Chapter M (15)

=Pelias=, the twin brother of Neleus, was son of Neptune, by Tyro the
daughter of Salmoneus. His birth was concealed from the world by his
mother, who wished her father to be ignorant of her incontinence. He
was exposed in the woods, but his life was preserved by shepherds,
and he received the name of _Pelias_, from a spot of the colour of
_lead_ in his face. Some time after this adventure, Tyro married
Cretheus, son of Æolus king of Iolchos, and became mother of three
children, of whom Æson was the eldest. Meantime Pelias visited his
mother, and was received in her family; and, after the death of
Cretheus, he unjustly seized the kingdom, which belonged to the
children of Tyro, by the deceased monarch. To strengthen himself in
his usurpation, Pelias consulted the oracle, and when he was told to
beware of one of the descendants of Æolus, who should come to his
court with one foot shod, and the other bare, he privately removed
the son of Æson, after he had publicly declared that he was dead.
These precautions proved abortive. Jason the son of Æson, who had
been educated by Chiron, returned to Iolchos, when arrived to years
of maturity; and as he had lost one of his shoes in crossing the
river Anaurus, or the Evenus, Pelias immediately perceived that this
was the person whom he was advised so much to dread. His unpopularity
prevented him from acting with violence against a stranger, whose
uncommon dress and commanding aspect had raised admiration in his
subjects. But his astonishment was excited when he saw Jason arrive
at his palace, with his friends and his relations, and boldly
demand the kingdom which he usurped. Pelias was conscious that his
complaints were well founded, and therefore, to divert his attention,
he told him that he would voluntarily resign the crown to him if he
went to Colchis to avenge the death of Phryxus the son of Athamas,
whom Æetes had cruelly murdered. He further observed that the
expedition would be attended with the greatest glory, and that
nothing but the infirmities of old age had prevented him himself from
vindicating the honour of his country, and the injuries of his family
by punishing the assassin. This, so warmly recommended, was as warmly
accepted by the young hero, and his intended expedition was made
known all over Greece. _See:_ Jason. During the absence of Jason, in
the Argonautic expedition, Pelias murdered Æson and all his family;
but, according to the more received opinion of Ovid, Æson was still
living when the Argonauts returned, and he was restored to the vigour
of youth by the magic of Medea. This sudden change in the vigour and
the constitution of Æson astonished all the inhabitants of Iolchos,
and the daughters of Pelias, who had received the patronymic of
_Peliades_, expressed their desire to see their father’s infirmities
vanish by the same powerful arts. Medea, who wished to avenge the
injuries which her husband Jason had received from Pelias, raised the
desires of the Peliades, by cutting an old ram to pieces, and boiling
the flesh in a cauldron, and afterwards turning it into a fine young
lamb. After they had seen this successful experiment, the Peliades
cut their father’s body to pieces, after they had drawn all the blood
from his veins, on the assurance that Medea would replenish them by
her incantations. The limbs were immediately put into a cauldron of
boiling water, but Medea suffered the flesh to be totally consumed,
and refused to give the Peliades the promised assistance, and the
bones of Pelias did not even receive a burial. The Peliades were four
in number, Alceste, Pisidice, Pelopea, and Hippothoe, to whom Hyginus
adds Medusa. Their mother’s name was Anaxibia, the daughter of Bias,
or Philomache, the daughter of Amphion. After this parricide, the
Peliades fled to the court of Admetus, where Acastus the son-in-law
of Pelias pursued them, and took their protector prisoner. The
Peliades died, and were buried in Arcadia. _Hyginus_, fables 12, 13,
& 14.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, fables 3 & 4; _Heroides_, poem
12, li. 129.――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 11.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch.
9.――_Seneca_, _Medea_.――_Apollonius_, _Argonautica_, bk. 1.――_Pindar_,
_Pythian_, poem 4.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.――――A Trojan chief wounded by
Ulysses during the Trojan war. He survived the ruin of his country,
and followed the fortune of Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 2, li. 431.
――――The ship Argo is called _Pelias arbor_, built of the trees of
mount Pelion.――――The spear of Achilles. _See:_ Pelion.

=Pelīdes=, a patronymic of Achilles, and of Pyrrhus, as being descended
from Peleus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 2, li. 264.

=Pēligni=, a people of Italy, who dwelt near the Sabines and Marsi,
and had Corfinium and Sulmo for their chief towns. The most expert
magicians were among the Peligni, according to Horace. _Livy_, bk. 8,
chs. 6 & 29; bk. 9, ch. 41.――_Ovid_, _ex Ponto_, bk. 1, poem 8, li.
42.――_Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Horace_, bk. 3, ode 19, li. 8.

=Pelignus=, a friend of the emperor Claudius, made governor of
Cappadocia. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 12, ch. 49.

=Pelinæus=, a mountain of Chios.

=Pelinnæum=, or =Pelinna=, a town of Macedonia. _Strabo_, bk. 14.
――_Livy_, bk. 36, chs. 10 & 14.

=Pelion= and =Pelios=, a celebrated mountain of Thessaly, whose top is
covered with pine trees. In their wars against the gods, the giants,
as the poets mention, placed mount Ossa upon Pelion, to scale the
heavens with more facility. The celebrated spear of Achilles, which
none but the hero could wield, had been cut down on this mountain,
and was thence called _Pelias_. It was a present from his preceptor
Chiron, who, like the other Centaurs, had fixed his residence here.
_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 155; bk. 13, li. 199.――_Mela_,
bk. 2, ch. 3.――_Strabo_, bk. 9.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 281;
bk. 3, li. 94.――_Seneca_, _Hercules_ & _Medea_.

=Pelium=, a town of Macedonia. _Livy_, bk. 31, ch. 40.

=Pella=, a celebrated town of Macedonia, on the Ludias, not far
from the Sinus Thermaicus, which became the capital of the country
after the ruin of Edessa. Philip king of Macedonia was educated
there, and Alexander the Great was born there, whence he is often
called _Pellæus juvenis_. The tomb of the poet Euripides was in the
neighbourhood. The epithet _Pellæus_ is often applied to Egypt or
Alexandria, because the Ptolemies, kings of the country, were of
Macedonian origin. _Martial_, bk. 13, ltr. 85.――_Lucan_, bk. 5, li.
60; bk. 8, lis. 475 & 607; bk. 9, lis. 1016 & 1073; bk. 10, li. 55.
――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.――_Strabo_, bk. 7.――_Livy_, bk. 42, ch. 41.

=Pellāne=, a town of Laconia, with a fountain whose waters have a
subterraneous communication with the waters of another fountain.
_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 21.――_Strabo_, bk. 8.

=Pellēne=, a town of Achaia, in the Peloponnesus, at the west of Sicyon,
famous for its wool. It was built by the giant Pallas, or, according
to others, by Pellen of Argos, son of Phorbas, and was the country
of Proteus the sea-god. _Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 26.
――_Livy_, bk. 33, ch. 14.

=Pĕlŏpēa=, or =Pĕlŏpīa=, a daughter of Thyestes the brother of Atreus.
She had a son by her father, who had offered her violence in a wood,
without knowing that she was his own daughter. Some suppose that
Thyestes purposely committed the incest, as the oracle had informed
him that his wrongs should be avenged, and his brother destroyed,
by a son who should be born from him and his daughter. This proved
too true. Pelopea afterwards married her uncle Atreus, who kindly
received in his house his wife’s illegitimate child, called Ægysthus,
because preserved by goats (αἰγες) when exposed in the mountains.
Ægysthus became his uncle’s murderer. _See:_ Ægysthus. _Hyginus_,
fable 87, &c.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 12.――_Ovid_, _Ibis_,
li. 359.――_Seneca_, _Agamemnon_.

=Pelŏpēia=, a festival observed by the people of Elis in honour of
Pelops. It was kept in imitation of Hercules, who sacrificed to
Pelops in a trench, as it was usual, when the manes and the infernal
gods were the objects of worship.

=Pelŏpīa=, a daughter of Niobe.――――A daughter of Pelias.――――The mother
of Cycnus.

=Pelopĭdas=, a celebrated general of Thebes, son of Hippoclus. He
was descended of an illustrious family, and was remarkable for his
immense possessions, which he bestowed with great liberality to
the poor and necessitous. Many were the objects of his generosity;
but when Epaminondas had refused to accept his presents, Pelopidas
disregarded all his wealth, and preferred before it the enjoyment of
his friend’s conversation and of his poverty. From their friendship
and intercourse the Thebans derived the most considerable advantages.
No sooner had the interest of Sparta prevailed at Thebes, and the
friends of liberty and national independence been banished from the
city, than Pelopidas, who was in the number of the exiles, resolved
to free his country from foreign slavery. His plan was bold and
animated, and his deliberations were slow. Meanwhile Epaminondas,
who had been left by the tyrants at Thebes, as being in appearance
a worthless and insignificant philosopher, animated the youths of
the city, and at last Pelopidas, with 11 of his associates, entered
Thebes, and easily massacred the friends of the tyranny, and freed
the country from foreign masters. After this successful enterprise,
Pelopidas was unanimously placed at the head of the government; and
so confident were the Thebans of his abilities as a general and a
magistrate, that they successively re-elected him 13 times to fill
the honourable office of governor of Bœotia. Epaminondas shared with
him the sovereign power, and it was to their valour and prudence that
the Thebans were indebted for a celebrated victory at the battle of
Leuctra. In a war which Thebes carried on against Alexander tyrant
of Pheræ, Pelopidas was appointed commander; but his imprudence,
in trusting himself unarmed into the enemy’s camp, nearly proved
fatal to him. He was taken prisoner, but Epaminondas restored him to
liberty. The perfidy of Alexander irritated him, and he was killed
bravely fighting in a celebrated battle in which his troops obtained
the victory, B.C. 364 years. He received an honourable burial. The
Thebans showed their sense for his merit by their lamentations; they
sent a powerful army to revenge his death on the destruction of the
tyrant of Pheræ; and his relations and his children were presented
with immense donations by the cities of Thessaly. Pelopidas is
admired for his valour, as he never engaged an enemy without
obtaining the advantage. The impoverished state of Thebes before his
birth, and after his fall, plainly demonstrates the superiority of
his genius and of his abilities; and it has been justly observed,
that with Pelopidas and Epaminondas the glory and the independence
of the Thebans rose and set. _Plutarch_ & _Cornelius Nepos_, _Lives_.
――_Xenophon_, _Hellenica_.――_Diodorus_, bk. 15.――_Polybius._

=Peloponnesiăcum bellum=, a celebrated war which continued for 27 years
between the Athenians and the inhabitants of Peloponnesus with their
respective allies. It is the most famous and the most interesting of
all the wars which have happened between the inhabitants of Greece;
and for the minute and circumstantial description which we have of
the events and revolutions which mutual animosity produced, we are
indebted more particularly to the correct and authentic writings of
Thucydides and of Xenophon. The circumstances which gave birth to
this memorable war are these. The power of Athens, under the prudent
and vigorous administration of Pericles, was already extended over
Greece, and it had procured itself many admirers and more enemies,
when the Corcyreans, who had been planted by a Corinthian colony,
refused to pay their founders those marks of respect and reverence
which among the Greeks every colony was obliged to pay to its mother
country. The Corinthians wished to punish that infidelity; and when
the people of Epidamnus, a considerable town on the Adriatic, had
been invaded by some of the barbarians of Illyricum, the people
of Corinth gladly granted to the Epidamnians that assistance which
had in vain been solicited from the Corcyreans, their founders and
their patrons. The Corcyreans were offended at the interference of
Corinth in the affairs of their colony; they manned a fleet, and
obtained a victory over the Corinthian vessels which had assisted
the Epidamnians. The subsequent conduct of the Corcyreans, and their
insolence to some of the Elians, who had furnished a few ships to the
Corinthians, provoked the Peloponnesians, and the discontent became
general. Ambassadors were sent by both parties to Athens to claim its
protection, and to justify these violent proceedings. The greatest
part of the Athenians heard their various reasonings with moderation
and with compassion; but the enterprising ambition of Pericles
prevailed, and when the Corcyreans had reminded the people of Athens,
that in all the states of Peloponnesus they had to dread the most
malevolent enemies, and the most insidious of rivals, they were
listened to with attention, and were promised support. This step was
no sooner taken, than the Corinthians appealed to the other Grecian
states, and particularly to the Lacedæmonians. Their complaints
were accompanied by those of the people of Megara and of Ægina, who
bitterly inveighed against the cruelty, injustice, and insolence
of the Athenians. This had due weight with the Lacedæmonians, who
had long beheld with concern and with jealousy the ambitious power
of the Athenians, and they determined to support the cause of the
Corinthians. However, before they proceeded to hostilities, an
embassy was sent to Athens, to represent the danger of entering
into a war with the most powerful and flourishing of all the Grecian
states. This alarmed the Athenians, but when Pericles had eloquently
spoken of the resources and the actual strength of the republic,
and of the weakness of the allies, the clamours of his enemies
were silenced, and the answer which was returned to the Spartans
was taken as a declaration of war. The Spartans were supported by
all the republics of the Peloponnesus, except Argos and part of
Achaia, besides the people of Megara, Bœotia, Phocis, Locris, Leucas,
Ambracia, and Anactorium. The Platæans, the Lesbians, Carians,
Chians, Messenians, Acarnanians, Zacynthians, Corcyreans, Dorians,
and Thracians, were the friends of the Athenians, with all the
Cyclades, except Eubœa, Samos, Melos, and Thera. The first blow had
already been struck, May 7, B.C. 431, by an attempt of the Bœotians
to ♦surprise Platæa; and therefore Archidamus king of Sparta, who had
in vain recommended moderation to the allies, entered Attica at the
head of an army of 60,000 men, and laid waste the country by fire
and sword. Pericles, who was at the head of the government, did not
attempt to oppose them in the field; but a fleet of 150 ships set
sail, without delay, to ravage the coasts of the Peloponnesus. Megara
was also depopulated by an army of 20,000 men, and the campaign of
the first year of the war was concluded in celebrating, with the most
solemn pomp, the funerals of such as had nobly fallen in battle. The
following year was remarkable for a pestilence which raged in Athens,
and which destroyed the greatest part of the inhabitants. The public
calamity was still heightened by the approach of the Peloponnesian
army on the borders of Attica, and by the ♠unsuccessful expedition
of the Athenians against Epidaurus and in Thrace. The pestilence
which had carried away so many of the Athenians proved also fatal
to Pericles, and he died about two years and six months after the
commencement of the Peloponnesian war. The following years did not
give rise to decisive events; but the revolt of Lesbos from the
alliance of the Athenians was productive of fresh troubles. Mitylene
the capital of the island was recovered, and the inhabitants treated
with the greatest cruelty. The island of Corcyra became also the
seat of new seditions, and those citizens who had been carried away
prisoners by the Corinthians, and for political reasons treated
with lenity, and taught to despise the alliance of Athens, were no
sooner returned home, than they raised commotions and endeavoured
to persuade their countrymen to join the Peloponnesian confederates.
This was strongly opposed; but both parties obtained by turns the
superiority, and massacred, with the greatest barbarity, all those
who obstructed their views. Some time after Demosthenes the Athenian
general invaded Ætolia, where his arms were attended with the
greatest success. He also fortified Pylos in the Peloponnesus, and
gained so many advantages over the confederates, that they sued for
peace, which the insolence of Athens refused. The fortune of the war
soon after changed, and the Lacedæmonians, under the prudent conduct
of Brasidas, made themselves masters of many valuable places in
Thrace. But this victorious progress was soon stopped by the death
of their general, and that of Cleon the Athenian commander; and the
pacific disposition of Nicias, who was now at the head of Athens,
made overtures of peace and universal tranquillity. Plistoanax the
king of the Spartans wished them to be accepted; but the intrigues
of the Corinthians prevented the discontinuation of the war, and
therefore hostilities began anew. But while war was carried on with
various success in different parts of Greece, the Athenians engaged
in a new expedition; they yielded to the persuasive eloquence of
Gorgias of Leontium, and the ambitious views of Alcibiades, and
sent a fleet of 20 ships to assist the Sicilian states against the
tyrannical power of Syracuse, B.C. 416. This was warmly opposed by
Nicias; but the eloquence of Alcibiades prevailed, and a powerful
fleet was sent against the capital of Sicily. These vigorous though
impolitic measures of the Athenians were not viewed with indifference
by the confederates. Syracuse, in her distress, implored the
assistance of Corinth, and Gylippus was sent to direct her operations,
and to defend her against the power of her enemies. The events of
battles were dubious, and though the Athenian army was animated by
the prudence and intrepidity of Nicias, and the more hasty courage of
Demosthenes, yet the good fortune of Syracuse prevailed; and after a
campaign of two years of bloodshed, the fleets of Athens were totally
ruined, and the few soldiers that survived the destructive siege,
made prisoners of war. So fatal a blow threw the people of Attica
into consternation and despair, and while they sought for resources
at home, they severely felt themselves deprived of support abroad,
their allies were alienated by the intrigues of the enemy, and
rebellion was fomented in their dependent states and colonies on
the Asiatic coast. The threatened ruin, however, was timely averted,
and Alcibiades, who had been treated with cruelty by his countrymen,
and who had for some time resided in Sparta, and directed her
military operations, now exerted himself to defeat the designs of
the confederates, by inducing the Persians to espouse the cause of
his country. But in a short time after, the internal tranquillity
of Athens was disturbed, and Alcibiades, by wishing to abolish the
democracy, called away the attention of his fellow-citizens from
the prosecution of a war which had already cost them so much blood.
This, however, was but momentary; the Athenians soon after obtained a
naval victory, and the Peloponnesian fleet was defeated by Alcibiades.
The Athenians beheld with rapture the success of their arms; but
when their fleet, in the absence of Alcibiades, had been defeated
and destroyed near Andros by Lysander the Lacedæmonian admiral, they
showed their discontent and mortification by eagerly listening to
the accusations which were brought against their naval leader, to
whom they gratefully had acknowledged themselves indebted for their
former victories. Alcibiades was disgraced in the public assembly,
and 10 commanders were appointed to succeed him in the management
of the republic. This change of admirals, and the appointment of
Callicratidas to succeed Lysander, whose office had expired with the
revolving year, produced new operations. The Athenians fitted out a
fleet, and the two nations decided their superiority near Arginusæ,
in a naval battle. Callicratidas was killed, and the Lacedæmonians
conquered, but the rejoicings which the intelligence of this victory
occasioned were soon stopped, when it was known that the wrecks of
some of the disabled ships of the Athenians, and the bodies of the
slain, had not been saved from the sea. The admirals were accused in
the tumultuous assembly, and immediately condemned. Their successors
in office were not so prudent, but they were more unfortunate in
their operations. Lysander was again placed at the head of the
Peloponnesian forces, instead of Eteonicus, who had succeeded to the
command at the death of Callicratidas. The age and the experience
of this general seemed to promise something decisive, and indeed
an opportunity was not long wanting for the display of his military
character. The superiority of the Athenians over that of the
Peloponnesians, rendered the former insolent, proud, and negligent,
and when they had imprudently forsaken their ships to indulge their
indolence, or pursue their amusements on the sea-shore at Ægospotamus,
Lysander attacked their fleet, and his victory was complete. Of
180 sail, only nine escaped, eight of which fled, under the command
of Conon, to the island of Cyprus, and the other carried to Athens
the melancholy news of the defeat. The Athenian prisoners were all
massacred; and when the Peloponnesian conquerors had extended their
dominion over the states and communities of Europe and Asia, which
formerly acknowledged the power of Athens, they returned home to
finish the war by the reduction of the capital of Attica. The siege
was carried on with vigour, and supported with firmness, and the
first Athenian who mentioned capitulation to his countrymen, was
instantly sacrificed to the fury and the indignation of the populace,
and all the citizens unanimously declared, that the same moment would
terminate their independence and their lives. This animated language,
however, was not long continued; the spirit of faction was not yet
extinguished at Athens; and it proved, perhaps, more destructive
to the public liberty, than the operations and assaults of the
Peloponnesian besiegers. During four months, negotiations were
carried on with the Spartans by the aristocratical part of the
Athenians, and at last it was agreed that to establish the peace,
the fortifications of the Athenian harbours must be demolished,
together with the long walls which joined them to the city; all their
ships, except 12, were to be surrendered to the enemy; they were
to resign every pretension to their ancient dominions abroad; to
recall from banishment all the members of the late aristocracy; to
follow the Spartans in war, and, in the time of peace, to frame their
constitution according to the will and the prescriptions of their
Peloponnesian conquerors. The terms were accepted, and the enemy
entered the harbour, and took possession of the city, that very
day on which the Athenians had been accustomed to celebrate the
anniversary of the immortal victory which their ancestors had
obtained over the Persians about 76 years before, near the island of
Salamis. The walls and fortifications were instantly levelled with
the ground, and the conquerors observed, that in the demolition of
Athens, succeeding ages would fix the era of Grecian freedom. The
day was concluded with a festival, and the recitation of one of the
tragedies of Euripides, in which the misfortunes of the daughter of
Agamemnon, who was reduced to misery, and banished from her father’s
kingdom, excited a kindred sympathy in the bosom of the audience, who
melted into tears at the recollection that one moment had likewise
reduced to misery and servitude the capital of Attica, which was
once called the common patroness of Greece, and the scourge of Persia.
This memorable event happened about 404 years before the christian
era, and 30 tyrants were appointed by Lysander over the government
of the city. _Xenophon_, _Hellenica_.――_Plutarch_, _Lysander_,
_Pericles_, _Alcibiades_, _Nicias_, & _Agesilaus_.――_Diodorus_,
bk. 11, &c.――_Aristophanes._――_Thucydides._――_Plato._――_Aristotle._
――_Lycias._――_Isocrates._――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Lysander_,
_Alcibiades_, &c.――_Cicero_, _De Officiis_, bk. 1, ch. 24.

♦ ‘supprise’ replaced with ‘surprise’

♠ ‘unsuccesful’ replaced with ‘unsuccessful’

=Peloponnēsus=, a celebrated peninsula which comprehends the most
southern parts of Greece. It received its name from Pelops, who
settled there, as the name indicates (πηλοπος νησος, _the island
of Pelops_). It had been called before _Argia_, _Pelasgia_, and
_Argolis_, and in its form, it has been observed by the moderns,
highly to resemble the leaf of the plane tree. Its present name
is _Morea_, which seems to be derived either from the Greek word
μορεα, or the Latin _morus_, which signifies a _mulberry tree_,
which is found there in great abundance. The ancient Peloponnesus
was divided into six different provinces, Messenia, Laconia, Elis,
Arcadia, Achaia propria, and Argolis, to which some add Sicyon.
These provinces all bordered on the sea-shore, except Arcadia. The
Peloponnesus was conquered, some time after the Trojan war, by the
Heraclidæ or descendants of Hercules, who had been forcibly expelled
from it. The inhabitants of this peninsula rendered themselves
illustrious, like the rest of the Greeks, by their genius, their
fondness for the fine arts, the cultivation of learning, and the
profession of arms, but in nothing more than by a celebrated war,
which they carried on against Athens and her allies for 27 years, and
which from them received the name of the Peloponnesian war. _See:_
Peloponnesiacum bellum. The Peloponnesus scarce extended 200 miles in
length, and 140 in breadth, and about 563 miles in circumference. It
was separated from Greece by the narrow isthmus of Corinth, which, as
being only five miles broad, Demetrius, Cæsar, Nero, and some others,
attempted in vain to cut, to make a communication between the bay
of Corinth, and the Saronicus sinus. _Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Thucydides._
――_Diodorus_, bk. 12, &c.――_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 21; bk. 8, ch. 1.
――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 6.――_Herodotus_, bk. 8,
ch. 40.

=Pelopēa mœnia=, is applied to the cities of Greece, but more
particularly to Mycenæ and Argos, where the descendants of Pelops
reigned. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 2, li. 193.

=Pelops=, a celebrated prince, son of Tantalus king of Phrygia. His
mother’s name was Euryanassa, or, according to others, Euprytone, or
Eurystemista, or Dione. He was murdered by his father, who wished to
try the divinity of the gods who had visited Phrygia, by placing on
their table the limbs of his son. The gods perceived his perfidious
cruelty, and they refused to touch the meat, except Ceres, whom the
recent loss of her daughter had rendered melancholy and inattentive.
She ate one of the shoulders of Pelops, and therefore, when Jupiter
had compassion on his fate, and restored him to life, he placed a
shoulder of ivory instead of that which Ceres had devoured. This
shoulder had an uncommon power, and it could heal by its very touch
every complaint, and remove every disorder. Some time after, the
kingdom of Tantalus was invaded by Tros king of Troy, on pretence
that he had carried away his son Ganymedes. This rape had been
committed by Jupiter himself; the war, nevertheless, was carried on,
and Tantalus, defeated and ruined, was obliged to fly with his son
Pelops, and to seek a shelter in Greece. This tradition is confuted
by some, who support that Tantalus did not fly into Greece, as he had
been some time before confined by Jupiter in the infernal regions for
his impiety, and therefore Pelops was the only one whom the enmity
of Tros persecuted. Pelops came to Pisa, where he became one of the
suitors of Hippodamia the daughter of king Œnomaus, and he entered
the lists against the father, who promised his daughter only to him
who could outrun him in a chariot race. Pelops was not terrified
at the fate of the 13 lovers, who before him had entered the course
against Œnomaus, and had, according to the conditions proposed,
been put to death when conquered. He previously bribed Myrtilus the
charioteer of Œnomaus, and therefore he easily obtained the victory.
_See:_ Œnomaus. He married Hippodamia, and threw headlong into the
sea Myrtilus, when he claimed the reward of his perfidy. According
to some authors, Pelops had received some winged horses from Neptune,
with which he was enabled to outrun Œnomaus. When he had established
himself on the throne of Pisa, Hippodamia’s possession, he extended
his conquests over the neighbouring countries, and from him the
peninsula, of which he was one of the monarchs, received the name of
Peloponnesus. Pelops, after death, received divine honours, and he
was as much revered above all the other heroes of Greece, as Jupiter
was above the rest of the gods. He had a temple at Olympia, near that
of Jupiter, where Hercules consecrated to him a small portion of land,
and offered to him a sacrifice. The place where this sacrifice had
been offered was religiously observed, and the magistrates of the
country yearly, on coming upon office, made there an offering of
a black ram. During the sacrifice, the soothsayer was not allowed,
as at other times, to have a share of the victim, but he alone who
furnished the wood was permitted to take the neck. The wood for
sacrifices, as may be observed, was always furnished by some of the
priests to all such as offered victims, and they received a price
equivalent to what they gave. The white poplar was generally used in
the sacrifices made to Jupiter and to Pelops. The children of Pelops
by Hippodamia were Pitheus, Trœzen, Atreus, Thyestes, &c., besides
some by concubines. The time of his death is unknown, though it is
universally agreed that he survived for some time Hippodamia. Some
suppose that the Palladium of the Trojans was made with the bones
of Pelops. His descendants were called _Pelopidæ_. Pindar, who,
in his first Olympic, speaks of Pelops, confutes the traditions of
his ivory shoulder, and says that Neptune took him up to heaven to
become the cup-bearer to the gods, from which he was expelled, when
the impiety of Tantalus wished to make mankind partake of the nectar
and the entertainments of the gods. Some suppose that Pelops first
instituted the Olympic games in honour of Jupiter, and to commemorate
the victory which he had obtained over Œnomaus. _Pausanias_, bk. 5,
ch. 1, &c.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 5.――_Euripides_, _Iphigeneia_.
――_Diodorus_, bk. 3.――_Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 18.
――_Pindar_, _Olympian_, bk. 1.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 7.
――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, li. 404, &c.――_Hyginus_, fables 9,
82, & 83.

=Pelor=, one of the men who sprang from the teeth of the dragon killed
by Cadmus. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 5.

=Peloria=, a festival observed by the Thessalians, in commemoration of
the news which they received by one Pelorious, that the mountains of
Tempe had been separated by an earthquake, and that the waters of the
lake which lay there stagnated, had found a passage into the Alpheus,
and left behind a vast, pleasant, and most delightful plain, &c.
_Athenæus_, bk. 3.

=Pelōrus= (_v._ is-dis, _v._ ias-iados), now Cape _Faro_, one of the
three great promontories of Sicily, on whose top is erected a tower
to direct the sailor on his voyage. It lies near the coast of Italy,
and received its name from Pelorus, the pilot of the ship which
carried away Annibal from Italy. This celebrated general, as it is
reported, was carried by the tides into the straits of Charybdis, and
as he was ignorant of the coast, he asked the pilot of his ship the
name of the promontory, which appeared at a distance. The pilot told
him it was one of the capes of Sicily, but Annibal gave no credit to
his information, and murdered him on the spot, on the apprehension
that he would betray him into the hands of the Romans. He was,
however, soon convinced of his error, and found that the pilot had
spoken with great fidelity; and therefore, to pay honour to his
memory, and to atone for his cruelty, he gave him a magnificent
funeral, and ordered that the promontory should bear his name, and
from that time it was called Pelorus. Some suppose that this account
is false, and they observe that it bore that name before the age of
Annibal. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 9, ch. 8.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.
――_Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, lis. 411 & 687.――_Ovid_,
_Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 350; bk. 13, li. 727; bk. 15, li. 706.

=Peltæ=, a town of Phrygia.

=Pelūsium=, now _Tineh_, a town of Egypt, situate at the entrance of
one of the mouths of the Nile, called from it Pelusian. It is about
20 stadia from the sea, and it has received the name of _Pelusium_
from the lakes and marshes (♦πυλος) which are in its neighbourhood.
It was the key of Egypt on the side of Phœnicia, as it was impossible
to enter the Egyptian territories without passing by Pelusium, and
therefore on that account it was always well fortified and garrisoned,
as it was of such importance for the security of the country. It
produced lentils, and was celebrated for the linen stuffs made there.
It is now in ruins. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 9.――_Columella_, bk. 5, ch. 10.
――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 25.――_Lucan_, bk. 8, li. 466; bk. 9,
li. 83; bk. 10, li. 53.――_Livy_, bk. 44, ch. 19; bk. 45, ch. 11.
――_Strabo_, bk. 17.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 228.

♦ ‘πμλος’ replaced with ‘πυλος’

=Pĕnātes=, certain inferior deities among the Romans, who presided
over houses and the domestic affairs of families. They were called
_Penates_, because they were generally placed in the innermost and
most secret parts of the house, _in Penitissimâ ædium parte, quod_,
as Cicero says, _penitus insident_. The place ♦where they stood was
afterwards called _penetralia_, and they themselves received the name
of _Penetrales_. It was in the option of every master of a family to
choose his Penates, and therefore Jupiter, and some of the superior
gods, are often invoked as patrons of domestic affairs. According
to some, the gods Penates were divided into four classes; the first
comprehended all the celestial, the second the sea-gods, the third
the gods of hell, and the last all such heroes as had received
divine honours after death. The Penates were originally the manes of
the dead, but when superstition had taught mankind to pay uncommon
reverence to the statues and images of their deceased friends, their
attention was soon exchanged for regular worship, and they were
admitted by their votaries to share immortality and power over the
world, with a Jupiter or a Minerva. The statues of the Penates were
generally made with wax, ivory, silver, or earth, according to the
affluence of the worshipper, and the only offerings they received
were wine, incense, fruits, and sometimes the sacrifice of lambs,
sheep, goats, &c. In the early ages of Rome, human sacrifices were
offered to them; but Brutus, who expelled the Tarquins, abolished
this unnatural custom. When offerings were made to them, their
statues were crowned with garlands, poppies, or garlic, and besides
the monthly day that was set apart for their worship, their festivals
were celebrated during the Saturnalia. Some have confounded the
Lares and the Penates, but they were different. _Cicero_, _de Natura
Deorum_, bk. 2, ch. 27; _Against Verres_, bk. 2.――_Dionysius of
Halicarnassus_, bk. 1.

♦ ‘were’ replaced with ‘where’

=Pendalium=, a promontory of Cyprus.

=Pēneia=, or =Penēis=, an epithet applied to Daphne, as daughter of
Peneus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 452.

=Penelius=, one of the Greeks killed in the Trojan war. _Homer_,
_Iliad_, bk. 2, li. 494.――――A son of Hippalmus among the Argonauts.

=Pēnĕlŏpe=, a celebrated princess of Greece, daughter of Icarius,
and wife of Ulysses king of Ithaca. Her marriage with Ulysses was
celebrated about the same time that Menelaus married Helen, and she
retired with her husband to Ithaca, against the inclination of her
father, who wished to detain her at Sparta, her native country. She
soon after became mother of Telemachus, and was obliged to part with
great reluctance from her husband, whom the Greeks obliged to go to
the Trojan war. _See:_ Palamedes. The continuation of hostilities
for 10 years made her sad and melancholy; but when Ulysses did not
return like the other princes of Greece at the conclusion of the
war, her fears and her anxieties were increased. As she received
no intelligence of his situation, she was soon beset by a number of
importuning suitors, who wished her to believe that her husband was
shipwrecked, and that therefore, she ought no longer to expect his
return, but forget his loss, and fix her choice and affections on one
of her numerous admirers. She received their addresses with coldness
and disdain; but as she was destitute of power, and a prisoner, as it
were, in their hands, she yet flattered them with hopes and promises,
and declared that she would make choice of one of them, as soon as
she had finished a piece of tapestry, on which she was employed.
The work was done in a dilatory manner, and she baffled their eager
expectations, by undoing in the night what she had done in the
daytime. This artifice of Penelope has given rise to the proverb of
_Penelope’s web_, which is applied to whatever labour can never be
ended. The return of Ulysses, after an absence of 20 years, however,
delivered her from her fears and from her dangerous suitors. Penelope
is described by Homer as a model of female virtue and chastity, but
some more modern writers dispute her claims to modesty and continence,
and they represent her as the most debauched and voluptuous of her
sex. According to their opinions, therefore, she liberally gratified
the desires of her suitors, in the absence of her husband, and had a
son whom she called Pan, as if to show that he was the offspring of
all her admirers. Some, however, suppose that Pan was son of Penelope
by Mercury, and that he was born before his mother’s marriage with
Ulysses. The god, as it is said, deceived Penelope, under the form
of a beautiful goat, as she was tending her father’s flocks on one
of the mountains of Arcadia. After the return of Ulysses, Penelope
had a daughter, who was called Ptoliporthe; but if we believe the
traditions that were long preserved at Mantinea, Ulysses repudiated
his wife for her incontinence during his absence, and Penelope
fled to Sparta, and afterwards to Mantinea, where she died and was
buried. After the death of Ulysses, according to Hyginus, she married
Telegonus, her husband’s son by Circe, by order of the goddess
Minerva. Some say that her original name was Arnea, or Amirace, and
that she was called Penelope, when some river birds called Penelopes
had saved her from the waves of the sea, when her father had exposed
her. Icarius had attempted to destroy her, because the oracles had
told him that his daughter by Peribœa would be the most dissolute of
her sex, and a disgrace to his family. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 10.
――_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 12.――_Homer_, _Iliad_ & _Odyssey_.――_Ovid_,
_Heroides_, poem 1; _Metamorphoses_.――_Aristotle_, _History of
Animals_, bk. 8.――_Hyginus_, fable 127.――_Aristophanes_, _The Birds_.
――_Pliny_, bk. 37.

=Pēneus=, a river of Thessaly, rising on mount Pindus, and falling
into the Thermean gulf, after a wandering course between mount Ossa
and Olympus, through the plains of Tempe. It received its name from
Peneus, a son of Oceanus and Tethys. The Peneus anciently inundated
the plains of Thessaly, till an earthquake separated the mountains
Ossa and Olympus, and formed the beautiful vale of Tempe, where
the waters formerly stagnated. From this circumstance, therefore,
it obtained the name of Arexes, _ab_ ἀρασσω, _scindo_. Daphne the
daughter of the Peneus, according to the fables of the mythologists,
was changed into a laurel on the banks of this river. This tradition
arises from the quantity of laurels which grow near the Peneus.
_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 452, &c.――_Strabo_, bk. 9.
――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 317.
――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.――――Also a small river of Elis in Peloponnesus,
better known under the name of Araxes. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 24.
――_Strabo_, bks. 8 & 11.

=Penidas=, one of Alexander’s friends, who went to examine Scythia
under pretence of an embassy. _Curtius_, bk. 6, ch. 6.

=Penīnæ alpes=, a certain part of the Alps. _Livy_, bk. 21, ch. 38.

=Pentapŏlis=, a town of India.――――A part of Africa near Cyrene. It
received this name on account of the _five cities_ which it contained,
Cyrene, Arsinoe, Berenice, Ptolemais, or Barce, and Apollonia.
_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 5.――――Also part of Palestine, containing the five
cities of Gaza, Gath, Ascalon, Azotus, and Ekron.

=Pentelĭcus=, a mountain of Attica, where were found quarries of
beautiful marble. _Strabo_, bk. 9.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 32.

=Penthesĭlēa=, a queen of the Amazons, daughter of Mars by Otrera, or
Orithya. She came to assist Priam in the last years of the Trojan war,
and fought against Achilles, by whom she was slain. The hero was so
struck with the beauty of Penthesilea, when he stripped her of her
arms, that he even shed tears for having too violently sacrificed
her to his fury. Thersites laughed at the partiality of the hero, for
which ridicule he was instantly killed. Lycophron says that Achilles
slew Thersites because he had put out the eyes of Penthesilea when
she was yet alive. The scholiast of Lycophron differs from that
opinion, and declares, that it was commonly believed that Achilles
offered violence to the body of Penthesilea when she was dead,
and that Thersites was killed because he had reproached the hero
for this infamous action, in the presence of all the Greeks. The
death of Thersites so offended Diomedes that he dragged the body of
Penthesilea out of the camp, and threw it into the Scamander. It is
generally supposed that Achilles was enamoured of the Amazon before
he fought with her, and that she had by him a son called Cayster.
_Dictys Cretensis_, bks. 3 & 4.――_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 31.
――_Quintus Calaber [Smyrnæus]_, bk. 1.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li.
495; bk. 11, li. 662.――_Dares Phrygius._――_Lycophron_, _Cassandra_,
li. 995, &c.――_Hyginus_, fable 112.

=Pentheus=, son of Echion and Agave, was king of Thebes in Bœotia. His
refusal to acknowledge the divinity of Bacchus was attended with the
most fatal consequences. He forbade his subjects to pay adoration to
this new god; and when the Theban women had gone out of the city to
celebrate the orgies of Bacchus, Pentheus, apprised of the debauchery
which attended the solemnity, ordered the god himself, who conducted
the religious multitude, to be seized. His orders were obeyed with
reluctance, but when the doors of the prison in which Bacchus had
been confined opened of their own accord, Pentheus became more
irritated, and commanded his soldiers to destroy the whole band of
the bacchanals. This, however, was not executed, for Bacchus inspired
the monarch with the ardent desire of seeing the celebration of the
orgies. Accordingly, he hid himself in a wood on mount Cithæron,
from whence he could see all the ceremonies unperceived. But here
his curiosity soon proved fatal; he was descried by the bacchanals,
and they all rushed upon him. His mother was the first who attacked
him, and her example was instantly followed by her two sisters, Ino
and Autonoe, and his body was torn to pieces. Euripides introduces
Bacchus among his priestesses, when Pentheus was put to death; but
Ovid, who relates the whole in the same manner, differs from the
Greek poet only in saying, that not Bacchus himself, but one of
his priests, was present. The tree on which the bacchanals found
Pentheus, was cut down by the Corinthians, by order of the oracle,
and with it two statues of the god of wine were made, and placed in
their forum. _Hyginus_, fable 184.――_Theocritus_, poem 26.――_Ovid_,
_Metamorphoses_, bk. 3, fables 7, 8, & 9.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4,
li. 469.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 5.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 5.
――_Euripides_, _Bacchæ_.――_Seneca_, _Phœnissæ_ & _Hippolytus_.

=Penthĭlus=, a son of Orestes by Erigone the daughter of Ægysthus, who
reigned conjointly with his brother Tisamenus at Argos. He was driven
some time after from his throne by the Heraclidæ, and he retired to
Achaia, and thence to Lesbos, where he planted a colony. _Pausanias_,
bk. 5, ch. 4.――_Strabo_, bk. 13.――_Paterculus_ bk. 1, ch. 1.

=Penthylus=, a prince of Paphos, who assisted Xerxes with 12 ships.
He was seized by the Greeks, to whom he communicated many important
things concerning the situation of the Persians, &c. _Herodotus_,
bk. 7, ch. 195.

=Pepărēthos=, a small island of the Ægean sea, on the coast of
Macedonia, about 20 miles in circumference. It abounded in olives,
and its wines have always been reckoned excellent. They were not,
however, palatable before they were seven years old. _Pliny_, bk. 4,
ch. 12.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 470.――_Livy_, bk. 28,
ch. 5; bk. 31, ch. 58.

=Pephnos=, a town of Laconia. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 26.

=Pephrēdo=, a sea nymph, daughter of Phorcys and Ceto. She was born
with white hair, and thence surnamed Graia. She had a sister called
Enyo. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 270.――_Apollodorus._

=Peræa=, or =Beræa=, a country of Judæa, near Egypt. _Pliny_, bk. 5,
ch. 14.――――A part of Caria, opposite to Rhodes. _Livy_, bk. 32, ch.
33.――――A colony of the Mityleneans in Æolia. _Livy_, bk. 37, ch. 21.

=Perasippus=, an ambassador sent to Darius by the Lacedæmonians, &c.
_Curtius_, bk. 3, ch. 13.

=Percōpe=, or =Percote=, a city which assisted Priam during the Trojan
war. _See:_ Percote.

=Percosius=, a man acquainted with futurity. He attempted in vain to
dissuade his two sons from going to the Trojan war by telling them
that they should perish there.

=Percōte=, a town on the Hellespont, between Abydos and Lampsacus, near
the sea-shore. Artaxerxes gave it to Themistocles, to maintain his
wardrobe. It is sometimes called Percope. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 117.
――_Homer._

=Perdiccas=, the fourth king of Macedonia, B.C. 729, was descended from
Temenus. He increased his dominions by conquest, and in the latter
part of his life, he showed his son Argeus where he wished to be
buried, and told him, that as long as the bones of his descendants
and successors on the throne of Macedonia were laid in the same grave,
so long would the crown remain in their family. These injunctions
were observed till the time of Alexander, who was buried out
of Macedonia. _Herodotus_, bks. 7 & 8.――_Justin_, bk. 7, ch. 2.
――――Another, king of Macedonia, son of Alexander. He reigned during
the Peloponnesian war, and assisted the Lacedæmonians against Athens.
He behaved with great courage on the throne, and died B.C. 413, after
a long reign of glory and independence, during which he had subdued
some of his barbarian neighbours.――――Another, king of Macedonia, who
was supported on his throne by Iphicrates the Athenian against the
intrusions of Pausanias. He was killed in a war against the Illyrians,
B.C. 360. _Justin_, bk. 7, &c.――――One of the friends and favourites
of Alexander the Great. At the king’s death he wished to make himself
absolute; and the ring which he had received from the hand of the
dying Alexander, seemed in some measure to favour his pretensions.
The better to support his claims to the throne, he married Cleopatra
the sister of Alexander, and strengthened himself by making a league
with Eumenes. His ambitious views were easily discovered by Antigonus,
and the rest of the generals of Alexander, who all wished, like
Perdiccas, to succeed to the kingdom and honours of the deceased
monarch. Antipater, Craterus, and Ptolemy, leagued with Antigonus
against him, and after much bloodshed on both sides, Perdiccas was
totally ruined, and at last assassinated in his tent in Egypt, by his
own officers, about 321 years before the christian era. Perdiccas had
not the prudence and the address which were necessary to conciliate
the esteem and gain the attachment of his fellow-soldiers, and this
impropriety of his conduct alienated the heart of his friends, and
at last proved his destruction. _Plutarch_, _Alexander_.――_Diodorus_,
bks. 17 & 18.――_Curtius_, bk. 10.――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Eumenes_.
――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 12.

=Perdix=, a young Athenian, son of the sister of Dædalus. He invented
the saw, and seemed to promise to become a greater artist than had
ever been known. His uncle was jealous of his rising fame, and he
threw him down from the top of a tower and put him to death. Perdix
was changed into a bird which bears his name. _Hyginus_, fables 39 &
274.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 4, ch. 15.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8,
li. 220, &c.

=Perenna.= _See:_ Anna.

=Perennis=, a favourite of the emperor Commodus. He is described by
some as a virtuous and impartial magistrate, while others paint
him as a cruel, violent, and oppressive tyrant, who committed the
greatest barbarities to enrich himself. He was put to death for
aspiring to the empire. _Herodian._

=Pereus=, a son of Elatus and Laodice, grandson of Arcas. He left only
one daughter, called Neæra, who was mother of Auge, and of Cepheus
and Lycurgus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3.――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 4.

=Perga=, a town of Pamphylia. _See:_ Perge, _Livy_, bk. 38, ch. 57.

=Pergămus= (Pergama plural), the citadel of the city of Troy. The word
is often used for Troy. It was situated in the most elevated part
of the town, on the shores of the river Scamander. Xerxes mounted to
the top of this citadel when he reviewed his troops as he marched to
invade Greece. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 43.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1,
li. 466, &c.

=Pergamus=, now _Pergamo_, a town of Mysia, on the banks of the Caycus.
It was the capital of a celebrated empire called the kingdom of
Pergamus, which was founded by Philæterus, a eunuch, whom Lysimachus,
after the battle of Ipsus, had entrusted with the treasures which
he had obtained in the war. Philæterus made himself master of the
treasures and of Pergamus, in which they were deposited, B.C. 283,
and laid the foundation of an empire, over which he himself presided
for 20 years. His successors began to reign in the following order:
His nephew Eumenes ascended the throne 263 B.C.; Attalus, 241;
♦Eumenes II., 197; Attalus Philadelphus, 159; Attalus Philomator,
138, who, B.C. 133, left the Roman people heirs to his kingdom, as
he had no children. The right of the Romans, however, was disputed by
a usurper, who claimed the empire as his own, and Aquilius the Roman
general was obliged to conquer the different cities one by one, and
to gain their submission by poisoning the waters which were conveyed
to their houses till the whole was reduced into the form of a
dependent province. The capital of the kingdom of Pergamus was famous
for a library of 200,000 volumes, which had been collected by the
different monarchs who had reigned there. This noble collection was
afterwards transported to Egypt by Cleopatra, with the permission of
Antony, and it adorned and enriched the Alexandrian library, till it
was most fatally destroyed by the Saracens, A.D. 642. Parchment was
first invented and made use of at Pergamus, to transcribe books, as
Ptolemy king of Egypt had forbidden the exportation of papyrus from
his kingdom, in order to prevent Eumenes from making a library as
valuable and as choice as that of Alexandria. From this circumstance
parchment has been called _charta pergamena_. Galenus the physician
and Apollodorus the mythologist were born there. Æsculapius was the
chief deity of the country. _Pliny_, bks. 5 & 15.――_Isidorus_, bk. 6,
ch. 11.――_Strabo_, bk. 13.――_Livy_, bk. 29, ch. 11; bk. 31, ch. 46.
――_Pliny_, bk. 10, ch. 21; bk. 13, ch. 11.――――A son of Neoptolemus
and Andromache, who, as some suppose, founded Pergamus in Asia.
_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 11.

♦ ‘Enmenes’ replaced with ‘Eumenes’

=Perge=, a town of Pamphylia, where Diana had a magnificent temple,
whence her surname of Pergæa. Apollonius the geometrician was born
there. _Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 14.――_Strabo_, bk. 14.

=Pergus=, a lake of Sicily near Enna, where Proserpine was carried away
by Pluto. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 386.