Chapter M (28)

=Julia Sabīna=, a Roman matron, who married Adrian by means of Plotina
the wife of Trajan. She is celebrated for her private as well as
public virtues. Adrian treated her with the greatest asperity, though
he had received from her the imperial purple; and the empress was so
sensible of his unkindness, that she boasted in his presence that she
had disdained to make him a father, lest his children should become
more odious or more tyrannical than he himself was. The behaviour
of Sabina at last so exasperated Adrian that he poisoned her, or,
according to some, obliged her to destroy herself. The emperor at
that time laboured under a mortal disease, and therefore he was the
more encouraged to sacrifice Sabina to his resentment, that she might
not survive him. Divine honours were paid to her memory. She died
after she had been married 38 years to Adrian, A.D. 138.

=Sabīni=, an ancient people of Italy, reckoned among the Aborigines,
or those inhabitants whose origin was not known. Some suppose that
they were originally a Lacedæmonian colony, who settled in that
part of the country. The possessions of the Sabines were situated in
the neighbourhood of Rome, between the river Nar and the Anio, and
bounded on the north by the Apennines and Umbria, south by Latium,
east by the Æqui, and Etruria on the west. The greatest part of the
contiguous nations were descended from them, such as the Umbrians,
the Campanians, the Sabelli, the Osci, Samnites, Hernici, Æqui, Marsi,
Brutii, &c. The Sabines are celebrated in ancient history as being
the first who took up arms against the Romans, to avenge the rape of
their females at a spectacle where they had been invited. After some
engagements, the greatest part of the Sabines left their ancient
possessions, and migrated to Rome, where they settled with their new
allies. They were at last totally subdued, about the year of Rome
373, and ranked as Roman citizens. Their chief cities were Cures,
Fidenæ, Reate, Crustumerium, Corniculum, Nomentum, Collatia, &c. The
character of the nation for chastity, for purity of morals, and for
the knowledge of herbs and incantations, was very great. _Horace_,
epode 17, li. 28.――_Cicero_, _Against Vatinius_, ch. 15.――_Pliny_, bk.
3, ch. 12.――_Livy_, bk. 1, chs. 9 & 18.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_,
bk. 2, ch. 51.――_Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 1; bk. 3,
ch. 18.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 424.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
bk. 14, lis. 775 & 797; _Ars Amatoria_, bk. 1, li. 101; ♦_Amores_,
bk. 3, poem 8, li. 61.――_Juvenal_, satire 10, li. 197.

♦ Book name omitted from text.

=Sabiniānus=, a general who revolted in Africa, in the reign of Gordian,
and was defeated soon after, A.D. 240.――――A general of the eastern
empire, &c.

=Sabīnus Aulus=, a Latin poet intimate with Ovid. He wrote some
epistles and elegies, in the number of which were mentioned, an
epistle from Æneas to Dido, from Hippolytus to Phædra, and from Jason
to ♦Hypsipyle, from Demophoon to Phyllis, from Paris to Œnome, from
Ulysses to Penelope; the three last of which, though said to be his
composition, are spurious. _Ovid_, _Amores_, bk. 2, poem 13, li. 27.
――――A man from whom the Sabines received their name. He received
divine honours after death, and was one of those deities whom Æneas
invoked when he entered Italy. He was supposed to be of Lacedæmonian
origin. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 171.――――An officer of Cæsar’s
army defeated by the Gauls.――――Julius, an officer who proclaimed
himself emperor in the beginning of Vespasian’s reign. He was soon
after defeated in a battle; and, to escape from the conqueror, he hid
himself in a subterraneous cave, with two faithful domestics, where
he continued unseen for nine successive years. His wife found out
his retreat, and spent her time with him, till her frequent visits
to the cave discovered the place of his concealment. He was dragged
before Vespasian, and by his orders put to death, though his friends
interested themselves in his cause, and his wife endeavoured to
raise the emperor’s pity, by showing him the twins whom she had
brought forth in their subterraneous retreat.――――Cornelius, a man
who conspired against Caligula, and afterwards destroyed himself.
――――Titius, a Roman senator, shamefully accused and condemned
by Sejanus. His body, after execution, was dragged through the
streets of Rome, and treated with the greatest indignities. His dog
constantly followed the body, and when it was thrown into the Tiber,
the faithful animal plunged in after it, and was drowned. _Pliny_,
bk. 8, ch. 40.――――Poppæus, a Roman consul, who presided above 24
years over Mœsia, and obtained a triumph for his victories over the
barbarians. He was a great favourite of Augustus and of Tiberius.
_Tacitus_, _Annals_.――――Flavius, a brother of Vespasian, killed by
the populace. He was well known for his fidelity to Vitellius. He
commanded in the Roman armies 35 years, and was governor of Rome for
12.――――A friend of Domitian.――――A Roman who attempted to plunder the
temple of the Jews.――――A friend of the emperor Alexander.――――A lawyer.

♦ ‘Hipsipyle’ replaced with ‘Hypsipyle’ for consistency.

=Sabis=, now _Sambre_, a river of Belgic Gaul, falling into the Maese
at Namur. _Cæsar_, bk. 2, chs. 16 & 18.

=Sabota=, the same as Sabatha.

=Sabracæ=, a powerful nation of India. _Curtius_, bk. 9, ch. 8.

=Sabrăta=, a maritime town of Africa, near the Syrtes. It was a Roman
colony, about 70 miles from the modern Tripoli. _Silius Italicus_,
bk. 3, li. 256.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 4.

=Sabrina=, the _Severn_ in England.

=Sabŭra=, a general of Juba king of Numidia, defeated and killed in a
battle. _Lucan_, bk. 4, li. 722.

=Saburānus=, an officer of the pretorian guards. When he was appointed
to this office by the emperor Trajan, the prince presented him with a
sword, saying, “Use this weapon in my service as long as my commands
are just; but turn it against my own breast, whenever I become cruel
or malevolent.”

=Sabus=, one of the ancient kings of the Sabines; the same as Sabinus.
_See:_ Sabinus.――――A king of Arabia.

=Sacădas=, a musician and poet of Argos, who obtained three several
times the prize at the Pythian games. _Plutarch_, _de Musica_.
――_Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 14.

=Sacæ=, a people of Scythia, who inhabited the country that lies at the
east of Bactriana and Sogdiana, and towards the north of mount Imaus.
The name of Sacæ was given in general to all the Scythians, by the
Persians. They had no towns, according to some writers, but lived in
tents. _Ptolemy_, bk. 6, ch. 13.――_Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 93; bk. 7,
ch. 63.――_Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 17.――_Solinus_, ch. 62.

=Sacer mons=, a mountain near Rome. _See:_ Mons sacer.

=Sacer lucus=, a wood of Campania, on the Liris.

=Sacer portus=, or =Sacri portus=, a place of Italy, near Præneste,
famous for a battle that was fought there between Sylla and Marius,
in which the former obtained the victory. _Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 26.
――_Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 134.

=Sacrāni=, a people of Latium, who assisted Turnus against Æneas.
They were descended from the Pelasgians, or from a priest of Cybele.
_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 796.

=Sacrātor=, one of the friends of Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10,
li. 747.

=Sacra via=, a celebrated street of Rome, where a treaty of peace
and alliance was made between Romulus and Tatis. It led from the
amphitheatre to the capitol, by the temple of the goddess of peace,
and the temple of Cæsar. The triumphal processions passed through
it to go to the capitol. _Horace_, bk. 4, ode 2; bk. 1, satire 9.
――_Livy_, bk. 2, ch. 13.――_Cicero_, _For Plancius_, ch. 7, _Letters
to Atticus_, bk. 4, ltr. 4.

=Sacrāta lex=, _militaris_, A.U.C. 411, by the dictator Valerius Corvus,
as some suppose, enacted that the name of no soldier which had been
entered in the muster roll should be struck out but by his consent,
and that no person who had been a military tribune should execute the
office of _ductor ordinum_.

=Marcus Sacrātĭvir=, a friend of Cæsar, killed at Dyrrachium. _Cæsar_,
_Gallic War_.

=Sacri portus.= _See:_ Sacer portus.

=Sacrum bellum=, a name given to the wars carried on concerning the
temple of Delphi. The first began B.C. 448, and in it the Athenians
and Lacedæmonians were auxiliaries on opposite sides. The second war
began 357 B.C., and finished nine years after by Philip of Macedonia,
who destroyed all the cities of the Phocians. _See:_ Phocis.
――――Promontorium, a promontory of Spain, now _Cape St. Vincent_,
called by Strabo the most westerly part of the earth.

=Sadales=, a son of Cotys king of Thrace, who assisted Pompey with a
body of 500 horsemen. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 3.――_Cicero_,
_Against Verres_, bk. 1.

=Sadus=, a river of India.

=Sadyātes=, one of the Mermnadæ, who reigned in Lydia 12 years after
his father Gyges. He made war against the Milesians for six years.
_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 16, &c.

=Sætabis=, a town of Spain near the Lucro, on a rising hill, famous for
its fine linen. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 373.

=Sagalassus=, a town of Pisidia on the borders of Phrygia, now
_Sadjaklu_. _Livy_, bk. 38, ch. 15.

=Sagăna=, a woman acquainted with magic and enchantments. _Horace_,
epode 5, li. 25.

=Sagăris=, a river of Asia, rising from mount Dindymus in Phrygia, and
falling into the Euxine. _See:_ Sangaris. _Ovid_, _ex Ponto_, bk. 4,
poem 10, li. 47.――――One of the companions of Æneas, killed by Turnus.
_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 263; bk. 9, li. 575.

=Claudius Sagitta=, an officer who encouraged Piso to rebel against the
emperor Nero, &c. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 4, ch. 49.

=Sagra=, a small river of Italy in the country of the Brutii, where
130,000 Crotoniatæ were routed by 10,000 Locrians and Rhegians.
_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 2, ch. 2.――_Strabo_, bk. 6.

=Saguntum=, or =Saguntus=, a town of Hispania Tarraconensis at the
west of the Iberus, about one mile from the sea-shore, now called
_Morvedro_. It had been founded by a colony of Zacynthians, and by
some of the Rutuli of Ardea. Saguntum is celebrated for the clay in
its neighbourhood, with which cups, _pocula Saguntina_, were made,
but more particularly it is famous as being the cause of the second
Punic war, and for the attachment of its inhabitants to the interest
of Rome. Hannibal took it after a siege of about eight months; and
the inhabitants, not to fall into the enemy’s hands, burnt themselves
with their houses, and with all their effects. The conqueror
afterwards rebuilt it, and placed a garrison there, with all the
noblemen whom he detained as hostages from the several neighbouring
nations of Spain. Some suppose that he called it _Spartagene_.
_Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 6.――_Livy_, bk. 21, chs. 2, 7, 9.――_Silius
Italicus_, bk. 1, li. 271.――_Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 250.――_Strabo_, bk. 3.
――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 6.

=Sais=, now _Sa_, a town in the Delta of Egypt, situate between the
Canopic and Sebennytican mouths of the Nile, and anciently the
capital of Lower Egypt. There was there a celebrated temple dedicated
to Minerva, with a room cut out of one stone, which had been conveyed
by water from Elephantis by the labours of 2000 men in three years.
The stone measured on the outside 21 cubits long, 14 broad, and eight
high. Osiris was also buried near the town of Sais. The inhabitants
were called _Saitæ_. One of the mouths of the Nile, which is
adjoining to the town, has received the name of _Saiticum_. _Strabo_,
bk. 17.――_Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 17, &c.

=Sala=, a town of Thrace, near the mouths of the Hebrus.――――A town of
Mauritania.――――Of Phrygia.――――A river of Germany falling into the
Elbe, near which are salt-pits. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 13, ch. 57.
――――Another falling into the Rhine, now the _Issel_.

=Salăcon=, a poor man who pretended to be uncommonly rich, &c. _Cicero_,
_De Divinatione_, bk. 7, ch. 24.

♦=Salamantica=, a town of Spain, now _Salamanca_.

♦ Placed in alphabetical order.

=Salamīnia=, a name given to a ship at Athens, which was employed by
the republic in conveying the officers of state to their different
administrations abroad, &c.――――A name given to the island of Cyprus,
on account of Salamis, one of its capital cities.

=Sălămis=, a daughter of the river Asopus by Methone. Neptune became
enamoured of her, and carried her to an island of the Ægean, which
afterwards bore her name, and where she gave birth to a son called
Cenchreus. _Diodorus_, bk. 4.

=Sălămis=, =Salamins=, or =Salamīna=, now _Colouri_, an island in the
Saronicus sinus, on the southern coast of Attica, opposite Eleusis,
at the distance of about a league, with a town and harbour of the
same name. It is about 50 miles in circumference. It was originally
peopled by a colony of Ionians, and afterwards by some of the Greeks
from the adjacent islands and countries. It is celebrated for a
battle which was fought there between the fleet of the Greeks and
that of the Persians, when Xerxes invaded Attica. The enemy’s ships
amounted to above 2000, and those of the Peloponnesians to about 380
sail. In this engagement, which was fought on the 20th of October,
B.C. 480, the Greeks lost 40 ships, and the Persians about 200,
besides an immense number which were taken, with all the ammunition
they contained. The island of Salamis was anciently called _Sciras_,
_Cychria_, or _Cenchria_, and its bay the gulf of _Engia_. It is said
that Xerxes attempted to join it to the continent. Teucer and Ajax,
who went to the Trojan war, were natives of Salamis. _Strabo_, bk. 2.
――_Herodotus_, bk. 8, ch. 56, &c.――_Plutarch_ & _Cornelius Nepos_,
_Themistocles_, &c.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 5,
ch. 3.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 35, &c.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.
――_Lucan_, bk. 5, li. 109.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 14, li. 283.

=Sălămis=, or =Salămīna=, a town at the east of the island of Cyprus.
It was built by Teucer, who gave it the name of the island Salamis,
from which he had been banished about 1270 years before the christian
era; and from this circumstance the epithets of _ambigua_ and of
_altera_ were applied to it, as the mother country was also called
_vera_, for the sake of distinction. His descendants continued
masters of the town for above 800 years. It was destroyed by
an earthquake, and rebuilt in the fourth century, and called
_Constantia_. _Strabo_, bk. 9.――_Herodotus_, bk. 8, ch. 94, &c.
――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 7, li. 21.――_Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 1.
――_Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 183.

=Sălāpia=, or =Sălăpiæ=, now _Salpe_, a town of Apulia, where Annibal
retired after the battle of Cannæ, and where he devoted himself to
licentious pleasure, forgetful of his fame, and of the interests of
his country. It was taken from the Carthaginian general by Marcellus.
Some remains of this place may be traced near a lake called _Salapina
Palus_, now used for making salt, which, from the situation near the
sea, is easily conveyed by small boats to ships of superior burden.
_Lucan_, bk. 5, li. 377.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 3, ch. 8.――_Pliny_,
bk. 3, ch. 11.

=Salăra=, a town of Africa propria, taken by Scipio. _Livy_, bk. 29,
ch. 34, &c.

=Salaria=, a street and gate at Rome which led towards the country of
the Sabines. It received the name of _Salaria_, because salt (_sal_)
was generally conveyed to Rome that way. _Martial_, bk. 4, ltr. 64.
――――A bridge called _Salarius_, was built four miles from Rome
through the Salarian gate on the river _Anio_.

=Salassi=, a people of Cisalpine Gaul who were in continual war with
the Romans. They cut off 10,000 Romans under Appius Claudius, A.U.C.
610, and were soon after defeated, and at last totally subdued and
sold as slaves by Augustus. Their country, now called _Val de Aousta_,
after a colony settled there, and called _Augusta Prætoria_, was
situate in a valley between the Alps Graiæ and Penninæ, or Great and
Little St. Bernard. _Livy_, bk. 21, ch. 38.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 17.
――_Strabo_, bk. 4.

=Saleius=, a poet of great merit in the age of Domitian, yet pinched
by poverty, though born of illustrious parents, and distinguished by
purity of manners and integrity of mind. _Juvenal_, satire 7, li. 80.
――_Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1.

=Salēnii=, a people of Spain. _Mela_, bk. 3, ch. 1.

=Salentīni=, a people of Italy, near Apulia, on the southern coast of
Calabria. Their chief towns were Brundusium, Tarentum, and Hydruntum.
_Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 579.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 400.
――_Varro_, _de Re Rustica_, bk. 1, ch. 24.――_Strabo_, bk. 6.――_Mela_,
bk. 2, ch. 4.

=Salernum=, now _Salerno_, a town of the Picentini, on the shores of
the Tyrrhene sea, south of Campania, and famous for a medical school
in the lower ages. _Pliny_, bk. 13, ch. 3.――_Livy_, bk. 34, ch. 45.
――_Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 425.――_Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 15.――_Horace_,
bk. 1, ltr. 15.

=Salganeus=, or =Salganea=, a town of Bœotia, on the Euripus. _Livy_,
bk. 35, ch. 37, &c.

=Salia=, a town of Spain, where Prudentius was born. _Mela._

=Salica=, a town of Spain.

=Salii=, a college of priests at Rome, instituted in honour of Mars,
and appointed by Numa to take care of the sacred shields called
Ancylia, B.C. 709. _See:_ Ancyle. They were 12 in number, the three
elders among them had the superintendence of all the rest; the first
was called _præsul_, the second _vates_, and the third _magister_.
Their number was afterwards doubled by Tullus Hostilius, after he
had obtained a victory over the Fidenates, in consequence of a vow
which he had made to Mars. The Salii were all of patrician families,
and the office was very honourable. The 1st of March was the day
on which the Salii observed their festivals in honour of Mars. They
were generally dressed in a short scarlet tunic, of which only the
edges were seen; they wore a large purple-coloured belt about the
waist, which was fastened with brass buckles. They had on their heads
round bonnets with two corners standing up, and they wore in their
right hand a small rod, and in their left a small buckler. In the
observation of their solemnity they first offered sacrifices, and
afterwards went through the streets dancing in measured motions,
sometimes all together, or at other times separately, while musical
instruments were playing before them. They placed their body in
different attitudes, and struck with their rods the shields which
they held in their hands. They also sung hymns in honour of the
gods, particularly of Mars, Juno, Venus, and Minerva, and they were
accompanied in the chorus by a certain number of virgins, habited
like themselves, and called _Saliæ_. The Salii instituted by Numa
were called _Palatini_, in contradistinction from the others, because
they lived on mount Palatine, and offered their sacrifices there.
Those that were added by Tullus were called _Collini_, _Agonales_, or
_Quirinales_, from a mountain of the same name, where they had fixed
their residence. Their name seems to have been derived _a saliendo_,
or _saltando_, because during their festivals it was particularly
requisite that they should leap and dance. Their feasts and
entertainments were uncommonly rich and sumptuous, whence _dapes
saliares_ is proverbially applied to such repasts as are most
splendid and costly. It was usual among the Romans when they declared
war, for the Salii to shake their shields with great violence, as if
to call upon the god Mars to come to their assistance. _Livy_, bk. 1,
ch. 20.――_Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 4, ch. 15.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_,
bk. 3, li. 387.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 3.――_Florus_,
bk. 1, ch. 2, &c.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 285.――――A nation of
Germany who invaded Gaul, and were conquered by the emperor Julian.
_Ammianus Marcellinus_, bk. 17.

=Salinātor=, a surname common to the family of the Livii and others.

=Salius=, an Acarnanian at the games exhibited by Æneas in Sicily, and
killed in the wars with Turnus. It is said by some that he taught the
Latins those ceremonies, accompanied with dancing, which afterwards
bore his name in the appellation of the Salii. _Virgil_, _Æneid_,
bk. 5, li. 298; bk. 10, li. 753.

=Crispus Sallustius=, a Latin historian, born at Amiternum, in the
country of the Sabines. He received his education at Rome, and made
himself known as a public magistrate in the office of questor and
consul. His licentiousness, and the depravity of his manners, however,
did not escape the censure of the age, and Sallust was degraded from
the dignity of a senator, B.C. 50. His amour with Fausta the daughter
of Sylla was a strong proof of his debauchery; and Milo the husband,
who discovered the adulterer in his house, revenged the violence
offered to his bed, by beating him with stripes, and selling him
his liberty at a high price. A continuation of extravagance could
not long be supported by the income of Sallust, but he extricated
himself from all difficulties by embracing the cause of Cæsar. He was
restored to the rank of senator, and made governor of Numidia. In the
administration of his province, Sallust behaved with unusual tyranny;
he enriched himself by plundering the Africans, and at his return to
Rome he built himself a magnificent house, and bought gardens, which,
from their delightful and pleasant situation, still preserve the
name of the gardens of Sallust. He married Terentia the divorced wife
of Cicero; and from this circumstance, according to some, arose an
immortal hatred between the historian and the orator. Sallust died
in the 51st year of his age, 35 years before the christian era. As
a writer he is peculiarly distinguished. He had composed a history
of Rome, but nothing remains of it except a few fragments, and his
only compositions extant are his history of Catiline’s conspiracy,
and of the wars of Jugurtha king of Numidia. In these celebrated
works the author is greatly commended for his elegance, the vigour
and animation of his sentences; he everywhere displays a wonderful
knowledge of the human heart, and paints with a masterly hand the
causes that gave rise to the great events which he relates. No one
was better acquainted with the vices that prevailed in the capital of
Italy, and no one seems to have been more severe against the follies
of the age, and the failings of which he himself was guilty in the
eyes of the world. His descriptions are elegantly correct, and his
harangues are nervous and animated, and well suiting the character
and the different pursuits of the great men in whose mouths they are
placed. The historian, however, is blamed for tedious and insipid
exordiums, which often disgust the reader without improving him;
his affectation of old and obsolete words and phrases is also
censured, and particularly his unwarrantable partiality in some of
his narrations. Though faithful in every other respect, he has not
painted the character of Cicero with all the fidelity and accuracy
which the reader claims from the historian; and in passing in
silence over many actions which reflect the greatest honour on
the first husband of Terentia, the rival of Cicero has disgraced
himself, and rendered his compositions less authentic. There are
two orations or epistles to Cæsar, concerning the regulations of the
state, attributed to him, as also an oration against Cicero, whose
authenticity some of the moderns have disputed. The best editions of
Sallust, are those of Haverkamp, 2 vols., 4to, Amsterdam, 1742; and
of Edinburgh, 12mo, 1755. _Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1.――_Suetonius_,
_The Grammarians_ in _The Cæsars_.――_Martial_, bk. 14, ltr. 191.――――A
nephew of the historian, by whom he was adopted. He imitated the
moderation of Mæcenas, and remained satisfied with the dignity of a
Roman knight, when he could have made himself powerful by the favours
of Augustus and Tiberius. He was very effeminate and luxurious.
Horace dedicated bk. 2, ode 2, to him. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 1.
――_Pliny_, bk. 34.――――Secundus Promotus, a native of Gaul, very
intimate with the emperor Julian. He is remarkable for his integrity,
and the soundness of his counsels. Julian made ♦him prefect of Gaul.
――――There is also another Sallust, called _Secundus_, whom some
have improperly confounded with Promotus. Secundus was also one of
Julian’s favourites, and was made by him prefect of the east. He
conciliated the good graces of the Romans by the purity of his morals,
his fondness for discipline, and his religious principles. After the
death of the emperor Jovian, he was universally named by the officers
of the Roman empire to succeed on the imperial throne; but he refused
this great though dangerous honour, and pleaded infirmities of body
and old age. The Romans wished upon this to invest his son with the
imperial purple, but Secundus opposed it, and observed that he was
too young to support the dignity.――――A prefect of Rome in the reign
of Valentinian.――――An officer in Britain.

♦ removed duplicate ‘him’

=Salmăcis=, a fountain of Caria, near Halicarnassus, which rendered
effeminate all those who drank of its waters. It was there that
Hermaphroditus changed his sex, though he still retained the
characteristics of his own. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 285;
bk. 15, li. 319.――_Hyginus_, fable 271.――_Festus_, _Lexicon of
Festus_.

=Salmōne=, a town of Elis in Peloponnesus, with a fountain, from which
the Enipeus takes its source, and falls into the Alpheus, about 40
stadia from Olympia, which, on account of that, is called _Salmonis_.
_Ovid_, bk. 3, _Amores_, poem 6, li. 43.――――A promontory at the east
of Crete. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 5.

=Salmoneus=, a king of Elis, son of Æolus and Enarette, who married
Alcidice, by whom he had Tyro. He wished to be called a god, and
to receive divine honours from his subjects; therefore to imitate
the thunder, he used to drive his chariot over a brazen bridge,
and darted burning torches on every side, as if to imitate the
lightning. This impiety provoked Jupiter. Salmoneus was struck with
a thunderbolt, and placed in the infernal regions near his brother
Sisyphus. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 11, li. 235.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1,
ch. 9.――_Hyginus_, fable 60.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_,
bk. 6, li. 585.

=Salmōnis=, a name given to Olympia. _See:_ Salmone.――――The patronymic
of Tyro daughter of Salmoneus. _Ovid_, _Amores_, bk. 3, poem 6,
li. 43.

=Salmus= (untis), a town of Asia near the Red sea, where Alexander saw
a theatrical representation. _Diodorus_, bk. 17.

=Salmydessus=, a bay on the Euxine sea.

=Salo=, now _Xalon_, a river in Spain, falling into the Iberus.
_Martial_, bk. 10, ltr. 20.

=Salodurum=, now _Soleure_, a town of the Helvetii.

=Salōme=, a queen of Judæa. This name was common to some of the
princesses in the family of Herod, &c.

=Salon=, a country of Bithynia.

=Sălōna=, or =Salōne=, a town of Dalmatia, about 10 miles distant from
the coast of the Adriatic, conquered by Pollio, who on that account
called his son Saloninos, in honour of the victory. It was the native
place of the emperor Diocletian, and he retired there to enjoy peace
and tranquillity, after he had abdicated the imperial purple, and
built a stately palace, the ruins of which were still seen in the
16th century. A small village of the same name preserves the traces
of its fallen grandeur. Near is Spalatro. _Lucan_, bk. 4, li. 404.
――_Cæsar_, _Civil War_, bk. 9.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.

=Salonīna=, a celebrated matron who married the emperor Gallienus, and
distinguished herself by her private as well as public virtues. She
was a patroness of all the fine arts, and to her clemency, mildness,
and benevolence, Rome was indebted some time for her peace and
prosperity. She accompanied her husband in some of his expeditions,
and often called him away from the pursuits of pleasure to make war
against the enemies of Rome. She was put to death by the hands of the
conspirators, who also assassinated her husband and family, about the
year 268 of the christian era.

=Salonīnus=, a son of Asinius Pollio. He received his name from the
conquest of Salona by his father. Some suppose that he is the hero of
Virgil’s fourth eclogue, in which the return of the golden age is so
warmly and beautifully anticipated.――――Publius Licinius Cornelius, a
son of Gallienus by Salonina, sent into Gaul, there to be taught the
art of war. He remained there some time, till the usurper Posthumius
arose, and proclaimed himself emperor. Saloninus was upon this
delivered up to his enemy and put to death in the 10th year of his
age.

=Salonius=, a friend of Cato the censor. The daughter of Censorius
married Salonius in his old age. _Plutarch._――――A tribune and
centurion of the Roman army, hated by the populace for his strictness.

=Salpis=, a colony of Etruria, whose inhabitants are called
_Salpinates_. _Livy_, bk. 5, ch. 31.

=Salsum=, a river in Spain. _Cæsar._

=Salvian=, one of the fathers of the fifth century, of whose works the
best edition is the 12mo, Paris, 1684.

=Salvidiēnus=, an officer of the army of Augustus. He was betrayed by
Antony, and put to death.――――A Latin writer in the age of the emperor
Probus.

=Salvius=, a flute-player, saluted king by the rebellious slaves of
Sicily in the age of Marius. He maintained for some time war against
the Romans.――――A nephew of the emperor Otho.――――A friend of Pompey.
――――A man put to death by Domitian.――――A freedman of Atticus.
_Cicero_, ♦_Letters to Atticus_, bk. 10.――――Another of the sons of
Hortensius. _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_.

♦ ‘ad Div. c. 11.’ replaced with ‘Letters to Atticus, bk. 10’

=Salus=, the goddess of health at Rome, worshipped by the Greeks under
the name of Hygeia. _Livy_, bks. 9 & 10.

=Salyes=, a people of Gaul on the Rhone. _Livy_, bk. 5, chs. 34 & 35;
bk. 21, ch. 26.

=Samăra=, a river of Gaul, now called _the Somme_, which falls into the
British channel near Abbeville.

=Samaria=, a city and country of Palestine, famous in sacred history.
The inhabitants, called _Samaritans_, were composed of heathens and
rebellious Jews, and on having a temple built there after the form of
that of Jerusalem, a lasting enmity arose between the people of Judæa
and of Samaria, so that no intercourse took place between the two
countries, and the name of Samaritan became a word of reproach, and
as it were a curse.

=Samarobriva=, a town of Gaul, now _Amiens_, in Picardy.

=Sambūlos=, a mountain near Mesopotamia, where Hercules was worshipped.
_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 12, ch. 13.

=Sambus=, an Indian king defeated by Alexander. _Diodorus_, bk. 17.
――――A river of India.

=Same=, or =Samos=, a small island in the Ionian ♦sea near Ithaca,
called also _Cephallenia_. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 271.

♦ ‘sear’ replaced with ‘sea’

=Samia=, a daughter of the river Mæander. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 4.
――――A surname of Juno, because she was worshipped at Samos.

=Samnītæ=, or =Amnitæ=, a people of Gaul.

=Samnītes=, a people of Italy, who inhabited the country situate
between Picenum, Campania, Apulia, and ancient Latium. They
distinguished themselves by their implacable hatred against the
Romans, in the first ages of that empire, till they were at last
totally extirpated, B.C. 272, after a war of 71 years. Their chief
town was called Samnium, or Samnis. _Livy_, bk. 7, &c.――_Florus_,
bk. 1, ch. 16, &c.; bk. 3, ch. 18.――_Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Lucan_, bk. 2.
――_Eutropius_, bk. 2.

=Samnium=, a town and part of Italy inhabited by the Samnites. _See:_
Samnites.

=Samochonites=, a small lake of _Palestine_.

=Samonium=, a promontory of Crete.

=Samos=, an island in the Ægean sea, on the coast of Asia Minor, from
which it is divided by a narrow strait, with a capital of the same
name, built B.C. 986. It is about 87 miles in circumference, and
is famous for the birth of Pythagoras. It has been anciently called
_Parthenia_, _Anthemusa_, _Stephane_, _Melamphyllus_, _Anthemus_,
_Cyparissia_, and _Dryusa_. It was first in the possession of the
Leleges, and afterwards of the Ionians. The people of Samos were at
first governed by kings, and afterwards the form of their government
became democratical and oligarchical. Samos was in its most
flourishing situation under Polycrates, who had made himself absolute
there. The Samians assisted the Greeks against the Persians, when
Xerxes invaded Europe, and were reduced under the power of Athens,
after a revolt, by Pericles, B.C. 441. They were afterwards subdued
by Eumenes king of Pergamus, and were restored to their ancient
liberty by Augustus. Under Vespasian, Samos became a Roman province.
Juno was held in the greatest veneration there; her temple was
uncommonly magnificent, and it was even said that the goddess had
been born there under a willow tree, on the banks of the Imbrasus.
_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Pausanias_, bk. 7, chs. 2 & 4.――_Plutarch_,
_Pericles_.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 31.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1,
li. 20.――_Thucydides._――――The islands of Samothrace and Cephallenia
were also known by the name of Samos.

=Samosăta=, a town of Syria, near the Euphrates, below mount Taurus,
where Lucian was born.

=Samothrāce=, or =Samothrācia=, an island in the Ægean sea, opposite
the mouth of the Hebrus, on the coast of Thrace, from which it
is distant about 32 miles. It was known by the ancient names of
_Leucosia_, _Melitis_, _Electria_, _Leucania_, and _Dardani_. It was
afterwards called Samos, and distinguished from the Samos which lies
on the coast of Ionia by the epithet of _Thracian_, or by the name of
Samothrace. It is about 38 miles in circumference, according to Pliny,
or only 20 according to modern travellers. The origin of the first
inhabitants of Samothrace is unknown. Some, however, suppose that
they were Thracians, and that the place was afterwards peopled by the
colonies of the Pelasgians, Samians, and Phœnicians. Samothrace is
famous for a deluge which inundated the country, and reached the very
top of the highest mountains. This inundation, which happened before
the age of the Argonauts, was owing to the sudden overflow of the
waters of the Euxine, which the ancients considered merely as a lake.
The Samothracians were very religious; and as all mysteries were
supposed to have taken their origin there, the island received the
name of _sacred_, and was a safe and inviolable asylum to all
fugitives and criminals. The island was originally governed by kings,
but afterwards the government became democratical. It enjoyed all its
rights and immunities under the Romans till the reign of Vespasian,
who reduced it, with the rest of the islands in the Ægean, into
the form of a province. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.――_Strabo_, bk. 10.
――_Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 108, &c.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 208.
――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 4.――_Florus_, bk. 2,
ch. 12.

=Samus=, a son of Ancæus and Samia, grandson of Neptune. _Pausanias_,
bk. 7, ch. 4.

=Sana=, a town of mount Athos, near which Xerxes began to make a
channel to convey the sea.

=Sanaos=, a town of Phrygia. _Strabo._

=Sanchoniăthon=, a Phœnician historian, born at Berytus, or, according
to others, at Tyre. He flourished a few years before the Trojan war,
and wrote, in the language of his country, a history in nine books,
in which he amply treated of the theology and antiquities of Phœnicia,
and the neighbouring places. It was compiled from the various records
found in the cities, and the annals which were usually kept in the
temples of the gods among the ancients. This history was translated
into Greek by Philo, a native of Byblus, who lived in the reign of
the emperor Adrian. Some few fragments of this Greek translation are
extant. Some, however, suppose them to be spurious, while others
contend that they are true and authentic.

=Sancus=, =Sangus=, or =Sanctus=, a deity of the Sabines introduced
among the gods of Rome under the name of _Dius Fidius_. According
to some, Sancus was father to Sabus, or Sabinus, the first king of
the Sabines. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 421.――_Varro_, _de Lingua
Latina_, bk. 4, ch. 10.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 6, li. 213.

=Sandace=, a sister of Xerxes.

=Sandaliotis=, a name given to Sardinia, from its resemblance to a
sandal. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 7.

=Sandalium=, a small island of the Ægean, near Lesbos.――A port of
Pisidia. _Strabo._

=Sandanis=, a Lydian, who advised Crœsus not to make war against the
Persians.

=Sandānes=, a river of Thrace near Pallene.

=Sandrocottus=, an Indian of a mean origin. His impertinence to
Alexander was the beginning of his greatness; the conqueror ordered
him to be seized, but Sandrocottus fled away, and at last dropped
down overwhelmed with fatigue. As he slept on the ground, a lion
came to him, and gently licked the sweat from his face. This uncommon
tameness of the animal appeared supernatural to Sandrocottus, and
raised his ambition. He aspired to the monarchy, and after the death
of Alexander, he made himself master of a part of the country which
was in the hands of Seleucus. _Justin_, bk. 15, ch. 4.

=Sane=, or =Sana=, a town of Macedonia. _See:_ Sana.

=Sangăla=, a town of India destroyed by Alexander. _Arrian_,
♦_Anabasis_, bk. 5.

♦ Book name omitted in text.

=Sangărius=, or =Sangăris=, a river of Phrygia, rising in mount
Dindymus, and falling into the Euxine. The daughter of the Sangarius
became pregnant of Altes only from gathering the boughs of an almond
tree on the banks of the river. Hecuba, according to some, was
daughter of this river. Some of the poets call it Sagaris. _Ovid_,
_ex Ponto_, bk. 4, poem 10.――_Claudian_, _Against Eutropius_, bk. 2.
――_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 17.

=Sanguinius=, a man condemned for ill language, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_,
bk. 6, ch. 7.

=Sannyrion=, a tragic poet of Athens. He composed many dramatical
pieces, one of which was called Io, and another Danae. _Athenæus_,
bk. 9.

=Santŏnes= and =Santŏne=, now _Saintonge_, a people with a town of
the same name in Gaul. _Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 422.――_Martial_, bk. 3,
ltr. 96.

=Saon=, an historian. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus._――――A man who first
discovered the oracle of Trophonius. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 40.

=Sapæi=, or =Saphæi=, a people of Thrace, called also Sintii. _Ovid_,
_Fasti_, bk. 1, li. 389.

=Sapirene=, an island of the Arabic gulf. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 29.

=Sapis=, now _Savio_, a river of Gaul Cispadana, falling into the
Adriatic. _Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 406.

=Sapor=, a king of Persia, who succeeded his father Artaxerxes about
the 238th year of the christian era. Naturally fierce and ambitious,
Sapor wished to increase his paternal dominions by conquest; and as
the indolence of the emperors of Rome seemed favourable to his views,
he laid waste the provinces of Mesopotamia, Syria, and Cilicia; and
he might have become master of all Asia, if Odenatus had not stopped
his progress. If Gordian attempted to repel him, his efforts were
weak, and Philip, who succeeded him on the imperial throne, bought
the peace of Sapor with money. Valerian, who was afterwards invested
with the purple, marched against the Persian monarch, but he was
defeated and taken prisoner. Odenatus no sooner heard that the Roman
emperor was a captive in the hands of Sapor, than he attempted to
release him by force of arms. The forces of Persia were cut to pieces;
the wives and the treasures of the monarch fell into the hands of
the conqueror, and Odenatus penetrated, with little opposition, into
the very heart of the kingdom. Sapor, soon after this defeat, was
assassinated by his subjects, A.D. 273, after a reign of 32 years. He
was succeeded by his son called Hormisdas. _Marcellinus_, &c.――――The
second of that name succeeded his father Hormisdas on the throne
of Persia. He was as great as his ancestor of the same name; and by
undertaking a war against the Romans, he attempted to enlarge his
dominions, and to add the provinces on the west of the Euphrates
to his empire. His victories alarmed the Roman emperors, and Julian
would have perhaps seized him in the capital of his dominions, if he
had not received a mortal wound. Jovian, who succeeded Julian, made
peace with Sapor; but the monarch, always restless and indefatigable,
renewed hostilities, invaded Armenia, and defeated the emperor Valens.
Sapor died A.D. 380, after a reign of 70 years, in which he had
often been the sport of fortune. He was succeeded by Artaxerxes, and
Artaxerxes by Sapor III., a prince who died after a reign of five
years, A.D. 389, in the age of Theodosius the Great. _Marcellinus_, &c.

=Sappho=, or =Sapho=, celebrated for her beauty, her poetical talents,
and her amorous disposition, was born in the island of Lesbos, about
600 years before Christ. Her father’s name, according to Herodotus,
was Scamandronymus, or, according to others, Symon, or Semus, or
Etarchus, and her mother’s name was Cleis. Her tender passions were
so violent, that some have represented her attachments to three of
her female companions, Telesiphe, Atthis, and Megara, as criminal,
and, on that account, have given her the surname of _Tribas_. She
conceived such a passion for Phaon, a youth of Mitylene, that upon
his refusal to gratify her desires, she threw herself into the sea
from mount Leucas. She had composed nine books in lyric verses,
besides epigrams, elegies, &c. Of all these compositions, nothing
now remains but two fragments, whose uncommon sweetness and elegance
show how meritoriously the praises of the ancients have been bestowed
upon a poetess, who for the sublimity of her genius was called the
10th Muse. Her compositions were all extant in the age of Horace.
The Lesbians were so sensible of the merit of Sappho, that, after
her death, they paid her divine honours, and raised her temples
and altars, and stamped their money with her image. The poetess has
been censured for writing with that licentiousness and freedom which
so much disgraced her character as a woman. The Sapphic verse has
been called after her name. _Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 15; _Tristia_,
bk. 2, li. 365.――_Horace_, bk. 2, ode 13.――_Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch.
135.――_Statius_, bk. 5, _Sylvæ_, poem 3, li. 155.――_Ælian_, _Varia
Historia_, bk. 12, chs. 18 & 29.――_Pliny_, bk. 22, ch. 8.

=Saptine=, a daughter of Darius the last king of Persia, offered in
marriage to Alexander.

=Saracene=, part of Arabia Petræa, the country of the Saracens who
embraced the religion of Mahomet.

=Saracori=, a people who go to war riding on asses. _Ælian_, _Varia
Historia_, bk. 12.

=Sarangæ=, a people near Caucasus. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 16.

=Saranges=, a river of India, falling into the Hydraotes, and thence
into the Indus.

=Sarapāni=, a people of Colchis. _Strabo._

=Sarapus=, a surname of Pittacus, one of the seven wise men of Greece.

=Sarasa=, a fortified place of Mesopotamia, on the Tigris. _Strabo._

=Saraspades=, a son of Phraates king of Parthia, sent as a hostage to
Augustus, &c. _Strabo._

=Saravus=, now _Soar_, a river of Belgium, falling into the Moselle.

=Sardanapālus=, the 40th and last king of Assyria, celebrated for his
luxury and voluptuousness. The greatest part of his time was spent
in the company of his eunuchs, and the monarch generally appeared
in the midst of his concubines disguised in the habit of a female,
and spinning wool for his amusement. This effeminacy irritated his
officers; Belesis and Arsaces conspired against him, and collected
a numerous force to dethrone him. Sardanapalus quitted his
voluptuousness for a while, and appeared at the head of his armies.
The rebels were defeated in three successive battles, but at last
Sardanapalus was beaten and besieged in the city of Ninus for two
years. When he despaired of success, he burned himself in his palace,
with his eunuchs, concubines, and all his treasures, and the empire
of Assyria was divided among the conspirators. This famous event
happened B.C. 820, according to Eusebius; though Justin and others,
with less probability, place it 80 years earlier. Sardanapalus was
made a god after death. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 150.――_Diodorus_,
bk. 2.――_Strabo_, bk. 14.――_Cicero_, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 5,
ch. 35.

♦=Sardes.= _See:_ Sardis.

♦ Placed in alphabetical order.

=Sardi=, the inhabitants of Sardinia. _See:_ Sardinia.

=Sardĭnia=, the greatest island in the Mediterranean after Sicily, is
situate between Italy and Africa, at the south of Corsica. It was
originally called _Sandaliotis_, or _Ichnusa_, from its resembling
the human foot (ἰχνος), and it received the name of Sardinia from
Sardus, a son of Hercules, who settled there with a colony which
he had brought with him from Libya. Other colonies, under Aristæus,
Norax, and Iolas, also settled there. The Carthaginians were long
masters of it, and were dispossessed by the Romans in the Punic wars,
B.C. 231. Some call it, with Sicily, one of the granaries of Rome.
The air was very unwholesome, though the soil was fertile, in corn,
in wine, and oil. Neither wolves nor serpents are found in Sardinia,
nor any poisonous herb, except one, which, when eaten, contracts the
nerves, and is attended with a paroxysm of laughter, the forerunner
of death; hence _risus Sardonicus, Sardous_. _Cicero_, _Letters to
his Friends_, bk. 7, ch. 25.――_Servius_, _on Virgil_, bk. 7, eclogue
41.――_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 2, ch. 85.――_Mela_, bk. 3, ch. 7.
――_Strabo_, bks. 2 & 5.――_Cicero_, _On Pompey’s Command_; _Letters
to his brother Quintus_, bk. 2, ltr. 3.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 7.
――_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 17.――_Varro_, _de Re Rustica_.――_Valerius
Maximus_, bk. 7, ch. 6.

=Sardica=, a town of Thrace, at the north of mount Hæmus.

=Sardis=, or =Sardes=, now _Sart_, a town of Asia Minor, the capital
of the kingdom of Lydia, situate at the foot of mount Tmolus, on
the banks of the Pactolus. It is celebrated for the many sieges
it sustained against the Cimmerians, Persians, Medes, Macedonians,
Ionians, and Athenians, and for the battle in which, B.C. 262,
Antiochus Soter was defeated by Eumenes king of Pergamus. It was
destroyed by an earthquake in the reign of Tiberius, who ordered
it to be rebuilt. It fell into the hands of Cyrus, B.C. 548, and
was burnt by the Athenians, B.C. 504, which became the cause of
the invasion of Attica by Darius. _Plutarch_, _Alexander_.――_Ovid_,
_Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, lis. 137, 152, &c.――_Strabo_, bk. 13.
――_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 7, &c.

=Sardones=, the people of Roussilon in France, at the foot of the
Pyrenees. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 4.

=Sardus=, a son of Hercules, who led a colony to Sardinia and gave it
his name.

=Sarephta=, a town of Phœnicia between Tyre and Sidon, now _Sarfand_.

=Sariaster=, a son of Tigranes king of Armenia, who conspired against
his father, &c. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 9, ch. 11.

=Sariphi=, mountains at the east of the Caspian.

=Sarmătæ=, or =Sauromătæ=, the inhabitants of Sarmatia. _See:_ Sarmatia.

=Sarmătia=, an extensive country at the north of Europe and Asia,
divided into European and Asiatic. The European was bounded by the
ocean on the north, Germany and the Vistula on the west, the Jazygæ
on the south, and the Tanais on the east. The Asiatic was bounded
by Hyrcania, the Tanais, and the Euxine sea. The former contains
the modern kingdoms of _Russia_, _Poland_, _Lithuania_, and _Little
Tartary_; and the latter, _Great Tartary_, _Circassia_, and the
neighbouring country. The Sarmatians were a savage uncivilized nation,
often confounded with the Scythians, naturally warlike, and famous
for painting their bodies to appear more terrible in the field of
battle. They were well known for their lewdness, and they passed
among the Greeks and Latins by the name of barbarians. In the time
of the emperors they became very powerful, and disturbed the peace
of Rome by their frequent incursions; till at last, increased by
the savage hordes of Scythia, under the barbarous names of Huns,
Vandals, Goths, Alans, &c., they successfully invaded and ruined the
empire in the third and fourth centuries of the christian era. They
generally lived on the mountains without any habitation, except their
_chariots_, whence they have been called _Hamaxobii_. They lived upon
plunder, and fed upon milk mixed with the blood of horses. _Strabo_,
bk. 7, &c.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Diodorus_, bk. 2.――_Florus_,
bk. 4, ch. 12.――_Lucan_, bk. 1, &c. _Juvenal_, satire 2.――_Ovid_,
_Tristia_, bk. 3, &c.

=Sarmatĭcum mare=, a name given to the Euxine sea, because on the coast
of Sarmatia. _Ovid_, bk. 4, _ex Ponto_, poem 10, li. 38.

=Sarmentus=, a scurrilous person, mentioned by _Horace_, bk. 1,
satire 5, li. 56.

=Sarnius=, a river of Asia, near Hyrcania.

=Sarnus=, a river of Picenum, dividing it from Campania, and falling
into the Tuscan sea. _Statius_, bk. 1, _Sylvæ_, poem 2, li. 265.
――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 738.――_Strabo_, bk. 5.

=Saron=, a king of Trœzene, unusually fond of hunting. He was drowned
in the sea, where he had swum for some miles in pursuit of a stag. He
was made a sea god by Neptune, and divine honours were paid to him by
the Trœzenians. It was customary for sailors to offer him sacrifices
before they embarked. That part of the sea where he was drowned was
called _Saronicus sinus_, on the coast of Achaia, near the isthmus
of Corinth. Saron built a temple to Diana at Trœzene, and instituted
festivals to her honour, called from himself Saronia, _Pausanias_,
bk. 2, ch. 30.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.――_Strabo_, bk. 8.

=Saronĭcus sinus=, now _the gulf of Engia_, a bay of the Ægean sea,
lying at the south of Attica, and on the north of the Peloponnesus.
The entrance into it is between the promontory of Sunium and that
of Scyllæum. Some suppose that this part of the sea received its
name from Saron, who was drowned there, or from a small river which
discharged itself on the coast, or from a small harbour of the same
name. The Saronic bay is about 62 miles in circumference, 23 miles
in its broadest, and 25 in its longest part, according to modern
calculation.

=Sarpēdon=, a son of Jupiter by Europa the daughter of Agenor. He
banished himself from Crete, after he had in vain attempted to make
himself king in preference to his elder brother Minos, and he retired
to Caria, where he built the town of Miletus. He went to the Trojan
war to assist Priam against the Greeks, where he was attended by his
friend and companion Glaucus. He was at last killed by Patroclus,
after he had made a great slaughter of the enemy, and his body, by
order of Jupiter, was conveyed to Lycia by Apollo, where his friends
and relations paid him funeral honours, and raised a monument to
perpetuate his valour. According to some mythologists, the brother
of king Minos, and the prince who assisted Priam, were two different
persons. This last was king of Lycia, and son of Jupiter by Laodamia
the daughter of Bellerophon, and lived about 100 years after the age
of the son of Europa. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 1.――_Herodotus_,
bk. 1, ch. 173.――_Strabo_, bk. 12.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 16.――――A
son of Neptune, killed by Hercules for his barbarous treatment of
strangers.――――A learned preceptor of Cato of Utica. _Plutarch_,
_Cato_.――――A town of Cilicia, famous for a temple sacred to Apollo
and Diana.――――Also a promontory of the same name in Cilicia, beyond
which Antiochus was not permitted to sail by a treaty of peace which
he had made with the Romans. _Livy_, bk. 38, ch. 38.――_Mela_, bk. 1,
ch. 13.――――A promontory of Thrace.――――A Syrian general who flourished
B.C. 143.

=Sarra=, a town of Phœnicia, the same as _Tyre_. It receives its
name from a small shell-fish of the same name which was found in
the neighbourhood, and with whose blood garments were dyed. Hence
came the epithet of _sarranus_, so often applied to Tyrian colours,
as well as to the inhabitants of the colonies of the Tyrians,
particularly Carthage. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 6, li. 662; bk. 13,
li. 205.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2, li. 506.――_Festus_, _Lexicon
of Festus_.

=Sarrastes=, a people of Campania on the Sarnus, who assisted Turnus
against Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 738.

=Sarron=, a king of the Celtæ, so famous for his learning, that from
him philosophers were called _Sarronidæ_. _Diodorus_, bk. 6, ch. 9.

=Sars=, a town of Spain, near cape Finisterre.

=Sarsĭna=, an ancient town of Umbria, where the poet Plautus was born.
The inhabitants are called _Sarsinates_. _Martial_, bk. 9, ltr. 59.
――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 14.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 462.

=Sarus=, a river of Cappadocia. _Livy_, bk. 33, ch. 41.

=Sasanda=, a town of Caria. _Diodorus_, bk. 14.

=Sason=, an island at the entrance of the Adriatic sea, lying between
Brundusium and Aulon on the coast of Greece. It is barren and
inhospitable. _Strabo_, bk. 6.――_Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 627; bk. 5,
li. 650.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 7, li. 480.――――A river falling into
the Adriatic.

=Satarchæ=, a people near the Palus Mæotis. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 1.
――_Flaccus_, bk. 6, li. 144.

=Sataspes=, a Persian hung on a cross by order of Xerxes, for offering
violence to the daughter of Megabyzus. His father’s name was Theaspes.
_Herodotus_, bk. 4.

=Satibarzanes=, a Persian made satrap of the Arians by Alexander, from
whom he afterwards revolted. _Curtius_, bks. 6 & 7.

=Satīcŭla= and =Saticulus=, a town near Capua. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7,
li. 729.――_Livy_, bk. 9, ch. 21; bk. 23, ch. 39.

=Sātis=, a town of Macedonia.

=Satræ=, a people of Thrace. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 111.

=Satrapēni=, a people of Media, under Tigranes. _Plutarch._

=Satricum=, a town of Italy, taken by Camillus. _Livy_, bk. 6, ch. 8.

=Satropaces=, an officer in the army of Darius, &c. _Curtius_, bk. 4,
ch. 9.

=Satŭra=, a lake of Latium, forming part of the Pontine lakes. _Silius
Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 382.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 801.

=Satureium=, or =Satureum=, a town of Calabria, near Tarentum, with
famous pastures and horses, whence the epithet of _satureianus_ in
_Horace_, bk. 1, satire 6.

=Satureius=, one of Domitian’s murderers.