Chapter D (3)

=Diceneus=, an Egyptian philosopher in the age of Augustus, who
travelled into Scythia, where he ingratiated himself with the king
of the country, and by his instruction softened the wildness and
rusticity of his manners. He also gained such an influence over
the multitude, that they destroyed all the vines which grew in
their country, to prevent the riot and dissipation which the wine
occasioned among them. He wrote all his maxims and his laws in a
book, that they might not lose the benefit of them after his death.

=Dicomas=, a king of the Getæ. _Plutarch_, _Antonius_.

=Dictæ= and =Dictæus mons=, a mountain of Crete. The island is often
known by the name of _Dictæa arva_. _Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 6;
_Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 171.――――Jupiter was called _Dictæus_, because
worshipped there, and the same epithet was applied to Minos.
_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2, li. 536.――_Ovid_. _Metamorphoses_,
bk. 8, li. 43.――_Ptolemy_, bk. 3, ch. 17.――_Strabo_, bk. 10.

=Dictamnum= and =Dictynna=, a town of Crete, where the herb called
_dictamnus_ chiefly grows. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 12, li. 412.
――_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 2, ch. 50.

=Dictātor=, a magistrate at Rome, invested with regal authority.
This officer, whose magistracy seems to have been borrowed from
the customs of the Albans or Latins, was first chosen during the
Roman wars against the Latins. The consuls being unable to raise
forces for the defence of the state, because the plebeians refused
to enlist, if they were not discharged from all the debts they had
contracted with the patricians, the senate found it necessary to
elect a new magistrate, with absolute and incontrollable power to
take care of the state. The dictator remained in office for six
months, after which he was again elected, if the affairs of the
state seemed to be desperate; but if tranquillity was re-established,
he generally laid down his power before the time was expired. He
knew no superior in the republic, and even the laws were subjected
to him. He was called dictator, because _dictus_, named by the
consul, or _quoniam dictis ejus parebat populus_, because the people
implicitly obeyed his command. He was named by the consul in the
night, _vivâ voce_, and his election was confirmed by the auguries,
though sometimes he was nominated or recommended by the people. As
his power was absolute, he could proclaim war, levy forces, conduct
them against an enemy, and disband them at pleasure. He punished
as he pleased; and from his decision there was no appeal, at least
till later times. He was preceded by 24 lictors, with the _fasces_:
during his administration, all other offices, except the tribunes of
the people, were suspended, and he was the master of the republic.
But amidst all his independence he was not permitted to go beyond
the borders of Italy, and he was always obliged to march on foot in
his expeditions; and he never could ride in difficult and laborious
marches, without previously obtaining a formal leave from the people.
He was chosen only when the state was in imminent dangers from
foreign enemies or inward seditions. In the time of a pestilence, a
dictator was sometimes elected, as also to hold the _comitia_, or to
celebrate the public festivals, to hold trials, to choose senators,
or drive a nail in the Capitol, by which superstitious ceremonies
the Romans believed that a plague could be averted, or the progress
of an enemy stopped. This office, so respectable and illustrious
in the first ages of the republic, became odious by the perpetual
usurpations of Sylla and Julius Cæsar; and after the death of the
latter the Roman senate, on the motion of the consul Antony, passed
a decree, which for ever after forbade a dictator to exist in Rome.
The dictator, as soon as elected, chose a subordinate officer,
called his master of horse, _magister equitum_. This officer was
respectable, but he was totally subservient to the will of the
dictator, and could do nothing without his express order, though he
enjoyed the privilege of using a horse, and had the same insignia
as the pretors. This subordination, however, was some time after
removed; and during the second Punic war the master of the horse
was invested with a power equal to that of the dictator. A second
dictator was also chosen for the election of magistrates at Rome,
after the battle of Cannæ. The dictatorship was originally confined
to the patricians, but the plebeians were afterwards admitted to
share it. Titus Lartius Flavus was the first dictator, A.U.C. 253.
_Dionysius of Halicarnassus._――_Cicero_, _de Legibus_, bk. 3.
――_Dio Cassius._――_Plutarch_, _Fabius Maximus_.――_Appian_, bk. 3.
――_Polybius_, bk. 3.――_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 28.――_Livy_, bk. 1,
ch. 23; bk. 2, ch. 18; bk. 4, ch. 57; bk. 9, ch. 38.

=Dictidienses=, certain inhabitants of mount Athos. _Thucydides_,
bk. 5, ch. 82.

=Dictynna=, a nymph of Crete, who first invented hunting nets. She
was one of Diana’s attendants, and for that reason the goddess is
often called _Dictynnia_. Some have supposed that Minos pursued her,
and that, to avoid his importunities, she threw herself into the
sea, and was caught in fishermen’s nets, δικτυα, whence her name.
There was a festival at Sparta in honour of Diana, called Dictynnia.
_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 30; bk. 3, ch. 12.――――A city of Crete.

=Dictys=, a Cretan, who went with Idomeneus to the Trojan war. It is
supposed that he wrote a history of this celebrated war, and that
at his death he ordered it to be laid in his tomb, where it remained
till a violent earthquake, in the reign of Nero, opened the monument
where he had been buried. This convulsion of the earth threw out his
history of the ♦Trojan war, which was found by some shepherds, and
afterwards carried to Rome. This mysterious tradition is deservedly
deemed fabulous; and the history of the Trojan war, which is now
extant as the composition of Dictys of Crete, was composed in the
15th century, or, according to others, in the age of Constantine,
and falsely attributed to one of the followers of Idomeneus. The
edition of Dictys is by Mascellus Venia, 4to, Milan, 1477.――――A king
of the island of Seriphus, son of Magnes and Nais. He married the
nymph Clymene, and was made king of Seriphus by Perseus, who deposed
Polydectes, because he behaved with wantonness to Danae. _See:_
Polydectes. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9; bk. 2, ch. 4.――――A centaur,
killed at the nuptials of Pirithous. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12,
li. 334.

♦ ‘Trojon’ replaced with ‘Trojan’

=Didas=, a Macedonian who was employed by Perseus to render Demetrius
suspected to his father Philip. _Livy_, bk. 40.

=Didia lex=, _de Sumptibus_, by Didius, A.U.C. 606, to restrain the
expenses that attended public festivals and entertainments, and
limit the number of guests which generally attended them, not only
at Rome, but in all the provinces of Italy. By it, not only those
who received guests in these festive meetings, but the guests
themselves, were liable to be fined. It was an extension of the
Oppian and Fannian laws.

=Didius=, a governor of Spain, conquered by Sertorius. _Plutarch_,
_Sertorius_.――――A man who brought Cæsar the head of Pompey’s
eldest son. _Plutarch._――――A governor of Britain under Claudius.
――――Julianus, a rich Roman, who, after the murder of Pertinax,
bought the empire which the pretorians had exposed to sale, A.D.
192. His great luxury and extravagance rendered him odious; and when
he refused to pay the money which he had promised for the imperial
purple, the soldiers revolted against him, and put him to death,
after a short reign. Severus was made emperor after him.

=Dīdo=, called also _Elissa_, a daughter of Belus king of Tyre, who
married Sichæus, or Sicharbas, her uncle, who was priest of Hercules.
Pygmalion, who succeeded to the throne of Tyre after Belus, murdered
Sichæus, to get possession of the immense riches which he possessed;
and Dido, disconsolate for the loss of a husband whom she tenderly
loved, and by whom she was equally esteemed, set sail in quest of
a settlement, with a number of Tyrians, to whom the cruelty of the
tyrant became odious. According to some accounts, she threw into the
sea the riches of her husband, which Pygmalion so greatly desired;
and by that artifice compelled the ships to fly with her, that had
come by order of the tyrant to obtain the riches of Sichæus. During
her voyage, Dido visited the coast of Cyprus, where she carried away
50 women, who prostituted themselves on the sea-shore, and gave them
as wives to her Tyrian followers. A storm drove her fleet on the
African coast, and she bought of the inhabitants as much land as
could be covered by a bull’s hide, cut into thongs. Upon this piece
of land she built a citadel, called Byrsa [_See:_ Byrsa], and in the
increase of population, and the rising commerce among her subjects,
soon obliged her to enlarge her city and the boundaries of her
dominions. Her beauty, as well as the fame of her enterprise, gained
her many admirers; and her subjects wished to compel her to marry
Iarbas king of Mauritania, who threatened them with a dreadful war.
Dido begged three months to give her decisive answer; and during
that time, she erected a funeral pile, as if wishing, by a solemn
sacrifice, to appease the manes of Sichæus, to whom she had promised
eternal fidelity. When all was prepared, she stabbed herself on the
pile in presence of her people, and by this uncommon action obtained
the name of Dido, _valiant woman_, instead of Elissa. According
to Virgil and Ovid, the death of Dido was caused by the sudden
departure of Æneas, of whom she was deeply enamoured, and whom she
could not obtain as a husband. This poetical fiction represents
Æneas as living in the age of Dido, and introduces an anachronism
of near 300 years. Dido left Phœnicia, 247 years after the Trojan
war, or the age of Æneas; that is, about 953 years B.C. This
chronological error proceeds not from the ignorance of the poets,
but it is supported by the authority of Horace,

_Aut famam sequere, aut sibi convenientia finge._

While Virgil describes, in a beautiful episode, the desperate love
of Dido, and the submission of Æneas to the will of the gods, he
at the same time gives an explanation of the hatred which existed
between the republics of Rome and Carthage, and informs his readers
that their mutual enmity originated in their very first foundation,
and was apparently kindled by a more remote cause than the jealousy
and rivalship of two flourishing empires. Dido, after her death,
was honoured as a deity by her subjects. _Justin_, bk. 18, ch. 4,
&c.――_Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 6.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_.――_Ovid_,
_Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, fable 2; _Heroides_, poem 6.――_Appian_,
_Punic Wars_.――_Orosius_, bk. 4.――_Herodian._――_Dionysius of
Halicarnassus._

=Dĭdy̆ma=, a place of Miletus. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 9.――――An island
in the Sicilian sea. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 11.

=Dĭdy̆mæus=, a surname of Apollo.

=Dĭdy̆māon=, an excellent artist, famous for making suits of armour.
_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 359.

=Dĭdy̆me=, one of the Cyclades. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 469.
――――A city of Sicily. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 476.――――One of
the Lipari isles, now _Saline_.――――A place near Miletus, where the
Branchidæ had their famous oracle.

=Dĭdy̆mum=, a mountain of Asia Minor.

=Dĭdy̆mus=, a freedman of Tiberius, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 6,
ch. 24.――――A scholiast on Homer, surnamed Χαλκεντερος, flourished
B.C. 40. He wrote a number of books, which are now lost. The editions
of his commentaries are, that in 2 vols., Venice, by Aldus Manutius,
1528, and that of Paris, 8vo, 1530.

=Diēnĕces=, a Spartan, who, upon hearing, before the battle of
Thermopylæ, that the Persians were so numerous that their arrows
would darken the light of the sun, observed that it would be a great
convenience, for they then should fight in the shade. _Herodotus_,
bk. 7, ch. 226.

=Diespĭter=, a surname of Jupiter, as being the father of light.

=Digentia=, a small river which watered Horace’s farm, in the country
of the Sabines. _Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 18, li. 104.

=Digma=, a part of the Piræus at Athens.

=Dii=, the divinities of the ancient inhabitants of the earth, were
very numerous. Every object which causes terror, inspires gratitude,
or bestows affluence, received the tribute of veneration. Man
saw a superior agent in the stars, the elements, or the trees,
and supposed that the waters which communicated fertility to his
fields and possessions, were under the influence and direction of
some invisible power, inclined to favour and to benefit mankind.
Thus arose a train of divinities, which imagination arrayed in
different forms, and armed with different powers. They were endowed
with understanding, and were actuated by the same passions which
daily afflict the human race; and those children of superstition
were appeased or provoked as the imperfect being which gave them
birth. Their wrath was mitigated by sacrifice and incense, and
sometimes human victims bled to expiate a crime which superstition
alone supposed to exist. The sun, from its powerful influence
and animating nature, first attracted the notice, and claimed the
adoration, of the uncivilized inhabitants of the earth. The moon
also was honoured with sacrifices, and addressed in prayers; and
after immortality had been liberally bestowed on all the heavenly
bodies, mankind classed among their deities the brute creation,
and the cat and the sow shared equally with Jupiter himself, the
father of gods and men, the devout veneration of their votaries.
This immense number of deities have been divided into classes,
according to the will and pleasure of the mythologists. The Romans,
generally speaking, reckoned two classes of the gods, the _dii
majorum gentium_, or _dii consulentes_, and the _dii minorum
gentium_. The former were 12 in number, six males and six females.
_See:_ Consentes. In the class of the latter, were ranked all the
gods who were worshipped in different parts of the earth. Besides
these, there were some called _dii selecti_, sometimes classed with
the 12 greater gods; these were Janus, Saturn, the Genius, the Moon,
Pluto, and Bacchus. There were also some called demi-gods, that is,
who deserved immortality by the greatness of their exploits, and
for their uncommon services to mankind. Among these were Priapus,
Vertumnus, Hercules, and those whose parents were some of the
immortal gods. Besides these, there were some called _topici_, whose
worship was established at particular places, such as Isis in Egypt,
Astarte in Syria, Uranus at Carthage, &c. In process of time also,
all the passions and the moral virtues were reckoned as powerful
deities, and temples were raised to a goddess of concord, peace,
&c. According to the authority of Hesiod, there were no less than
30,000 gods that inhabited the earth, and were guardians of men,
all subservient to the power of Jupiter. To these succeeding ages
have added an almost equal number; and indeed they were so numerous,
and their functions so various, that we find temples erected, and
sacrifices offered, to unknown gods. It is observable, that all
the gods of the ancients have lived upon earth as mere mortals; and
even Jupiter, who was the ruler of heaven, is represented by the
mythologists as a helpless child; and we are acquainted with all
the particulars that attended the birth and education of Juno. In
process of time, not only good and virtuous men who had been the
patrons of learning and the supporters of liberty, but also thieves
and pirates, were admitted among the gods; and the Roman senate
courteously granted immortality to the most cruel and abandoned of
their emperors.

=Dii=, a people of Thrace, on mount Rhodope.

=Dimassus=, an island near Rhodes. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 31.

=Dinarchus=, a Greek orator, son of Sostratus, and disciple to
Theophrastus at Athens. He acquired much money by his compositions,
and suffered himself to be bribed by the enemies of the Athenians,
307 B.C. Of 64 of his orations, only three remain. _Cicero_, _On
Oratory_, bk. 2, ch. 53.――――A Corinthian ambassador, put to death
by Polyperchon. _Plutarch_, _Phocion_.――――A native of Delos, who
collected some fables in Crete, &c. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_.

=Dindy̆mus= (or a, orum), a mountain of Phrygia, near a town of the
same name in the neighbourhood of Cyzicus. It was from this place
that Cybele was called _Dindymene_, as her worship was established
there by Jason. _Strabo_, bk. 12.――_Statius_, bk. 1, _Sylvæ_, poem 1,
li. 9.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 16, li. 5.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9,
li. 617.

=Dinia=, a town of Phrygia. _Livy_, bk. 38, ch. 5.――――A town of Gaul,
now _Digne_ in Provence.

=Dinias=, a general of Cassander. _Diodorus_, bk. 19.――――A man of
Pheræ, who seized the supreme power at Cranon. _Polyænus_, bk. 2.
――――A man who wrote a history of Argos. _Plutarch_, _Aratus_.

=Dinĭche=, the wife of Archidamus. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 10.

=Dinŏchăres=, an architect who finished the temple of Diana at Ephesus,
after it had been burnt by Erostratus.

=Dinŏcrătes=, an architect of Macedonia, who proposed to Alexander to
cut mount Athos in the form of a statue, holding a city in one hand,
and in the other a basin, into which all the waters of the mountain
should empty themselves. This project Alexander rejected as too
chimerical, but he employed the talents of the artist in building
and beautifying Alexandria. He began to build a temple in honour of
Arsinoe, by order of Ptolemy Philadelphus, in which he intended to
suspend a statue of the queen, by means of loadstones. His death,
and that of his royal patron, prevented the execution of a work
which would have been the admiration of future ages. _Pliny_, bk. 7,
ch. 37.――_Marcellinus_, bk. 22, ch. 40.――_Plutarch_, _Alexander_.
――――A general of Agathocles.――――A Messenian, who behaved with great
effeminacy and wantonness. He defeated Philopœmen, and put him to
death, B.C. 183. _Plutarch_, _Titus Flamininus_.

=Dinŏdŏchus=, a swift runner. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 1.

=Dinolŏchus=, a Syracusan, who composed 14 comedies. _Ælian_, _de
Natura Animalium_, bk. 6, ch. 52.

=Dinŏmĕnes=, a tyrant of Syracuse. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 42.

=Dinon=, a governor of Damascus, under Ptolemy, &c. _Polyænus_, bk. 4.
――――The father of Clitarchus, who wrote a history of Persia in
Alexander’s age. He is esteemed a very ♦authentic historian by
_Cornelius Nepos_, _Conon_.――_Plutarch_, _Alexander_.――_Diogenes
Laërtius._

♦ ‘anthentic’ replaced with ‘authentic’

=Dinosthĕnes=, a man who made himself a statue of an Olympian victor.
_Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 16.

=Dinostrătus=, a celebrated geometrician in the age of Plato.

=Diŏclea=, festivals in the spring at Megara, in honour of Diocles,
who died in the defence of a certain youth to whom he was tenderly
attached. There was a contention on his tomb, and the youth who gave
the sweetest kiss was publicly rewarded with a garland. Theocritus
has described them in his _Idylls_, bk. 12, li. 27.――――A town on the
coast of Dalmatia. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 23.

=Diocles=, a general of Athens, &c. _Polyænus_, bk. 5.――――A comic
poet of Athens.――――An historian, the first Grecian who ever wrote
concerning the origin of the Romans, and the fabulous history of
Romulus. _Plutarch_, _Romulus_.――――One of the four brothers placed
over the citadel of Corinth by Archelaus, &c. _Polyænus_, bk. 6.
――――A rich man of Messenia. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 2.――――A general
of Syracuse. _Diodorus_, bk. 13.

=Diocletianopŏlis=, a town of Thessaly, called so in honour of
Diocletian.

=Diocletiānus Caius Valerius Jovius=, a celebrated Roman emperor, born
of an obscure family in Dalmatia. He was first a common soldier, and
by merit and success he gradually rose to the office of a general,
and at the death of Numerian he was invested with the imperial
purple. In this high station, he rewarded the virtue and fidelity
of Maximian, who had shared with him all the subordinate offices
in the army, by making him his colleague on the throne. He created
two subordinate emperors, Constantius and Galerius, whom he called
_Cæsars_, whilst he claimed for himself and his colleague the
superior title of _Augustus_. Diocletian has been celebrated for
his military virtues; and though he was naturally unpolished by
education and study, yet he was the friend and patron of learning
and true genius. He was bold and resolute, active and diligent,
and well acquainted with the arts which endear a sovereign to his
people, and make him respectable even in the eyes of his enemies.
His cruelty, however, against the followers of christianity has
been deservedly branded with the appellation of unbounded tyranny,
and insolent wantonness. After he had reigned 21 years in the
greatest prosperity, he publicly abdicated the crown at Nicomedia,
on the 1st of May, A.D. 304, and retired to a private station at
Salona. Maximian, his colleague, followed his example, but not
from voluntary choice; and when he some time after endeavoured to
rouse the ambition of Diocletian, and persuade him to reassume the
imperial purple, he received for answer, that Diocletian took now
more delight in cultivating his little garden, than he formerly
enjoyed in a palace, when his power was extended over all the earth.
He lived nine years after his abdication in the greatest security
and enjoyment at Salona, and died in the 68th year of his age.
Diocletian is the first sovereign who voluntarily resigned his power;
a philosophical resolution, which, in a later age, was imitated by
the emperor Charles V. of Germany.

=Diŏdōrus=, an historian, surnamed _Siculus_, because he was born at
Argyra in Sicily. He wrote a history of Egypt, Persia, Syria, Media,
Greece, Rome, and Carthage, which was divided into 40 books, of
which only 15 are extant, with some few fragments. This valuable
composition was the work of an accurate inquirer, and it is said
that he visited all the places of which he has made mention in his
history. It was the labour of 30 years, though the greater part
may be considered as nothing more than a judicious compilation
from Berosus, Timæus, Theopompus, Callisthenes, and others. The
author, however, is too credulous in some of his narrations, and
often wanders far from the truth. His style is neither elegant
nor too laboured, but it contains great simplicity and unaffected
correctness. He often dwells too long upon fabulous reports and
trifling incidents, while events of the greatest importance to
history are treated with brevity, and sometimes passed over in
silence. His manner of reckoning, by the Olympiads and the Roman
consuls, will be found very erroneous. The historian flourished
about 44 years B.C. He spent much time at Rome to procure
information, and authenticate his historical narrations. The best
edition of his works is that of Wesseling, 2 vols., folio, Amsterdam,
1746.――――A disciple of Euclid, in the age of Plato. _Diogenes
Laërtius_, _Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers_.――――A
comic poet.――――A son of Echeanax, who, with his brothers Codrus
and Anaxagoras, murdered Hegesias the tyrant of Ephesus, &c.
_Polyænus_, bk. 6.――――An Ephesian, who wrote an account of the life
of Anaximander. _Diogenes Laërtius._――――An orator of Sardis, in
the time of the Mithridatic war.――――A stoic philosopher, preceptor
to Cicero. He lived and died in the house of his pupil, whom he
instructed in the various branches of Greek literature. _Cicero_,
_Brutus_.――――A general of Demetrius.――――A writer, surnamed
_Periegetes_, who wrote a description of the earth. _Plutarch_,
_Themistocles_.――――An African, &c. _Plutarch._

=Dioetas=, a general of Achaia, &c. _Polyænus_, bk. 2.

=Dīŏgēnes=, a celebrated Cynic philosopher of Sinope, banished from
his country for coining false money. From Sinope, he retired to
Athens, where he became the disciple of Antisthenes, who was at
the head of the Cynics. Antisthenes, at first, refused to admit him
into his house, and even struck him with a stick. Diogenes calmly
bore the rebuke, and said, “Strike me, Antisthenes, but never shall
you find a stick sufficiently hard to remove me from your presence,
whilst there is anything to be learnt, any information to be gained,
from your conversation and acquaintance.” Such firmness recommended
him to Antisthenes, and he became his most devoted pupil. He dressed
himself in the garment which distinguished the Cynics, and walked
about the streets with a tub on his head, which served him as
a house and a place of repose. Such singularity, joined to the
greatest contempt for riches, soon gained him reputation, and
Alexander the Great condescended to visit the philosopher in his tub.
He asked Diogenes if there was anything in which he could gratify
or oblige him. “Get out of my sunshine,” was the only answer which
the philosopher gave. Such an independence of mind so pleased the
monarch, that he turned to his courtiers, and said, “Were I not
Alexander, I would wish to be Diogenes.” He was once sold as a slave,
but his magnanimity so pleased his master, that he made him the
preceptor of his children, and the guardian of his estates. After a
life spent in the greatest misery and indigence, he died B.C. 324,
in the 96th year of his age. He ordered his body to be carelessly
thrown into a ditch, and some dust to be sprinkled over it. His
orders were, however, disobeyed in this particular, and his friends
honoured his remains with a magnificent funeral at Corinth. The
inhabitants of Sinope raised statues to his memory; and the marble
figure of a dog was placed on a high column erected on his tomb.
His biographer has transmitted to posterity a number of his sayings,
remarkable for their simplicity and moral tendency. The life of
Diogenes, however, shrinks from the eye of a strict examination; he
boasted of his poverty, and was so arrogant, that many have observed
that the virtues of Diogenes arose from pride and vanity, not from
wisdom and sound philosophy. His morals were corrupted, and he gave
way to his most vicious indulgencies, and his unbounded wantonness
has given occasion to some to observe, that the bottom of his tub
would not bear too close an examination. _Diogenes Laërtius_, _Lives
and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers_.――_Plutarch_, _Apophthegmata
Laconica_.――_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 36, &c.――――A
stoic of Babylon, disciple of Chrysippus. He went to Athens, and was
sent as ambassador to Rome, with Carneades and Critolaus, 155 years
before Christ. He died in the 88th year of his age, after a life of
the most exemplary virtue. Some suppose that he was strangled by
order of Antiochus king of Syria, for speaking disrespectfully of
his family in one of his treatises. _Quintilian_, bk. 1, ch. 1.
――_Athenæus_, bk. 5, ch. 11.――_Cicero_, _de Officiis_, bk. 3, ch. 51.
――――A native of Apollonia, celebrated for his knowledge of philosophy
and physic. He was pupil to Anaxagoras. _Diogenes Laërtius_, _Lives
and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers_.――――Laërtius, an epicurean
philosopher, born in Cilicia. He wrote the lives of the philosophers
in 10 books, still extant. This work contains an accurate account
of the ancient philosophers, and is replete with all their anecdotes
and particular opinions. It is compiled, however, without any
plan, method, or precision, though much neatness and conciseness
are observable through the whole. In this multifarious biography
the author does not seem particularly partial to any sect, except
perhaps it be that of Potamon of Alexandria. Diogenes died A.D. 222.
The best editions of his works are that of Meibomius, 2 vols., 4to,
Amsterdam, 1692, and that of Lipscomb, 8vo, 1759.――――A Macedonian,
who betrayed Salamis to Aratus. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 8.――――There
was a philosopher of that name who attended Alexander in his Asiatic
expedition, for the purpose of marking out and delineating his march,
&c.

=Diogĕnia=, a daughter of Celeus. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 38.――――A
daughter of the Cephisus, who married Erechtheus. _Apollodorus._

=Diogĕnus=, a man who conspired with Dymnus against Alexander.
_Curtius_, bk. 6, ch. 7.

=Diognetus=, a philosopher who instructed Marcus Aurelius in
philosophy, and in writing dialogues.

=Diŏmēda=, a daughter of Phorbas, whom Achilles brought from Lemnos,
to be his mistress after the loss of Briseis. _Homer_, _Iliad_,
bk. 9, li. 661.――――The wife of Deion of Amyclæ.

=Diŏmēdes=, son of Tydeus and Deiphyle, was king of Ætolia, and one
of the bravest of the Grecian chiefs in the Trojan war. He engaged
Hector and Æneas, and by repeated acts of valour obtained much
military glory. He went with Ulysses to steal the Palladium from the
temple of Minerva at Troy; and assisted in murdering Rhesus king of
Thrace, and carrying away his horses. At his return from the siege
of Troy, he lost his way in the darkness of the night, and landed
in Attica, where his companions plundered the country, and lost the
Trojan Palladium. During his long absence, his wife Ægiale forgot
her marriage vows, and prostituted herself to Cometes, one of her
servants. This lasciviousness of the queen was attributed by some
to the resentment of Venus, whom Diomedes had severely wounded
in the arm in a battle before Troy. The infidelity of Ægiale was
highly displeasing to Diomedes. He resolved to abandon his native
country, which was the seat of his disgrace, and the attempts of
his wife to take away his life, according to some accounts, did not
a little contribute to hasten his departure. He came to that part
of Italy which has been called Magna Græcia, where he built a city
called Argyripa, and married the daughter of Daunus the king of
the country. He died there in extreme old age, or, according to a
certain tradition, he perished by the hand of his father-in-law. His
death was greatly lamented by his companions, who in the excess of
their grief were changed into birds resembling swans. These birds
took flight into a neighbouring island in the Adriatic, and became
remarkable for the tameness with which they approached the Greeks,
and for the horror with which they shunned all other nations. They
are called the birds of Diomedes. Altars were raised to Diomedes, as
to a god, one of which Strabo mentions at Timavus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_,
bk. 1, li. 756; bk. 11, li. 243, &c.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk.
14, fable 10.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 8; bk. 3, ch. 7.――_Hyginus_,
fables 97, 112, & 113.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 30.――――A king of
Thrace, son of Mars and Cyrene, who fed his horses with human flesh.
It was one of the labours of Hercules to destroy him; and accordingly
the hero, attended with some of his friends, attacked the inhuman
tyrant, and gave him to be devoured by his own horses, which he had
fed so barbarously. _Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 18.
――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 5.――――A friend of Alcibiades. _Plutarch_,
_Alcibiades_.――――A grammarian.

=Diŏmēdon=, an Athenian general, put to death for his negligence at
Arginusæ. _Thucydides_, bk. 8, ch. 19.――――A man of Cyzicus, in the
interest of Artaxerxes. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Epaminondas_.

=Dion=, a Syracusan, son of Hipparinus, famous for his power and
abilities. He was related to Dionysius, and often advised him,
together with the philosopher Plato, who at his request had come to
reside at the tyrant’s court, to lay aside the supreme power. His
great popularity rendered him odious in the eyes of the tyrant, who
banished him to Greece. There he collected a numerous force, and
encouraged by the influence of his name, and the hatred of his enemy,
he resolved to free his country from tyranny. He entered the port
of Syracuse only with two ships, and in three days reduced under his
power an empire which had already subsisted for 50 years, and which
was guarded by 500 ships of war, and 100,000 foot and 10,000 horse.
The tyrant fled to Corinth, and Dion kept the power in his own hands,
fearful of the aspiring ambition of some of the friends of Dionysius.
He was, however, shamefully betrayed and murdered by one of his
familiar friends, called Callicrates, or Callipus, 354 years before
the christian era, in the 55th year of his age, and four years after
his return from Peloponnesus. His death was universally lamented by
the Syracusans, and a monument was raised to his memory. _Diodorus_,
bk. 16.――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Life of Dion_.――――A town of Macedonia.
_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 36.――――Cassius, a native of Nicæa in
Bithynia. His father’s name was Apronianus. He was raised to the
greatest offices of state in the Roman empire by Pertinax and his
three successors. Naturally fond of study, he improved himself by
unwearied application, and was 10 years collecting materials for a
history of Rome, which he made public in 80 books, after a laborious
employment of 12 years in composing it. This valuable history began
with the arrival of Æneas in Italy, and was continued down to the
reign of the emperor Alexander Severus. The 34 first books are
totally lost, the 20 following are mutilated, and fragments are all
that we possess of the last 20. In the compilation of his extensive
history, Dion proposed to himself Thucydides for a model; but he is
not perfectly happy in his imitation. His style is pure and elegant,
and his narrations are judiciously managed, and his reflections
learned; but upon the whole he is credulous, and the bigoted
slave of partiality, satire, and flattery. He inveighs against the
republican principles of Brutus and Cicero, and extols the cause of
Cæsar. Seneca also is the object of his satire, and he represents
him as debauched and licentious in his morals. Dion flourished about
the 230th year of the christian era. The best edition of his works
is that of Reimarus, 2 vols., folio, Hamburg, 1750.――――A famous
christian writer, surnamed _Chrysostom_, &c.

=Diōnæa=, a surname of Venus, supposed to be the daughter of Jupiter
and Done.

=Diōne=, a nymph, daughter of Nereus and Doris. She was mother of
Venus by Jupiter, according to Homer and others. Hesiod, however,
gives Venus a different origin. _See:_ Venus. Venus is herself
sometimes called Dione. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 19.――_Homer_,
_Iliad_, bk. 5, li. 381.――_Statius_, bk. 1, _Sylvæ_, poem 1, li. 86.

=Dionȳsia=, festivals in honour of Bacchus among the Greeks. Their
form and solemnity were first introduced into Greece from Egypt by a
certain Melampus, and if we admit that Bacchus is the same as Isis,
the Dionysia of the Greeks are the same as the festivals celebrated
by the Egyptians in honour of Isis. They were observed at Athens
with more splendour and ceremonious superstition than in any other
part of Greece. The years were numbered by their celebration, the
Archon assisted at the solemnity, and the priests that officiated
were honoured with the most dignified seats at the public games.
At first they were celebrated with great simplicity, and the time
was consecrated to mirth. It was then usual to bring a vessel of
wine adorned with a vine branch, after which followed a goat, a
basket of figs, and the φαλλοι. The worshippers imitated in their
dress and actions the poetical fictions concerning Bacchus. They
clothed themselves in fawns’ skins, fine linen, and mitres; they
carried thyrsi, drums, pipes, and flutes, and crowned themselves
with garlands of ivy, vine, fir, &c. Some imitated Silenus, Pan,
and the Satyrs by the uncouth manner of their dress, and their
fantastical motions. Some rode upon asses, and others drove the
goats to slaughter for the sacrifice. In this manner both sexes
joined in the solemnity, and ran about the hills and country,
nodding their heads, dancing in ridiculous postures, and filling the
air with hideous shrieks and shouts, and crying aloud, “Evoe Bacche!
Io! Io! Evoe! Iacche! Io Bacche! Evohe!” With such solemnities were
the festivals of Bacchus celebrated by the Greeks, particularly
the Athenians. In one of these there followed a number of persons
carrying sacred vessels, one of which contained water. After these
came a select number of noble virgins, carrying little baskets of
gold filled with all sorts of fruits. This was the most mysterious
part of the solemnity. Serpents were sometimes put in the baskets,
and by their wreathing and crawling out they amused and astonished
the beholders. After the virgins followed a company of men carrying
poles, at the end of which were fastened φαλλοι. The heads of these
men, who were called φαλλοφοροι, were crowned with ivy and violets,
and their faces covered with other herbs. They marched singing songs
upon the occasion of the festivals, called φαλλικα ᾁσματα. Next to
the φαλλοφοροι followed the ἰθυφαλλοι in women’s apparel, with white
striped garments reaching to the ground; their heads were decked
with garlands, and on their hands they wore gloves composed of
flowers. Their gestures and actions were like those of a drunken
man. Besides these, there were a number of persons called λικνοφοροι,
who carried the λικνον or _musical van_ of Bacchus; without their
attendance none of the festivals of Bacchus were celebrated with
due solemnity, and on that account the god is often called λικνιτης.
The festivals of Bacchus were almost innumerable. The name of the
most celebrated were the Dionysia ♦ἀρχαιότερα, at Limnæ in Attica.
The chief persons that officiated were 14 women called γεραιραι,
_venerable_. They were appointed by one of the archons, and before
their appointment they solemnly took an oath before the archon
or his wife, that their body was free from all pollution.――――The
greater Dionysia, sometimes called ἀστικα or τα κατ’ ἀστυ, as
being celebrated _within the city_, were the most famous. They
were supposed to be the same as the preceding.――――The less Dionysia,
sometimes called τα κατ’ ἀργους, because celebrated _in the country_,
or ληναια, from ληνος, _a wine-press_, were, to all appearance,
a preparation for the greater festivals. They were celebrated in
autumn.――――The Dionysia βραυρωνια, observed at _Brauron_ in Attica,
were a scene of lewdness, extravagance, and debauchery.――――The
Dionysia νυκτηλια were observed by the Athenians in honour of
Bacchus Nyctelius. It was unlawful to reveal whatever was seen
or done during the celebration.――――The Dionysia called ὠμοφαγια,
because human victims were offered to the god, or because the
priests imitated the _eating of raw flesh_, were celebrated with
much solemnity. The priests put serpents in their hair, and by
the wildness of their looks, and the oddity of their actions, they
feigned insanity.――――The Dionysia ἀρκαδικα were yearly observed in
Arcadia, and the children who had been instructed in the music of
Philoxenus and Timotheus, were introduced in a theatre, where they
celebrated the festivals of Bacchus by entertaining the spectators
with songs, dances, and different exhibitions. There were, besides
these, others of inferior note. There was also one observed every
three years called Dionysia τριετηρικα, and it is said that Bacchus
instituted it himself in commemoration of his Indian expedition, in
which he spent three years. There is also another, celebrated every
fifth year, as mentioned by the scholiast of Aristophanes.――――All
these festivals, in honour of the god of wine, were celebrated by
the Greeks with great licentiousness, and they contributed much
to the corruption of morals among all ranks of people. They were
also introduced into Tuscany, and from thence to Rome. Among the
Romans, both sexes promiscuously joined in the celebration during
the darkness of night. The drunkenness, the debauchery, and impure
actions and indulgencies which soon prevailed at the solemnity,
called aloud for the interference of the senate, and the consuls
Spurius Posthumius Albinus and Quintus Martius Philippus made
a strict examination concerning the propriety and superstitious
forms of the Bacchanalia. The disorder and pollution which was
practised with impunity by no less than 7000 votaries of either
sex, were beheld with horror and astonishment by the consuls, and
the Bacchanalia were for ever banished from Rome by a decree of
the senate. They were again reinstituted there in length of time,
but not with such licentiousness as before. _Euripides_, _Bacchæ_.
――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 737.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Ovid_,
_Metamorphoses_, bk. 3, li. 533; bk. 4, li. 391; bk. 6, li. 587.

♦ ‘ἀλχαιωτερα’ replaced with ‘ἀρχαιότερα’

=Diŏnȳsiădes=, two small islands near Crete.――――Festivals in honour of
Bacchus. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 13.

=Diŏnȳsias=, a fountain. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 36.

=Diŏnysides=, a tragic poet of Tarsus.

=Diŏnȳsiodōrus=, a famous geometer. _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 109.――――A
Bœotian historian. _Diodorus_, bk. 15.――――A Tarentine, who obtained
a prize at Olympia in the 100th Olympiad.

=Dionȳsion=, a temple of Bacchus in Attica. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 43.

=Dionȳsipŏlis=, a town of Thrace. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 2.

=Dionȳsius I.=, or the elder, was son of Hermocrates. He signalized
himself in the wars which the Syracusans carried on against the
Carthaginians, and, taking advantage of the power lodged in his
hands, he made himself absolute at Syracuse. To strengthen himself
in his usurpation, and acquire popularity, he increased the pay of
the soldiers, and recalled those that had been banished. He vowed
eternal enmity against Carthage, and experienced various success in
his wars against that republic. He was ambitious of being thought a
poet, and his brother Theodorus was commissioned to go to Olympia,
and repeat there some verses in his name, with other competitors,
for the poetical prizes. His expectations were frustrated, and his
poetry was received with groans and hisses. He was not, however, so
unsuccessful at Athens, where a poetical prize was publicly adjudged
to one of his compositions. This victory gave him more pleasure
than all the victories he had ever obtained in the field of battle.
His tyranny and cruelty at home rendered him odious in the eyes of
his subjects, and he became so suspicious that he never admitted
his wife or children to his private apartment without a previous
examination of their garments. He never trusted his head to a barber,
but always burnt his beard. He made a subterraneous cave in a rock,
said to be still extant, in the form of a human ear, which measured
80 feet in height and 250 in length. It was called the ear of
Dionysius. The sounds of this subterraneous cave were all necessarily
directed to one common tympanum, which had a communication with an
adjoining room, where Dionysius spent the greatest part of his time
to hear whatever was said by those whom his suspicion and cruelty
had confined in the apartments above. The artists that had been
employed in making this cave were all put to death by order of
the tyrant, for fear of their revealing to what purposes a work of
such uncommon construction was to be appropriated. His impiety and
sacrilege were as conspicuous as his suspicious credulity. He took a
golden mantle from the statue of Jupiter, observing that the son of
Saturn had a covering too warm for the summer, and too cold for the
winter, and he placed one of wool instead. He also robbed Æsculapius
of his golden beard, and plundered the temple of Proserpine. He died
of an indigestion in the 63rd year of his age, B.C. 368, after a
reign of 38 years. Authors, however, are divided about the manner
of his death, and some are of opinion that he died a violent death.
Some suppose that the tyrant invented the _catapulta_, an engine
which proved of infinite service for the discharging of showers of
darts and stones in the time of a siege. _Diodorus_, bks. 13, 15, &c.
――_Justin_, bk. 20, ch. 1, &c.――_Xenophon_, _Hellenica_.――_Cornelius
Nepos_, _Timoleon_.――_Plutarch_, _Diodorus_.――――The second of that
name, surnamed the younger, was son of Dionysius I. by Doris. He
succeeded his father as tyrant of Sicily, and by the advice of Dion
his brother-in-law, he invited the philosopher Plato to his court,
under whom he studied for a while. The philosopher advised him to
lay aside the supreme power, and in his admonitions he was warmly
seconded by Dion. Dionysius refused to consent, and soon after Plato
was seized and publicly sold as a slave. Dion likewise, on account
of his great popularity, was severely abused and insulted in his
family, and his wife given in marriage to another. Such a violent
behaviour was highly resented; Dion, who was banished, collected
some forces in Greece, and in three days rendered himself master of
Syracuse, and expelled the tyrant B.C. 357. _See:_ Dion. Dionysius
retired to Locri, where he behaved with the greatest oppression,
and was ejected by the citizens. He recovered Syracuse 10 years
after his expulsion, but his triumph was short, and the Corinthians,
under conduct of Timoleon, obliged him to abandon the city. He fled
to Corinth, where to support himself he kept a school, as Cicero
observes, that he might still continue to be tyrant; and as he could
not command over men, that he might still exercise his power over
boys. It is said that he died from excess of joy, when he heard that
a tragedy of his own composition had been rewarded with a poetical
prize. Dionysius was as cruel as his father, but he did not, like
him, possess the art of restraining his power. This was seen and
remarked by the old man, who, when he saw his son attempting to
debauch the wives of some of his old subjects, asked him, with
the greatest indignation, whether he had ever heard of his having
acted so brutal a part in his younger days? “No,” answered the son,
“because you were not the son of a king.” “Well, my son,” replied
the old man, “never shalt thou be the father of a king.” _Justin_,
bk. 21, chs. 1, 2, &c.――_Diodorus_, bk. 15, &c.――_Ælian_, _Varia
Historia_, bk. 9, ch. 8.――_Quintilian_, bk. 8, ch. 6.――_Cornelius
Nepos_, _Dion_.――_Cicero_, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 5, ch. 2.
――――An historian of _Halicarnassus_, who left his country and came
to reside at Rome, that he might carefully study all the Greek and
Latin writers, whose compositions treated of the Roman history. He
formed an acquaintance with all the learned of the age, and derived
much information from their company and conversation. After an
unremitted application, during 24 years, he gave to the world his
Roman antiquities in 20 books, of which only the 11 first are now
extant, nearly containing the account of 312 years. His composition
has been greatly valued by the ancients as well as the moderns for
the easiness of his style, the fidelity of his chronology, and the
judiciousness of his remarks and criticism. Like a faithful historian,
he never mentioned anything but what was authenticated, and he
totally disregarded the fabulous traditions which fill and disgrace
the pages of both his predecessors and followers. To the merits of
the elegant historian, Dionysius, as may be seen in his treatises,
has also added the equally respectable character of the eloquent
orator, the critic, and the politician. He lived during the Augustan
age, and came to Rome about 80 years before the christian era. The
best editions of his works are that of Oxford, 2 vols., folio, 1704,
and that of Reiske, 6 vols., 8vo, Lipscomb, 1774.――――A tyrant of
Heraclea in Pontus, in the age of Alexander the Great. After the
death of the conqueror and of Perdiccas, he married Amestris the
niece of king Darius, and assumed the title of king. He was of such
an uncommon corpulence that he never exposed his person in public,
and when he gave audience to foreign ambassadors, he always placed
himself in a chair which was conveniently made to hide his face
and person from the eyes of the spectators. When he was asleep,
it was impossible to awake him without boring his flesh with pins.
He died in the 55th year of his age. As his reign was remarkable
for mildness and popularity, his death was severely lamented by his
subjects. He left two sons and a daughter, and appointed his widow
queen-regent.――――A surname of Bacchus.――――A disciple of Chæremon.
――――A native of Chalcis, who wrote a book entitled κτισεις, or _the
origin of cities_.――――A commander of the Ionian fleet against the
Persians, who went to plunder Phœnicia. _Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 17.
――――A general of Antiochus Hierax.――――A philosopher of Heraclea,
disciple to Zeno. He starved himself to death, B.C. 279, in the
81st year of his age. _Diogenes Laërtius._――――An epic poet of
Mitylene.――――A sophist of Pergamus. _Strabo_, bk. 13.――――A writer
in the Augustan age, called _Periegetes_. He wrote a very valuable
geographical treatise in Greek hexameters, still extant. The best
edition of his treatise is that of Henry Stephens, 4to, 1577, with
the scholia, and that of Hill, 8vo, London, 1688.――――A christian
writer, A.D. 492, called _Areopagita_. The best edition of his works
is that of Antwerp, 2 vols., folio, 1634.――――The music master of
Epaminondas. _Cornelius Nepos._――――A celebrated critic. _See:_
Longinus.――――A rhetorician of Magnesia.――――A Messenian madman, &c.
_Plutarch_, _Alexander_.――――A native of Thrace, generally called the
Rhodian, because he lived there. He wrote some grammatical treatises
and commentaries, B.C. 64. _Strabo_, bk. 14.――――A painter of
Colophon.

=Diŏphănes=, a man who joined Peloponnesus to the Achæan league.
_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 30.――――A rhetorician intimate with Tiberias
Gracchus. _Plutarch_, _Tiberius Gracchus_.

=Diŏphantus=, an Athenian general of the Greek mercenary troops in
the service of Nectanebus king of Egypt. _Diodorus_, bk. 16.――――A
Greek orator of Mitylene, preceptor to Tiberius Gracchus. _Cicero_,
_Brutus_.――――A native of Alexandria in the fourth century. He wrote
13 books of arithmetical questions, of which six are still extant,
the best edition of which is that in folio, Tolosæ, 1670. He died
in his 84th year, but the age in which he lived is uncertain. Some
place him in the reign of Augustus, others under Nero and Antonines.

=Diopœnus=, a noble sculptor of Crete. _Pliny_, bk. 36, ch. 4.

=Diopŏlis=, a name given to Cabira, a town of Paphlagonia, by Pompey.
_Strabo_, bk. 12.

=Diōres=, a friend of Æneas, killed by Turnus. He had engaged in the
games exhibited by Æneas on his father’s tomb in Sicily. _Virgil_,
_Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 297; bk. 12, li. 509.

=Dioryctus=, a place of Acarnania, where a canal was cut (δια ὀρυσσω),
to make Leucadia an island. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 1.

=Dioscorĭdes=, a native of Cilicia, who was physician to Antony and
Cleopatra, or lived, as some suppose, in the age of Nero. He was
originally a soldier, but afterwards he applied himself to study,
and wrote a book upon medicinal herbs, of which the best edition
is that of Saracenus, folio, Frankfurt. 1598.――――A man who wrote
an account of the republic of Lacedæmon.――――A nephew of Antigonus.
_Diodorus_, bk. 19.――――A Cyprian, blind of one eye, in the age of
Ptolemy Philadelphus.――――A disciple of Isocrates.――――An astrologer
sent ambassador by Julius Cæsar to Achillas, &c. _Cæsar_, _Civil
War_, bk. 3, ch. 109.

=Dioscorĭdis insula=, an island situate at the south of the entrance
of the Arabic gulf, and now called _Socotra_.

=Dioscūri=, or _sons of Jupiter_, a name given to Castor and Pollux.
There were festivals in their honour, called _Dioscuria_, celebrated
by the people of Corcyra, and chiefly by the Lacedæmonians. They
were observed with much jovial festivity. The people made a free
use of the gifts of Bacchus, and diverted themselves with sports,
of which wrestling matches always made a part.

=Dioscurias=, a town of Colchis. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 28.

=Diospăge=, a town of Mesopotamia. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 26.

=Diospŏlis=, or =Thebæ=, a famous city of Egypt, formerly called
Hecatompylos. _See:_ Thebæ.

=Diotīme=, a woman who gave lectures upon philosophy, which Socrates
attended. _Plutarch_, _Convivium Septem Sapientium_.

=Diotīmus=, an Athenian skilled in maritime affairs, &c. _Polyænus_,
bk. 5.――――A stoic, who flourished 85 B.C.

=Diotrephes=, an Athenian officer, &c. _Thucydides_, bk. 3, ch. 75.

=Dioxippe=, one of the Danaides. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1.

=Dioxippus=, a soldier of Alexander, who killed one of his
fellow-soldiers in a fury, &c. _Ælian._――――An Athenian boxer, &c.
_Diodorus_, bk. 17.――――A Trojan killed by Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_,
bk. 9, li. 574.

=Dipæa=, a place of Peloponnesus, where a battle was fought between
the Arcadians and Spartans. _Herodotus_, bk. 9, ch. 35.

=Diphĭlas=, a man sent to Rhodes by the Spartans, to destroy the
Athenian faction there. _Diodorus_, bk. 14.――――A governor of Babylon
in the interest of Antigonus. _Diodorus_, bk. 19.――――An historian.

=Dīphĭlus=, an Athenian general, A.U.C. 311.――――An architect so slow
in finishing his works, that _Diphilo tardior_ became a proverb.
_Cicero_, _Letters to his brother Quintus_, bk. 3.――――A tragic
writer.

=Diphorĭdas=, one of the Ephori at Sparta. _Plutarch_, _Agesilaus_.

=Dipœnæ=, a town of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 31.

=Dipŏlis=, a name given to Lemnos, as having two cities, Hephæstia and
Myrina.

=Dipsas= (antis), a river of Cilicia, flowing from mount Taurus.
_Lucan_, bk. 8, li. 255.――――(adis), a profligate and incontinent
woman mentioned by _Ovid_, _Amores_, bk. 1, poem 8.――――A kind of
serpent. _Lucan_, bk. 9.

=Dipylon=, one of the gates of Athens.

=Diræ=, the daughters of Acheron and Nox, who persecuted the souls of
the guilty. They are the same as the furies, and some suppose they
are called Furies in hell, Harpies on earth, and Diræ in heaven.
They were represented as standing near the throne of Jupiter, in
an attitude which expressed their eagerness to receive his orders,
and the power of tormenting the guilty on earth with the most
excruciating punishments. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 473; bk. 8,
li. 701.