Chapter C (5)

=Chios=, now _Scio_, an island in the Ægean sea, between Lesbos and
Samos, on the coast of Asia Minor, which receives its name, as some
suppose, from Chione, or from χιων, _snow_, which was very frequent
there. It was well inhabited, and could once equip 100 ships; and
its chief town, called Chios, had a beautiful harbour, which could
contain 80 ships. The wine of this island, so much celebrated by
the ancients, is still in general esteem. Chios was anciently called
Æthalia, Macris, and Pityasa. There was no adultery committed there
for the space of 700 years. _Plutarch_, _de Mulierum Virtutes_.
――_Horace_, bk. 3, ode 19, li. 5; bk. 1, satire 10, li. 24.
――_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 4.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 2.――_Strabo_, bk. 2.

=Chiron=, a centaur, half a man and half a horse, son of Philyra
and Saturn, who had changed himself into a horse, to escape the
inquiries of his wife Rhea. Chiron was famous for his knowledge of
music, medicine, and shooting. He taught mankind the use of plants
and medicinal herbs: and he instructed in all the polite arts the
greatest heroes of his age; such as Achilles, Æsculapius, Hercules,
Jason, Peleus, Æneas, &c. He was wounded on the knee by a poisoned
arrow, by Hercules, in his pursuit of the centaurs. Hercules flew
to his assistance; but as the wound was incurable, and the cause of
the most excruciating pains, Chiron begged Jupiter to deprive him
of immortality. His prayers were heard, and he was placed by the god
among the constellations, under the name of Sagittarius. _Hesiod_,
_Shield of Heracles_.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 11.――_Pausanias_, bk. 3,
ch. 18; bk. 5, ch. 19; bk. 9, ch. 31.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk.
2, li. 676.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 5; bk. 3, ch. 13.――_Horace_,
epode 13.

=Chloe=, a surname of Ceres at Athens. Her yearly festivals, called
Chloeia, were celebrated with much mirth and rejoicing, and a ram
was always sacrificed to her. The name of Chloe is supposed to bear
the same signification as _Flava_, so often applied to the goddess
of corn. The name, from its signification (χλοη, _herba virens_),
has generally been applied to women possessed of beauty and of
simplicity.

=Chloreus=, a priest of Cybele, who came with Æneas into Italy, and was
killed by Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 768.――――Another, &c.

=Chloris=, the goddess of flowers, who married Zephyrus. She is the
same as Flora. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 5.――――A daughter of Amphion,
son of Jasus and Persephone, who married Neleus king of Pylos, by
whom she had one daughter and 12 sons, who all, except Nestor, were
killed by Hercules. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 11, li. 280.――_Pausanias_,
bk. 2, ch. 21; bk. 9, ch. 36.――――A prostitute, &c. _Horace_, bk. 3,
ode 15.

=Chlorus=, a river of Cilicia. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 27.――――Constantine,
one of the Cæsars, in Diocletian’s age, who reigned two years after
the emperor’s abdication, and died July 25, A.D. 306.

=Choarīna=, a country near India, reduced by Craterus, &c.

=Choaspes=, a son of Phasis, &c. _Flaccus_, bk. 5, li. 585.――――An
Indian river. _Curtius_, bk. 5, ch. 2.――――A river of Media, flowing
into the Tigris, and now called _Karun_. Its waters are so sweet,
that the kings of Persia drank no other, and in their expeditions
they always had some with them which had been previously boiled.
_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 188.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 12, ch.
40.――_Tibullus_, bk. 4, poem 1, li. 141.――_Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 27.

=Chobus=, a river of Colchis. _Arrian._

=Chœrades= and =Pharos=, two islands opposite Alexandria in Egypt.
_Thucydides_, bk. 7, ch. 33.―――― Others in the Euxine sea.――――An
island in the Ionian sea, or near the Hellespont. _Theocritus_,
_Idylls_, poem 13.

=Chœrĭlus=, a tragic poet of Athens, who wrote 150 tragedies, of which
13 obtained the prize.――――An historian of Samos.――――Two other poets,
one of whom was very intimate with Herodotus. He wrote a poem on the
victory which the Athenians had obtained over Xerxes, and on account
of the excellence of the composition, he received a piece of gold
for each verse from the Athenians, and was publicly ranked with
Homer as a poet. The other was one of Alexander’s flatterers and
friends. It is said the prince promised him as many pieces of gold
as there should be good verses in his poetry, and as many slaps on
his forehead as there were bad; and in consequence of this, scarce
six of his verses in each poem were entitled to gold, while the rest
were rewarded with castigation. _Plutarch_, _Alexander_.――_Horace_,
bk. 2, ltr. 1, li. 232.

=Chœreæ=, a place of Bœotia.

=Chonnidas=, a man made preceptor to Theseus, by his grandfather
Pittheus king of Trœzene. The Athenians instituted sacrifices to
him for the good precepts which he had inculcated into his pupil.
_Plutarch_, _Theseus_.

=Chonūphis=, an Egyptian prophet. _Plutarch_, _de Genio Socratis_.

=Chorasmi=, a people of Asia near the Oxus. _Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 93.

=Chorineus=, a man killed in the Rutulian war. _Virgil_, _Æneid_,
bk. 9, li. 571.――――Another. _Æneid_, bk. 12, li. 298.――――A priest
with Æneas. _Æneid._

=Chorœbus=, a man of Elis, who obtained a prize the first olympiad.
_See:_ Corœbus.――――A youth of Mygdonia, who was enamoured of
Cassandra. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 2, li. 341.

=Choromnæi=, a people subdued by Ninus. _Diodorus_, bk. 1.

=Chosroes=, a king of Persia, in Justinian’s reign.

=Chremes=, a sordid old man, mentioned in Terence’s Andria. _Horace_,
_Art of Poetry_, li. 94.

=Chremĕtes=, a river of Libya.

=Chresiphon=, an architect of Diana’s temple in Ephesus. _Pliny_,
bk. 36, ch. 14.

=Chresphontes=, a son of Aristomachus. _See:_ Aristodemus.

=Chrestus=, an approved writer of Athens, &c. _Columella_, bk. 1, _de
Res Rustica_, ch. 1.

=Chromia=, a daughter of Itonus. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 1.

=Chromios=, a son of Neleus and Chloris, who, with 10 brothers,
was killed in a battle by Hercules.――――A son of Priam, killed by
Diomedes. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 12.

=Chromis=, a captain in the Trojan war. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2.――――A
young shepherd. _Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 6.――――A Phrygian killed
by Camilla. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 675.――――A son of Hercules.
_Statius_, bk. 6, li. 346.

=Chromius=, a son of Pterilaus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――――An
Argive, who, alone with Alcenor, survived a battle between 300 of
his countrymen and 300 Spartans. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 82.

=Chronius=, a man who built a temple of Diana at Orchomenos.
_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 48.

=Chronos=, the Greek name of Saturn, or time, in whose honour festivals
called _Chronia_ were yearly celebrated by the Rhodians, and some of
the Greeks.

=Chryasus=, a king of Argos, descended from Inachus.

=Chrysa= and =Chryse=, a town of Cilicia, famous for a temple of
Apollo Smintheus. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 1, li. 37.――_Strabo_, bk. 13.
――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 174.――――A daughter of Halmus,
mother of Phlegias by Mars. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 36.

=Chrysăme=, a Thessalian, priestess of Diana Trivia. She fed a bull with poison, which she sent to the enemies of her country, who ate the flesh, and became delirious, and were an easy conquest. _Polyænus._

=Chrysantas=, a man who refrained from killing another, by hearing a
dog bark. _Plutarch_, _Quæstiones Romanæ_.

=Chrysanthius=, a philosopher in the age of Julian, known for the
great number of volumes which he wrote.

=Chrysantis=, a nymph who told Ceres, when she was at Argos with
Pelagus, that her daughter had been carried away. _Pausanias_, bk. 1.

=Chrysaor=, a son of Medusa by Neptune. Some report that he sprung from
the blood of Medusa, armed with a _golden sword_, whence his name,
χρυσος ἀορ. He married Callirhoe, one of the Oceanides, by whom he
had Geryon, Echidna, and the Chimæra. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 295.
――――A rich king of Iberia. _Diodorus_, bk. 4.――――A son of Glaucus.
_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 21.

=Chrysaoreus=, a surname of Jupiter, from his temple at Stratonice,
where all the Carians assembled upon any public emergency. _Strabo_,
bk. 4.

=Chrysaŏris=, a town of Cilicia. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 2.

=Crysas=, a river of Sicily, falling into the Simæthus, and worshipped
as a deity. _Cicero_, _Against Verres_, Speech 4, ch. 44.

=Chryseis=, the daughter of Chryses. _See:_ Chryses.

=Chrysermus=, a Corinthian, who wrote a history of Peloponnesus and of
India, besides a treatise on rivers. _Plutarch_, _Parallela minora_.

=Chryses=, the priest of Apollo, father of Astynome, called from him
_Chryseis_. When Lyrnessus was taken, and the spoils divided among
the conquerors, Chryseis, who was the wife of Eetion the sovereign
of the place, fell to the share of Agamemnon. Chryses, upon this,
went to the Grecian camp to solicit his daughter’s restoration;
and when his prayers were fruitless, he implored the aid of Apollo,
who visited the Greeks with a plague, and obliged them to restore
Chryseis. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 1, li. 11, &c.――――A daughter of
Minos. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 1.

=Chrysippe=, a daughter of Danaus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1.

=Chrysippus=, a natural son of Pelops, highly favoured by his father,
for which Hippodamia, his stepmother, ordered her own sons, Atreus
and Thyestes, to kill him, and to throw his body into a well, on
account of which they were banished. Some say that Hippodamia’s
sons refused to murder Chrysippus, and that she did it herself. They
further say, that Chrysippus had been carried away by Laius king
of Thebes, to gratify his unnatural lusts, and that he was in his
arms when Hippodamia killed him. _Hyginus_, fable 85.――_Plato_, _de
Leges_, bk. 6.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 5.――_Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch.
20.――――A stoic philosopher of Tarsus, who wrote about 311 treatises.
Among his curious opinions was his approbation of a parent’s
marriage with his child, and his wish that dead bodies should be
eaten rather than buried. He died through excess of wine, or, as
others say, from laughing too much on seeing an ass eating figs on
a silver plate, 207 B.C., in the 80th year of his age. _Valerius
Maximus_, bk. 8, ch. 7.――_Diodorus._――_Horace_, bk. 2, satire 3,
li. 40. There were also others of the same name. _Diogenes Laërtius._
――――A freedman of Cicero.

=Chrysis=, a mistress of Demetrius. _Plutarch_, _Demetrius_.――――A
priestess of Juno at Mycenæ. The temple of the goddess was burnt
by the negligence of Chrysis, who fled to Tegea, to the altar of
Minerva. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 17.

=Chrysoaspĭdes=, soldiers in the armies of Persia, whose arms were all
covered with silver, to display the opulence of the prince whom they
served. _Justin_, bk. 12, ch. 7.

=Chrysogŏnus=, a freedman of Sylla. _Cicero_, _pro Sexto Roscio
Amerino_.――――A celebrated singer in Domitian’s reign. _Juvenal_,
satire 6, li. 74.

=Chrysolāus=, a tyrant of Methymna, &c. _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 8.

=Chrysondium=, a town of Macedonia. _Polybius_, bk. 5.

=Chrysopŏlis=, a promontory and port of Asia, opposite Byzantium, now
_Scutari_.

=Chrysorhoas=, a river of Peloponnesus. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 31.

=Chrysorrhōæ=, a people in whose country are golden streams.

=Chrysostom=, a bishop of Constantinople, who died A.D. 407, in his
53rd year. He was a great disciplinarian, and by severely lashing
the vices of his age, he procured himself many enemies. He was
banished for opposing the raising of a statue to the empress, after
having displayed his abilities as an elegant preacher, a sound
theologian, and a faithful interpreter of Scripture. Chrysostom’s
works were nobly and correctly edited, without a Latin version,
by Saville, 8 vols., folio, Etonæ, 1613. They have appeared with
a translation, at Paris, editor, Benedictine Montfaucon, 13 vols.,
folio, 1718

=Chrysothĕmis=, a name given by Homer to Iphigenia daughter of
Agamemnon and Clytemnestra.――――A Cretan, who first obtained the
poetical prize at the Pythian games. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 7.

=Chryxus=, a leader of the Boii, grandson to Brennus, who took Rome.
_Silius Italicus_, bk. 4, li. 148.

=Chthonia=, a daughter of Erechtheus, who married Butes. _Apollodorus_,
bk. 3, ch. 15.――――A surname of Ceres, from a temple built to her
by Chthonia, at Hermione. She had a festival there called by the
same name, and celebrated every summer. During the celebration,
the priests of the goddess marched in procession, accompanied by
the magistrates, and a crowd of women and boys in white apparel,
with garlands of flowers on their heads. Behind was dragged an
untamed heifer, just taken from the herd. When they came to the
temple, the victim was let loose, and four old women armed with
scythes sacrificed the heifer, and killed her by cutting her
throat. A second, a third, and a fourth victim were in a like manner
despatched by the old women; and it was observable that they all
fell on the same side. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 35.

=Chthonius=, a centaur, killed by Nestor in a battle at the nuptials
of Pirithous. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 441.――――One of
the soldiers who sprang from the dragon’s teeth sown by Cadmus.
_Hyginus_, fable 178.――――A son of Ægyptus and Calliadne.
_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1.

=Chitrium=, a name given to part of the town of Clazomenæ.

=Cibalæ=, now _Swilei_, a town of Pannonia, where Licinius was defeated
by Constantine. It was the birthplace of Gratian. _Eutropius_, bk.
10, ch. 4.――_Marcellinus_, bk. 30, ch. 24.

=Cibarītis=, a country of Asia, near the Mæander.

=Cibyra=, now _Burun_, a town of Phrygia, of which the inhabitants
were dexterous hunters. _Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 6, li. 33.――_Cicero_,
_Against Verres_, bk. 4, ch. 13.――_Letters to Atticus_, bk. 5,
ltr. 2.――――Of Caria.

=Caius Cicereius=, a secretary of Scipio Africanus, who obtained a
triumph over the Corsicans. _Livy_, bks. 41 & 42.

=Marcus Tullius Cicero=, born at Arpinum, was son of a Roman knight,
and lineally descended from the ancient kings of the Sabines. His
mother’s name was Helvia. After displaying many promising abilities
at school, he was taught philosophy by Philo, and law by Mutius
Scævola. He acquired and perfected a taste for military knowledge
under Sylla, in the Marsian war, and retired from Rome, which was
divided into factions, to indulge his philosophic propensities. He
was naturally of a weak and delicate constitution, and he visited
Greece on account of his health; though, perhaps, the true cause
of his absence from Rome might be attributed to his fear of Sylla.
His friends, who were well acquainted with his superior abilities,
were anxious for his return; and when at last he obeyed their
solicitations, he applied himself with uncommon diligence to oratory,
and was soon distinguished above all the speakers of his age in
the Roman forum. When he went to Sicily as questor, he behaved with
great justice and moderation; and the Sicilians remembered with
gratitude the eloquence of Cicero, their common patron, who had
delivered them from the tyranny and avarice of Verres. After he had
passed through the offices of edile and pretor, he stood a candidate
for the consulship, A.U.C. 691; and the patricians and plebeians
were equally anxious to raise him to that dignity, against the
efforts and bribery of Catiline. His new situation was critical, and
required circumspection. Catiline, with many dissolute and desperate
Romans, had conspired against their country, and combined to murder
Cicero himself. In this dilemma, Cicero, in full senate, accused
Catiline of treason against the state; but as his evidence was not
clear, his efforts were unavailing. He, however, stood upon his
guard, and by the information of his friends and the discovery of
Fulvia, his life was saved from the dagger of Marcius and Cethegus,
whom Catiline had sent to assassinate him. After this, Cicero
commanded Catiline, in the senate, to leave the city; and this
desperate conspirator marched out in triumph to meet the 20,000 men
who were assembled to support his cause. The lieutenant of Caius
Antony, the other consul, defeated them in Gaul; and Cicero, at
Rome, punished the rest of the conspirators with death. This capital
punishment, though inveighed against by Julius Cæsar as too severe,
was supported by the opinion of Lutatius Catulus and Cato, and
confirmed by the whole senate. After this memorable deliverance,
Cicero received the thanks of all the people, and was styled _The
father of his country, and a second founder of Rome_. The vehemence
with which he had attacked Clodius proved injurious to him; and
when his enemy was made tribune, Cicero was banished from Rome,
though 20,000 young men were supporters of his innocence. He was
not, however, deserted in his banishment. Wherever he went, he
was received with the highest marks of approbation and reverence;
and when the faction had subsided at Rome, the whole senate and
people were unanimous for his return. After 16 months’ absence, he
entered Rome with universal satisfaction; and when he was sent, with
the power of proconsul, to Cilicia, his integrity and prudence made
him successful against the enemy, and at his return he was honoured
with a triumph which the factious prevented him to enjoy. After much
hesitation during the civil commotions between Cæsar and Pompey,
he joined himself to the latter, and followed him to Greece. When
victory had declared in favour of Cæsar, at the battle of Pharsalia,
Cicero went to Brundusium, and was reconciled to the conqueror, who
treated him with great humanity. From this time Cicero retired into
the country, and seldom visited Rome. When Cæsar had been stabbed in
the senate, Cicero recommended a general amnesty, and was the most
earnest to decree the provinces to Brutus and Cassius. But when he
saw the interest of Cæsar’s murderers decrease, and Antony come into
power, he retired to Athens. He soon after returned, but lived in
perpetual fear of assassination. Augustus courted the approbation of
Cicero, and expressed his wish to be his colleague in the consulship.
But his wish was not sincere; he soon forgot his former professions
of friendship; and when the two consuls had been killed at Mutina,
Augustus joined his interest to that of Antony, and the triumvirate
was soon after formed. The great enmity which Cicero bore to Antony
was fatal to him; and Augustus, Antony, and Lepidus, the triumvirs,
to destroy all cause of quarrel and each to despatch his enemies,
produced their lists of proscription. About 200 were doomed to death,
and Cicero was among the number upon the list of Antony. Augustus
yielded a man to whom he partly owed his greatness, and Cicero was
pursued by the emissaries of Antony, among whom was Popilius, whom
he had defended upon an accusation of parricide. He had fled in a
litter towards the sea of Caieta; and when the assassins came up
to him, he put his head out of the litter, and it was severed from
the body by Herennius. This memorable event happened in December,
43 B.C., after the enjoyment of life for 63 years, 11 months, and
five days. The head and right hand of the orator were carried to
Rome, and hung up in the Roman forum; and so inveterate was Antony’s
hatred against the unfortunate man, that even Fulvia, the triumvir’s
wife, wreaked her vengeance upon his head, and drew the tongue
out of the mouth, and bored it through repeatedly with a gold
bodkin, verifying in this act of inhumanity what Cicero had once
observed, that _no animal is more revengeful than a woman_. Cicero
has acquired more real fame by his literary compositions than by
his spirited exertions as a Roman senator. The learning and the
abilities which he possessed have been the admiration of every age
and country, and his style has always been accounted as the true
standard of pure latinity. The words _nascitur poeta_ have been
verified in his attempts to write poetry; and the satire of Martial,
_Carmina quod scribit musis et Apolline nullo_, though severe, is
true. He once formed a design to write the history of his country,
but he was disappointed. He translated many of the Greek writers,
poets as well as historians, for his own improvement. When he
travelled into Asia, he was attended by most of the learned men of
his age; and his stay at Rhodes, in the school of the famous Molo,
conduced not a little to perfect his judgment. Like his countrymen
he was not destitute of ambition, and the arrogant expectations with
which he returned from his questorship in Sicily are well known. He
was of a timid disposition; and he who shone as the father of Roman
eloquence, never ascended the pulpit to harangue without feeling a
secret emotion of dread. His conduct during the civil wars is far
from that of a patriot; and when we view him, dubious and irresolute,
sorry not to follow Pompey and yet afraid to oppose Cæsar, the
judgment would almost brand him with the name of coward. In his
private character, however, Cicero was of an amiable disposition;
and though he was too elated with prosperity, and debased by
adversity, the affability of the friend conciliated the good graces
of all. He married Terentia, whom he afterwards divorced, and by
whom he had a son and a daughter. He afterwards married a young
woman to whom he was guardian; and because she seemed elated at
the death of his daughter Tullia, he repudiated her. The works of
this celebrated man, of which, according to some, the tenth part
is scarce extant, have been edited by the best scholars in every
country. The most valuable editions of the works complete, are that
of Verburgius, 2 vols., folio, Amsterdam, 1724; that of Olivet,
9 vols., 4to, Geneva, 1758; the Oxford edition, in 10 vols., 4to,
1782; and that of Lallemand, 12mo, 14 vols., Paris apud Barbou,
1768. _Plutarch_, _Parallel Lives_.――_Quintilian._――_Dio Cassius._
――_Appian._――_Florus._――_Cornelius Nepo_, _Atticus_.――_Eutropius._
――_Cicero_, &c.――――Marcus, the son of Cicero, was taken by Augustus
as his colleague in the consulship. He revenged his father’s death,
by throwing public dishonour upon the memory of Antony. He disgraced
his father’s virtues, and was so fond of drinking, that Pliny
observes, he wished to deprive Antony of the honour of being
the greatest drunkard in the Roman empire. _Plutarch_, _Cicero_.
――――Quintus, the brother of the orator, was Cæsar’s lieutenant in
Gaul, and proconsul of Asia for three years. He was proscribed with
his son at the same time as his brother Tully.――_Plutarch_, _Cicero_.
――_Appian._

=Cicerōnis villa=, a place near Puteoli in Campania. _Pliny_, bk. 31,
ch. 2.

=Cichyris=, a town of Epirus.

=Cicŏnes=, a people of Thrace near the Hebrus. Ulysses, at his return
from Troy, conquered them, and plundered their chief city Ismarus
because they had assisted Priam against the Greeks. They tore to
pieces Orpheus for his obscene indulgencies. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
bk. 10, li. 83; bk. 15, li. 313.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4, li.
520, &c.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 2.

=Cilūta=, an old avaricious usurer. _Horace_, bk. 2, satire 3, li. 69.

=Cĭlĭcia=, a country of Asia Minor, on the sea coast, at the north of
Cyprus, the south of mount Taurus, and the west of the Euphrates.
The inhabitants enriched themselves by piratical excursions, till
they were conquered by Pompey. The country was opulent, and was
governed by kings, under some of the Roman emperors; but reduced
into a province by Vespasian. Cicero presided over it as proconsul.
It receives its name from Cilix the son of Agenor. _Apollodorus_,
bk. 3, ch. 1.――_Varro_, _Re Rustica_, bk. 2, ch. 11.――_Suetonius_,
_Vespasian_, ch. 8.――_Herodotus_, bk. 2, chs. 17, 34.――_Justin_,
bk. 11, ch. 11.――_Curtius_, bk. 3, ch. 4.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 27.
――――Part of the country between Æolia and Troas is also called
Cilicia. _Strabo_, bk. 13, calls it Trojan, to distinguish it from
the other Cilicia. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 27.

=Cilissa=, a town of Phrygia.

=Cilix=, a son of Phœnix, or, according to Herodotus, of Agenor, who,
after seeking in vain his sister Europa, settled in a country to
which he gave the name of Cilicia. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 1.
――_Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 91.

=Cilla=, a town of Africa Propria. _Diodorus_, bk. 20.――――A town of
Æolia. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 149.――――Of Troas, which received its
name, according to Theopompus, from a certain Cillus, who was one of
Hippodamia’s suitors, and was killed by Œnomaus. _Homer_, _Iliad_,
bk. 1, li. 38.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 174.

=Cilles=, a general of Ptolemy, conquered by Demetrius. _Diodorus_,
bk. 19.

=Cillus=, a charioteer of Pelops, in whose honour a city was built.
_Strabo_, bk. 13.

=Cilnius=, the surname of Mæcenas.

=Cilo, Junius=, an oppressive governor of Bithynia and Pontus. The
provinces carried their complaints against him to Rome; but such was
the noise of the flatterers that attended the emperor Claudius, that
he was unable to hear them; and when he asked what they had said,
he was told by one of Cilo’s friends that they returned thanks for
his good administration; upon which the emperor said, “Let Cilo be
continued two years longer in his province.” _Dio Cassius_, bk. 60.
――_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 12, ch. 21.

=Cimber, Tillius=, one of Cæsar’s murderers. He laid hold of the
dictator’s robe, which was a signal for the rest to strike.
_Plutarch_, _Cæsar_.

=Cimberius=, a chief of the Suevi.

=Cimbri=, a people of Germany, who invaded the Roman empire with a
large army, and were conquered by Marius. _Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 3.

=Cimbrīcum bellum=, was begun by the Cimbri and Teutones, by an
invasion of the Roman territories, B.C. 109. These barbarians
were so courageous, and even desperate, that they fastened their
first ranks each to the other with cords. In the first battle they
destroyed 80,000 Romans, under the consuls Manlius and Servilius
Cæpo. But when Marius, in his second consulship, was chosen to
carry on the war, he met the Teutones at Aquæ Sextiæ, where, after
a bloody engagement, he left dead on the field of battle 20,000, and
took 90,000 prisoners, B.C. 102. The Cimbri, who had formed another
army, had already penetrated into Italy, where they were met, at the
river Athesis, by Marius and his colleague Catulus a year after. An
engagement ensued, and 140,000 of them were slain. This last battle
put an end to this dreadful war, and the two consuls entered Rome in
triumph. _Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 3.――_Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 22; bk. 17, ch.
1.――_Mela_, bk. 3, ch. 3.――_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 12.――_Plutarch_,
_Caius Marius_.

=Cimĭnus=, now _Viterbe_, a lake and mountain of Etruria. _Virgil_,
_Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 697.――_Livy_, bk. 9, ch. 36.

=Cimmĕrii=, a people near the Palus Mœotis, who invaded Asia Minor,
and seized upon the kingdom of Cyaxeres. After they had been masters
of the country for 28 years, they were driven back by Alyattes
king of Lydia. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 6, &c.; bk. 4, ch. 1, &c.
――――Another nation on the western coast of Italy, generally imagined
to have lived in caves near the sea-shore of Campania, and there, in
concealing themselves from the light of the sun, to have made their
retreat the receptacle of their plunder. In consequence of this
manner of living, the country which they inhabited was supposed to
be so gloomy, that, to mention a great obscurity, the expression of
_Cimmerian darkness_ has proverbially been used. Homer, according
to Plutarch, drew his images of hell and Pluto from this gloomy and
dismal country, where also Virgil and Ovid have placed the Styx,
the Phlegethon, and all the dreadful abodes of the infernal regions.
_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 13.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_ bk. 6.――_Ovid_,
_Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, li. 592, &c.――_Strabo_, bk. 5.

=Cimmĕris=, a town of Troas, formerly called Edonis. _Pliny_, bk. 5,
ch. 30.

=Cimmĕrium=, now _Crim_, a town of Taurica Chersonesus, whose
inhabitants are called Cimmerii. _Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 19.

=Cimōlis= and =Cinolis=, a town of Paphlagonia.

=Cimōlus=, now _Argentiera_, an island in the Cretan sea, producing
chalk and fuller’s earth. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 463.
――_Pliny_, bk. 35, ch. 16.

=Cimon=, an Athenian, son of Miltiades and Hegisipyle, famous for
his debaucheries in his youth, and his reformation of his morals
when arrived to years of discretion. When his father died, he was
imprisoned, because unable to pay the fine levied upon him by the
Athenians; but he was released from confinement by his sister and
wife Elpinice. _See:_ Elpinice. He behaved with great courage at the
battle of Salamis, and rendered himself popular by his munificence
and valour. He defeated the Persian fleet, and took 200 ships, and
totally routed their land army, the very same day. The money that
he obtained by his victories was not applied to his own private
use; but with it he fortified and embellished the city. He some time
after lost all his popularity, and was banished by the Athenians,
who declared war against the Lacedæmonians. He was recalled from his
exile, and at his return he made a reconciliation between Lacedæmon
and his countrymen. He was afterwards appointed to carry on the war
against Persia in Egypt, and Cyprus, with a fleet of 200 ships; and
on the coast of Asia he gave battle to the enemy, and totally ruined
their fleet. He died as he was besieging the town of Citium in
Cyprus, B.C. 449, in the 51st year of his age. He may be called the
last of the Greeks, whose spirit and boldness defeated the armies of
the barbarians. He was such an inveterate enemy to the Persian power,
that he formed a plan of totally destroying it; and in his wars he
had so reduced the Persians, that they promised, in a treaty, not to
pass the Chelidonian islands with their fleet, or to approach within
a day’s journey of the Grecian seas. The munificence of Cimon has
been highly extolled by his biographers, and he has been deservedly
praised for leaving his gardens open to the public. _Thucydides_,
bk. 1, chs. 100 & 112.――_Justin_, bk. 2, ch. 13.――_Diodorus_, bk. 11.
――_Plutarch_ & _Cornelius Nepos_, _Lives_.――――An Athenian, father
of Miltiades. _Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 34.――――A Roman, supported in
prison by the milk of his daughter.――――An Athenian, who wrote an
account of the war of the Amazons against his country.

=Cinæthon=, an ancient poet of Lacedæmon, &c. _See:_ Cinethon.

=Cinaradas=, one of the descendants of Cinyras, who presided over the
ceremonies of Venus at Paphos. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 2, ch. 3.

=Cincia lex=, was enacted by Marcus Cincius tribune of the people,
A.U.C. 549. By it no man was permitted to take any money as a gift
or a fee in judging a cause. _Livy_, bk. 34, ch. 4.

=Lucius Quinctius Cincinnātus=, a celebrated Roman, who was informed,
as he ploughed his field, that the senate had chosen him dictator.
Upon this he left his ploughed land with regret, and repaired to
the field of battle, where his countrymen were closely besieged by
the Volsci and Æqui. He conquered the enemy and returned to Rome in
triumph; and 16 days after his appointment he laid down his office,
and retired back to plough his fields. In his 80th year he was
again summoned against Præneste as dictator, and after a successful
campaign, he resigned the absolute power he had enjoyed only 21 days,
nobly disregarding the rewards that were offered him by the senate.
He flourished about 460 years before Christ. _Livy_, bk. 3, ch. 26.
――_Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 11.――_Cicero_, _de Finibus Bonorum et
Malorum_, bk. 4.――_Pliny_, bk. 18, ch. 3.

=Lucius Cincius Alimentus=, a pretor of Sicily in the second Punic
war, who wrote annals in Greek. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1.
――――Marcus a tribune of the people, A.U.C. 549, author of the Cincia
lex.

=Cineas=, a Thessalian, minister and friend to Pyrrhus king of Epirus.
He was sent to Rome by his master to sue for a peace, which he,
however, could not obtain. He told Pyrrhus that the Roman senate
were a venerable assembly of kings; and observed, that to fight with
them was to fight against another Hydra. He was of such a retentive
memory, that the day after his arrival at Rome he could salute every
senator and knight by his name. _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 24.――_Cicero_,
_Letters to his Friends_, bk. 9, ltr. 25.――――A king of Thessaly.
_Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 63.――――An Athenian, &c. _Polyænus_, bk. 2,
ch. 32.

=Cinesias=, a Greek poet of Thebes in Bœotia, who composed some
dithyrambic verses. _Athenæus._

=Cinethon=, a Spartan, who wrote genealogical poems, in one of which he
asserted that Medea had a son by Jason, called Medus, and a daughter
called Eriopis. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 18.

=Cinga=, now _Cinea_, a river of Spain, flowing from the Pyrenean
mountains into the Iberus. _Lucan_, bk. 4, li. 21.――_Cæsar_, _Gallic
War_, bk. 1, ch. 48.

=Cingetŏrix=, a prince of Gaul, in alliance with Rome. _Cæsar_,
_Gallic War_, bk. 5, ch. 3.――――A prince of Britain, who attacked
Cæsar’s camp, by order of Cassivelaunus. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_,
bk. 5, ch. 22.

=Cingŭlum=, now _Cingoli_, a town of Picenum, whose inhabitants
are called _Cingulani_. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 13.――_Cæsar_, _Civil
War_, bk. 1, ch. 15.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 10, li. 34.――_Cicero_,
_Letters to Atticus_, bk. 7, ltr. 11.

=Ciniātā=, a place of Galatia.

=Cinithii=, a people of Africa.

=Lucius Cornelius Cinna=, a Roman who oppressed the republic with his
cruelties, and was banished by Octavius, for attempting to make the
fugitive slaves free. He joined himself to Marius; and with him,
at the head of 30 legions, he filled Rome with blood, defeated his
enemies, and made himself consul even to a fourth time. He massacred
so many citizens at Rome, that his name became odious; and one of
his officers assassinated him at Ancona, as he was preparing war
against Sylla. His daughter Cornelia married Julius Cæsar, and
became mother of Julia. _Plutarch_, _Caius Marius_, _Pompey_, &
_Sulla_.――_Lucan_, bk. 4, li. 822.――_Appian_, _Civil Wars_, bk.
1.――_Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 21.――_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 20, &c.
――_Plutarch_, _Cæsar_.――――One of Cæsar’s murderers.――――Caius Helvius
Cinna, a poet intimate with Cæsar. He went to attend the obsequies
of Cæsar, and being mistaken by the populace for the other Cinna, he
was torn to pieces. He had been eight years in composing an obscure
poem called Smyrna, in which he made mention of the incest of
Cinyras. _Plutarch_, _Cæsar_.――――A grandson of Pompey. He conspired
against Augustus, who pardoned him, and made him one of his most
intimate friends. He was consul, and made Augustus his heir. _Dio
Cassius._――_Seneca_, _de Clementia_, ch. 9.――――A town of Italy,
taken by the Romans from the Samnites.

=Cinnadon=, a Lacedæmonian youth, who resolved to put to death the
Ephori, and seize upon the sovereign power. His conspiracy was
discovered, and he was put to death. _Aristotle._

=Cinnămus=, a hair-dresser at Rome, ridiculed by _Martial_, bk. 7,
ltr. 63.

=Cinniana=, a town of Lusitania, famous for the valour of its citizens.
_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 6, ch. 4.

=Cinxia=, a surname of Juno, who presided over marriages, and was
supposed to untie the girdles of new brides.

=Cinyps= and =Cinyphus=, a river and country of Africa near the
Garamantes, whence Cinyphius. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 312.
――_Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 198.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 4.――_Martial_,
bk. 7, ltr. 94.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 272; bk. 15,
li. 755.――_Lucan_, bk. 9, li. 787.

=Ciny̆ras=, a king of Cyprus, son of Paphus, who married Cenchreis, by
whom he had a daughter called Myrrha. Myrrha fell in love with her
father; and, in the absence of her mother at the celebration of the
festivals of Ceres, she introduced herself into his bed by means
of her nurse. Cinyras had by her a son called Adonis; and when he
knew the incest which he had committed, he attempted to stab his
daughter, who escaped his pursuit and fled to Arabia, where, after
she had brought forth, she was changed into a tree, which still
bears her name. Cinyras, according to some, stabbed himself. He was
so rich, that his opulence, like that of Crœsus, became proverbial.
_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 10, fable 9.――_Plutarch_, _Parallela
minora_――_Hyginus_, fables 242, 248, &c.――――A son of Laodice.
_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 9.――――A man who brought a colony from
Syria to Cyprus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 14.――――A Ligurian, who
assisted Æneas against Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 186.

=Cios=, a river of Thrace. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 32.――――A commercial
place of Phrygia.――――The name of three cities in Bithynia.

=Cippus=, a noble Roman, who, as he returned home victorious, was
told that if he entered the city he must reign there. Unwilling to
enslave his country, he assembled the senate without the walls, and
banished himself for ever from the city, and retired to live upon a
single acre of ground. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 565.

=Circæum=, now _Circello_, a promontory of Latium, near a small town
called _Circeii_, at the south of the Pontine marshes. The people
were called _Circeienses_. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li.
248.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 799.――_Livy_, bk. 6, ch. 17.
――_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 19.

=Circe=, a daughter of Sol and Perseis, celebrated for her knowledge
of magic and venomous herbs. She was sister to Æetes king of Colchis,
and Pasiphae the wife of Minos. She married a Sarmatian prince of
Colchis, whom she murdered to obtain his kingdom. She was expelled
by her subjects, and carried by her father upon the coasts of Italy,
in an island called Ææa. Ulysses, at his return from the Trojan war,
visited the place of her residence; and all his companions, who ran
headlong into pleasure and voluptuousness, were changed by Circe’s
potions into filthy swine. Ulysses, who was fortified against all
enchantments by a herb called _moly_, which he had received from
Mercury, went to Circe, and demanded, sword in hand, the restoration
of his companions to their former state. She complied, and loaded
the hero with pleasures and honours. In this voluptuous retreat,
Ulysses had by Circe one son called Telegonus, or two according
to Hesiod, called Agrius and Latinus. For one whole year Ulysses
forgot his glory in Circe’s arms, and at his departure the nymph
advised him to descend into hell, and consult the manes of Tiresias,
concerning the fates that attended him. Circe showed herself cruel
to Scylla her rival, and to Picus. _See:_ Scylla and Picus. _Ovid_,
_Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, fables 1 & 5.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 2;
bk. 1, ode 17.――_Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 8, li. 70; _Æneid_, bk. 3,
li. 386; bk. 7, li. 10, &c.――_Hyginus_, fable 125.――_Apollonius_,
bk. 4, _Argonautica_.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 10, li. 136, &c.
――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 956.
――_Strabo_, bk. 5.

=Circenses ludi=, games performed in the circus at Rome. They were
dedicated to the god Consus, and were first established by Romulus
at the rape of the Sabines. They were in imitation of the Olympian
games among the Greeks, and, by way of eminence, were often called
the great games. Their original name was Consualia, and they were
first called Circensians by Tarquin the elder after he had built the
Circus. They were not appropriated to one particular exhibition; but
were equally celebrated for leaping, wrestling, throwing the quoit
and javelin, races on foot as well as in chariots, and boxing. Like
the Greeks, the Romans gave the name of Pentathlum or Quinquertium
to these five exercises. The celebration continued five days,
beginning on the 15th of September. All games in general that were
exhibited in the Circus, were soon after called Circensian games.
Some sea-fights and skirmishes, called by the Romans Naumachiæ,
were afterwards exhibited in the Circus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8,
li. 636.

=Circius=, a part of mount Taurus. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 27.――――A rapid
and tempestuous wind frequent in Gallia Narbonensis, and unknown in
any other country. _Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 408.

=Circum padani agri=, the country around the river Po. _Livy_, bk. 21,
ch. 35.

=Circus=, a large and elegant building at Rome, where plays and shows
were exhibited. There were about eight at Rome; the first, called
Maximus Circus, was the grandest, raised and embellished by Tarquin
Priscus. Its figure was oblong, and it was filled all round with
benches, and could contain, as some report, about 300,000 spectators.
It was about 2187 feet long and 960 broad. All the emperors vied in
beautifying it, and Julius Cæsar introduced in it large canals of
water, which, on a sudden, could be covered with an infinite number
of vessels, and represent a sea-fight.

=Ciris=, the name of Scylla daughter of Nisus, who was changed into a
bird of the same name. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, li. 151.

=Cirræatum=, a place near Arpinum, where Caius Marius lived when young.
_Plutarch_, _Caius Marius_.

=Cirrha= and =Cyrrha=, a town of Phocis, at the foot of Parnassus,
where Apollo was worshipped. _Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 172.

=Cirtha= and =Cirta=, a town of Numidia. _Strabo_, bk. 7.

=Cisalpīna Gallia=, a part of Gaul, called also Citerior and Togata.
Its furthest boundary was near the Rubicon, and it touched the Alps
on the Italian side.

=Cispadāna Gallia=, part of ancient Gaul, south of the Po.

=Cisrhenāni=, part of the Germans who lived nearest Rome, on the west
of the Rhine. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 6, ch. 2.

=Cissa=, a river of Pontus.――――An island near Istria.

=Cissēis=, a patronymic given to Hecuba as daughter of Cisseus.

=Cissēus=, a king of Thrace, father to Hecuba, according to some
authors. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 320.――――A son of Melampus,
killed by Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 317.――――A son of
Ægyptus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1.

=Cissia=, a country of Susiana, of which Susa was the capital.
_Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 49.

=Cissiæ=, some gates in Babylon. _Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 155.

=Cissides=, a general of Dionysius, sent with nine galleys to assist
the Spartans, &c. _Diodorus_, bk. 15.

=Cissoessa=, a fountain of Bœotia. _Plutarch._

=Cissus=, a mountain of Macedonia.――――A city of Thrace.――――A man
who acquainted Alexander with the flight of Harpalus. _Plutarch_,
_Alexander_.

=Cissusa=, a fountain where Bacchus was washed when young. _Plutarch_,
_Lysander_.

=Cistenæ=, a town of Æolia.――――A town of Lycia. _Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 18.

=Cithæron=, a king who gave his name to a mountain of Bœotia, situate
at the south of the river Asopus, and sacred to Jupiter and the
Muses. Actæon was torn to pieces by his own dogs on this mountain,
and Hercules killed there an immense lion. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk.
4, li. 303.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.
――_Strabo_, bk. 9.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 1, &c.――_Pliny_, bk. 4,
ch. 7.――_Ptolemy_, bk. 3, ch. 15.

=Citharista=, a promontory of Gaul.

=Citium=, now _Chitti_, a town of Cyprus, where Cimon died in his
expedition against Egypt _Plutarch_, _Cimon_.――_Thucydides_, bk. 1,
ch. 112.

=Cius=, a town of Mysia. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.

=Julius Civīlis=, a powerful Batavian, who raised a sedition against
Galba, &c. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 1, ch. 59.

=Cizycum=, a city of Asia in the Propontis, the same as Cyzicus.
_See:_ ♦Cyzicus.

♦ ‘Cizycus’ replaced with ‘Cyzicus’.

=Cladeus=, a river of Elis, passing near Olympia, and honoured next to
the Alpheus. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 7.

=Clanes=, a river falling into the Ister.

=Clanis=, a centaur killed by Theseus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
bk. 12, li. 379.

=Clanius=, or =Clanis=, a river of Campania. _Virgil_, _Georgics_,
bk. 2, li. 225.――――Of Etruria, now _Chiana_. _Silius Italicus_,
bk. 8, li. 454.――_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 1, ch. 79.

=Clarus=, or =Claros=, a town of Iona, famous for an oracle of Apollo.
It was built by Manto daughter of Tiresias, who fled from Thebes,
after it had been destroyed by the Epigoni. She was so afflicted
with her misfortunes, that a lake was formed with her tears, where
she first founded the oracle. Apollo was from thence surnamed
_Clarius_. _Strabo_, bk. 14.――_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 3.――_Mela_,
bk. 1, ch. 7.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 516.――――An island
of the Ægean, between Tenedos and Scios. _Thucydides_, bk. 3, ch.
33.――――One of the companions of Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10,
li. 126.

=Clastidium=, now _Schiatezzo_, a town of Liguria. _Strabo_, bk. 5.
――_Livy_, bk. 32, ch. 29.――――A village of Gaul. _Plutarch_,
_Marcellus_.

=Claudia=, a patrician family at Rome, descended from Clausus, a king
of the Sabines. It gave birth to many illustrious patriots in the
republic; and it was particularly recorded that there were not less
than 28 of that family who were invested with the consulship, five
with the office of dictator, and seven with that of censor, besides
the honour of six triumphs. _Suetonius_, _Tiberius_, ch. 1.

=Claudia=, a vestal virgin accused of incontinence. To show her
innocence, she offered to remove a ship which had brought the image
of Vesta to Rome, and had stuck in one of the shallow places of the
river. This had already baffled the efforts of a number of men; and
Claudia, after addressing her prayers to the goddess, untied her
girdle, and with it easily dragged after her the ship to shore, and
by this action was honourably acquitted. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 5,
ch. 4.――_Propertius_, bk. 4, poem 12, li. 52.――_Silius Italicus_,
bk. 17, li. 34.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 315; _ex Ponto_,
bk. 1, ltr. 2, li. 144.――――A step-daughter of Marcus Antony, whom
Augustus married. He dismissed her undefiled, immediately after the
contract of marriage, on account of a sudden quarrel with her mother
Fulvia. _Suetonius_, _Augustus_, ch. 62.――――The wife of the poet
Statius. _Statius_, bk. 3, _Sylvæ_, poem 5.――――A daughter of Appius
Claudius, betrothed to Tiberias Gracchus.――――The wife of Metellus
Celer, sister to Publius Clodius and to Appius Claudius.――――An
inconsiderable town of Noricum. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 14.――――A Roman
road, which led from the Milvian bridge to the Flaminian way.
_Ovid_, bk. 1, _ex Ponto_, poem 8, li. 44.――――A tribe which received
its name from Appius Claudius, who came to settle at Rome with a
large body of attendants. _Livy_, bk. 2, ch. 16.――_Dionysius of
Halicarnassus_, bk. 5.――――Quinta, a daughter of Appius Cæcus, whose
statue in the vestibulum of Cybele’s temple was unhurt when that
edifice was reduced to ashes. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 1, ch. 8.
――_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 4, ch. 64.――――Pulchra, a cousin of
Agrippina, accused of adultery and criminal designs against Tiberius.
She was condemned. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 4, ch. 52.――――Antonia,
a daughter of the emperor Claudius, married Cnaeus Pompey, whom
Messalina caused to be put to death. Her second husband, Sylla
Faustus, by whom she had a son, was called Nero, and she shared his
fate, when she refused to marry his murderer.

=Claudia lex=, _de comitiis_, was enacted by Marcus Claudius Marcellus,
A.U.C. 702. It ordained, that at public elections of magistrates,
no notice should be taken of the votes of such as were absent.
――――Another, _de usurâ_, which forbade people to lend money to
minors on condition of payment after the decease of their parents.
――――Another, _de negotiatione_, by Quintus Claudius the tribune,
A.U.C. 535. It forbade any senator, or father of a senator, to have
any vessel containing above 300 amphoræ, for fear of their engaging
themselves in commercial schemes. The same law also forbade the same
thing to the scribes and the attendants of the questors, as it was
naturally supposed that people who had any commercial connections
could not be faithful to their trust, nor promote the interest of
the state.――――Another, A.U.C. 576, to permit the allies to return
to their respective cities, after their names were enrolled. _Livy_,
bk. 41, ch. 9.――――Another, to take away the freedom of the city of
Rome from the colonists, which Cæsar had carried to Novicomum.
_Suetonius_, _Julius_, ch. 28.

=Claudiæ aquæ=, the first water brought to Rome by means of an aqueduct
of 11 miles, erected by the censor Appius Claudius, A.U.C. 441.
_Eutropius_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Livy_, bk. 9, ch. 29.

=Claudiānus=, a celebrated poet, born at Alexandria in Egypt, in
the age of Honorius and Arcadius, who seems to possess all the
majesty of Virgil, without being a slave to the corrupt style which
prevailed in his age. Scaliger observes that he has supplied the
poverty of his matter by the purity of his language, the happiness
of his expressions, and the melody of his numbers. As he was the
favourite of Stilicho, he removed from the court when his patron was
disgraced, and passed the rest of his life in retirement and learned
ease. His poems of Rufinus and Eutropius seem to be the best of his
compositions. The best editions of his works are those of Burman,
4to, 2 vols., Amsterdam, 1760, and that of Gesner, 2 vols., 8vo,
Lipscomb, 1758.

=Claudiopŏlis=, a town of Cappadocia. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 24.

=Claudius I.= (Tiberius Drusus Nero), son of Drusus, Livia’s second
son, succeeded as emperor of Rome, after the murder of Caligula,
whose memory he endeavoured to annihilate. He made himself popular
for a while, by taking particular care of the city, and by adorning
and beautifying it with buildings. He passed over into Britain, and
obtained a triumph for victories which his generals had won, and
suffered himself to be governed by favourites, whose licentiousness
and avarice plundered the state and distracted the provinces. He
married four wives, one of whom, called Messalina, he put to death
on account of her lust and debauchery. He was at last poisoned by
another called Agrippina, who wished to raise her son Nero to the
throne. The poison was conveyed in mushrooms; but as it did not
operate fast enough, his physician, by order of the empress, made
him swallow a poisoned feather. He died in the 63rd year of his
age, 13 October, A.D. 54, after a reign of 13 years; distinguished
neither by humanity nor courage, but debased by weakness and
irresolution. He was succeeded by Nero. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk.
11, &c.――_Dio Cassius_, bk. 60.――_Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 619.
――_Suetonius_, _The Twelve Caesars_.――――The second emperor of that
name was a Dalmatian, who succeeded Gallienus. He conquered the
Goths, Scythians, and Heruli, and killed no less than 300,000 in
a battle; and after a reign of about two years, died of the plague
in Pannonia. The excellence of his character, marked with bravery,
and tempered with justice and benevolence, is well known by these
words of the senate, addressed to him: _Claudi Auguste, tu frater,
tu pater, tu amicus, tu bonus senator, tu vere princeps_.――――Nero,
a consul, with Livius Salinator, who defeated and killed Asdrubal,
near the river Metaurum, as he was passing from Spain into Italy,
to go to the assistance of his brother Annibal. _Livy_, bk. 27, &c.
――_Horace_, bk. 4, ode 4, li. 37.――_Suetonius_, _Tiberias_.――――The
father of the emperor Tiberius, questor to Cæsar in the wars of
Alexandria.――――Pollos, an historian. _Pliny the Younger_, bk. 7, ltr.
51.――――Pontius, a general of the Samnites, who conquered the Roman
at Furcæ Caudinæ, and made them pass under the yoke. _Livy_, bk. 9,
ch. 1, &c.――――Petilius, a dictator, A.U.C. 442.――――Appius, an orator.
_Cicero_, _Brutus_. _See:_ Appius.――――Appius Cæcus, a Roman censor,
who built an aqueduct, A.U.C. 441, which brought water to Rome from
Tusculum, at the distance of seven or eight miles. The water was
called _Appia_, and it was the first that was brought to the city
from the country. Before his age the Romans were satisfied with the
waters of the Tiber, or of the fountains and wells in the city. _See:
_ Appius. _Livy_, bk. 9, ch. 29.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 6, li. 203.
――_Cicero_, _de Senectute_, ch. 6.――――A pretor of Sicily.――――Publius,
a great enemy to Cicero. _See:_ Clodius.――――Marcellus. _See:_
Marcellus.――――Pulcher, a consul, who, when consulting the sacred
chickens, ordered them to be dipped in water because they would not
eat. _Livy_, bk. 19. He was unsuccessful in his expedition against
the Carthaginians in Sicily, and disgraced on his return to Rome.
――――Tiberius Nero, was elder brother of Drusus and son of Livia
Drusilla, who married Augustus, after his divorce of Scribonia. He
married Livia, the emperor’s daughter by Scribonia and succeeded
in the empire by the name of Tiberius. _See:_ Tiberius. _Horace_,
bk. 1, ltr. 3, li. 2.――――The name of Claudius is common to many
Roman consuls, and other officers of state; but nothing is recorded
of them, and their name is but barely mentioned. _Livy._

=Claviēnus=, an obscure poet in Juvenal’s age. Bk. 1, li. 8.

=Clavĭger=, a surname of Janus, from his being represented with a
_key_. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 1, li. 228.――――Hercules received also
that surname, as he was armed with a _club_. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
bk. 15, li. 284.

=Clausius=, or =Clusius=, a surname of Janus.

=Clausus=, or =Claudius=, a king of the Sabines, who assisted Turnus
against Æneas. He was the progenitor of that Appius Claudius, who
migrated to Rome, and became the founder of the Claudian family.
_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 707; bk. 10, li. 345.

=Clazŏmĕnæ= and =Clazŏmĕna=, now _Vourla_, a city of Ionia, on the
coasts of the Ægean sea, between Smyrna and Chios. It was founded
A.U.C. 98, by the Ionians, and gave birth to Anaxagoras and other
illustrious men. _Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 17.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 29.
――_Strabo_, bk. 14.――_Livy_, bk. 38, ch. 39.

=Cleadas=, a man of Platæa, who raised tombs over those who had been
killed in the battle against Mardonius. _Herodotus_, bk. 9, ch. 85.

=Cleander=, one of Alexander’s officers, who killed Parmenio by the
king’s command. He was punished with death, for offering violence
to a noble virgin, and giving her as a prostitute to his servants.
_Curtius_, bk. 7, ch. 2; bk. 10, ch. 1.――――The first tyrant of Gela.
_Aristotle_, _Politics_, bk. 5, ch. 12.――――A soothsayer of Arcadia.
_Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 83.――――A favourite of the emperor Commodus,
who was put to death, A.D. 190, after abusing public justice, and
his master’s confidence.

=Cleandridas=, a Spartan general, &c.――――A man punished with death for
bribing two of the Ephori.