Chapter M (37)

=Theophrastus=, a native of Eresus in Lesbos, son of a fuller. He
studied under Plato, and afterwards under Aristotle, whose friendship
he gained, and whose warmest commendations he deserved. His original
name was _Tyrtamus_, but this the philosopher made him exchange
for that of _Euphrastus_, to intimate his excellence in speaking,
and afterwards for that of _Theophrastus_, which he deemed still
more expressive of his eloquence, the brilliancy of his genius, and
the elegance of his language. After the death of Socrates, when the
malevolence of the Athenians drove all the philosopher’s friends
from the city, Theophrastus succeeded Aristotle in the Lyceum, and
rendered himself so conspicuous, that in a short time the number of
his auditors was increased to 2000. Not only his countrymen courted
his applause, but kings and princes were desirous of his friendship:
and Cassander and Ptolemy, two of the most powerful of the successors
of Alexander, regarded him with more than usual partiality.
Theophrastus composed many books, and Diogenes has enumerated the
titles of above 200 treatises, which he wrote with great elegance
and copiousness. About 20 of these are extant, among which are his
history of stones, his treatise on plants, on the winds, on the signs
of fair weather, &c., and his Characters, an excellent moral treatise,
which was begun in the 99th year of his age. He died, loaded with
years and infirmities, in the 107th year of his age, B.C. 288,
lamenting the shortness of life, and complaining of the partiality
of nature in granting longevity to the crow and to the stag, but
not to man. To his care we are indebted for the works of Aristotle,
which the dying philosopher entrusted to him. The best edition
of Theophrastus, is that of Heinsius, folio, Leiden, 1613; and of
his Characters, that of Needham, 8vo, Cambridge. 1712, and that of
Fischer, 8vo, Coburg, 1763. _Cicero_, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_,
bk. 3, ch. 28; _Brutus_, ch. 31; _Orator_, ch. 19, &c.――_Strabo_,
bk. 13.――_Diogenes Laërtius_, _Lives_.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_,
bk. 2, ch. 8; bk. 34, ch. 20; bk. 8, ch. 12.――_Quintilian_, bk. 10,
ch. 1.――_Plutarch_, _Adversus Colotem_.――――An officer entrusted with
the care of the citadel of Corinth by Antigonus. _Polyænus._

=Theopolĕmus=, a man who, with his brother Hiero, plundered Apollo’s
temple at Delphi, and fled away for fear of being punished. _Cicero_,
_Against Verres_, bk. 5.

=Theopŏlis=, a name given to Antioch, because the christians first
received their name there.

=Theopompus=, a king of Sparta, of the family of the Proclidæ, who
succeeded his father Nicander, and distinguished himself by the many
new regulations which he introduced. He created the Ephori, and died,
after a long and peaceful reign, B.C. 723. While he sat on the throne,
the Spartans made war against Messenia. _Plutarch_, _Lycurgus_.
――_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 7.――――A famous Greek historian of Chios,
disciple of Isocrates, who flourished B.C. 354. All his compositions
are lost, except a few fragments quoted by ancient writers. He is
compared to Thucydides and Herodotus as an historian, yet he is
severely censured for his satirical remarks and illiberal reflections.
He obtained a prize in which his master was a competitor, and he was
liberally rewarded for composing the best funeral oration in honour
of Mausolus. His father’s name was Damasistratus. _Dionysius of
Halicarnassus_, bk. 1.――_Plutarch_, _Lysis_.――_Cornelius Nepos_, bk.
7.――_Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 18.――_Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1.――――An
Athenian, who attempted to deliver his countrymen from the tyranny of
Demetrius. _Polyænus_, bk. 5.――――A comic poet in the age of Menander.
He wrote 24 plays, all lost.――――A son of Demaratus, who obtained
several crowns at the Olympic games. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 10.
――――An orator and historian of Cnidus, very intimate with Julius
Cæsar. _Strabo_, bk. 14.――――A Spartan general, killed at the battle
of Tegyra.――――A philosopher of Cheronæa, in the reign of the emperor
Philip.

=Theophylactus Simocatta=, a Byzantine historian, whose works were
edited folio, Paris, 1647.――――One of the Greek fathers who flourished
A.D. 1070. His works were edited at Venice, 4 vols., 1754 to 1763.

=Theorius=, a surname of Apollo at Trœzene, where he had a very ancient
temple. It signifies clear-sighted.

=Theotīmus=, a wrestler of Elis, in the age of Alexander. _Pausanias_,
bk. 6, ch. 17.――――A Greek who wrote a history of Italy.

=Theoxĕna=, a noble lady of Thessaly, who threw herself into the sea,
when unable to escape from the soldiers of king Philip, who pursued
her. _Livy_, bk. 40, ch. 4.

=Theoxenia=, a festival celebrated in honour of all the gods in every
city of Greece, but especially at Athens. Games were then observed,
and the conqueror who obtained the prize received a large sum of
money, or, according to others, a vest beautifully ornamented. The
Dioscuri established a festival of the same name, in honour of the
gods who had visited them at one of their entertainments.

=Theoxenius=, a surname of Apollo.

=Thera=, a daughter of Amphion and Niobe. _Hyginus_, fable 69.――――One
of the Sporades in the Ægean sea, anciently called _Callista_,
now _Santorin_. It was first inhabited by the Phœnicians, who were
left there under Membliares by Cadmus, when he went in quest of his
sister Europa. It was called Thera by Theras the son of Autesion, who
settled there with a colony from Lacedæmon. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 1.
――_Herodotus_, bk. 4.――_Strabo_, bk. 8.――――A town of Caria.

=Therambus=, a town near Pallene. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 123.

=Theramĕnes=, an Athenian philosopher and general in the age of
Alcibiades. His father’s name was Agnon. He was one of the 30 tyrants
of Athens, but he had no share in the cruelties and oppression which
disgraced their administration. He was accused by Critias, one of
his colleagues, because he opposed their views, and he was condemned
to drink hemlock, though defended by his own innocence, and the
friendly intercession of the philosopher Socrates. He drank the
poison with great composure, and poured some of it on the ground,
with the sarcastical exclamation of, “This is to the health of
Critias.” This happened about 404 years before the christian era.
Theramenes, on account of the fickleness of his disposition, has been
called _Cothurnus_, a part of the dress used both by men and women.
_Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 3, ch. 16.――_Plutarch_, _Alcibiades_, &c.
――_Cornelius Nepos._

=Therapne=, or =Terapne=, a town of Laconia, at the west of the Eurotas,
where Apollo had a temple called Phœbeum. It was but a very short
distance from Lacedæmon, and, indeed, some authors have confounded
it with the capital of Laconia. It received its name from Therapne,
a daughter of Lelex. Castor and Pollux were born there, and on that
account they were sometimes called _Therapnæi fratres_. _Pausanias_,
bk. 3, ch. 14.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 5, li. 223.――_Silius Italicus_,
bk. 6, li. 303; bk. 8, li. 414; bk. 13, li. 43.――_Livy_, bk. 2, ch.
16.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 2, ch. 49.――_Statius_, bk. 7,
_Thebaid_, li. 793.

=Theras=, a son of Autesion of Lacedæmon, who conducted a colony to
Callista, to which he gave the name of _Thera_. He received divine
honours after death. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, chs. 1 & 15.

=Therimăchus=, a son of Hercules by Megara. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2,
chs. 4 & 7.

=Therippidas=, a Lacedæmonian, &c. _Diodorus_, bk. 15.

=Theritas=, a surname of Mars in Laconia.

=Therma=, a town of Africa. _Strabo._――――A town of Macedonia,
afterwards called _Thessalonica_, in honour of the wife of Cassander,
and now _Salonichi_. The bay in the neighbourhood of Therma is called
_Thermæus_, or _Thermaicus sinus_, and advances far into the country,
so much, that Pliny has named it _Macedonicus sinus_, by way of
eminence, to intimate its extent. _Strabo._――_Tacitus_, _Annals_,
bk. 5, ch. 10.――_Herodotus._

=Thermæ= (baths), a town of Sicily, where were the baths of Selinus,
now _Sciacca_.――――Another, near Panormus, now _Thermini_. _Silius
Italicus_, bk. 14, li. 23.――_Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 2, ch. 35.

=Thermōdon=, now _Termeh_, a famous river of Cappadocia, in the ancient
country of the Amazons, falling into the Euxine sea near Themiscyra.
There was also a small river of the same name in Bœotia, near Tanagra,
which was afterwards called _Hæmon_. _Strabo_, bk. 11.――_Herodotus_,
bk. 9, ch. 27.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 19.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 1;
bk. 9, ch. 19.――_Plutarch_, _Demosthenes_.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11,
li. 659.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 249, &c.

=Thermopy̆læ=, a small pass leading from Thessaly into Locris and Phocis.
It has a large ridge of mountains on the west, and the sea on the
east, with deep and dangerous marshes, being in the narrowest part
only 25 feet in breadth. Thermopylæ receives its name from the _hot
baths_ which are in the neighbourhood. It is celebrated for a battle
which was fought there B.C. 480, on the 7th of August, between Xerxes
and the Greeks, in which 300 Spartans resisted for three successive
days repeatedly the attacks of the most brave and courageous of
the Persian army, which, according to some historians, amounted to
5,000,000. There was also another battle fought there between the
Romans and Antiochus king of Syria. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 176,
&c.――_Strabo_, bk. 9.――_Livy_, bk. 36, ch. 15.――_Mela_, bk. 2,
ch. 3.――_Plutarch_, _Marcus Cato_, &c.――_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 15.

=Thermum=, a town of Ætolia on the Evenus. _Polybius_, bk. 5.

=Thermus=, a man accused in the reign of Tiberius, &c.――――A man put to
death by Nero.――――A town of Ætolia, the capital of the country.

=Therodămas=, a king of Scythia, who, as some report, fed lions with
human blood, that they might be more cruel. _Ovid_, _Ibis_, li. 383.

=Theron=, a tyrant of Agrigentum, who died 472 B.C. He was a native of
Bœotia, and son of Ænesidamus, and he married Damarete the daughter
of Gelon of Sicily. _Herodotus_, bk. 7.――_Pindar_, _Olympian_, ch. 2.
――――One of Actæon’s dogs. _Ovid._――――A Rutulian who attempted to
kill Æneas. He perished in the attempt. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10,
li. 312.――――A priest in the temple of Hercules at Saguntum, &c.
_Silius Italicus_, bk. 2, li. 149.――――A Theban descended from the
Spartæ. _Statius_, _Thebaid_, bk. 2, li. 572.――――A daughter of Phylas,
beloved by Apollo. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 40.

=Therpander=, a celebrated poet and musician of Lesbos. _See:_
Terpander.

=Thersander=, a son of Polynices and Argia. He accompanied the Greeks
to the Trojan war, but he was killed in Mysia by Telephus, before
the confederate army reached the enemy’s country. _Virgil_, _Æneid_,
bk. 2, li. 261.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 7.――――A son of Sisyphus
king of Corinth.――――A musician of Ionia.

=Thersĭlŏchus=, a leader of the Pæonians in the Trojan war, killed by
Achilles. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 483.――――A friend of Æneas,
killed by Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 12, li. 363.――――An athlete
at Corcyra, crowned at the Olympic games. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 13.

=Thersippus=, a son of Agrius, who drove Œneus from the throne of
Calydon.――――A man who carried a letter from Alexander to Darius.
_Curtius._――――An Athenian author, who died 954 B.C.

=Thersītes=, an officer, the most deformed and illiberal of the Greeks
during the Trojan war. He was fond of ridiculing his fellow-soldiers,
particularly Agamemnon, Achilles, and Ulysses. Achilles killed him
with one blow of his fist, because he laughed at his mourning the
death of Penthesilea. _Ovid_, _ex Ponto_, bk. 4, poem 17, li. 15.
――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 8.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2, li. 212, &c.

=Theseidæ=, a patronymic given to the Athenians from Theseus, one of
their kings. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2, li. 383.

=Theseis=, a poem written by Codrus, containing an account of the life
and actions of Theseus, and now lost. _Juvenal_, satire 1, li. 2.

=Theseus=, a king of Athens, and son of Ægeus by Æthra the daughter of
Pittheus, was one of the most celebrated of the heroes of antiquity.
He was educated at Trœzene in the house of Pittheus, and as he was
not publicly acknowledged to be the son of the king of Athens, he
passed for the son of Neptune. When he came to years of maturity,
he was sent by his mother to his father, and a sword was given him,
by which he might make himself known to Ægeus in a private manner.
_See:_ Ægeus. His journey to Athens was not across the sea, as it was
usual with travellers, but Theseus determined to signalize himself
in going by land, and encountering difficulties. The road which led
from Trœzene to Athens was infested with robbers and wild beasts,
and almost impassable; but these obstacles were easily removed by
the courageous son of Ægeus. He destroyed Corynetes, Synnis, Sciron,
Cercyon, Procrustes, and the celebrated Phæa. At Athens, however,
his reception was not cordial; Medea lived there with Ægeus, and as
she knew that her influence would fall to the ground, if Theseus was
received in his father’s house, she attempted to destroy him before
his arrival was made public. Ægeus was himself to give the cup of
poison to this unknown stranger at a feast, but the sight of his
sword on the side of Theseus reminded him of his amours with Æthra.
He knew him to be his son, and the people of Athens were glad to find
that this illustrious stranger, who had cleared Attica from robbers
and pirates, was the son of their monarch. The Pallantides, who
expected to succeed their uncle Ægeus on the throne, as he apparently
had no children, attempted to assassinate Theseus; but they fell a
prey to their own barbarity, and were all put to death by the young
prince. The bull of Marathon next engaged the attention of Theseus.
The labour seemed arduous, but he caught the animal alive, and after
he had led it through the streets of Athens, he sacrificed it to
Minerva, or the god of Delphi. After this Theseus went to Crete among
the seven chosen youths whom the Athenians yearly sent to be devoured
by the Minotaur. The wish to deliver his country from so dreadful a
tribute, engaged him to undertake this expedition. He was successful
by means of Ariadne the daughter of Minos, who was enamoured of him,
and after he had escaped from the labyrinth with a clue of thread,
and killed the Minotaur [_See:_ Minotaurus], he sailed from Crete
with the six boys and seven maidens, whom his victory had equally
redeemed from death. In the island of Naxos, where he was driven by
the winds, he had the meanness to abandon Ariadne, to whom he was
indebted for his safety. The rejoicings which his return might have
occasioned at Athens were interrupted by the death of Ægeus, who
threw himself into the sea when he saw his son’s ship return with
black sails, which was the signal of ill success. _See:_ Ægeus. His
ascension on his father’s throne was universally applauded, B.C.
1235. The Athenians were governed with mildness, and Theseus made
new regulations, and enacted new laws. The number of the inhabitants
of Athens was increased by the liberality of the monarch, religious
worship was attended with more than usual solemnity, a court was
instituted which had the care of all civil affairs, and Theseus made
the government democratical, while he reserved for himself only the
command of the armies. The fame which he had gained by his victories
and policy, made his alliance courted; but Pirithous king of the
Lapithæ, alone wished to gain his friendship, by meeting him in
the field of battle. He invaded the territories of Attica, and when
Theseus had marched out to meet him, the two enemies, struck at the
sight of each other, rushed between their two armies, to embrace one
another in the most cordial and affectionate manner, and from that
time began the most sincere and admired friendship, which has become
proverbial. Theseus was present at the nuptials of his friend, and
was the most eager and courageous of the Lapithæ, in the defence of
Hippodamia and her female attendants, against the brutal attempts
of the Centaurs. When Pirithous had lost Hippodamia, he agreed with
Theseus, whose wife Phædra was also dead, to carry away some of
the daughters of the gods. Their first attempt was upon Helen the
daughter of Leda, and after they had obtained this beautiful prize,
they cast lots, and she became the property of Theseus. The Athenian
monarch entrusted her to the care of his mother Æthra, at Aphidnæ,
till she was of nubile years, but the resentment of Castor and Pollux
soon obliged him to restore her safe into their hands. Helen, before
she reached Sparta, became mother of a daughter by Theseus, but this
tradition, confirmed by some ancient mythologists, is confuted by
others, who affirm that she was but nine years old when carried
away by the two royal friends, and Ovid introduces her in one of
his epistles, saying, _Excepto redii passa timore nihil_. Some time
after Theseus assisted his friend in procuring a wife, and they both
descended into the infernal regions to carry away Proserpine. Pluto,
apprised of their intentions, stopped them. Pirithous was placed on
his father’s wheel, and Theseus was tied to a huge stone on which
he had sat to rest himself. Virgil represents him in this eternal
state of punishment repeating to the shades in Tartarus the words
of _Discite justitiam moniti, et non temnere divos_. Apollodorus,
however, and others declare that he was not long detained in hell;
when Hercules came to steal the dog Cerberus, he tore him away from
the stone, but with such violence, that his skin was left behind.
The same assistance was given to Pirithous, and the two friends
returned upon the earth by the favour of Hercules and the consent
of the infernal deities, not, however, without suffering the most
excruciating torments. During the captivity of Theseus in the
kingdom of Pluto, Mnestheus, one of the descendants of Erechtheus,
ingratiated himself into the favours of the people of Athens, and
obtained the crown in preference to the children of the absent
monarch. At his return Theseus attempted to eject the usurper, but
to no purpose. The Athenians had forgotten his many services, and
he retired with great mortification to the court of Lycomedes king
of the island of Scyros. After paying him much attention, Lycomedes,
either jealous of his fame, or bribed by the presence of Mnestheus,
carried him to a high rock, on pretence of showing him the extent
of his dominions, and threw him down a deep precipice. Some suppose
that Theseus inadvertently fell down this precipice, and that he
was crushed to death without receiving any violence from Lycomedes.
The children of Theseus, after the death of Mnestheus, recovered
the Athenian throne, and that the memory of their father might
not be without the honours due to a hero, they brought his remains
from Scyros, and gave them a magnificent burial. They also raised
him statues and a temple, and festivals and games were publicly
instituted to commemorate the actions of a hero who had rendered
such services to the people of Athens. These festivals were still
celebrated with original solemnity in the age of Pausanias and
Plutarch, about 1200 years after the death of Theseus. The historians
disagree from the poets in their accounts about this hero, and
they all suppose that, instead of attempting to carry away the wife
of Pluto, the two friends wished to seduce a daughter of Aidoneus
king of the Molossi. This daughter, as they say, bore the name
of Proserpine, and the dog which kept the gates of the palace was
called Cerberus, and hence, perhaps, arises the fiction of the poets.
Pirithous was torn to pieces by the dog, but Theseus was confined
in prison, from whence he made his escape some time after by the
assistance of Hercules. Some authors place Theseus and his friend in
the number of the Argonauts, but they were both detained, either in
the infernal regions, or in the country of the Molossi, in the time
of Jason’s expedition to Colchis. _Plutarch_, _Lives_.――_Apollodorus_,
bk. 3.――_Hyginus_, fables 14 & 79.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 2, &c.
――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 433; _Ibis_, li. 412; _Fasti_,
bk. 3, lis. 473 & 491; _Heroides._――_Diodorus_, bks. 1 & 4.――_Lucan_,
bk. 2, li. 612.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 21, li. 293.――_Hesiod_,
_Shield of Heracles_.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 4, ch. 5.
――_Statius_, _Thebaid_, bk. 5, li. 432――_Propertius_, bk. 3.
――_Lactantius_, on _Thebaid_ of _Statius_.――_Philostratus_,
_Imagines_, bk. 1.――_Flaccus_, bk. 2.――_Apollonius_, bk. 1.――_Virgil_,
_Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 617.――_Seneca_, _Hippolytus_.――_Statius_,
_Achilles_, bk. 1.

=Thesīdæ=, a name given to the people of Athens, because they were
governed by Theseus.

=Thesĭdes=, a patronymic applied to the children of Theseus, especially
Hippolytus. _Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 4, li. 65.

=Thesmophŏra=, a surname of Ceres, as lawgiver, in whose honour
festivals were instituted called _Thesmophoria_. The Thesmophoria
were instituted by Triptolemus, or, according to some, by Orpheus,
or the daughters of Danaus. The greatest part of the Grecian
cities, especially Athens, observed them with great solemnity. The
worshippers were free-born women, whose husbands were obliged to
defray the expenses of the festival. They were assisted by a priest
called στεφανοφορος, because he carried a crown on his head. There
were also certain virgins who officiated, and were maintained at the
public expense. The freeborn women were dressed in white robes, to
intimate their spotless innocence; they were charged to observe the
strictest chastity during three or five days before the celebration,
and during the four days of the solemnity; and on that account it was
usual for them to strew their bed with _agnus castus_, _fleabane_,
and all such herbs as were supposed to have the power of expelling
all venereal propensities. They were also charged not to eat
pomegranates, or to wear garlands on their heads, as the whole was
to be observed with the greatest signs of seriousness and gravity,
without any display of wantonness or levity. It was, however, usual
to jest at one another, as the goddess Ceres had been made to smile
by a merry expression when she was sad and melancholy for the recent
loss of her daughter Proserpine. Three days were required for the
preparation, and upon the 11th of the month called Pyanepsion, the
women went to Eleusis, carrying books on their heads, in which the
laws which the goddess had invented were contained. On the 14th
of the same month the festival began, on the 16th day a fast was
observed, and the women sat on the ground in token of humiliation. It
was usual during the festival to offer prayers to Ceres, Proserpine,
Pluto, and Calligenia, whom some suppose to be the nurse or favourite
maid of the goddess of corn, or perhaps one of her surnames. There
were some sacrifices of a mysterious nature, and all persons whose
offence was small were released from confinement. Such as were
initiated at the festivals of Eleusis assisted at the Thesmophoria.
The place of high priest was hereditary in the family of Eumolpus.
_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 10, li. 431; _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 619.
――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 4.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 58.
――_Sophocles_, _Œdipus at Colonus_.――_Clement of Alexandria_.

=Thesmothĕtæ=, a name given to the last six Archons among the Athenians,
because they took particular care to enforce the laws, and to see
justice impartially administered. They were at that time nine in
number.

=Thespia=, now _Neocorio_, a town of Bœotia, at the foot of mount
Helicon, which received its name from Thespia the daughter of Asopus,
or from Thespius. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 7.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 26.
――_Strabo_, bk. 9.

=Thespiădæ=, the sons of Thespiades. _See:_ Thespius.

=Thespiădes=, a name given to the 50 daughters of Thespius. _See:_
Thespius. _Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Seneca_, _Hercules Œtaeus_, li. 369.
――――Also a surname of the nine muses, because they were held in
great veneration in Thespia. _Flaccus_, bk. 2, li. 368.――_Ovid_,
_Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 310.

=Thespis=, a Greek poet of Attica, supposed by some to be the inventor
of tragedy, 536 years before Christ. His representations were very
rustic and imperfect. He went from town to town upon a cart, on which
was erected a temporary stage, where two actors, whose faces were
daubed with the lees of wine, entertained the audience with choral
songs, &c. Solon was a great enemy to his dramatic representations.
_Horace_, _Art of Poetry_, li. 276.――_Diogenes Laërtius._

=Thespius=, a king of Thespia, in Bœotia, son of Erechtheus, according
to some authors. He was desirous that his 50 daughters should have
children by Hercules, and therefore when that hero was at his court
he permitted him to enjoy their company. This, which, according to
some, was effected in one night, passes for the 13th and most arduous
of the labours of Hercules, as the two following lines from the
_arcana arcanissima_ indicate:

_Tertius hinc decimus labor est durissimus, unâ
Quinquaginta simul stupravit nocte puellas._

All the daughters of Thespius brought male children into the world,
and some of them twins, particularly Procris the eldest, and the
youngest. Some suppose that one of the Thespiades refused to admit
Hercules to her arms, for which the hero condemned her to pass all
her life in continual celibacy, and to become the priestess of a
temple he had at Thespia. The children of the Thespiades, called
_Thespiadæ_, went to Sardinia, where they made a settlement with
Iolaus, the friend of their father. Thespius is often confounded by
ancient authors with Thestius, though the latter lived in a different
place, and, as king of Pleuron, sent his sons to the hunting of the
Calydonian boar. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9,
chs. 26 & 27.――_Plutarch._

=Thesprōtia=, a country of Epirus, at the west of Ambracia, bounded on
the south by the sea. It is watered by the rivers Acheron and Cocytus,
which the poets, after Homer, have called the streams of hell. The
oracle of Dodona was in Thesprotia. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 14,
li. 315.――_Strabo_, bk. 7, &c.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 17.――_Lucan_,
bk. 3, li. 179.

=Thesprōtus=, a son of Lycaon king of Arcadia. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3,
ch. 8.

=Thessălia=, a country of Greece, whose boundaries have been different
at different periods. Properly speaking, Thessaly was bounded on the
south by the northern parts of Greece, or Græcia propria; east, by
the Ægean; north, by Macedonia and Mygdonia; and west, by Illyricum
and Epirus. It was generally divided into four separate provinces,
Thessaliotis, Pelasgiotis, Istiæotis, and Phthiotis, to which some
add Magnesia. It has been severally called _Æmonia_, _Pelasgicum_,
_Argos_, _Hellas_, _Argeia_, _Dryopis_, _Pelasgia_, _Pyrrhæa_,
_Æmathia_, &c. The name of Thessaly is derived from Thessalus, one of
its monarchs. Thessaly is famous for a deluge which happened there in
the age of Deucalion. Its mountains and cities are also celebrated,
such as Olympus, Pelion, Ossa, Larissa, &c. The Argonauts were partly
natives of Thessaly. The inhabitants of the country passed for a
treacherous nation, so that false money was called Thessalian coin,
and a perfidious action, Thessalian deceit. Thessaly was governed by
kings, till it became subject to the Macedonian monarchs. The cavalry
was universally esteemed, and the people were superstitious, and
addicted to the study of magic and incantations. Thessaly is now
called _Janna_. _Lucan_, bk. 6, li. 438, &c.――_Dionysius Periegetes_,
li. 219.――_Curtius_, bk. 3, ch. 2.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 3,
ch. 1.――_Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 36; bk. 10, ch. 1.――_Mela_, bk. 2,
ch. 3.――_Justin_, bk. 7, ch. 6.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.

=Thessălion=, a servant of Mentor of Sidon, in the age of Artaxerxes
Ochus, &c. _Diodorus_, bk. 16.

=Thessaliotis=, a part of Thessaly at the south of the river Peneus.

=Thessalonīca=, an ancient town of Macedonia, first called _Therma_,
and Thessalonica, after Thessalonica the wife of Cassander. According
to ancient writers it was once very powerful, and it still continues
to be a place of note. _Strabo_, bk. 7.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus._
――_Cicero_, _Against Piso_, ch. 17.――_Livy_, bk. 29, ch. 17; bk. 40,
ch. 4; bk. 44, chs. 10 & 45.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.――――A daughter of
Philip king of Macedonia, sister to Alexander the Great. She married
Cassander, by whom she had a son called Antipater, who put her to
death. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 7.

=Thessălus=, a son of Æmon.――――A son of Hercules and Calliope daughter
of Euryphilus. Thessaly received its name from one of these.
_Apollodorus_, bk. 2.――_Dictys Cretensis_, bk. 2.――――A physician
who invited Alexander to a feast at Babylon to give him poison.――――A
physician of Lydia in the age of Nero. He gained the favours of
the great and opulent at Rome, by the meanness and servility of
his behaviour. He treated all physicians with contempt, and thought
himself superior to all his predecessors.――――A son of Cimon, who
accused Alcibiades because he imitated the mysteries of Ceres.――――A
son of Pisicratus.――――A player in the age of Alexander.

=Thestălus=, a son of Hercules and Epicaste. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2,
ch. 7.

=Theste=, a sister of Dionysius the elder, tyrant of Syracuse. She
married Philoxenus, and was greatly esteemed by the Sicilians.

=Thestia=, a town of Ætolia, between the Evenus and Achelous.
_Polybius_, bk. 5.

=Thestiădæ= and =Thestiădes=. _See:_ Thespiadæ and Thespiades.

=Thestiădæ=, the sons of Thestius, Toxeus, and Plexippus. _Ovid_,
_Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, li. 286.

=Thestias=, a patronymic of Althæa, daughter of Thestius. _Ovid_,
_Metamorphoses_, bk. 8.

=Thestis=, a fountain in the country of Cyrene.

=Thestius=, a king of Pleuron, and son of Parthaon, was father to
Toxeus, Plexippus, and Althæa.――――A king of Thespia. _See:_ Thespius.
The sons of Thestius, called _Thestiadæ_, were killed by Meleager at
the chase of the Calydonian boar. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 7.

=Thestor=, a son of Idmon and Laothoe, father to Calchas. From him
Calchas is often called _Thestorides_. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk.
12, li. 19.――_Statius_, bk. 1, _Achilleis_, li. 497.――_Apollonius_,
bk. 1, li. 239.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 1, li. 69.

=Thesty̆lis=, a country-woman mentioned in Theocritus and Virgil.

=Thetis=, one of the sea deities, daughter of Nereus and Doris, often
confounded with Tethys her grandmother. She was courted by Neptune
and Jupiter; but when the gods were informed that the son she would
bring forth must become greater than his father, their addresses
were stopped, and Peleus the son of Œacus was permitted to solicit
her hand. Thetis refused him, but the lover had the artifice to
catch her when asleep, and, by binding her strongly, he prevented
her from escaping from his grasp, in assuming different forms. When
Thetis found that she could not elude the vigilance of her lover she
consented to marry him, though much against her inclination. Their
nuptials were celebrated on mount Pelion with great pomp; all the
deities attended except the goddess of discord, who punished the
negligence of Peleus, by throwing into the midst of the assembly a
golden apple, to be given to the fairest of all the goddesses. _See:_
Discordia. Thetis became mother of several children by Peleus, but
all these she destroyed by fire in attempting to see whether they
were immortal. Achilles must have shared the same fate, if Peleus had
not snatched him from her hand as she was going to repeat the cruel
operation. She afterwards rendered him invulnerable by plunging him
in the waters of the Styx, except that part of the heel by which
she held him. As Thetis well knew the fate of her son, she attempted
to remove him from the Trojan war by concealing him in the court of
Lycomedes. This was useless. He went with the rest of the Greeks.
The mother, still anxious for his preservation, prevailed upon Vulcan
to make him a suit of armour; but when it was done, she refused the
god the favours which she had promised him. When Achilles was killed
by Paris, Thetis issued out of the sea with the Nereides to mourn
his death, and after she had collected his ashes in a golden urn,
she raised a monument to his memory, and instituted festivals in his
honour. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 244, &c.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1,
chs. 2 & 9; bk. 3, ch. 13.――_Hyginus_, fable 54.――_Homer_, _Iliad_,
bk. 1, &c.; _Odyssey_, bk. 24, li. 55.――_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 18,
&c.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, fable 7; bk. 12, fable 1, &c.

=Theutis=, or =Teuthis=, a prince of a town of the same name in Arcadia,
who went to the Trojan war. He quarrelled with Agamemnon at Aulis,
and when Minerva, under the form of Melas son of Ops, attempted to
pacify him, he struck the goddess and returned home. Some say that
the goddess afterwards appeared to him and showed him the wound
which he had given her in the thigh, and that he died soon after.
_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 28.

=Thia=, the mother of the sun, moon, and Aurora by Hyperion. _See:_
Thea. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 371.――――One of the Sporades, that
rose out of the sea in the age of Pliny. _Pliny_, bk. 27, ch. 12.

=Thias=, a king of Assyria.

=Thimbron=, a Lacedæmonian, chosen general to conduct a war against
Persia. He was recalled, and afterwards reappointed. He died B.C. 391.
_Diodorus_, bk. 17.――――A friend of Harpalus.

=Thiodamas=, the father of Hylas. _See:_ ♦Theodamas.

♦ ‘Theodamus’ replaced with ‘Theodamas’

=Thirmidia=, a town of Numidia, where Hiempsal was slain. _Sallust_,
_Jugurthine War_, ch. 2.

=Thisbe=, a beautiful woman of Babylon. _See:_ Pyramus.――――A town of
Bœotia, between two mountains. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 32.

=Thisias=, a Sicilian writer.

=Thiosa=, one of the three nymphs who fed Jupiter in Arcadia. She built
a town which bore her name in Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 38.

=Thistie=, a town of Bœotia. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 7.

=Thoantium=, a place on the sea coast at Rhodes.

=Thoas=, a king of Taurica Chersonesus, in the age of Orestes and
Pylades. He would have immolated these two celebrated strangers on
Diana’s altars, according to the barbarous customs of the country,
had they not been delivered by Iphigenia. _See:_ Iphigenia. According
to some, Thoas was the son of Borysthenes. _Ovid_, _ex Ponto_, bk. 3,
poem 2.――――A king of Lemnos, son of Bacchus and Ariadne the daughter
of Minos, and husband to Myrine. He had been made king of Lemnos by
Rhadamanthus. He was still alive when the Lemnian women conspired
to kill all the males in the island, but his life was spared by
his only daughter ♦Hypsipyle, in whose favour he had resigned the
crown. ♦Hypsipyle obliged her father to depart secretly from Lemnos,
to escape from the fury of the women, and he arrived safe in a
neighbouring island, which some call Chios, though many suppose
that Thoas was assassinated by the enraged females before he had
left Lemnos. Some mythologists confound the king of Lemnos with that
of Chersonesus, and suppose that they were one and the same man.
According to their opinion, Thoas was very young when he retired
from Lemnos, and after that he went to Taurica Chersonesus, where
he settled. _Flaccus_, bk. 8, li. 208.――_Hyginus_, fables 74, 120.
――_Ovid_, _Ibis_, li. 384; _Heroides_, poem 6, li. 114.――_Statius_,
_Thebaid_, bk. 6, lis. 262 & 486.――_Apollonius of Rhodes_, bk. 1, lis.
209 & 615.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9; bk. 3, ch. 6.――_Euripides_,
_Iphigeneia_.――――A son of Andremon and Gorge the daughter of Œneus.
He went to the Trojan war with 15, or rather 40 ships. _Homer_,
_Iliad_, bk. 2, &c.――_Dictys Cretensis_, bk. 1.――_Hyginus_, fable 97.
――――A famous huntsman. _Diodorus_, bk. 4.――――A son of Icarius.
_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 10.――――A son of Jason and ♦Hypsipyle queen
of Lemnos. _Statius_, _Thebaid_, bk. 6, li. 342.――――A son of Ornytion,
grandson of Sisyphus.――――A king of Assyria, father of Adonis and
Myrrha, according to _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 14.――――A man who made
himself master of Miletus.――――An officer of Ætolia, who strongly
opposed the views of the Romans, and favoured the interest of
Antiochus, B.C. 193.――――One of the friends of Æneas in Italy, killed
by Halesus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 415.

♦ ‘Hipsipyle’ replaced with ‘Hypsipyle’ for consistency

=Thoe=, one of the Nereides. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 245.――――One of
the horses of Admetus.――――One of the Amazons, &c. _Valerius Flaccus_,
bk. 6, li. 376.

=Tholus=, a town of Africa.

=Thomȳris=, called also Tamyris, Tameris, Thamyris, and Tomeris,
was queen of the Massagetæ. After her husband’s death, she marched
against Cyrus, who wished to invade her territories, cut his army to
pieces, and killed him on the spot. The barbarous queen ordered the
head of the fallen monarch to be cut off and thrown into a vessel
full of human blood, with the insulting words of _satia te sanguine
quem sitisti_. Her son had been conquered by Cyrus before she marched
herself at the head of her armies. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 205.
――_Justin_, bk. 1, ch. 8.――_Tibullus_, bk. 4, poem 1, li. 143.

=Thon=, an Egyptian physician, &c.

=Thonis=, a courtesan of Egypt.

=Thoon=, a Trojan chief killed by Ulysses. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
bk. 13, li. 259.――――One of the giants who made war against Jupiter.
_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 6.

=Thoosa=, a sea nymph, daughter of Phorcys, and mother of Polyphemus by
Neptune. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 236.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 1,
li. 71.

=Thoōtes=, one of the Grecian heralds.

=Thoranius=, a general of Metellus, killed by Sertorius. _Plutarch._

=Thorax=, a mountain near Magnesia in Ionia, where the grammarian
Daphitas was suspended on a cross for his abusive language against
kings and absolute princes, whence the proverb _cave a Thorace_.
_Strabo_, bk. 14.――――A Lacedæmonian officer who served under Lysander,
and was put to death by the Ephori. _Plutarch_, _Lysander_.――――A man
of Larissa, who paid much attention to the dead body of Antigonus, &c.
_Plutarch_, _Lysander_, &c.

=Thoria lex=, _agraria_, by Spurius Thorius the tribune. It ordained
that no person should pay any rent for the land which he possessed.
It also made some regulations about grazing and pastures. _Cicero_,
_Brutus_.

=Thornax=, a mountain of Argolis. It received its name from Thornax,
a nymph who became mother of Buphagus by Japetus. The mountain was
afterwards called _Coccygia_, because Jupiter changed himself there
into a cuckoo. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 27.

=Thorsus=, a river of Sardinia. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 17.

=Thoth=, an Egyptian deity, the same as Mercury.

=Thous=, a Trojan chief, &c.――――One of Actæon’s dogs.

=Thrāce=, a daughter of Titan.――――A name of Thrace. _See:_ Thracia.

=Thrāces=, the inhabitants of Thrace. _See:_ Thracia.

=Thrācia=, a large country of Europe, at the south of Scythia, bounded
by mount Hæmus. It had the Ægean sea on the south, on the west
Macedonia and the river Strymon, and on the east the Euxine sea, the
Propontis, and the Hellespont. Its northern boundaries extended as
far as the Ister, according to Pliny and others. The Thracians were
looked upon as a cruel and barbarous nation; they were naturally
brave and warlike, addicted to drinking and venereal pleasures, and
they sacrificed without the smallest humanity their enemies on the
altars of their gods. Their government was originally monarchical,
and divided among a number of independent princes. Thrace is barren
as to its soil. It received its name from Thrax the son of Mars, the
chief deity of the country. The first inhabitants lived upon plunder,
and on the milk and flesh of sheep. It forms now the province of
_Romania_. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 99; bk. 5, ch. 3.――_Strabo_,
bk. 1, &c.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, &c.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 2, &c.
――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 29, &c.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11,
li. 92; bk. 13, li. 565, &c.――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Alcibiades_, ch. 11.

=Thracidæ=, an illustrious family at Delphi, destroyed by Philomelus
because they opposed his views. _Diodorus_, bk. 16.

=Thracis=, a town of Phocis. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 3.

=Thrăseas=, or =Thrasius=, a soothsayer. _See:_ Thrasius.――――Pætus,
a stoic philosopher of Patavium, in the age of Nero, famous for his
independence and generous sentiments. He died A.D. 66. _Juvenal_,
satire 5, li. 36.――_Martial_, bk. 1, ltr. 19.――_Tacitus_, _Annals_,
bk. 15, ch. 16.

=Thrasideus=, succeeded his father Theron as tyrant of Agrigentum.
He was conquered by Hiero, and soon after put to death. _Diodorus_,
bk. 11.

=Thrasimenus.= _See:_ Thrasymenus.

=Thrasius=, a general of a mercenary band in Sicily, who raised a
sedition against Timoleon. _Diodorus_, bk. 16.――――A spendthrift at
Rome, &c. _Horace_, bk. 2, satire 2, li. 99.

=Thraso=, a painter. _Strabo_, bk. 14.――――A favourite of Hieronymus,
who espoused the interest of the Romans. He was put to death by the
tyrant.――――The character of a captain in Terence.

=Thrasybūlus=, a famous general of Athens, who began the expulsion
of the 30 tyrants of his country, though he was only assisted by 30
of his friends. His efforts were attended with success, B.C. 401,
and the only reward he received for this patriotic action was a
crown made with two twigs of an olive branch; a proof of his own
disinterestedness and of the virtues of his countrymen. The Athenians
employed a man whose abilities and humanity were so ♦conspicuous,
and Thrasybulus was sent with a powerful fleet to recover their
lost power in the Ægean, and on the coast of Asia. After he had
gained many advantages, this great man was killed in his camp by the
inhabitants of Aspendus, whom his soldiers had plundered without his
knowledge, B.C. 391. _Diodorus_, bk. 14.――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Lives._
――_Cicero._――_Philostratus._――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 4, ch. 1.――――A
tyrant of Miletus, B.C. 634.――――A soothsayer descended from Apollo.
_Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 2.――――A son of Gelon, banished from Syracuse,
of which he was the tyrant, B.C. 466.――――An Athenian in the army of
the Persians, who supported the siege of Halicarnassus.

♦ ‘conspicious’ replaced with ‘conspicuous’

=Thrasydæus=, a king of Thessaly, &c.

=Thrasyllus=, a man of Attica, so disordered in his mind that he
believed all the ships which entered the Piræus to be his own. He
was cured by means of his brother, whom he liberally reproached
for depriving him of that happy illusion of mind. _Ælian_, _Varia
Historia_, bk. 4, ch. 25.――――A general of the Athenians in the age
of Alcibiades, with whom he obtained a victory over the Persians.
_Thucydides_, bk. 8.――――A Greek Pythagorean philosopher and
mathematician, who enjoyed the favours and the friendship of Augustus
and Tiberius. _Suetonius_, _Tiberius_.

=Thrasy̆măchus=, a native of Carthage, who became the pupil of Isocrates
and of Plato. Though he was a public teacher at Athens, he starved
for want of bread, and at last hanged himself. _Juvenal_, satire 7,
li. 204.――――A man who abolished democracy at Cumæ. _Aristotle_,
_Politics_, bk. 5, ch. 5.

=Thrasymēdes=, a son of Nestor king of Pylos, by Anaxibia the daughter
of Bias. He was one of the Grecian chiefs during the Trojan war.
_Hyginus_, fable 27.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 26.――――A son of
Philomelus, who carried away a daughter of Pisistratus, whom he
married. _Polyænus_, bk. 5.

=Thrăsy̆mēnus=, a lake of Italy near Perusium, celebrated for a battle
fought there between Annibal and the Romans, under Flaminius, B.C.
217. No less than 15,000 Romans were left dead on the field of battle,
and 10,000 taken prisoners, or, according to Livy, 6000, or Polybius,
15,000. The loss of Annibal was about 1500 men. About 10,000 Romans
made their escape, all covered with wounds. This lake is now called
the lake of _Perugia_. _Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 6,
li. 765.――_Plutarch._

=Threicius=, of Thrace. Orpheus is called, by way of eminence,
_Threicius Sacerdos_. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 645.

=Threissa=, an epithet applied to Harpalyce, a native of Thrace.
_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 310.

=Threpsippas=, a son of Hercules and Panope. _Apollodorus._

=Thriambus=, one of the surnames of Bacchus.

=Thronium=, a town of Phocis, where the Boagrius falls into the sea,
in the Sinus Malicus. _Livy_, bk. 36, ch. 20.――_Strabo_, bk. 9.
――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 7.――――Another of Thesprotia.

=Thryon=, a town of Messenia, near the Alpheus. _Strabo_, bk. 8.
――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2.

=Thryus=, a town of Peloponnesus, near Elis.

=Thūcy̆dĭdes=, a celebrated Greek historian, born at Athens. His
father’s name was Olorus, and among his ancestors he reckoned the
great Miltiades. His youth was distinguished by an eager desire
to excel in the vigorous exercises and gymnastic amusements which
called the attention of his contemporaries, and when he had reached
the years of manhood, he appeared in the Athenian armies. During
the Peloponnesian war he was commissioned by his countrymen to
relieve Amphipolis; but the quick march of Brasidas the Lacedæmonian
general defeated his operations, and Thucydides, unsuccessful in his
expedition, was banished from Athens. This happened in the eighth
year of this celebrated war, and in the place of his banishment
the general began to write an impartial history of the important
events which had happened during his administration, and which
still continued to agitate the several states of Greece. This famous
history is continued only to the 21st year of the war, and the
remaining part of the time, till the demolition of the walls
of Athens, was described by the pen of Theopompus and Xenophon.
Thucydides wrote in the Attic dialect, as possessed of more vigour,
purity, elegance, and energy. He spared neither time nor money to
procure authentic materials; and the Athenians, as well as their
enemies, furnished him with many valuable communications, which
contributed to throw great light on the different transactions of the
war. His history has been divided into eight books, the last of which
is imperfect, and supposed to have been written by his daughter.
The character of this interesting history is well known, and the
noble emulation of the writer will ever be admired, who shed tears
when he heard Hercules repeat his history of the Persian wars at the
public festivals of Greece. The historian of Halicarnassus has been
compared with the son of Olorus, but each has his peculiar excellence.
Sweetness of style, grace, and elegance of expression, may be called
the characteristics of the former, while Thucydides stands unequalled
for the fire of his descriptions, the conciseness, and, at the
same time, the strong and energetic matter of his narratives. His
relations are authentic, as he himself was interested in the events
he mentions; his impartiality is indubitable, as he nowhere betrays
the least resentment against his countrymen, and the factious
partisans of Cleon, who had banished him from Athens. Many have
blamed the historian for the injudicious distribution of his subjects;
and while, for the sake of accuracy, the whole is divided into
summers and winters, the thread of history is interrupted, the
scene continually shifted; and the reader, unable to pursue events
to the end, is transported from Persia to Peloponnesus, or from the
walls of Syracuse to the coast of Corcyra. The animated harangues
of Thucydides have been universally admired; he found a model in
Herodotus, but he greatly surpassed the original; and succeeding
historians have adopted, with success, a peculiar mode of writing
which introduces a general addressing himself to the passions and
the feelings of his armies. The history of Thucydides was so admired,
that Demosthenes, to perfect himself as an orator, transcribed it
eight different times, and read it with such attention, that he
could almost repeat it by heart. Thucydides died at Athens, where
he had been recalled from his exile, in his 80th year, 391 years
before Christ. The best editions of Thucydides are those of Duker,
folio, Amsterdam, 1731; of Glasgow, 12mo, 8 vols., 1759; of Hudson,
folio, Oxford, 1796, and the 8vo of Zweibrücken, 1788. _Cicero_,
_On Oratory_, &c.――_Diodorus_, bk. 12.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_,
_Thucydides_.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 12, ch. 50.
――_Quintilian._――――A son of Milesias, in the age of Pericles. He
was banished for his opposition to the measures of Pericles, &c.

=Thuisto=, one of the deities of the Germans. _Tacitus._

=Thūle=, an island in the most northern parts of the German ocean,
to which, on account of its great distance from the continent,
the ancients gave the epithet of _ultima_. Its situation was never
accurately ascertained, hence its present name is unknown by modern
historians. Some suppose that it is the island now called Iceland or
part of Greenland, whilst others imagine it to be the Shetland isles.
_Statius_, bk. 3, _Sylvæ_, poem 5, li. 20.――_Strabo_, bk. 1.――_Mela_,
bk. 3, ch. 6.――_Tacitus_, _Agricola_, ch. 10.――_Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 75;
bk. 4, ch. 16.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 30.――_Juvenal_,
satire 15, li. 112.

=Thuriæ=, =Thurii=, or =Thurium=, a town of Lucania in Italy, built
by a colony of Athenians, near the ruins of Sybaris, B.C. 444. In the
number of this Athenian colony were Lysias and Herodotus. _Strabo_,
bk. 6.――_Pliny_, bk. 12, ch. 4.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――――A town of
Messenia. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 31.――_Strabo_, bk. 8.

=Thurīnus=, a name given to Augustus when he was young, either because
some of his progenitors were natives of Thurium, or because they had
distinguished themselves there. _Suetonius_, _Augustus_, ch. 7.

=Thuscia=, a country of Italy, the same as Etruria. _See:_ Etruria.

=Thya=, a daughter of the Cephisus.――――A place near Delphi.

=Thyădes= (singular, Thyas), a name of the Bacchanals. They received
it from _Thyas_ daughter of _Castalius_, and mother of Delphus by
Apollo. She was the first woman who was priestess of the god Bacchus.
_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 302.――_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 4.

=Thyămis=, a river of Epirus falling into the Ionian sea. _Pausanias_,
bk. 1, ch. 11.――_Cicero_, bk. 7, _Letters to Atticus_, ltr. 2.

=Thyana=, a town of Cappadocia. _Strabo._

=Thyatira=, a town of Lydia, now _Akisar_. _Livy_, bk. 37, chs. 8 & 44.

=Thybarni=, a people near Sardes. _Diodorus_, bk. 17.

=Thyesta=, a sister of Dionysius the tyrant of Syracuse.

=Thyestes=, a son of Pelops and Hippodamia, and grandson of Tantalus,
debauched Ærope the wife of his brother Atreus, because he refused
to take him as his colleague on the throne of Argos. This was no
sooner known, than Atreus divorced Ærope, and banished Thyestes
from his kingdom; but soon after, the more effectually to punish his
infidelity, he expressed a wish to be reconciled to him, and recalled
him to Argos. Thyestes was received by his brother at an elegant
entertainment, but he was soon informed that he had been feeding
upon the flesh of one of his own children. This Atreus took care
to communicate to him by showing him the remains of his son’s body.
This action appeared so barbarous, that, according to the ancient
mythologists, the sun changed his usual course, not to be a spectator
of so bloody a scene. Thyestes escaped from his brother, and fled to
Epirus. Some time after he met his daughter Pelopea in a grove sacred
to Minerva, and he offered her violence without knowing who she was.
This incest, however, according to some, was intentionally committed
by the father, as he had been told by an oracle, that the injuries he
had received from Atreus would be avenged by a son born from himself
and Pelopea. The daughter, pregnant by her father, was seen by her
uncle Atreus and married, and some time after she brought into the
world a son, whom she exposed in the woods. The life of the child
was preserved by goats; he was called Ægysthus, and presented to his
mother, and educated in the family of Atreus. When grown to years
of maturity, the mother gave her son Ægysthus a sword, which she
had taken from her unknown ravisher in the grove of Minerva, with
hopes of discovering who he was. Meantime Atreus, intent to punish
his brother, sent Agamemnon and Menelaus to pursue him, and when
at last they found him, he was dragged to Argos, and thrown into a
close prison. Ægysthus was sent to murder Thyestes, but the father
recollected the sword, which was raised to stab him, and a few
questions convinced him that his assassin was his own son. Pelopea
was present at this discovery, and when she found that she had
committed incest with her father, she asked Ægysthus to examine
the sword, and immediately plunged it into her own breast. Ægysthus
rushed from the prison to Atreus, with the bloody weapon, and
murdered him near an altar, as he wished to offer thanks to the gods
on the supposed death of Thyestes. At the death of Atreus, Thyestes
was placed on his brother’s throne by Ægysthus, from which he was
soon after driven by Agamemnon and Menelaus. He retired from Argos,
and was banished into the island of Cythera by Agamemnon, where he
died. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Sophocles_, _Ajax_.――_Hyginus_,
fable 86, &c.――_Ovid_, _Ibis_, li. 359.――_Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 544;
bk. 7, li. 451.――_Seneca_, _Thyestes_.

=Thymbra=, a small town of Lydia near Sardes, celebrated for a battle
which was fought there between Cyrus and Crœsus, in which the latter
was defeated. The troops of Cyrus amounted to 196,000 men, besides
chariots, and those of Crœsus were twice as numerous.――――A plain
in Troas, through which a small river, called Thymbrius, falls in
its course to the Scamander. Apollo had there a temple, and from
thence he is called _Thymbræus_. Achilles was killed there by Paris,
according to some. _Strabo_, bk. 13.――_Statius_, bk. 4, _Sylvæ_,
poem 7, li. 22.――_Dictys Cretensis_, bk. 2, ch. 52; bk. 2, ch. 1.

=Thymbræus=, a surname of Apollo. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 323;
_Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 85. _See:_ Thymbra.

=Thymbris=, a concubine of Jupiter, said to be mother of Pan.
_Apollodorus._――――A fountain and river of Sicily. _Theocritus_,
poem 1, li. 100.

=Thymbron.= _See:_ Thimbron.

=Thymĕle=, a celebrated female dancer, favoured by Domitian. _Juvenal_,
satire 1, li. 36.――_Statius_, bk. 6, li. 36.

=Thymiathis=, a river of Epirus. _Strabo_, bk. 7.

=Thymochăres=, an Athenian defeated in a battle by the Lacedæmonians.