Chapter D (14)

=Iapy̆dia=, a district of Illyricum, now _Carniola_. _Livy_, bk. 43,
ch. 5.――_Tibullus_, bk. 4, li. 109.――_Cicero_, _Cornelius Balbus_,
ch. 14.

=Iāpy̆gia=, a country on the confines of Italy, situated in the
peninsula, between Tarentum and Brundusium. It is called by some
_Messapia_, _Peucetia_, and _Salentinum_. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 11.
――_Strabo_, bk. 6.

=Iapyx=, a son of Dædalus, who conquered a part of Italy, which he
called _Iapygia_. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 458.――――A
wind which blows from Apulia, and is favourable to such as sail from
Italy towards Greece. It was nearly the same as the Caurus of the
Greeks. _Horace_, bk. 1, ode 3, li. 4; bk. 3, ode 7, li. 20.

=Iarbas=, a son of Jupiter and Garamantis, king of Gætulia, from whom
Dido bought land to build Carthage. He courted Dido, but the arrival
of Æneas prevented his success, and the queen, rather than marry
Iarbas, destroyed herself. _See:_ Dido. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, li.
36, &c.――_Justin_, bk. 18, ch. 6.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 552.

=Iarchas= and =Jarchas=, a celebrated Indian philosopher. His seven
rings are famous for their power of restoring old men to the bloom
and vigour of youth, according to the tradition of _Philostratus_,
_Life of Apollonius of Tyana_.

=Iardānus=, a Lydian, father of Omphale the mistress of Hercules.
_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 7.――――A river of Arcadia.――――Another in
Crete. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 7.

=Iasĭdes=, a patronymic given to Palinurus, as descended from a person
of the name of Jasius. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 843.――――Also of
Jasus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 12, li. 392.

=Iăsion= and =Iăsius=, a son of Jupiter and Electra, one of the
Atlantides, who reigned over part of Arcadia, where he diligently
applied himself to agriculture. He married the goddess Cybele or
Ceres, and all the gods were present at the celebration of his
nuptials. He had by Ceres two sons, Philomelus and Plutus, to whom
some have added a third, Corybas, who introduced the worship and
mysteries of his mother in Phrygia. He had also a daughter, whom
he exposed as soon as born, saying that he would raise only male
children. The child, who was suckled by a she-bear and preserved,
rendered herself famous afterwards under the name of Atalanta.
Jasion was killed with a thunderbolt of Jupiter, and ranked among
the gods after death by the inhabitants of Arcadia. _Hesiod_,
_Theogony_, li. 973.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 168.――_Hyginus_,
_Poeticon Astronomicon_, bk. 2, ch. 4.

=Iăsis=, a name given to Atalanta daughter of Jasius.

=Iasius=, a son of Abas king of Argos.――――A son of Jupiter. _See:_
Iasion.

=Jāson=, a celebrated hero, son of Alcimede daughter of Phylacus,
by Æson the son of Cretheus and Tyro, the daughter of Salmoneus.
Tyro, before her connection with Cretheus the son of Æolus, had two
sons, Pelias and Neleus, by Neptune. Æson was king of Iolchis, and
at his death the throne was usurped by Pelias, and Æson the lawful
successor was driven to retirement and obscurity. The education of
young Jason was entrusted to the care of the centaur Chiron, and he
was removed from the presence of the usurper, who had been informed
by an oracle that one of the descendants of Æolus would dethrone him.
After he had made the most rapid progress in every branch of science,
Jason left the centaur, and by his advice went to consult the oracle.
He was ordered to go to Iolchos his native country, covered with the
spoils of a leopard, and dressed in the garments of a Magnesian. In
his journey he was stopped by the inundation of the river Evenus or
Enipeus, over which he was carried by Juno, who had changed herself
into an old woman. In crossing the stream he lost one of his sandals,
and at his arrival at Iolchos, the singularity of his dress and
the fairness of his complexion attracted the notice of the people,
and drew a crowd around him in the market-place. Pelias came to
see him with the rest, and as he had been warned by the oracle to
beware of a man who should appear at Iolchos with one foot bare
and the other shod, the appearance of Jason, who had lost one of
his sandals, alarmed him. His terrors were soon after augmented.
Jason, accompanied by his friends, repaired to the palace of Pelias,
and boldly demanded the kingdom which he had unjustly usurped.
The boldness and popularity of Jason intimidated Pelias; he was
unwilling to abdicate the crown, and yet he feared the resentment of
his adversary. As Jason was young and ambitious of glory, Pelias, at
once to remove his immediate claims to the crown, reminded him that
Ætes king of Colchis had severely treated and inhumanly murdered
their common relation Phryxus. He observed that such a treatment
called aloud for punishment, and that the undertaking would be
accompanied with much glory and fame. He further added, that his old
age had prevented him from avenging the death of Phryxus, and that
if Jason would undertake the expedition, he would resign to him the
crown of Iolchos, when he returned victorious from Colchis. Jason
readily accepted a proposal which seemed to promise such military
fame. His intended expedition was made known in every part of
Greece, and the youngest and the bravest of the Greeks assembled to
accompany him, and share his toils and glory. They embarked on board
a ship called Argo, and after a series of adventures they arrived
at Colchis. _See:_ Argonautæ. Ætes promised to restore the golden
fleece, which was the cause of the death of Phryxus, and of the
voyage of the Argonauts, provided they submitted to his conditions.
Jason was to tame bulls which breathed flames, and which had feet
and horns of brass, and to plough with them a field sacred to Mars.
After this he was to sow in the ground the teeth of a serpent, from
which armed men would arise, whose fury would be converted against
him who ploughed the field. He was also to kill a monstrous dragon
which watched night and day at the foot of the tree on which the
golden fleece was suspended. All were concerned for the fate of the
Argonauts; but Juno, who watched with an anxious eye over the safety
of Jason, extricated them from all these difficulties. Medea, the
king’s daughter, fell in love with Jason, and as her knowledge of
herbs, enchantments, and incantations was uncommon, she pledged
herself to deliver her lover from all his dangers if he promised
her eternal fidelity. Jason, not insensible to her charms and to
her promise, vowed eternal fidelity in the temple of Hecate, and
received from Medea whatever instruments and herbs could protect
him against the approaching dangers. He appeared in the field of
Mars, he tamed the fury of the oxen, ploughed the plain, and sowed
the dragon’s teeth. Immediately an army of men sprang from the field,
and ran towards Jason. He threw a stone among them, and they fell
one upon the other till all were totally destroyed. The vigilance
of the dragon was lulled to sleep by the power of herbs, and Jason
took from the tree the celebrated golden fleece, which was the
sole object of his voyage. These actions were all performed in the
presence of Æetes and his people, who were all equally astonished at
the boldness and success of Jason. After this celebrated conquest,
Jason immediately set sail for Europe with Medea, who had been
so instrumental in his preservation. Upon this Æetes, desirous to
revenge the perfidy of his daughter Medea, sent his son Absyrtus
to pursue the fugitives. Medea killed her brother, and strewed his
limbs in her father’s way, that she might more easily escape, while
he was employed in collecting the mangled body of his son. _See:_
Absyrtus. The return of the Argonauts in Thessaly was celebrated
with universal festivity; but Æson, Jason’s father, was unable to
attend on account of the infirmities of old age. This obstruction
was removed, and Medea, at the request of her husband, restored Æson
to the vigour and sprightliness of youth. _See:_ Æson. Pelias the
usurper of the crown of Iolchos wished also to see himself restored
to the flower of youth, and his daughters, persuaded by Medea, who
wished to avenge her husband’s wrongs, cut his body to pieces, and
placed his limbs in a cauldron of boiling water. Their credulity was
severely punished. Medea suffered the flesh to be consumed to the
bones, and Pelias was never restored to life. This inhuman action
drew the resentment of the populace upon Medea, and she fled to
Corinth with her husband Jason, where they lived in perfect union
and love during 10 successive years. Jason’s partiality for Glauce
the daughter of the king of the country afterwards disturbed their
matrimonial happiness, and Medea was divorced, that Jason might
more freely indulge his amorous propensities. This infidelity
was severely revenged by Medea [_See:_ Glauce], who destroyed her
children in the presence of their father. _See:_ Medea. After this
separation from Medea, Jason lived an unsettled and melancholy life.
As he was one day reposing himself by the side of the ship which
had carried him to Colchis, a beam fell upon his head, and he was
crushed to death. This tragical event had been predicted to him
before by Medea, according to the relation of some authors. Some say
that he afterwards returned to Colchis, where he seized the kingdom,
and reigned in great security. _Euripides_, _Medea_.――_Ovid_,
_Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, fables 2, 3, &c.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.
――_Pausanias_, bks. 2 & 3.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――_Cicero_,
_de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3.――_Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 3, poem 9.
――_Strabo_, bk. 7.――_Apollonius._――_Flaccus._――_Hyginus_, fable 5,
&c.――_Pindar_, bk. 3, _Nemean_.――_Justin_, bk. 42, ch. 2, &c.
――_Seneca_, _Medea_.――_Tzetzes_, _On Lycophron_, li. 195, &c.
――_Athenæus_, bk. 13.――――A native of Argos, who wrote a history
of Greece in four books, which ended at the death of Alexander.
He lived in the age of Adrian.――――A tyrant of Thessaly, who made
an alliance with the Spartans, and cultivated the friendship of
Timotheus.――――Trallianus, a man who wrote tragedies, and gained
the esteem of the kings of Parthia. _Polyænus_, bk. 7.

=Jasonĭdæ=, a patronymic of Thoas and Euneus, sons of Jason and
Hypsipyle.

=Iasus=, a king of Argos, who succeeded his father Triopas.
_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 16.――――A son of Argus, father of Agenor.
――――A son of Argus and Ismena.――――A son of Lycurgus of Arcadia.
――――An island, with a town of the same name, on the coast of Caria.
The bay adjoining was called _Iasius sinus_. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 28.
――_Livy_, bk. 32, ch. 33; bk. 37, ch. 17.

=Iaxartes=, now _Sir_ or _Sihon_, a river of Sogdiana, mistaken by
Alexander for the Tanais. It falls into the east of the Caspian sea.
_Curtius_, bks. 6 & 7.――_Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 16.――_Arrian_, bk. 4,
ch. 15.

=Iazĭges=, a people on the borders of the Palus Mæotis. _Tacitus_,
_Annals_, bk. 12, ch. 29.――_Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 2, li. 191; _ex
Ponto_, bk. 4, poem 7, li. 9.

=Ibēria=, a country of Asia, between Colchis on the west, and Albania
on the east, governed by kings. Pompey invaded it, and made great
slaughter of the inhabitants, and obliged them to surrender by
setting fire to the woods where they had fled for safety. It is
now called Georgia. _Plutarch_, _Lycurgus_, _Antonius_, &c.――_Dio
Cassius_, bk. 36.――_Florus_, bk. 3.――_Flaccus_, bk. 5, li. 166.
――_Appian_, _Wars in Spain_.――――An ancient name of Spain, derived
from the river Iberus. _Lucan_, bk. 6, li. 258.――_Horace_, bk. 4,
ode 14, li. 50.

=Ibērus=, a river of Spain, now called _Ebro_, which, after the
conclusion of the first Punic war, separated the Roman from the
Carthaginian possessions in that country. _Lucan_, bk. 4, li. 335.
――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 3.――_Horace_, bk. 4, ode 14, li. 50.――――A
river of Iberia in Asia, flowing from mount Caucasus into the Cyrus.
_Strabo_, bk. 3.――――A fabulous king of Spain.

=Ibi=, an Indian nation.

=Ibis=, a poem of the poet Callimachus, in which he bitterly satirizes
the ingratitude of his pupil the poet Apollonius. Ovid had also
written a poem which bears the same name, and which, in the same
satirical language, seems, according to the opinion of some,
to inveigh bitterly against Hyginus the supposed hero of the
composition. _Suidas._

=Iby̆cus=, a lyric poet of Rhegium, about 540 years before Christ. He
was murdered by robbers, and at the moment of death he implored the
assistance of some cranes which at that moment flew over his head.
Some time after, as the murderers were in the market-place, one of
them observed some cranes in the air, and said to his companions,
αἰ Ἰβυκου ἐκδικοι παρεισιν, _there are the birds that are conscious
of the death of Ibycus_. These words and the recent murder of Ibycus
raised suspicions in the people; the assassins were seized and
tortured, and they confessed their guilt. _Cicero_, _Tusculanæ
Disputationes_, bk. 4, ch. 43.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_.――――The
husband of Chloris, whom Horace ridicules, bk. 3, ode 15.

=Icadius=, a robber killed by a stone, &c. _Cicero_, _De Fato_, ch. 3.

=Icăria=, a small island in the Ægean sea, between Chio, Samos, and
Myconus, where the body of Icarus was thrown by the waves, and
buried by Hercules. _Ptolemy_, bk. 5, ch. 2.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.
――_Strabo_, bks. 10 & 14.

=Icăris= and =Icariotis=, a name given to Penelope as daughter of
Icarius.

=Icărium mare=, a part of the Ægean sea near the islands of Mycone and
Gyaros. _See:_ Icarus.

=Icărius=, an Athenian, father of Erigone. He gave wine to some
peasants, who drank it with the greatest avidity, ignorant of
its intoxicating nature. They were soon deprived of their reason,
and the fury and resentment of their friends and neighbours were
immediately turned upon Icarius, who perished by their hands. After
death he was honoured with public festivals, and his daughter was
led to discover the place of his burial by means of his faithful
dog Mœra. Erigone hung herself in despair, and was changed into
a constellation called Virgo. Icarius was changed into the star
Bootes, and the dog Mœra into the star Canis. _Hyginus_, fable 130.
――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 14.――――A son of Œbalus of Lacedæmon. He
gave his daughter Penelope in marriage to Ulysses king of Ithaca,
but he was so tenderly attached to her, that he wished her husband
to settle at Lacedæmon. Ulysses refused, and when he saw the earnest
petitions of Icarius, he told Penelope as they were going to embark,
that she might choose freely either to follow him to Ithaca, or to
remain with her father. Penelope blushed in the deepest silence,
and covered her head with her veil. Icarius upon this permitted
his daughter to go to Ithaca, and immediately erected a temple to
the goddess of modesty, on the spot where Penelope had covered her
blushes with her veil. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 16, li. 435.

=Icărus=, a son of Dædalus, who, with his father, flew with wings from
Crete to escape the resentment of Minos. His flight being too high,
proved fatal to him; the sun melted the wax which cemented his wings,
and he fell into that part of the Ægean sea which was called after
his name. _See:_ Dædalus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, li. 178,
&c.――――A mountain of Attica.

=Iccius=, a lieutenant of Agrippa in Sicily. Horace writes to him,
bk. 1, ode 29, and ridicules him for abandoning the pursuits of
philosophy and the muses for military employments.――――One of the
Rhemi in Gaul, ambassador to Cæsar. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 2,
ch. 3.

=Icĕlos=, one of the sons of Somnus, who changed himself into all
sorts of animals, whence the name (εἰκελος, _similis_). _Ovid_,
_Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, li. 640.

=Icēni=, a people of Britain who submitted to the Roman power. They
inhabited the modern counties of Suffolk, Norfolk, Cambridge, &c.
_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 12, ch. 31.――_Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 5,
ch. 21.

=Icĕtas=, a man who obtained the supreme power at Syracuse after the
death of Dion. He attempted to assassinate Timoleon, for which he
was conquered, &c., B.C. 340. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Timoleon_.

=Ichnæ=, a town of Macedonia, whence Themis and Nemesis are called
Ichnæa. _Homer_, _Hymn 3 to Apollo_.

=Ichnūsa=, an ancient name of Sardinia, which it received from its
likeness to a human foot. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 17.――_Silius
Italicus_, bk. 12, li. 358.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 7.

=Ichonūphys=, a priest of Heliopolis, at whose house Eudoxus resided
when he visited Egypt with Plato. _Diogenes Laërtius._

=Ichthyophăgi=, a people of Æthiopia, who received this name from
their eating fishes. There was also an Indian nation of the same
name, who made their houses with the bones of fishes. _Diodorus_,
bk. 3.――_Strabo_, bks. 2 & 12.――_Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 23; bk. 15,
ch. 7.

=Ichthys=, a promontory of Elis in Achaia. _Strabo_, bk. 11.

=Lucius Icilius=, a tribune of the people who made a law, A.U.C. 397,
by which mount Aventine was given to the Roman people to build
houses upon. _Livy_, bk. 3, ch. 54.――――A tribune who made a law,
A.U.C. 261, that forbade any man to oppose or interrupt a tribune
while he was speaking in an assembly. _Livy_ bk. 2, ch. 58.――――A
tribune who signalized himself by his inveterate enmity against the
Roman senate. He took an active part in the management of affairs
after the murder of Virginia, &c.

=Icius=, a harbour in Gaul, on the modern straits of Dover, from which
Cæsar crossed into Britain.

=Iconium=, the capital of Lycaonia, now _Koniech_. _Pliny_, bk. 5,
ch. 27.

=Icos=, a small island near Eubœa. _Strabo_, bk. 9.

=Ictinus=, a celebrated architect, 430 years B.C. He built a famous
temple to Minerva at Athens, &c.

=Ictumulōrum vicus=, a place at the foot of the Alps, abounding in
gold mines.

=Iculisma=, a town of Gaul, now _Angoulesme_, on the Charente.

=Ida=, a nymph of Crete, who went into Phrygia, where she gave her
name to a mountain of that country. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li.
177.――――The mother of Minos II.――――A celebrated mountain, or more
properly a ridge of mountains in Troas, chiefly in the neighbourhood
of Troy. The abundance of its waters became the source of many
rivers, and particularly of the Simois, Scamander, Æsepus, Granicus,
&c. It was on mount Ida that the shepherd Paris adjudged the prize
of beauty to the goddess Venus. It was covered with green woods,
and the elevation of its top opened a fine extensive view of the
Hellespont and the adjacent countries, from which reason the poets
say that it was frequented by the gods during the Trojan war.
_Strabo_, bk. 13.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 18.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk.
14, li. 283.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bks. 3, 5, &c.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_,
bk. 4, li. 79.――_Horace_, bk. 3, ode 11.――――A mountain of Crete,
the highest in the island, where it was reported that Jupiter was
educated by the Corybantes, who, on that account, were called Idæi.
_Strabo_, bk. 10.

=Idæa=, the surname of Cybele, because she was worshipped on mount Ida.
_Lucretius_, bk. 2, li. 611.

=Idæus=, a surname of Jupiter. An arm-bearer and charioteer of king
Priam, killed during the Trojan war. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li.
487.――――One of the attendants of Ascanius. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9,
li. 500.

=Idalis=, the country round mount Ida. _Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 204.

=Idălus=, a mountain of Cyprus, at the foot of which is _Idalium_, a
town with a grove sacred to Venus, who was called _Idalæa_. _Virgil_,
_Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 685.――_Catullus_, poems 37 & 62.――_Propertius_,
bk. 2, poem 13.

=Idanthyrsus=, a powerful king of Scythia, who refused to give his
daughter in marriage to Darius I. king of Persia. This refusal
was the cause of a war between the two nations, and Darius marched
against Idanthyrsus, at the head of 700,000 men. He was defeated,
and retired to Persia, after an inglorious campaign. _Strabo_,
bk. 13.

=Idarnes=, an officer of Darius, by whose negligence the Macedonians
took Miletus. _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 5.

=Idas=, a son of Aphareus and Arane, famous for his valour and
military glory. He was among the Argonauts, and married Marpessa,
the daughter of Evenus king of Ætolia. Marpessa was carried away by
Apollo, and Idas pursued his wife’s ravisher with bows and arrows,
and obliged him to restore her. _See:_ Marpessa. According to
Apollodorus, Idas, with his brother Lynceus, associated with Pollux
and Castor to carry away some flocks; but when they had obtained a
sufficient quantity of plunder, they refused to divide it into equal
shares. This provoked the sons of Leda. Lynceus was killed by Castor,
and Idas, to revenge his brother’s death, immediately killed Castor,
and in his turn perished by the hand of Pollux. According to Ovid
and Pausanias, the quarrel between the sons of Leda and those of
Aphareus arose from a more tender cause. Idas and Lynceus, as they
say, were going to celebrate their nuptials with Phœbe and Hilaira
the two daughters of Leucippus; but Castor and Pollux, who had been
invited to partake the common festivity, offered violence to the
brides, and carried them away. Idas and Lynceus fell in the attempt
to recover their wives. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 9.――_Hyginus_, fables
14, 100, &c.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 5, li. 700.――_Apollodorus_,
bks. 1 & 3.――_Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 2; bk. 5, ch. 18.――――A son of
Ægyptus.――――A Trojan killed by Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9,
li. 575.

=Idea=, or =Idæa=, a daughter of Dardanus, who became the second
wife of Phineus king of Bithynia, and abused the confidence reposed
in her by her husband. _See:_ Phineus.――――The mother of Teucer by
Scamander. _Apollodorus._

=Idessa=, a town of Iberia on the confines of Colchis. _Strabo_,
bk. 11.

=Idex=, a small river of Italy, now _Idice_, near Bononia.

=Idistavisus=, a plain, now _Hastenbach_, where Germanicus defeated
Arminius, near Oldendorp, on the Weser, in Westphalia. _Tacitus_,
_Annals_, bk. 2, ch. 16.

=Idmon=, son of Apollo and Asteria, or, as some say, of Cyrene, was
the prophet of the Argonauts. He was killed in hunting a wild boar
in Bithynia, where his body received a magnificent funeral. He
had predicted the time and manner of his own death. _Apollodorus_,
bk. 1, ch. 2.――_Orpheus._――――A dyer of Colophon, father to Arachne.
_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, li. 8.――――A man of Cyzicus, killed
by Hercules, &c. _Flaccus_, bk. 3.――――A son of Ægyptus, killed by
his wife. _See:_ Danaides.

=Idŏmĕne=, a daughter of Pheres, who married Amythaon.

=Idŏmĕneus=, succeeded his father Deucalion on the throne of Crete,
and accompanied the Greeks to the Trojan war, with a fleet of 90
ships. During this celebrated war he rendered himself famous by his
valour, and slaughtered many of the enemy. At his return he made
a vow to Neptune in a dangerous tempest, that if he escaped from
the fury of the seas and storms, he would offer to the god whatever
living creature first presented itself to his eye on the Cretan
shore. This was no other than his own son, who came to congratulate
his father upon his safe return. Idomeneus performed his promise to
the god, and the inhumanity and rashness of his sacrifice rendered
him so odious in the eyes of his subjects, that he left Crete, and
migrated in quest of a settlement. He came to Italy, and founded
a city on the coast of Calabria, which he called Salentum. He died
in an extreme old age, after he had had the satisfaction of seeing
his new kingdom flourish, and his subjects happy. According to
the Greek scholiast of Lycophron, li. 1217, Idomeneus, during his
absence in the Trojan war, entrusted the management of his kingdom
to Leucos, to whom he promised his daughter Clisithere in marriage
at his return. Leucos at first governed with moderation; but he was
persuaded by Nauplius king of Eubœa to put to death Meda the wife of
his master, with her daughter Clisithere, and to seize the kingdom.
After these violent measures, he strengthened himself on the throne
of Crete; and Idomeneus, at his return, found it impossible to expel
the usurper. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 358.――_Hyginus_,
fable 92.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 11, &c.; _Odyssey_, bk. 19.
――_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 25.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 122.
――――A son of Priam.――――A Greek historian of Lampsacus, in the age of
Epicurus. He wrote a history of Samothrace, the life of Socrates, &c.

=Idŏthea=, a daughter of Prœtus king of Argos. She was restored to
her senses with her sisters, by Melampus. _See:_ Prœtides. _Homer_,
_Odyssey_, bk. 11.――――A daughter of Proteus, the god who told
Menelaus how he could return to his country in safety. _Homer_,
_Odyssey_, bk. 4, li. 363.――――One of the nymphs who educated Jupiter.

=Idrieus=, the son of Euromus of Caria, brother to Artimisia, who
succeeded to Mausolus, and invaded Cyprus. _Diodorus_, bk. 16.
――_Polyænus_, bk. 7.

=Idubeda=, a river and mountain of Spain. _Strabo_, bk. 3.

=Idūme= and =Idūmēa=, a country of Syria, famous for palm trees. Gaza
is its capital, where Cambyses deposited his riches, as he was going
to Egypt. _Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 216.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 5, li.
600.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 12.

=Idya=, one of the Oceanides, who married Æetes king of Colchis, by
whom she had Medea, &c. _Hyginus._――_Hesiod._――_Cicero_, _de Natura
Deorum_, bk. 3.

=Jenisus=, a town of Syria. _Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 5.

=Jera=, one of the Nereides. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 18.

=Jerĭcho=, a city of Palestine, besieged and taken by the Romans,
under Vespasian and Titus. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 14.――_Strabo._

=Jerne=, a name of Ireland. _Strabo_, bk. 1.

=Jerŏmus= and =Jerony̆mus=, a Greek of Cardia, who wrote a history of
Alexander.――――A native of Rhodes, disciple of Aristotle, of whose
compositions some few historical fragments remain. _Dionysius of
Halicarnassus_, bk. 1.

=Jerusalem=, the capital of Judæa. _See:_ Hierosolyma.

=Jetæ=, a place of Sicily. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 14, li. 272.

=Igēni=, a people of Britain. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 12, &c.

=Igilium=, now _Giglio_, an island of the Mediterranean, on the coast
of Tuscany. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 1,
ch. 34.

=Ignatius=, an officer of Crassus in his Parthian expedition.――――A
bishop of Antioch, torn to pieces in the amphitheatre at Rome, by
lions, during a persecution, A.D. 107. His writings were letters to
the Ephesians, Romans, &c., and he supported the divinity of Christ,
and the propriety of the episcopal order, as superior to priests
and deacons. The best edition of his work is that of Oxford, in 8vo,
1708.

=Iguvium=, a town of Umbria, on the Via Flaminia, now _Gubio_.
_Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 7, ltr. 13.――_Silius Italicus_,
bk. 8, li. 460.

=Ilaīra=, or =Hilaira=, a daughter of Leucippus, carried away with her
sister Phœbe, by the sons of Leda, as she was going to be married,
&c.

=Ilba=, more properly Ilva, an island of the Tyrrhene sea, two miles
from the continent. _See:_ Ilua. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 173.

=Ilecaones= and =Ilecaonenses=, a people of Spain. _Livy_, bk. 22,
ch. 21.

=Ilerda=, now _Lerida_, a town of Spain, the capital of the Ilergetes,
on an eminence on the right bank of the river Sicoris in Catalonia.
_Livy_, bk. 21, ch. 23; bk. 22, ch. 21.――_Lucan_, bk. 4, li. 13.

=Ilergetes.= _See:_ Ilerda.

=Ilia=, or =Rhea=, a daughter of Numitor king of Alba, consecrated by
her uncle Amulius to the service of Vesta, which required perpetual
chastity, that she might not become a mother to dispossess him of
his crown. He was, however, disappointed; violence was offered to
Ilia, and she brought forth Romulus and Remus, who drove the usurper
from his throne, and restored the crown to their grandfather Numitor,
its lawful possessor. Ilia was buried alive by Amulius for violating
the laws of Vesta; and because her tomb was near the Tiber, some
supposed that she married the god of that river. _Horace_, bk. 1,
ode 2.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 277.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 2,
li. 598.――――A wife of Sylla.

=Iliăci ludi=, games instituted by Augustus, in commemoration of the
victory which he had obtained over Antony and Cleopatra. They are
supposed to be the same as the _Trojani ludi_ and the _Actia_; and
Virgil says they were celebrated by Æneas, and not because they
were instituted at the time when he wrote his poem, but because he
wished to compliment Augustus by making the founder of Lavinium
solemnize games on the very spot which was, many centuries after,
to be immortalized by the trophies of his patron. During these
games were exhibited horse-races, and gymnastic exercises. _Virgil_,
_Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 280.

=Iliăcus=, an epithet applied to such as belong to Troy. _Virgil_,
_Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 101.

=Iliădes=, a surname given to Romulus, as son of Ilia. _Ovid._――――A
name given to the Trojan women. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 484.

=Ilias=, a celebrated poem composed by Homer, upon the Trojan war. It
delineates the wrath of Achilles, and all the calamities which befel
the Greeks, from the refusal of that hero to appear in the field
of battle. It finished at the death of Hector, whom Achilles had
sacrificed to the shades of his friend Patroclus. It is divided into
24 books. _See:_ Homerus.――――A surname of Minerva, from a temple
which she had at Daulis in Phocis.

=Ilienses=, a people of Sardinia. _Livy_, bk. 43, ch. 19; bk. 41,
chs. 6 & 12.

=Ilion=, a town of Macedonia. _Livy_, bk. 31, ch. 27. _See:_ Ilium.

=Ilĭone=, the eldest daughter of Priam, who married Polymnestor king
of Thrace. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 657.

=Iliŏneus=, a Trojan, son of Phorbas. He came into Italy with Æneas.
_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 525.――――A son of Artabanus, made
prisoner by Parmenio, near Damascus. _Curtius_, bk. 3, ch. 13.
――――One of Niobe’s sons. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, fable 6.

=Ilipa=, a town of Bætica. _Livy_, bk. 35, ch. 1.

=Ilissus=, a small river of Attica, falling into the sea near the
Piræus. There was a temple on its banks sacred to the muses.
_Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 4, li. 52.

=Ilĭthyīa=, a goddess, called also Juno Lucina. Some suppose her to be
the same as Diana. She presided over the travails of women; and in
her temple at Rome, it was usual to carry a small piece of money as
an offering. This custom was first established by Servius Tullius,
who, by enforcing it, was enabled to know the exact number of the
Roman people. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 450.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk.
11, ode 19.――_Apollodorus_, bks. 1 & 2.――_Horace_, _Carmen Sæculare_.
――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 283.

=Ilium=, or =Ilion=, a citadel of Troy, built by Ilus, one of the
Trojan kings, from whom it received its name. It is generally
taken for Troy itself; and some have supposed that the town was
called Ilium, and the adjacent country Troja. _See:_ Troja. _Livy_,
bk. 35, ch. 43; bk. 37, chs. 9 & 37.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1,
&c.――_Strabo_, bk. 13.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 505.
――_Horace_, bk. 3, ode 3.――_Justin_, bk. 11, ch. 5; bk. 31, ch. 8.

=Illiberis=, a town of Gaul, through which Hannibal passed as he
marched into Italy.

=Illice=, now _Elche_, a town of Spain, with a harbour and bay, _Sinus
et Portus Illicitanus_, now _Alicant_. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 3.

=Illipŭla=, two towns of Spain, one of which is called Major, and the
other Minor.

=Illiturgis=, =Iliturgus=, or =Ilirgia=, a city of Spain, near the
modern Andujar, on the river Bætis, destroyed by Scipio, for having
revolted to the Carthaginians. _Livy_, bk. 23, ch. 49; bk. 24,
ch. 41; bk. 26, ch. 17.

=Ilorcis=, now _Lorca_, a town of Spain. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 3.

=Illy̆rĭcum=, =Illy̆ris=, and =Illy̆ria=, a country bordering on the
Adriatic sea, opposite Italy, whose boundaries have been different
at different times. It became a Roman province, after Gentius its
king had been conquered by the pretor Anicius; and it now forms
part of Croatia, Bosnia, and Sclavonia. _Strabo_, bks. 2 & 7.
――_Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 35.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 2, &c.――_Florus_,
bks. 1, 2, &c.

=Illy̆rīcus sinus=, that part of the Adriatic which is on the coast of
Illyricum.

=Illy̆rius=, a son of Cadmus and Hermione, from whom Illyricum received
its name. _Apollodorus._

=Ilua=, now _Elba_, an island in the Tyrrhene sea, between Italy
and Corsica, celebrated for its iron mines. The people are called
_Iluates_. _Livy_, bk. 30, ch. 39.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10,
li. 173.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 6; bk. 34, ch. 14.

=Iluro=, now _Oleron_, a town of Gascony in France.

=Ilus=, the fourth king of Troy, was son of Tros by Callirhoe. He
married Eurydice the daughter of Adrastus, by whom he had Themis,
who married Capys, and Laomedon the father of Priam. He built, or
rather embellished, the city of Ilium, called also Troy, from his
father Tros. Jupiter gave him the Palladium, a celebrated statue
of Minerva, and promised that as long as it remained in Troy, so
long would the town remain impregnable. When the temple of Minerva
was in flames, Ilus rushed into the middle of the fire to save the
Palladium, for which action he was deprived of his sight by the
goddess; though he recovered it some time after. _Homer_, _Iliad_.
――_Strabo_, bk. 13.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 12.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_,
bk. 4, li. 33; bk. 6, li. 419.――――A name of Ascanius, while he was
at Troy. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 272.――――A friend of Turnus,
killed by Pallas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 400.

=Ilyrgis=, a town of Hispania Bætica, now _Ilora_. _Polybius._

=Imanuentius=, a king of part of Britain, killed by Cassivelaunus, &c.
――_Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 5.

=Imaus=, a large mountain of Scythia, which is part of mount Taurus.
It divides Scythia, which is generally called _Intra Imaum_,
and _Extra Imaum_. It extends, according to some, as far as the
boundaries of the eastern ocean. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 17.――_Strabo_,
bk. 1.

=Imbărus=, a part of mount Taurus in Armenia.

=Imbrăsĭdes=, a patronymic given to Asius, as son of Imbracus.
_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 123.

=Imbrăsĭdes=, a patronymic given to Glaucus and Lades, as sons of
Imbrasus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 12, li. 343.

=Imbrăsus=, or =Parthenius=, a river of Samos. Juno, who was worshipped
on its banks, received the surname of _Imbrasia_. _Pausanias_, bk. 7,
ch. 4.――――The father of Pirus, the leader of the Thracians during
the Trojan war. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bks. 10 & 12.――_Homer_, _Iliad_,
bk. 4, li. 520.

=Imbreus=, one of the Centaurs, killed by Dryas at the nuptials of
Pirithous. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 310.

=Imbrex Caius Licinius=, a poet. _See:_ Licinius.

=Imbrius=, a Trojan, killed by Teucer son of Mentor. He had married
Medesicaste, Priam’s daughter. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 13.

=Imbrivium=, a place of Samnium.

=Imbros=, now _Embro_, an island of the Ægean sea, near Thrace, 32
miles from Samothrace, with a small river and town of the same name.
Imbros was governed for some time by its own laws, but afterwards
subjected to the power of Persia, Athens, Macedonia, and the kings
of Pergamus. It afterwards became a Roman province. The divinities
particularly worshipped there were Ceres and Mercury. _Thucydides_,
bk. 8.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 13.――_Strabo_,
bk. 2.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 1, poem 10,
li. 18.

=Inăchi=, a name given to the Greeks, particularly the Argives, from
king Inachus.

=Inachia=, a name given to Peloponnesus, from the river Inachus.――――A
festival in Crete in honour of Inachus; or, according to others, of
Ino’s misfortunes.――――A courtesan in the age of _Horace_, Epode 12.

=Inăchĭdæ=, the name of the eight first successors of Inachus, on the
throne of Argos.

=Inăchĭles=, a patronymic of Epaphus, as grandson of Inachus. _Ovid_,
_Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 704.――――Also of Perseus, descended from
Inachus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, fable 11.

=Inăchis=, a patronymic of Io, as daughter of Inachus. _Ovid_, _Fasti_,
bk. 1, li. 454.

=Inăchium=, a town of Peloponnesus.

=Inăchus=, a son of Oceanus and Tethys, father of Io, and also of
Phoroneus and Ægialeus. He founded the kingdom of Argos, and was
succeeded by Phoroneus, B.C. 1807, and gave his name to a river of
Argos, of which he became the tutelar deity. He reigned 60 years.
_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 151.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 3.
――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 15.――――A river of Argos.――――Another in
Epirus.

=Inamămes=, a river in the east of Asia, as far as which Semiramis
extended her empire. _Polyænus._

=Inarĭme=, an island near Campania, with a mountain under which
Jupiter confined the giant Typhœus. It is now called _Ischia_, and
is remarkable for its fertility and population. There was formerly
a volcano in the middle of the island. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9,
li. 716.

=Inărus=, a town of Egypt, in whose neighbourhood the town of Naucratis
was built by the Milesians.――――A tyrant of Egypt, who died B.C. 456.

=Incitātus=, a horse of the emperor Caligula, made high priest.

=Indathyrsus=. _See:_ Idanthyrsus.

=India=, the most celebrated and opulent of all the countries of
Asia, bounded on one side by the Indus, from which it derives its
name. It is situate at the south of the kingdoms of Persia, Parthia,
&c., along the maritime coasts. It has always been reckoned famous
for the riches it contains; and so persuaded were the ancients
of its wealth, that they supposed that its very sands were gold.
It contained 9000 different nations, and 5000 remarkable cities,
according to geographers. Bacchus was the first who conquered it. In
more recent ages, part of it was tributary to the power of Persia.
Alexander invaded it; but his conquest was checked by the valour of
Porus, one of the kings of the country, and the Macedonian warrior
was unwilling or afraid to engage another. Semiramis also extended
her empire far in India. The Romans knew little of the country, yet
their power was so universally dreaded, that the Indians paid homage
by their ambassadors to the emperors Antoninus, Trajan, &c. India
is divided into several provinces. There is an India _extra Gangem_,
an India _intra Gangem_, and an India _propria_; but these divisions
are not particularly noticed by the ancients, who, even in the age
of Augustus, gave the name of Indians to the Æthiopian nations.
_Diodorus_, bk. 1.――_Strabo_, bk. 1, &c.――_Mela_, bk. 3, ch. 7.
――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 28.――_Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 10.――_Justin_,
bk. 1, ch. 2; bk. 12, ch. 7.

=Indibĭlis=, a princess of Spain betrothed to Albutius.

=Indĭgĕtes=, a name given to those deities who were worshipped only
in some particular places, or who were become gods from men, as
Hercules, Bacchus, &c. Some derive the word from _Inde et geniti_,
born at the same place where they received their worship. _Virgil_,
_Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 498.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14,
li. 608.

=Indĭgĕti=, a people of Spain.

=Indus=, now _Sinde_, a large river of Asia, from which the adjacent
country has received the name of India. It falls into the Indian
ocean by two mouths. According to Plato, it was larger than the Nile;
and Pliny says that 19 rivers discharge themselves into it, before
it falls into the sea. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 2, ch. 52.
――_Strabo_, bk. 15.――_Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 9.――_Diodorus_, bk. 2.
――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 720.――_Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 20.――――A
river of Caria. _Livy_, bk. 38, ch. 14.

=Indutiomarus=, a Gaul, conquered by Cæsar, &c. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_.

=Inferum mare=, the Tuscan sea.

=Ino=, a daughter of Cadmus and Harmonia, who nursed Bacchus. She
married Athamas king of Thebes, after he had divorced Nephele, by
whom he had two children, Phryxus and Helle. Ino became mother of
Melicerta and Learchus, and soon conceived an implacable hatred
against the children of Nephele, because they were to ascend the
throne in preference to her own. Phryxus and Helle were informed
of Ino’s machinations, and they escaped to Colchis on a golden
ram. _See:_ Phryxus. Juno, jealous of Ino’s prosperity, resolved
to disturb her peace; and more particularly because she was of
the descendants of her greatest enemy, Venus. Tisiphone was sent,
by order of the goddess, to the house of Athamas; and she filled
the whole palace with such fury, that Athamas, taking Ino to be a
lioness, and her children whelps, pursued her, and dashed her son
Learchus against a wall. Ino escaped from the fury of her husband,
and from a high rock she threw herself into the sea, with Melicerta
in her arms. The gods pitied her fate, and Neptune made her a sea
deity, which was afterwards called Leucothoe. Melicerta became also
a sea god, known by the name of Palæmon. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 5.
――_Cicero_, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_; _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3,
ch. 48.――_Plutarch_, _Convivium Septem Sapientium_, ch. 5.――_Ovid_,
_Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, fable 13, &c.――_Pausanias_, bks. 1, 2, &c.
――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Hyginus_, fables 12, 14, & 15.

=Inōa=, festivals in memory of Ino, celebrated yearly with sports and
sacrifices at Corinth. An anniversary sacrifice was also offered
to Ino at Megara, where she was first worshipped, under the name
of Leucothoe.――――Another in Laconia, in honour of the same. It was
usual at the celebration to throw cakes of flour into a pond, which,
if they sunk, were presages of prosperity; but if they swam on the
surface of the waters, they were inauspicious and very unlucky.

=Inous=, a patronymic given to the god Palæmon, as son of Ino.
_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 823.

=Inōpus=, a river of Delos, which the inhabitants suppose to be the
Nile, coming from Egypt under the sea. It was near its banks that
Apollo and Diana were born. _Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 103.――_Flaccus_,
bk. 5, li. 105.――_Strabo_, bk. 6.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 4.

=Insŭbres=, the inhabitants of Insubria, a country near the Po,
supposed to be of Gallic origin. They were conquered by the Romans,
and their country became a province, where the modern towns of Milan
and Pavia were built. _Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 11,
ch. 23.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 17.――_Livy_, bk. 5, ch. 34.――_Ptolemy_,
bk. 3, ch. 1.

=Intaphernes=, one of the seven Persian noblemen who conspired against
Smerdis, who usurped the crown of Persia. He was so disappointed for
not obtaining the crown, that he fomented seditions against Darius,
who had been raised to the throne after the death of the usurper.
When the king had ordered him and all his family to be put to death,
his wife, by frequently visiting the palace, excited the compassion
of Darius, who pardoned her, and permitted her to redeem from
death any one of her relations whom she pleased. She obtained her
brother; and when the king expressed his astonishment, because she
preferred him to her husband and children, she replied that she
could procure another husband, and children likewise; out that she
could never have another brother, as her father and mother were dead.
Intaphernes was put to death. _Herodotus_, bk. 3.

=Intemelium=, a town at the west of Liguria, on the sea-shore.
_Cicero_, ♦_Letters to his Friends_, bk. 8, ch. 14.

♦ ‘Div.’ replaced with ‘Letters to his Friends’

=Interamna=, an ancient city of Umbria, the birthplace of the historian
Tacitus, and of the emperor of the same name. It is situate between
two branches of the Nar (_interamnes_), whence its name. _Varro_,
_de Lingua Latina_, bk. 4, ch. 5.――_Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 2,
ch. 64.――――A colony on the confines of Samnium, on the Liris.

=Intercatia=, a town of Spain.

=Interrex=, a supreme magistrate at Rome, who was intrusted with the
care of the government after the death of a king, till the election
of another. This office was exercised by the senators alone, and
none continued in power longer than five days, or, according to
Plutarch, only 12 hours. The first interrex mentioned in Roman
history, is after the death of Romulus, when the Romans quarrelled
with the Sabines concerning the choice of a king. There was
sometimes an interrex during the consular government; but this
happened only to hold assemblies in the absence of the magistrates,
or when the election of any of the acting officers was disputed.
_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 17.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 2, ch. 15.

=Inui castrum.= _See:_ Castrum Inui. It received its name from Inuus,
a divinity supposed to be the same as the Faunus of the Latins, and
worshipped in this city.

=Inȳcus=, a city of Sicily. _Herodotus_.

=Io=, daughter of Inachus, or, according to others, of Jasus or
Pirenes, was priestess of Juno at Argos. Jupiter became enamoured
of her; but Juno, jealous of his intrigues, discovered the object
of his affections, and surprised him in the company of Io, though
he had shrouded himself in all the obscurity of clouds and thick
mists. Jupiter changed his mistress into a beautiful heifer; and
the goddess, who well knew the fraud, obtained from her husband the
animal whose beauty she had condescended to commend. Juno commanded
the hundred-eyed Argus to watch the heifer; but Jupiter, anxious for
the situation of Io, sent Mercury to destroy Argus, and to restore
her to liberty. _See:_ Argus. Io, freed from the vigilance of Argus,
was now persecuted by Juno; who sent one of the furies, or rather
a malicious insect, to torment her. She wandered over the greatest
part of the earth, and crossed over the sea, till at last she
stopped on the banks of the Nile, still exposed to the unceasing
torments of Juno’s insect. Here she entreated Jupiter to restore her
to her ancient form; and when the god had changed her from a heifer
into a woman, she brought forth Epaphus. Afterwards she married
Telegonus king of Egypt, or Osiris, according to others, and she
treated her subjects with such mildness and humanity, that after
death she received divine honours, and was worshipped under the name
of Isis. According to Herodotus, Io was carried away by Phœnician
merchants, who wished to make reprisals for Europa, who had been
stolen from them by the Greeks. Some suppose that Io never came
to Egypt. She is sometimes called _Phoronis_, from her brother
Phoroneus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 748.――_Pausanias_,
bk. 1, ch. 25; bk. 3, ch. 18.――_Moschus._――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2,
ch. 1.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 789.――_Hyginus_, fable 145.

=Iobates= and =Jobates=, a king of Lycia, father of Stenobœa, the
wife of Prœtus king of Argos. He was succeeded on the throne by
Bellerophon, to whom he had given one of his daughters, called
Philonoe, in marriage. _See:_ Bellerophon. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2,
ch. 2.――_Hyginus_, fable 57.

=Iobes=, a son of Hercules by a daughter of Thespius. He died in his
youth. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.

=Jocasta=, a daughter of Menœceus, who married Laius king of Thebes,
by whom she had Œdipus. She afterwards married her son Œdipus,
without knowing who he was, and had by him Eteocles, Polynices,
&c. _See:_ Laius, Œdipus. When she discovered that she had married
her own son, and had been guilty of incest, she hanged herself in
despair. She is called _Epicasta_ by some mythologists. _Statius_,
_Thebiad_, bk. 8, li. 42.――_Seneca_ & _Sophocles_, _Œdipus_.
――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 5.――_Hyginus_, fable 66, &c.――_Homer_,
_Odyssey_, bk. 11.

=Iolaia=, a festival at Thebes, the same as that called Heracleia.
It was instituted in honour of Hercules and his friend Iolas, who
assisted him in conquering the hydra. It continued during several
days, on the first of which were offered solemn sacrifices. The
next day horse-races and athletic exercises were exhibited. The
following day was set apart for wrestling; the victors were crowned
with garlands of myrtle, generally used at funeral solemnities. They
were sometimes rewarded with tripods of brass. The place where the
exercises were exhibited was called Iolaion, where there were to be
seen the monument of Amphitryon, and the cenotaph of Iolas, who was
buried in Sardinia. These monuments were strewed with garlands and
flowers on the day of the festival.

=Iŏlas=, or =Iolāus=, a son of Iphiclus king of Thessaly, who assisted
Hercules in conquering the hydra, and burnt with a hot iron the
place where the heads had been cut off, to prevent the growth of
others. _See:_ Hydra. He was restored to his youth and vigour by
Hebe, at the request of his friend Hercules. Some time afterwards,
Iolas assisted the Heraclidæ against Eurystheus, and killed the
tyrant with his own hand. According to Plutarch, Iolas had a
monument in Bœotia and Phocis, where lovers used to go and bind
themselves by the most solemn oaths of fidelity, considering the
place as sacred to love and friendship. According to Diodorus and
Pausanias, Iolas died and was buried in Sardinia, where he had gone
to make a settlement at the head of the sons of Hercules by the 50
daughters of Thespius. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 399.
――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 17.――――A
compiler of a Phœnician history.――――A friend of Æneas, killed by
Catillus in the Rutulian wars. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 640.
――――A son of Antipater, cup-bearer to Alexander. _Plutarch._

=Iolchos=, a town of Magnesia, above Demetrias, where Jason was born.
It was founded by Cretheus son of Æolus and Enaretta. Mela mentions
it as at some distance from the sea, though all the other ancient
geographers place it on the sea-shore. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 2.
――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――_Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Mela_, bk. 2,
ch. 3.――_Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 192.

=Iŏle=, a daughter of Eurytus king of Œchalia. Her father promised her
in marriage to Hercules, but he refused to perform his engagements,
and Iole was carried away by force. _See:_ Eurytus. It was to
extinguish the love of Hercules for Iole that Dejanira sent him the
poisoned tunic, which caused his death. _See:_ Hercules and Dejanira.
After the death of Hercules, Iole married his son Hyllus by Dejanira.
_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Ovid_ _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 279.

=Ion=, a son of Xuthus and Creusa daughter of Erechtheus, who married
Helice, the daughter of Selinus king of Ægiale. He succeeded on
the throne of his father-in-law, and built a city, which he called
Helice, on account of his wife. His subjects from him received the
name of Ionians, and the country that of Ionia. _See:_ Iones and
Ionia. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 7.――_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 1.
――_Strabo_, bk. 7.――_Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 94; bk. 8, ch. 44.――――A
tragic poet of Chios, whose tragedies, when represented at Athens,
met with universal applause. He is mentioned and greatly commended
by Aristophanes and Athenæus, &c. _Athenæus_, bk. 10, &c.――――A
native of Ephesus, introduced in Plato’s dialogues as reasoning with
Socrates.

=Iōne=, one of the Nereides.

=Iōnes=, a name originally given to the subjects of Ion, who dwelt
at Helice. In the age of Ion the Athenians made a war against the
people of Eleusis, and implored his aid against their enemies. Ion
conquered the Eleusinians and Eumolpus, who was at their head; and
the Athenians, sensible of his services, invited him to come and
settle among them; and the more strongly to show their affection,
they assumed the name of Ionians. Some suppose that, after this
victory, Ion passed into Asia Minor, at the head of a colony. When
the Achæans were driven from Peloponnesus by the Heraclidæ, 80 years
after the Trojan war, they came to settle among the Ionians, who
were then masters of Ægialus. They were soon dispossessed of their
territories by the Achæans, and went to Attica, where they met with
a cordial reception. Their migration from Greece to Asia Minor was
about 60 years after the return of the Heraclidæ, B.C. 1044, and 80
years after the departure of the Æolians; and they therefore finally
settled themselves, after a wandering life of about 30 years.

=Iōnia=, a country of Asia Minor, bounded on the north by Æolia, on
the west by the Ægean and Icarian seas, on the south by Caria, and
on the east by Lydia and part of Caria. It was founded by colonies
from Greece, and particularly Attica, by the Ionians, or subjects
of Ion. Ionia was divided into 12 small states, which formed a
celebrated confederacy, often mentioned by the ancients. These 12
states were Priene, Miletus, Colophon, Clazomenæ, Ephesus, Lebedos,
Teos, Phocæa, Erythræ, Smyrna, and the capitals of Samos and Chios.
The inhabitants of Ionia built a temple, which they called _Pan
Ionium_, from the concourse of people that flocked there from every
part of Ionia. After they had enjoyed for some time their freedom
and independence, they were made tributary to the power of Lydia
by Crœsus. The Athenians assisted them to shake off the slavery of
the Asiatic monarchs; but they soon forgot their duty and relation
to their mother country, and joined Xerxes when he invaded Greece.
They were delivered from the Persian yoke by Alexander, and restored
to their original independence. They were reduced by the Romans
under the dictator Sylla. Ionia has been always celebrated for
the salubrity of the climate, the fruitfulness of the ground, and
the genius of its inhabitants. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, chs. 6 & 28.
――_Strabo_, bk. 14.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 2, &c.――_Pausanias_, bk. 7,
ch. 1.――――An ancient name given to Hellas, or Achaia, because it was
for some time the residence of the Ionians.

=Iōnium mare=, a part of the Mediterranean sea, at the bottom of the
Adriatic, lying between Sicily and Greece. That part of the Ægean
sea which lies on the coast of Ionia, in Asia, is called the _sea
of Ionia_, and not the _Ionian sea_. According to some authors, the
Ionian sea receives its name from Io, who swam across there, after
she had been metamorphosed into a heifer. _Strabo_, bk. 7, &c.
――_Dionysius Periegetes._

=Iōpas=, a king of Africa, among the suitors of Dido. He was an
excellent musician, poet, and philosopher, and he exhibited his
superior abilities at the entertainment which Dido gave to Æneas.
_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 744.