriage to Tereus king of Thrace, who had assisted him.
The treatment which Philomela received from her brother-in-law Tereus
[_See:_ Philomela] was the source of infinite grief to Pandion, and
he died through excess of sorrow, after a reign of 40 years.――――There
was also another Pandion, son of Cecrops II. by Metiaduca, who
succeeded to his father, B.C. 1307. He was driven from his paternal
dominions, and fled to Pylas king of Megara, who gave him his
daughter Pelia in marriage, and resigned his crown to him. Pandion
became father of four children, called from him _Pandionidæ_, Ægeus,
Pallas, Nisus, and Lycus. The eldest of these children recovered
his father’s kingdom. Some authors have confounded the two Pandions
together in such an indiscriminate manner, that they seem to have
been only one and the same person. Many believe that Philomela and
Procne were the daughters, not of Pandion I., but of Pandion II.
_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, li. 676.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3,
ch. 15.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 5.――_Hyginus_, fable 48.――――A son
of Phineus and Cleopatra, deprived of his eyesight by his father.
_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 15.――――A son of Ægyptus and Hephæstina.
――――A king of the Indies in the age of Augustus.

=Pandōra=, a celebrated woman, the first mortal female that ever lived,
according to the opinion of the poet Hesiod. She was made with clay
by Vulcan at the request of Jupiter, who wished to punish the impiety
and artifice of Prometheus, by giving him a wife. When this woman
of clay had been made by the artist, and received life, all the
gods vied in making her presents. Venus gave her beauty and the art
of pleasing, the Graces gave her the power of captivating, Apollo
taught her how to sing, Mercury instructed her in eloquence, and
Minerva gave her the most rich and splendid ornaments. From all these
valuable presents, which she had received from the gods, the woman
was called _Pandora_, which intimates that she had received _every_
necessary _gift_, παν δωρον. Jupiter after this gave her a beautiful
box, which she was ordered to present to the man who married her; and
by the commission of the god, Mercury conducted her to Prometheus.
The artful mortal was sensible of the deceit, and as he had always
distrusted Jupiter, as well as the rest of the gods, since he had
stolen fire away from the sun to animate his man of clay, he sent
away Pandora without suffering himself to be captivated by her charms.
His brother Epimetheus was not possessed of the same prudence and
sagacity. He married Pandora, and when he opened the box which she
presented to him, there issued from it a multitude of evils and
distempers, which dispersed themselves all over the world, and which,
from that fatal moment, have never ceased to afflict the human race.
Hope was the only one who remained at the bottom of the box, and it
is she alone who has the wonderful power of easing the labours of man,
and of rendering his troubles and his sorrows less painful in life.
_Hesiod_, _Theogony_ & _Works and Days_.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 7.
――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 24.――_Hyginus_, fable 14.――――A daughter
of Erechtheus king of Athens. She was sister to Protogenia, who
sacrificed herself for her country at the beginning of the Bœotian
war.

=Pandōrus=, a son of Erechtheus king of Athens.

=Pandosia=, a town in the country of the Brutii, situate on a mountain.
Alexander king of the Molossi died there. _Strabo_, bk. 6.――――A town
of Epirus. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 1.

=Pandrŏsos=, a daughter of Cecrops king of Athens, sister to Aglauros
and Herse. She was the only one of the sisters who had not the fatal
curiosity to open a basket which Minerva had entrusted to their care
[_See:_ Erichthonius], for which sincerity a temple was raised to her
near that of Minerva, and a festival instituted in her honour, called
_Pandrosia_. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 738.――_Apollodorus_,
bk. 3.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, &c.

=Panenus=, or =Panæus=, a celebrated painter who was for some time
engaged in painting the battle of Marathon. _Pliny_, bk. 35.

=Pangæus=, a mountain of Thrace, anciently called _Mons Caraminus_,
and joined to mount Rhodope near the sources of the river Nestus.
It was inhabited by four different nations. It was on this mountain
that Lycurgus the Thracian king was torn to pieces, and that Orpheus
called the attention of the wild beasts, and of the mountains
and woods, to listen to his song. It abounded in gold and silver
mines. _Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 16, &c.; bk. 7, ch. 113.――_Virgil_,
_Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 462.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 739.
――_Thucydides_, bk. 2.――_Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 679; bk. 7, li. 482.

=Paniasis=, a man who wrote a poem upon Hercules, &c. _See:_ Panyasis.

=Panionium=, a place at the foot of mount Mycale, near the town of
Ephesus in Asia Minor, sacred to Neptune of Helice. It was in this
place that all the states of Ionia assembled, either to consult for
their own safety and prosperity, or to celebrate festivals, or to
offer a sacrifice for the good of all the nation, whence the name
πανιωγιον, _all Ionia_. The deputies of the 12 Ionian cities which
assembled there were those of Miletus, Myus, Priene, Ephesus, Lebedos,
Colophon, Clazomenæ, Phocæa, Teos, Chios, Samos, and Erythræ. If the
bull offered in sacrifice bellowed, it was accounted an omen of the
highest favour, as the sound was particularly acceptable to the god
of the sea, as in some manner it resembled the roaring of the waves
of the ocean. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 148, &c.――_Strabo_, bk. 14.
――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 17.

=Panius=, a place at Cœlo-Syria, where Antiochus defeated Scopas,
B.C. 198.

=Pannŏnia=, a large country of Europe, bounded on the east by Upper
Mœsia, south by Dalmatia, west by Noricum, and north by the Danube.
It was divided by the ancients into Lower and Upper Pannonia. The
inhabitants were of Celtic origin, and were first invaded by Julius
Cæsar, and conquered in the reign of Tiberius. Philip and his son
Alexander some ages before had successively conquered it. Sirmium
was the ancient capital of all Pannonia, which contains the modern
provinces of Croatia, Carniola, Sclavonia, Bosnia, Windisch, March,
with part of Servia, and of the kingdoms of Hungary and Austria.
_Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 95; bk. 6, li. 220.――_Tibullus_, bk. 4, poem 1,
li. 109.――_Pliny_, bk. 3.――_Dio Cassius_, bk. 49.――_Strabo_, bks.
4 & 7.――_Jornandes._――_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 9.――_Suetonius_,
_Augustus_, ch. 20.

=Panolbius=, a Greek poet, mentioned by Suidas.

=Panomphæus=, a surname of Jupiter, either because he was worshipped
by every nation on earth, or because he heard the prayers and the
supplications which were addressed to him, or because the rest of the
gods derived from him their knowledge of futurity (πας _omnis_, ὀμφη
_vox_). _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, li. 198.――_Homer_, _Iliad_,
bk. 8.

=Panŏpe=, or =Panŏpēa=, one of the Nereides, whom sailors generally
invoked in storms. Her name signifies, _giving every assistance, or
seeing everything_. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 251.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_,
bk. 5, li. 825.――――One of the daughters of Thespius. _Apollodorus_,
bk. 2, ch. 7.――――A town of Phocis, called also Panopeus. _Ovid_,
_Metamorphoses_, bk. 3, li. 19.――_Livy_, bk. 32, ch. 18.――_Pausanias_,
bk. 10, ch. 4.――_Statius_, _Thebaid_, bk. 7, li. 344.――_Homer_,
_Iliad_, bk. 2, li. 27; _Odyssey_, bk. 11, li. 580.

=Panŏpes=, a famous huntsman among the attendants of Acestes king of
Sicily, who was one of those that engaged in the games exhibited by
Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 300.

=Panŏpeus=, a son of Phocus and Asterodia, who accompanied Amphitryon
when he made war against the Teleboans. He was father to Epeus, who
made the celebrated wooden horse at the siege of Troy. _Pausanias_,
bk. 2, ch. 29.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――――A town of Phocis,
between Orchomenos and the Cephisus. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 4.
――_Strabo_, bk. 9.

=Panopion=, a Roman saved from death by the uncommon fidelity of his
servant. When the assassins came to murder him as being proscribed,
the servant exchanged clothes with his master, and let him escape by
a back door. He afterwards went into his master’s bed, and suffered
himself to be killed, as if Panopion himself. _Valerius Maximus._

=Panopŏlis=, _the city of Pan_, a town of Egypt, called also _Chemmis_.
Pan had there a temple, where he was worshipped with great solemnity,
and represented in a statue _fascino longissimo et erecto_.
_Diodorus_, bk. 5.――_Strabo_, bk. 17.

=Panoptes=, a name of Argus, from the power of his eyes. _Apollodorus_,
bk. 2.

=Panormus=, now called _Palermo_, a town of Sicily, built by the
Phœnicians, on the north-west part of the island, with a good and
capacious harbour. It was the strongest hold of the Carthaginians
in Sicily, and it was at last taken with difficulty by the Romans.
_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 14, li. 262.――――A
town of the Thracian Chersonesus.――――A town of Ionia, near Ephesus,
――――Another in Crete,――――in Macedonia,――――Achaia,――――Samos.――――A
Messenian who insulted the religion of the Lacedæmonians. _See:_
Gonippus.

=Panotii=, a people of Scythia, said to have very large ears. _Pliny_,
bk. 4, ch. 13.

=Pansa Cætronianus Vibius=, a Roman consul who, with Aulus Hirtius,
pursued the murderers of Julius Cæsar, and was killed in a battle
near Mutina. On his death-bed he advised young Octavius to unite
his interest with that of Antony, if he wished to revenge the death
of Julius Cæsar, and from his friendly advice soon after rose the
celebrated second triumvirate. Some suppose that Pansa was put
to death by Octavius himself, or, through him, by the physician
Glicon, who poured poison into the wounds of his patient. Pansa and
Hirtius were the two last consuls who enjoyed the dignity of chief
magistrates of Rome with full power. The authority of the consuls
afterwards dwindled into a shadow. _Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 6.――_Dio
Cassius_, bk. 46.――_Ovid_, _Tristia_ bk. 3, poem 5.――_Plutarch_ &
_Appian_.

=Pantagnostus=, a brother of Polycrates tyrant of Samos. _Polyænus_,
bk. 1.

=Pantagyas=, a small river on the eastern coast of Sicily, which falls
into the sea, after running a short space in rough cascades over
rugged stones and precipices. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 689.
――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 14, li. 232.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4,
li. 471.

=Pantaleon=, a king of Pisa, who presided at the Olympic games, B.C. 664,
after excluding the Eleans, who on that account expunged the Olympiad
from the Fasti, and called it the second Anolympiad. They had called
for the same reason the eighth the first Anolympiad, because the
Pisæans presided.――――An Ætolian chief. _Livy_, bk. 42, ch. 15.

=Pantanus lacus=, the lake of _Lesina_, is situate in Apulia at the
mouth of the Freuto. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 12.

=Pantauchus=, a man appointed over Ætolia by Demetrius, &c. _Plutarch._

=Panteus=, a friend of Cleomenes king of Sparta, &c. _Plutarch._

=Panthides=, a man who married Italia the daughter of Themistocles.

=Panthea=, the wife of Abradates, celebrated for her beauty and conjugal
affection. She was taken prisoner by Cyrus, who refused to visit her,
not to be ensnared by the power of her personal charms. She killed
herself on the body of her husband, who had been slain in a battle,
&c. _See:_ Abradates. _Xenophon_, _Cyropædia_.――_Suidas._――――The
mother of Eumæus the faithful servant of Ulysses.

=Pantheon=, a celebrated temple at Rome, built by Agrippa, in the reign
of Augustus, and dedicated to all the gods, whence the name πας θεος.
It was struck with lightning some time after, and partly destroyed.
♦Adrian repaired it, and it still remains at Rome, converted into a
christian temple, the admiration of the curious. _Pliny_, bk. 36,
ch. 15.――_Marcellinus_, bk. 16, ch. 10.

♦ ‘Adarin’ replaced with ‘Adrian’

=Pantheus=, or =Panthus=, a Trojan, son of Othryas the priest of Apollo.
When his country was burnt by the Greeks, he followed the fortune of
Æneas, and was killed. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 2, li. 429.

=Panthoĭdes=, a patronymic of Euphorbus the son of Panthous. Pythagoras
is sometimes called by that name, as he asserted that he was
Euphorbus during the Trojan war. _Horace_, bk. 1, ode 28, li. 10.
――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 161.――――A Spartan general
killed by Pericles at the battle of Tanagra.

=Panticăpæum=, now _Kerche_, a town of Taurica Chersonesus, built by
the Milesians, and governed some time by its own laws, and afterwards
subdued by the kings of Bosphorus. It was, according to Strabo, the
capital of the European Bosphorus. Mithridates the Great died there.
_Pliny._――_Strabo._

=Panticăpes=, a river of European Scythia, which falls into the
Borysthenes, supposed to be the _Samara_ of the moderns. _Herodotus_,
bk. 4, ch. 54.

=Pantilius=, a buffoon, ridiculed by _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 10, li. 78.

=Panyăsis=, an ancient Greek, uncle to the historian Herodotus. He
celebrated Hercules in one of his poems, and the Ionians in another,
and was universally esteemed. _Athenæus_, bk. 2.

=Panyăsus=, a river of Illyricum, falling into the Adriatic, near
Dyrrhachium. _Ptolemy._

=Papæus=, a name of Jupiter among the Scythians. _Herodotus_, bk. 4.

=Păphāges=, a king of Ambracia, killed by a lioness deprived of her
whelps. _Ovid_, _Ibis_, li. 502.

=Paphia=, a surname of Venus, because the goddess was worshipped at
Paphos.――――An ancient name of the island of Cyprus.

=Paphlăgŏnia=, now _Penderachia_, a country of Asia Minor, situate
at the west of the river Halys, by which it was separated from
Cappadocia. It was divided on the west from the Bithynians, by
the river Parthenius. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 72.――_Strabo_, bk. 4.
――_Mela._――_Pliny._――_Curtius_, bk. 6, ch. 11.――_Cicero_, _De Lege
Agraria contra Rullum_, bk. 2, chs. 2 & 9.

=Paphos=, now _Bafo_, a famous city of the island of Cyprus, founded,
as some suppose, about 1184 years before Christ, by Agapenor, at the
head of a colony from Arcadia. The goddess of beauty was particularly
worshipped there, and all male animals were offered on her altars,
which, though 100 in number, daily smoked with the profusion of
Arabian frankincense. The inhabitants were very effeminate and
lascivious, and the young virgins were permitted by the laws of the
place to get a dowry by prostitution. _Strabo_, bk. 8, &c.――_Pliny_,
bk. 2, ch. 96.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 8.
――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 419, &c.; bk. 10, li. 51, &c.
――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 30, li. 1.――_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 3, ch. 62;
_Histories_, bk. 2, ch. 2.

=Paphus=, a son of Pygmalion, by a statue which had been changed into
a woman by Venus. _See:_ Pygmalion. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 10,
li. 297.

=Papia lex=, _de peregrinis_, by Papius the tribune, A.U.C. 688, which
required that all strangers should be driven away from Rome. It was
afterwards confirmed and extended by the Junian law.――――Another,
called _Papia Poppæa_, because it was enacted by the tribunes Marcus
Papius Mutilus and Quintus Poppæus Secundus, who had received
consular power from the consuls for six months. It was called the
Julian law, after it had been published by order of Augustus, who
himself was of the Julian family. _See:_ Julia lex, _de Maritandis
ordinibus_.――――Another, to empower the high priest to choose 20
virgins for the service of the goddess Vesta.――――Another, in the age
of Augustus. It gave the patron a certain right to the property of
his client, if he had left a specified sum of money, or if he had not
three children.

=Papiānus=, a man who proclaimed himself emperor some time after the
Gordians. He was put to death.

=Papias=, an early christian writer, who first propagated the doctrine
of the Millennium. There are remaining some historical fragments of
his.

=Papinianus=, a writer, A.D. 212. _See:_ Æmylius Papinianus.

=Papinius=, a tribune who conspired against Caligula.――――A man who
destroyed himself, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 6, ch. 49.

=Pāpĭria=, the wife of Paulus Æmylius. She was divorced. _Plutarch._

=Papiria lex=, by Papirius Carbo, A.U.C. 621. It required that, in
passing or rejecting laws in the _comitia_, the votes should be given
on tablets.――――Another, by the tribune Papirius, which enacted that
no person should consecrate any edifice, place, or thing, without the
consent and permission of the people. _Cicero_, _On his House_, ch.
50.――――Another, A.U.C. 563, to diminish the weight, and increase the
value of the Roman _as_.――――Another, A.U.C. 421, to give the freedom
of the city to the citizens of Acerræ.――――Another, A.U.C. 623. It was
proposed, but not passed. It recommended the right of choosing a man
tribune of the people as often as he wished.

=Pāpĭrius=, a centurion engaged to murder Piso the proconsul of Africa.
_Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 4, ch. 49.――――A patrician, chosen _rex
sacrorum_, after the expulsion of the Tarquins from Rome.――――A Roman
who wished to gratify his unnatural desires upon the body of one of
his slaves called Publilius. The slave refused, and was inhumanly
treated. This called for the interference of justice, and a decree
was made which forbade any person to be detained in fetters, but
only for a crime that deserved such a treatment, and only till
the criminal had suffered the punishment which the laws directed.
Creditors also had a right to arrest the goods, and not the person,
of their debtors. _Livy_, bk. 8, ch. 28.――――Carbo, a Roman consul who
undertook the defence of Opimius, who was accused of condemning and
putting to death a number of citizens on mount Aventinus, without the
formalities of a trial. His client was acquitted.――――Cursor, a man
who first erected a sun-dial in the temple of Quirinus at Rome, B.C.
293; from which time the days began to be divided into hours.――――A
dictator who ordered his master of horse to be put to death, because
he had fought and conquered the enemies of the republic without his
consent. The people interfered, and the dictator pardoned him. Cursor
made war against the Sabines and conquered them, and also triumphed
over the Samnites. His great severity displeased the people. He
flourished about 320 years before the christian era. _Livy_, bk. 9,
ch. 14.――――One of his family surnamed _Prætextatus_, from an action
of his whilst he wore the _prætexta_, a certain gown for young men.
His father, of the same name, carried him to the senate-house, where
affairs of the greatest importance were then in debate before the
senators. The mother of young Papirius wished to know what had passed
in the senate; but Papirius, unwilling to betray the secrets of that
august assembly, amused his mother by telling her that it had been
considered whether it would be more advantageous to the republic to
give two wives to one husband, than two husbands to one wife. The
mother of Papirius was alarmed, and she communicated the secret to
the other Roman matrons, and, on the morrow, they assembled in the
senate, petitioning that one woman might have two husbands, rather
than one husband two wives. The senators were astonished at this
petition, but young Papirius unravelled the whole mystery, and from
that time it was made a law among the senators, that no young man
should for the future be introduced into the senate-house, except
Papirius. This law was carefully observed till the age of Augustus,
who permitted children of all ages to hear the debates of the
senators. _Macrobius_, _Saturnalia_, bk. 1, ch. 6.――――Carbo, a friend
of Cinna and Marius. He raised cabals against Sylla and Pompey, and
was at last put to death by order of Pompey, after he had rendered
himself odious by a tyrannical consulship, and after he had been
proscribed by Sylla.――――A consul defeated by the armies of the Cimbri.
――――Crassus, a dictator who triumphed over the Samnites.――――A consul
murdered by the Gauls, &c.――――A son of Papirius Cursor, who defeated
the Samnites, and dedicated a temple to Romulus Quirinus.――――Maso, a
consul who conquered Sardinia and Corsica, and reduced them into the
form of a province. At his return to Rome, he was refused a triumph,
upon which he introduced a triumphal procession, and walked with his
victorious army to the capitol, wearing a crown of myrtle upon his
head. His example was afterwards followed by such generals as were
refused a triumph by the Roman senate. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 3, ch.
6.――――The family of the Papirii was patrician, and long distinguished
for its services to the state. It bore the different surnames of
_Crassus_, _Cursor_, _Mugillanus_, _Maso_, _Prætextatus_, and _Pætus_,
of which the three first branches became the most illustrious.

=Pappia lex=, was enacted to settle the rights of husbands and wives,
if they had no children.――――Another, by which a person less than 50
years old could not marry another of 60.

=Pappus=, a philosopher and mathematician of Alexandria, in the reign
of Theodosius the Great.

=Papyrius.= _See:_ Papirius.

=Parabyston=, a tribunal of Athens, where causes of inferior
consequences were tried by 11 judges. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 40.

=Paradīsus=, a town of Syria or Phœnicia. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 23.
――_Strabo_, bk. 16.――――In the plains of Jericho there was a large
palace, with a garden beautifully planted with trees, and called
_Balsami Paradisus_.

=Parætacæ=, or =Taceni=, a people between Media and Persia, where
Antigonus was defeated by Eumenes. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Eumenes_,
ch. 8.――_Strabo_, bks. 11 & 16.――_Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 26.

=Parætonium=, a town of Egypt at the west of Alexandria, where Isis
was worshipped. The word _Parætonius_ is used to signify Egyptian,
and is sometimes applied to Alexandria, which was situate in the
neighbourhood. _Strabo_, bk. 17.――_Florus_, bk. 4, ch. 11.――_Lucan_,
bk. 3, li. 295; bk. 10, li. 9.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9,
li. 712; _Amores_, bk. 2, poem 13, li. 7.

=Parăli=, a division of the inhabitants of Attica. They received this
name from their being near the _sea coast_, παρα and ἁλς.

=Parălus=, a friend of Dion, by whose assistance he expelled Dionysius.
――――A son of Pericles. His premature death was greatly lamented by
his father. _Plutarch._

=Parasia=, a country at the east of Media.

=Parasius=, a son of Philonomia by a shepherd. He was exposed on
Erymanthus by his mother, with his twin brother Lycastus. Their lives
were preserved.

=Parcæ=, powerful goddesses, who presided over the birth and the life
of mankind. They were three in number, Clotho, Lachesis, and Atropos,
daughters of Nox and Erebus, according to Hesiod, or of Jupiter and
Themis, according to the same poet in another poem. Some make them
daughters of the sea. Clotho, the youngest of the sisters, presided
over the moment in which we are born, and held a distaff in her hand;
Lachesis spun out all the events and actions of our life; and Atropos,
the eldest of the three, cut the thread of human life with a pair
of scissors. Their different functions are well expressed in this
ancient verse:

_Clotho colum retinet, Lachesis net, et Atropos occat._

The name of the Parcæ, according to Varro, is derived _a partu_
or _parturiendo_, because they presided over the birth of men; and
by corruption the word _parca_ is formed from _parta_ or _partus_:
but, according to Servius, they are called so by antiphrasis, _quod
nemini parcant_. The power of the Parcæ was great and extensive. Some
suppose that they were subjected to none of the gods but Jupiter,
while others support that even Jupiter himself was obedient to their
commands; and, indeed, we see the father of the gods, in Homer’s
Iliad, unwilling to see Patroclus perish, yet obliged, by the
superior power of the Fates, to abandon him to his destiny. According
to the more received opinion, they were the arbiters of the life
and death of mankind, and whatever good or evil befalls us in the
world, immediately proceeds from the Fates or Parcæ. Some make them
ministers of the king of hell, and represent them as sitting at
the foot of his throne; others represent them as placed on radiant
thrones, amidst the celestial spheres, clothed in robes spangled with
stars, and wearing crowns on their heads. According to Pausanias, the
names of the Parcæ were different from those already mentioned. The
most ancient of all, as the geographer observes, was Venus Urania,
who presided over the birth of men; the second was Fortune; Ilythia
was the third. To these some add a fourth, Proserpina, who often
disputes with Atropos the right of cutting the thread of human
life. The worship of the Parcæ was well established in some cities
of Greece, and though mankind were well convinced that they were
inexorable, and that it was impossible to mitigate them, yet they
were eager to show a proper respect to their divinity, by raising
them temples and statues. They received the same worship as the
Furies, and their votaries yearly sacrificed to them black sheep,
during which solemnity the priests were obliged to wear garlands
of flowers. The Parcæ were generally represented as three old women
with chaplets made with wool, and interwoven with the flowers of the
narcissus. They were covered with a white robe, and fillet of the
same colour, bound with chaplets. One of them held a distaff, another
the spindle, and the third was armed with scissors, with which she
cut the thread which her sisters had spun. Their dress is differently
represented by some authors. Clotho appears in a variegated robe,
and on her head is a crown of seven stars. She holds a distaff in her
hand, reaching from heaven to earth. The robe which Lachesis wore was
variegated with a great number of stars, and near her were placed a
variety of spindles. Atropos was clothed in black; she held scissors
in her hand, with clues of thread of different sizes, according to
the length and shortness of the lives, whose destinies they seemed
to contain. Hyginus attributes to them the invention of these Greek
letters, α, β, η, τ, υ, and others call them the secretaries of
heaven, and the keepers of the archives of eternity. The Greeks call
the Parcæ by the different names of μοιρα, αἰσα, κηρ, εἰμαρμενη,
which are expressive of their power and of their inexorable decrees.
_Hesiod_, _Theogony_ & _Shield of Heracles_.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1,
ch. 40; bk. 3, ch. 11; bk. 5, ch. 15.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 20;
_Odyssey_, bk. 7.――_Theocritus._――_Callimachus_, _Hymn to Artemis_.
――_Ælian_, _De Natura Animalium_, bk. 10.――_Pindar_, _Olympian_, poem
10; _Nemean_, poem 7.――_Euripides_, _Iphigeneia_.――_Plutarch_, _de
Faciæ Quæ in Orbe Lunæ Apparet_.――_Hyginus_, in preface to fables &
fable 277.――_Varro._――_Orpheus_, hymn 58.――_Apollonius_, bk. 1, &c.
――_Claudian_, _de Raptu Proserpinæ_.――_Lycophron_ & Tzetzes, &c.
――_Horace_, bk. 2, ode 6, &c.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li.
533.――_Lucan_, bk. 3.――_Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 4; _Æneid_, bk. 3,
&c.――_Seneca_, _Hercules Furens_.――_Statius_, _Thebaid_, bk. 6.

=Parentalia=, a festival annually observed at Rome in honour of the
dead. The friends and relations of the deceased assembled on the
occasion, when sacrifices were offered, and banquets provided. Æneas
first established it. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 2, li. 544.

=Parentium=, a port and town of Istria. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 19.

=Păris=, the son of Priam king of Troy by Hecuba, also called
_Alexander_. He was destined, even before his birth, to become the
ruin of his country; and when his mother, in the first month of
her pregnancy, had dreamed that she should bring forth a torch
which should set fire to her palace, the soothsayers foretold the
calamities which might be expected from the imprudence of her future
son, and which would end in the destruction of Troy. Priam, to
prevent so great and so alarming an evil, ordered his slave Archelaus
to destroy the child as soon as born. The slave, either touched
with humanity, or influenced by Hecuba, did not destroy him, but
was satisfied to expose him on mount Ida, where the shepherds of the
place found him, and educated him as their own son. Some attribute
the preservation of his life, before he was found by the shepherds,
to the motherly tenderness of a she-bear which suckled him. Young
Paris, though educated among shepherds and peasants, gave early
proofs of courage and intrepidity, and from his care in protecting
the flocks of mount Ida against the rapacity of the wild beasts, he
obtained the name of Alexander (_helper_ or _defender_). He gained
the esteem of all the shepherds, and his graceful countenance and
manly deportment recommended him to the favour of Œnone, a nymph of
Ida, whom he married, and with whom he lived with the most perfect
tenderness. Their conjugal peace was soon disturbed. At the marriage
of Peleus and Thetis, the goddess of discord, who had not been
invited to partake of the entertainment, showed her displeasure by
throwing into the assembly of the gods who were at the celebration
of the nuptials, a golden apple on which were written the words
_Detur pulchriori_. All the goddesses claimed it as their own: the
contention at first became general, but at last only three, Juno,
Venus, and Minerva, wished to dispute their respective right to
beauty. The gods, unwilling to become arbiters in an affair of so
tender and so delicate a nature, appointed Paris to adjudge the prize
of beauty to the fairest of the goddesses, and indeed the shepherd
seemed properly qualified to decide so great a contest, as his wisdom
was so well established, and his prudence and sagacity so well known.
The goddesses appeared before their judge without any covering or
ornament, and each tried by promises and entreaties to gain the
attention of Paris, and to influence his judgment. Juno promised him
a kingdom; Minerva, military glory; and Venus, the fairest woman in
the world for his wife, as Ovid expresses it, _Heroides_, poem 17,
li. 118,

_Udaque cum regnum; belli daret altera laudem;
Tyndaridis conjux, tertia dixit, eris._

After he had heard their several claims and promises, Paris adjudged
the prize to Venus, and gave her the golden apple, to which, perhaps,
she seemed entitled as the goddess of beauty. This decision of Paris
in favour of Venus drew upon the judge and his family the resentment
of the two other goddesses. Soon after Priam proposed a contest among
his sons and other princes, and promised to reward the conqueror with
one of the finest bulls of mount Ida. His emissaries were sent to
procure the animal, and it was found in the possession of Paris, who
reluctantly yielded it up. The shepherd was desirous of obtaining
again this favourite animal, and he went to Troy and entered the
list of the combatants. He was received with the greatest applause,
and obtained the victory over his rivals, Nestor the son of Neleus;
Cycnus son of Neptune; Polites, Helenus, and Deiphobus sons of Priam.
He also obtained a superiority over Hector himself, and the prince,
enraged to see himself conquered by an unknown stranger, pursued
him closely, and Paris must have fallen a victim to his brother’s
resentment, had he not fled to the altar of Jupiter. This sacred
retreat preserved his life, and Cassandra the daughter of Priam,
struck with the similarity of the features of Paris with those of her
brothers, inquired his birth and his age. From these circumstances
she soon discovered that he was her brother, and as such she
introduced him to her father and to his children. Priam acknowledged
Paris as his son, forgetful of the alarming dream which had
influenced him to meditate his death, and all jealousy ceased among
the brothers. Paris did not long suffer himself to remain inactive;
he equipped a fleet, as if willing to redeem Hesione, his father’s
sister, whom Hercules had carried away and obliged to marry Telamon
the son of Æacus. This was the pretended motive of his voyage, but
the causes were far different. Paris recollected that he was to
be the husband of the fairest of women; and if he had been led to
form those expectations while he was an obscure shepherd of Ida, he
had now every plausible reason to see them realized, since he was
acknowledged son of the king of Troy. Helen was the fairest woman
of the age, and Venus had promised her to him. On these grounds,
therefore, he visited Sparta, the residence of Helen, who had married
Menelaus. He was received with every mark of respect, but he abused
the hospitality of Menelaus, and while the husband was absent in
Crete, Paris persuaded Helen to elope with him and fly to Asia. Helen
consented, and Priam received her into his palace without difficulty,
as his sister was then detained in a foreign country, and as he
wished to show himself as hostile as possible to the Greeks. This
affair was soon productive of serious consequences. When Menelaus had
married Helen, all her suitors had bound themselves by a solemn oath
to protect her person, and to defend her from every violence [_See:_
Helena], and therefore the injured husband reminded them of their
engagements, and called upon them to recover Helen. Upon this all
Greece took up arms in the cause of Menelaus; Agamemnon was chosen
general of all the combined forces, and a regular war was begun.
_See:_ Troja. Paris, meanwhile, who had refused Helen to the
petitions and embassies of the Greeks, armed himself with his
brothers and subjects to oppose the enemy; but the success of the
war was neither hindered nor accelerated by his means. He fought with
little courage, and at the very sight of Menelaus, whom he had so
recently injured, all his resolution vanished, and he retired from
the front of the army, where he walked before like a conqueror. In
a combat with Menelaus, which he undertook at the persuasion of his
brother Hector, Paris must have perished, had not Venus interfered,
and stolen him from the resentment of his adversary. He nevertheless
wounded, in another battle, Machaon, Euryphilus, and Diomedes, and,
according to some opinions, he killed with one of his arrows the
great Achilles. _See:_ Achilles. The death of Paris is differently
related; some suppose that he was mortally wounded by one of the
arrows of Philoctetes, which had been once in the possession of
Hercules, and that when he found himself languid on account of his
wounds, he ordered himself to be carried to the feet of Œnone, whom
he had basely abandoned, and who, in the years of his obscurity,
had foretold him that he would solicit her assistance in his dying
moments. He expired before he came into the presence of Œnone, and
the nymph, still mindful of their former loves, threw herself upon
his body, and stabbed herself to the heart, after she had plentifully
bathed it with her tears. According to some authors, Paris did not
immediately go to Troy when he left the Peloponnesus, but he was
driven on the coast of Egypt, where Proteus, who was king of the
country, detained him, and when he heard of the violence which had
been offered to the king of Sparta, he kept Helen at his court,
and permitted Paris to retire. _See:_ Helena. _Dictys Cretensis_,
bks. 1, 3, & 4.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 12.――_Homer_, _Iliad_.
――_Ovid_, _Heroides_, poems 5, 16, & 17.――_Quintus Calabrus
[Smyrnæus]_, bk. 10, li. 290.――_Horace_, ode 3.――_Euripides_,
_Iphigeneia_.――_Hyginus_, fables 92 & 273.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1,
&c.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 12, ch. 42.――_Pausanias_, bk. 10,
ch. 27.――_Cicero_, _de Divinatione_.――_Lycophron_. & _Tzetzes_ on
_Lycophron_.――――A celebrated player at Rome, in the good graces of
the emperor Nero, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 13, ch. 19, &c.

=Parisădes=, a king of Pontus in the age of Alexander the Great.
――――Another, king of Bosphorus.

=Parīsii=, a people and a city of Celtic Gaul, now called _Paris_, the
capital of the kingdom of France. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 6, ch. 3.

=Parisus=, a river of Pannonia, falling into the Danube. _Strabo._

=Parium=, now _Camanar_, a town of Asia Minor, on the Propontis, where
Archilochus was born, as some say. _Strabo_, bk. 10.――_Pliny_, bk. 7,
ch. 2; bk. 36, ch. 5.