Chapter D (8)

=Titus Quinctius Flāmĭnius=, or =Flaminīnus=, a celebrated Roman
raised to the consulship, A.U.C. 556. He was trained in the art
of war against Annibal, and he showed himself capable in every
respect to discharge with honour the great office with which he
was entrusted. He was sent at the head of the Roman troops against
Philip king of Macedonia, and in his expedition he met with uncommon
success. The Greeks gradually declared themselves his firmest
supporters, and he totally defeated Philip on the confines of Epirus,
and made all Locris, Phocis, and Thessaly tributary to the Roman
power. He granted peace to the conquered monarch, and proclaimed all
Greece free and independent at the Isthmian games. This celebrated
action procured the name of patrons of Greece to the Romans, and
insensibly paved their way to universal dominion. Flaminius behaved
among them with the greatest policy, and by his ready compliance
with their national customs and prejudices he gained uncommon
popularity, and received the name of father and deliverer of Greece.
He was afterwards sent ambassador to king Prusias, who had given
refuge to Annibal, and there his prudence and artifice hastened
out of the world a man who had long been the terror of the Romans.
Flaminius was found dead in his bed, after a life spent in the
greatest glory, in which he had imitated with success the virtues of
his model Scipio. _Plutarch_, _Parallel Lives_.――_Florus._――――Lucius,
the brother of the preceding, signalized himself in the wars of
Greece. He was expelled from the senate for killing a Gaul, by
Cato, his brother’s colleague in the censorship, an action which was
highly resented by Titus. _Plutarch_, _Flaminius_.――――Calp. Flamma,
a tribune, who at the head of 300 men saved the Roman army in Sicily,
B.C. 258, by engaging the Carthaginians and cutting them to pieces.

=Flanaticus sinus=, a bay of the Flanates, in Liburnia on the Adriatic,
now the gulf of _Carnero_. _Pliny_, bk. 3, chs. 19 & 21.

=Flāvia lex=, _agraria_, by Lucius Flavius, A.U.C. 693, for the
distribution of a certain quantity of lands among Pompey’s soldiers
and the commons.

=Flāviānum=, a town of Etruria, on the Tiber, called also Flavinium.
_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 696.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 492.

=Flāvinia=, a town of Latium, which assisted Turnus against Æneas.
_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 696.

=Flavius=, a senator who conspired with Piso against Nero, &c.
_Tacitus._――――A tribune of the people deposed by Julius Cæsar.――――A
Roman who informed Gracchus of the violent measures of the senate
against him.――――A brother of Vespasian, &c.――――A tribune who wounded
one of Annibal’s elephants in an engagement.――――A schoolmaster at
Rome in the age of Horace. Bk. 1, satire 6, li. 72.――――One of the
names of the emperor Domitian. _Juvenal_, satire 4, li. 37.

=Flevus=, the right branch of the Rhine, which formed a large lake on
its falling into the sea called _Flevo_, now _Zuider-Zee_. It was
afterwards called _Helium_, now _Ulie_, when its breadth became more
contracted, and a fort erected there obtained the name of _Flevum
Frisiorum_. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 2, ch. 6; bk. 4, li. 72.
――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 15.――_Mela_, bk. 3, ch. 2.

=Flōra=, the goddess of flowers and gardens among the Romans, the same
as the Chloris of the Greeks. Some suppose that she was originally
a common courtesan, who left to the Romans the immense riches which
she had acquired by prostitution and lasciviousness, in remembrance
of which a yearly festival was instituted in her honour. She was
worshipped even among the Sabines, long before the foundation of
Rome, and likewise among the Phoceans, who built Marseilles long
before the existence of the capital of Italy. Tatius was the first
who raised her a temple in the city of Rome. It is said that she
married Zephyrus, and that she received from him the privilege of
presiding over flowers, and of enjoying perpetual youth. _See:_
Floralia. She was represented as crowned with flowers, and holding
in her hand the horn of plenty. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 5, li. 195, &c.
_Varro_, _de Re Rustica_, bk. 1.――_Lactantius_, bk. 1, ch. 20.――――A
celebrated courtesan passionately loved by Pompey the Great. She was
so beautiful, that when the temple of Castor and Pollux at Rome was
adorned with paintings, her picture was drawn and placed amongst the
rest.――――Another courtesan, &c. _Juvenal_, satire 2, li. 49.

=Florālia=, games in honour of Flora at Rome. They were instituted
about the age of Romulus, but they were not celebrated with
regularity and proper attention till the year ♦A.U.C. 580. They
were observed yearly, and exhibited a scene of the most unbounded
licentiousness. It is reported that Cato wished once to be present
at the celebration, and that when he saw that the deference for
his presence interrupted the feast, he retired, not choosing to
be the spectator of the prostitution of naked women in a public
theatre. This behaviour so captivated the degenerate Romans, that
the venerable senator was treated with the most uncommon applause as
he retired. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 2, ch. 10.――_Varro_, _de Lingua
Latina_, bk. 1.――_Paterculus_, ch. 1.――_Pliny_, bk. 18, ch. 29.

♦ ‘U.C.’ replaced with ‘A.U.C.’

=Flōrentia=, a town of Italy on the Arnus, now _Florence_, the capital
of Tuscany. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 1, ch. 79.――_Florus_, bk. 3,
ch. 21.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5.

=Floriānus=, a man who wore the imperial purple at Rome only for two
months, A.D. 276.

=Flōrus Lucius Annæus Julius=, a Latin historian of the same family
which produced Seneca and Lucan, A.D. 116. He wrote an abridgment
of Roman annals in four books, composed in a florid and poetical
style, and rather a panegyric on many of the great actions of the
Romans than a faithful and correct recital of their history. He also
wrote poetry, and entered the lists against the emperor Adrian, who
satirically reproached him with frequenting taverns and places of
dissipation. The best editions of Florus are Duker’s, 2 vols., 8vo,
Leiden, 1722 & 1744; and that of J. Frid. Fischer, 8vo, Lipscomb,
1760.――――Julius, a friend of Horace, who accompanied Claudius Nero
in his military expeditions. The poet has addressed two epistles to
him.

=Fluōnia=, a surname of Juno Lucina, who under that appellation was
invoked by the Roman matrons to stop excessive discharges of blood.
_Festus_, _Lexicon of Festus_.

=Folia=, a woman of Ariminum, famous for her knowledge of poisonous
herbs and for her petulance. _Horace_, epode 5, li. 42.

=Fons solis=, a fountain in the province of Cyrene, cool at mid-day,
and warm at the rising and setting of the sun. _Herodotus_, bk. 4,
ch. 181.

=Fontānus=, a poet mentioned by _Ovid_, _ex Ponto_, bk. 4, poem 16.

=Fontēia=, a vestal virgin. _Cicero._

=Fontēius Capito=, an intimate friend of Horace. Bk. 1, satire 5,
li. 32.――――A Roman who raised commotions in Germany after the
death of Nero. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 1, ch. 7.――――A man who
conducted Cleopatra into Syria by order of Antony. _Plutarch_,
_Antonius_.

=Formiæ=, a maritime town of Campania at the south-east of Caieta. It
was anciently the abode of the Læstrygones, and it became known for
its excellent wines, and was called _Mamurrarum urbs_, from a family
of consequence and opulence who lived there. _Livy_, bk. 8, ch. 14;
bk. 38, ch. 36.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 20, li. 11; bk. 3, ode 17;
bk. 1, satire 5, li. 37.――_Pliny_, bk. 36, ch. 6.

=Formiānum=, a villa of Cicero near Formiæ, near which the orator was
assassinated. _Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 11, ltr. 27;
bk. 16, ltr. 10.――_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 16, ch. 10.

=Formio=, now _Risano_, a river of Istria, the ancient boundary of
Italy eastward, afterwards extended to the Arsia. _Pliny_, bk. 3,
chs. 18 & 19.

=Fornax=, a goddess at Rome, who presided over the baking of bread.
Her festivals, called _Fornacalia_, were first instituted by Numa.
_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 2, li. 525.

=Foro Appii=, a people of Italy, whose capital was called _Forum
Appii_. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5.

=Fortūna=, a powerful deity among the ancients, daughter of Oceanus
according to Homer, or one of the Parcæ according to Pindar. She was
the goddess of fortune, and from her hand were derived riches and
poverty, pleasures and misfortunes, blessings and pains. She was
worshipped in different parts of Greece, and in Achaia her statue
held the horn of plenty in one hand, and had a winged Cupid at its
feet. In Bœotia she had a statue which represented her as holding
Plutus the god of riches in her arms, to intimate that fortune is
the source whence wealth and honours flow. Bupalus was the first
who made a statue of Fortune for the people of Smyrna, and he
represented her with the polar star upon her head, and the horn
of plenty in her hand. The Romans paid particular attention to the
goddess of Fortune, and had no less than eight different temples
erected to her honour in their city. Tullus Hostilius was the first
who built her a temple, and from that circumstance it is easily
known when her worship was first introduced among the Romans. Her
most famous temple in Italy was at Antium, in Latium, where presents
and offerings were regularly sent from every part of the country.
Fortune has been called Pherepolis the protectress of cities,
and Acrea from the temple of Corinth on an eminence, ἀκρος. She
was called Prænestine at Præneste in Italy, where she had also a
temple. Besides, she was worshipped among the Romans under different
names, such as Female fortune, Virile fortune, Equestrian, Evil,
Peaceful, Virgin, &c. On the 1st of April, which was consecrated
to Venus among the Romans, the Italian widows and marriageable
virgins assembled in the temple of Virile fortune, and after burning
incense and stripping themselves of their garments, they entreated
the goddess to hide from the eyes of their husbands whatever defects
there might be on their bodies. The goddess of fortune is represented
on ancient monuments with a horn of plenty, and sometimes two in
her hands. She is blindfolded, and generally holds a wheel in her
hands as an emblem of her inconstancy. Sometimes she appears with
wings, and treads upon the prow of a ship, and holds a rudder in
her hands. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 4.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_,
bk. 6, li. 569.――_Plutarch_, _de Fortuna Romanorum_ & _Caius Marcius
Coriolanus_.――_Cicero_, _de Divinatione_, bk. 2.――_Livy_, bk. 10.
――_Augustine_, _City of God_, bk. 4.――_Florus_, bk. 1.――_Valerius
Maximus_, bk. 1, ch. 5.――_Lucan_, bk. 2, &c.

=Fortūnātæ insulæ=, islands at the west of Mauritania in the Atlantic
sea. They are supposed to be the _Canary_ isles of the moderns,
thought to be only two in number, at a little distance one from
the other, and 10,000 stadia from the shores of Libya. They
were represented as the seats of the blessed, where the souls of
the virtuous were placed after death. The air was wholesome and
temperate, and the earth produced an immense number of various
fruits without the labours of men. When they had been described to
Sertorius in the most enchanting colours, that celebrated general
expressed a wish to retire thither, and to remove himself from
the noise of the world, and the dangers of war. _Strabo_, bk. 1.
――_Plutarch_, _Sertorius_.――_Horace_, bk. 4, ode 8, li. 27; epode 16.
――_Pliny_, bk. 6, chs. 31 & 32.

=Fŏrŭli=, a town of the Sabines, built on a stony place. _Strabo_,
bk. 5.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 714.

=Forum appii=, a town of Latium on the Appia Via. _Cicero_, bk. 1,
_Letters to Atticus_, ltr. 10.――_Horace_, bk. 1, satire 3, li. 3.
――――Augustum, a place at Rome. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 5, li. 552.
――――Allieni, a town of Italy, now _Ferrara_. _Tacitus_, _Histories_,
bk. 3, ch. 6.――――Aurelia, a town of Etruria, now _Montalto_.
_Cicero_, _Against Catiline_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――――Claudii, another
in Etruria, now _Oriolo_.――――Cornelii, another, now _Imola_, in
the Pope’s dominions. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 16.――_Cicero_, _Letters
to his Friends_, bk. 12, ltr. 5.――――Domitii, a town of Gaul,
now _Frontignan_, in Languedoc.――――Voconii, a town of Gaul, now
_Gonsaron_, between Antibes and Marseilles. _Cicero_, _Letters to
his Friends_, bk. 10, ltr. 17.――――Lepidi, a town of ancient Gaul,
south of the Po.――――Popilii, another at the south of Ravenna, on the
Adriatic.――――Flaminii, a town of Umbria, now _San Giavane_. _Pliny_,
bk. 3, ch. 14.――――Gallorum, a town of Gaul Togata, now _Castel
Franco_, in the Bolognese. _Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_,
bk. 10, ltr. 30.――――Also a town of Venice called _Forojuliensis
urbs_, now _Friuli_. _Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 12,
ltr. 26.――――Julium, a town of Gaul Narbonensis, now _Frejus_, in
Provence. _Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 10, ltr. 17.
――_Strabo_, bk. 4.――――Lebnorum, a town of Insubria. _Polybius._
――――Sempronii, a town of Umbria, &c. Many other places bore the
name of _Forum_ wherever there was a public market, or rather where
the pretor held his court of justice (_forum vel conventus_), and
thence they were called sometimes _conventus_ as well as _fora_,
into which provinces were generally divided under the administration
of a separate governor. _Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 2, ch. 20;
bk. 4, ch. 48; bk. 5, ch. 11; _Against Vatinius_, ch. 5; _Letters
to his Friends_, bk. 3, ltrs. 6 & 8; _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 5,
ltr. 21.

=Fosi=, a people of Germany near the Elbe, considered as the Saxons of
Ptolemy. _Tacitus_, _Germania_, ch. 36.

=Fossa=, the straits of _Bonifacio_ between Corsica and Sardinia,
called also Taphros. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 6.――――Drusi, or Drusiana,
a canal eight miles in length, opened by Drusus from the Rhine to
the Issel, below the separation of the Waal. _Suetonius_, _Claudius_,
ch. 1.――_Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 5, ch. 23.――――Mariana, a canal
cut by Marius from the Rhone to Marseilles during the Cimbrian war,
and now called _Galejon_. Sometimes the word is used in the plural,
_Fossæ_, as if more than one canal had been formed by Marius.
_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 4.――_Strabo_, bk. 4.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 5.

=Fossæ Philistinæ=, one of the mouths of the Po. _Tacitus_,
_Histories_, bk. 3, ch. 9.

=Franci=, a people of Germany and Gaul, whose country was called
Francia. _Claudian._

=Fraus=, a divinity worshipped among the Romans, daughter of Orcus and
Night. She presided over treachery, &c.

=Frĕgella=, a famous town of the Volsci, in Italy, on the Liris,
destroyed for revolting from the Romans, _Silius Italicus_, bk. 5,
li. 452.――_Livy_, bk. 8, ch. 22; bk. 27, ch. 10, &c.――_Cicero_,
_Letters to his Friends_, bk. 13, ltr. 76.

=Fregēnæ=, a town of Etruria. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5.

=Frentāni=, a people of Italy, near Apulia, who received their name
from the river _Frento_, now _Fortore_, which runs through the
eastern part of their country, and falls into the Adriatic opposite
the islands of Diomede. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 11.――_Livy_, bk. 9,
ch. 45.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 520.

=Fretum= (_the sea_), is sometimes applied by eminence to the Sicilian
sea, or the straits of Messina. _Cæsar_, _Civil War_, bk. 1, ch. 29.
――_Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 26.――_Cicero_, bk. 2, _Letters to Atticus_,
ltr. 1.

=Frigĭdus=, a river of Tuscany.

=Frisii=, a people of Germany near the Rhine, now the _Frisons of
Friesland_. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 1, ch. 60; _Histories_, bk. 4,
chs. 15 & 72; _Germania_, ch. 36.

=Sextus Julius Frontīnus=, a celebrated geometrician, who made himself
known by the books which he wrote on aqueducts and stratagems
dedicated to Trajan. He ordered at his death that no monument should
be raised to his memory, saying _memoria nostri durabit, si vitam
meruimus_. The best edition of Frontinus is that of Oudendorp, 8vo,
Leiden, 1779.

=Fronto=, a preceptor of Marcus Antoninus, by whom he was greatly
esteemed.――――Julius, a learned Roman, who was so partial to the
company of poets, that he lent them his house and gardens, which
continually re-echoed the compositions of his numerous visitors.
_Juvenal_, satire 1, li. 12.

=Frŭsĭno=, a small town of the Volsci on one of the branches of
the Liris. _Juvenal_, satire 3, li. 223.――_Livy_, bk. 10, ch. 1.
――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 399.――_Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_,
bk. 11, ltrs. 4 & 13.

=Fūcĭnus=, a lake of Italy in the country of the Marsi, at the north
of the Liris, attempted to be drained by Julius Cæsar and afterwards
by Claudius, by whom 30,000 men were employed for 11 years to
perforate a mountain to convey the water into the Liris, but with
no permanent success. The lake, surrounded by a ridge of high
mountains, is now called _Celano_, and is supposed to be 47 miles in
circumference, and not more than 12 feet deep on an average. _Pliny_,
bk. 36, ch. 15.――_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 12, ch. 56.――_Virgil_,
_Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 759.

=Fufĭdius=, a wretched usurer, &c. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 2.

=Fufius Geminus=, a man greatly promoted by the interest of Livia, &c.
_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 5, chs. 1 & 2.

=Fugalia=, festivals at Rome to celebrate the flight of the Tarquins.

=Fulgĭnātes= (singular, Fulginas), a people of Umbria, whose chief
town was Fulginum, now _Foligno_. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 462.
――_Pliny_, bk. 1, ch. 4; bk. 3, ch. 14.

=Q. Fulgīnus=, a brave officer in Cæsar’s legions, &c. _Cæsar_, _Civil
War_.

=Fulgōra=, a goddess at Rome who presided over lightning. She was
addressed to save her votaries from the effects of violent storms of
thunder. _Augustine_, _City of God_, bk. 6, ch. 10.

=Fullinum= and =Fulginum=, a small town of Umbria.

=Fulvia lex=, was proposed but rejected A.U.C. 628, by Flaccus Fulvius.
It tended to make all the people of Italy citizens of Rome.

=Fulvia=, a bold and ambitious woman who married the tribune Clodius,
and afterwards Curio, and at last Marcus Antony. She took a part in
all the intrigues of her husband’s triumvirate, and showed herself
cruel as well as revengeful. When Cicero’s head had been cut off
by order of Antony, Fulvia ordered it to be brought to her, and
with all the insolence of barbarity, she bored the orator’s tongue
with her golden bodkin. Antony divorced her to marry Cleopatra, upon
which she attempted to avenge her wrongs, by persuading Augustus
to take up arms against her husband. When this scheme did not
succeed, she raised a faction against Augustus, in which she engaged
Lucius Antonius her brother-in-law, and when all her attempts proved
fruitless, she retired into the east, where her husband received
her with great coldness and indifference. This unkindness totally
broke her heart, and she soon after died, about 40 years before the
christian era. _Plutarch_, _Cicero_ & _Antonius_.――――A woman who
discovered to Cicero the designs of Catiline upon his life.
_Plutarch_, _Cicero_.

=Fulvius=, a Roman senator, intimate with Augustus. He disclosed the
emperor’s secrets to his wife, who made it public to all the Roman
matrons, for which he received so severe a reprimand from Augustus,
that he and his wife hanged themselves in despair.――――A friend of
Caius Gracchus, who was killed in a sedition with his son. His body
was thrown into the river, and his widow was forbidden to put on
mourning for his death. _Plutarch_, _Gracchus_.――――Flaccus Censor, a
Roman who plundered a marble temple of Juno, to finish the building
of one which he had erected to Fortune. He was always unhappy after
this sacrilege. _Livy_, bk. 25, ch. 2.――――Servius Nobilior, a Roman
consul who went to Africa after the defeat of Regulus. After he had
acquired much glory against the Carthaginians, he was shipwrecked
at his return with 200 Roman ships. His grandson Marcus was sent
to Spain, where he greatly signalized himself. He was afterwards
rewarded with the consulship.

=Fundānus=, a lake near Fundi in Italy, which discharges itself into
the Mediterranean. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 3, ch. 96.

=Fundi=, a town of Italy near Caieta, on the Appian road, at the
bottom of a small deep bay called _Lacus Fundanus_. _Horace_, bk. 1,
satire 5, li. 34.――_Livy_, bk. 8, chs. 14 & 19; bk. 38, ch. 36.
――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5.――_Cicero_, _De Lege Agraria contra Rullum_,
bk. 2, ch. 25.――_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 4, ch. 59.――_Strabo_, bk. 5.

=Fŭriæ=, the three daughters of Nox and Acheron, or of Pluto and
Proserpine, according to some. _See:_ Eumenides.

=Fŭrii=, a family which migrated from Medullia in Latium, and came to
settle at Rome under Romulus, and was admitted among the patricians.
Camillus was of this family, and it was he who first raised it to
distinction. _Plutarch_, _Camillus_.

=Fŭria lex=, _de Testamentis_, by C. Furius the tribune. It forbade
any person to leave as a legacy more than 1000 _asses_, except
to the relations of the master who manumitted, with a few more
exceptions. _Cicero_, bk. 1, _Against Verres_, ch. 42.――_Livy_,
bk. 35.

=Furīna=, the goddess of robbers, worshipped at Rome. Some say that
she is the same as the Furies. Her festivals were called Furinalia.
_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 8.――_Varro_, _de Lingua
Latina_, bk. 5, ch. 3.

=Furius=, a military tribune with Camillus. He was sent against the
Tuscans by his colleague.――――A Roman slave who obtained his freedom,
and applied himself with unremitted attention to cultivate a small
portion of land which he had purchased. The uncommon fruits which
he reaped from his labours rendered his neighbours jealous of his
prosperity. He was accused before a Roman tribunal of witchcraft,
but honourably acquitted.――――Marcus Bibaculus, a Latin poet of
Cremona, who wrote annals in Iambic verse, and was universally
celebrated for the wit and humour of his expressions. It is said
that Virgil imitated his poetry, and even borrowed some of his lines.
Horace, however, has not failed to ridicule his verses. _Quintilian_,
bk. 8, ch. 6, &c.――_Horace_, bk. 2, satire 5, li. 40.

=Furnius=, a man accused of adultery with Claudia Pulchra, and
condemned, &c. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 4, li. 52.――――A friend
of Horace, who was consul, and distinguished himself by his elegant
historical writings. Bk. 1, satire 10, li. 36.

=Aristotle Fuscus=, a friend of Horace, as conspicuous for the
integrity and propriety of his manners, as for his learning and
abilities. The poet addressed his 22nd Ode, bk. 1 & bk. 1, ltr. 10,
to him.――――Cornelius, a pretor sent by Domitian against the Daci,
where he perished. _Juvenal_, satire 4, li. 112.

=Fusia lex=, _de Comitiis_, A.U.C. 527, forbade any business to
be transacted at the public assemblies on certain days, though
among the _fasti_.――――Another, A.U.C. 690, which ordained that the
votes in a public assembly should be given separately.――――Caninia,
another by Camillus and C. Caninius Galbus, A.U.C. 751, to check the
manumission of slaves.

=Fusius=, a Roman orator. _Cicero_, bk. 2, _On Oratory_, ch. 22.――――A
Roman, killed in Gaul, while he presided there over one of the
provinces. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 7, ch. 3.――――A Roman actor,
whom Horace ridicules, bk. 2, satire 3, li. 60. He intoxicated
himself; and when on the stage he fell asleep whilst he personated
Ilione, where he ought to have been roused and moved by the cries of
a ghost; but in vain.

G

=Gabales=, a people of Aquitain. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 19.

=Gabaza=, a country of Asia, near Sogdiana. _Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 4.

=Gabellus=, now _La Secchia_, a river falling in a northern direction
into the Po, opposite the Mincius. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 16.

=Gabēne= and =Gabiēne=, a country of Persia. _Diodorus_, bk. 19.

=Gabia= and =Gabina=. _See:_ Gabina.

=Găbiēnus=, a friend of Augustus, beheaded by order of Sextus Pompey.
It is maintained that he spoke after death.

=Găbii=, a city of the Volsci, built by the kings of Alba, but now
no longer in existence. It was taken by the artifice of Sextus the
son of Tarquin, who gained the confidence of the inhabitants by
deserting to them, and pretending that his father had ill-treated
him. Romulus and Remus were educated there, as it was the custom at
that time to send there the young nobility, and Juno was the chief
deity of the place. The inhabitants had a peculiar mode of tucking
up their dress, whence _Gabinus cinctus_. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6,
li. 773; bk. 7, lis. 612 & 682.――_Livy_, bk. 5, ch. 46; bk. 6, ch.
29; bk. 8, ch. 9; bk. 10, ch. 7.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 2, li. 709.
――_Plutarch_, _Romulus_.

=Găbīna=, the name of Juno, worshipped at Gabii. _Virgil_, _Æneid_,
bk. 7, li. 682.

=Găbīnia lex=, _de Comitiis_, by Aulus Gabinius the tribune, A.U.C.
614. It required that in the public assemblies for electing
magistrates, the votes should be given by tablets, and not _vivâ
voce_.――――Another, for convening daily the senate, from the calends
of February to those of March.――――Another, _de Comitiis_, which
made it a capital punishment to convene any clandestine assembly,
agreeable to the old law of the 12 tables.――――Another, _de Militiâ_,
by Aulus Gabinius the tribune, A.U.C. 685. It granted Pompey the
power of carrying on the war against the pirates, during three
years, and of obliging all kings, governors, and states to supply
him with all the necessaries he wanted, over all the Mediterranean
sea, and in the maritime provinces, as far as 400 stadia from the
sea.――――Another, _de Usurâ_, by Aulus Gabinius the tribune, A.U.C.
685. It ordained that no action should be granted for the recovery
of any money borrowed upon small interest, to be lent upon larger.
This was a usual practice at Rome, which obtained the name of
_versuram facere_.――――Another, against fornication.

=Gabiniānus=, a rhetorician in the reign of Vespasian.

=Găbīnius=, a Roman historian.――――Aulus, a Roman consul, who made war
in Judæa, and re-established tranquillity there. He suffered himself
to be bribed, and replaced Ptolemy Auletes on the throne of Egypt.
He was accused, at his return, of receiving bribes. Cicero, at the
request of Pompey, ably defended him. He was banished, and died
about 40 years before Christ, at Salona.――――A lieutenant of Antony.
――――A consul, who behaved with uncommon rudeness to Cicero.

=Gades= (ium), =Gadis= (is), and =Gadīra=, a small island in the
Atlantic, on the Spanish coast, 25 miles from the columns of
Hercules. It was some time called _Tartessus_ and _Erythia_,
according to Pliny, and is now known by the name of _Cadiz_. Geryon,
whom Hercules killed, fixed his residence there. Hercules, surnamed
_Gaditanus_, had there a celebrated temple, in which all his labours
were engraved with excellent workmanship. The inhabitants were
called _Gaditani_, and their women were known for their agility
of body, and their incontinency. _Horace_, bk. 2, ode 2, li. 11.
――_Statius_, bk. 3, _Sylvæ_, poem 1, li. 183.――_Livy_, bk. 21,
ch. 21; bk. 24, ch. 49; bk. 26, ch. 43.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 23.
――_Strabo_, bk. 3.――_Cicero_, _for Cornelius Balbus_.――_Justin_,
bk. 44, ch. 4.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 35.――_Ptolemy_, bk. 2,
ch. 4.――_Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 2.

=Gādītānus=, a surname of Hercules, from Gades. _See:_ Gades.

=Gæsātæ=, a people on the Rhone, who assisted the Senones in taking
and plundering Rome under Brennus. _Strabo_, bk. 5.

=Gætūlia=, a country of Libya, near the Garamantes, which formed
part of king Masinissa’s kingdom. The country was the favourite
retreat of wild beasts, and is now called _Bildulgerid_. _Sallust_,
_Jugurthine War_.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 287.――_Pliny_,
bk. 5, ch. 4.

=Gætūlĭcus, Cnæus Lentulus=, an officer in the age of Tiberius,
&c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 4, ch. 42.――――A poet who wrote some
epigrams in which he displayed great genius, and more wit, though
he often indulged in indelicate expressions.

=Gala=, father of Masinissa, was king of Numidia.

=Galăbrii=, a nation near Thrace.

=Galactophăgi=, a people of Asiatic Scythia. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 3.

=Galæsus.= _See:_ Galesus.

=Galanthis=, a servant-maid of Alcmena, whose sagacity eased the
labours of her mistress. When Juno resolved to retard the birth
of Hercules, and hasten the labours of the wife of Sthenelus, she
solicited the aid of Lucina; who immediately repaired to the house
of Alcmena, and in the form of an old woman, sat near the door
with her legs crossed, and her fingers joined. In this posture she
uttered some magical words, which served to prolong the labours
of Alcmena, and render her state the more miserable. Alcmena had
already passed some days in the most excruciating torments, when
Galanthis began to suspect the jealousy of Juno; and concluded
that the old woman, who continued at the door always in the same
unchanged posture, was the instrument of the anger of the goddess.
With such suspicions Galanthis ran out of the house, and with a
countenance expressive of joy, she informed the old woman that her
mistress had just brought forth. Lucina, at the words, rose from her
posture, and that instant Alcmena was safely delivered. The uncommon
laugh which Galanthis raised upon this, made Lucina suspect that she
had been deceived. She seized Galanthis by the hair, and threw her
on the ground; and while she attempted to resist, she was changed
into a weasel, and condemned to bring forth her young, in the most
agonizing pains, by the mouth, by which she had uttered falsehood.
This transformation alludes to a vulgar notion among the ancients,
who believed this of the weasel, because she carries her young in
her mouth, and continually shifts from place to place. The Bœotians
paid great veneration to the weasel, which, as they supposed,
facilitated the labours of Alcmena. _Ælian_, _De Natura Animalium_,
bk. 2.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, fable 6.

=Galăta=, a town of Syria.――――An island near Sicily.――――A town of
Sicily.――――A mountain of Phocis.

=Gălătæ=, the inhabitants of Galatia. _See:_ Galatia.

=Gălătæa= and =Galathæa=, a sea-nymph, daughter of Nereus and Doris.
She was passionately loved by the Cyclops Polyphemus, whom she
treated with coolness and disdain; while Acis, a shepherd of Sicily,
enjoyed her unbounded affection. The happiness of these two lovers
was disturbed by the jealousy of the Cyclops, who crushed his rival
to pieces with a piece of a broken rock, while he sat in the bosom
of Galatæa. Galatæa was inconsolable for the loss of Acis, and as
she could not restore him to life, she changed him into a fountain.
_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 789.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9,
li. 103.――――The daughter of a Celtic king, from whom the Gauls were
called Galatæ. _Ammianus_, bk. 15.――――A country girl, &c. _Virgil_,
_Eclogues_, poem 3.

=Gălătia=, or =Gallogræcia=, a country of Asia Minor, between Phrygia,
the Euxine, Cappadocia, and Bithynia. It received its name from the
Gauls, who migrated there under Brennus, some time after the sacking
of Rome. _Strabo_, bk. 12.――_Justin_, bk. 37, ch. 4.――_Livy_, bk. 38,
chs. 12, 40.――_Lucan_, bk. 7, li. 540.――_Cicero_, bk. 6, _Letters to
Atticus_, ltr. 5.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 32.――_Ptolemy_, bk. 5, ch. 4.
――――The name of ancient Gaul among the Greeks.

=Galaxia=, a festival, in which they boiled a mixture of barley, pulse,
and milk, called Γαλαξια by the Greeks.

=Galba=, a surname of the first of the Sulpicii, from the smallness of
his stature. The word signifies a small worm, or according to some,
it implies, in the language of Gaul, fatness, for which the founder
of the Sulpician family was remarkable.――――A king among the Gauls,
who made war against Julius Cæsar. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 2, ch.
4.――――A brother of the emperor Galba, who killed himself, &c.――――A
mean buffoon, in the age of Tiberius. _Juvenal_, satire 5, li. 4.
――――Servius, a lawyer at Rome, who defended the cause of adulterers
with great warmth, as being one of the fraternity. Horace ridicules
him, bk. 1, satire 2, li. 46.――――Servius Sulpicius, a Roman who
rose gradually to the greatest offices of the state, and exercised
his power in the provinces with equity and unremitted diligence.
He dedicated the greatest part of his time to solitary pursuits,
chiefly to avoid the suspicions of Nero. His disapprobation of the
emperor’s oppressive command in the provinces, was the cause of new
disturbances. Nero ordered him to be put to death, but he escaped
from the hands of the executioner, and was publicly saluted emperor.
When he was seated on the throne, he suffered himself to be governed
by favourites, who exposed to sale the goods of the citizens to
gratify their avarice. Exemptions were sold at a high price, and
the crime of murder was blotted out, and impunity purchased with a
large sum of money. Such irregularities in the emperor’s ministers
greatly displeased the people; and when Galba refused to pay the
soldiers the money which he had promised them when he was raised
to the throne, they assassinated him in the 73rd year of his age,
and in the eighth of his reign, and proclaimed Otho emperor in his
room, January 16th, A.D. 69. The virtues which had shone so bright
in Galba, when a private man, totally disappeared when he ascended
the
throne; and he who showed himself the most impartial judge, forgot
the duties of an emperor, and of a father of his people. _Suetonius_
& _Plutarch_, _Lives_.――_Tacitus._――――A learned man, grandfather
to the emperor of the same name. _Suetonius_, _Galba_, ch. 4.
――――Sergius, a celebrated orator before the age of Cicero. He showed
his sons to the Roman people, and implored their protection by which
means he saved himself from the punishment which either his guilt or
the persuasive eloquence of his adversaries, Marcus Cato and Lucius
Scribonius, urged as due to him. _Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 1,
ch. 53; _Rhetorica ad Herennium_, bk. 4, ch. 5.

=Galēnus Claudius=, a celebrated physician in the age of Marcus
Antoninus and his successors, born at Pergamus, the son of an
architect. He applied himself with unremitted labour to the study
of philosophy, mathematics, and chiefly of physic. He visited the
most learned seminaries of Greece and Egypt; and at last came to
Rome, where he soon rendered himself famous by his profession. Many,
astonished at his cures, attributed them to magic, and said that
he had received all his knowledge from enchantments. He was very
intimate with Marcus Aurelius the emperor, after whose death he
returned to Pergamus, where he died, in his 90th year, A.D. 193.
He wrote no less than 300 volumes, the greatest part of which were
burnt in the temple of Peace at Rome, where they had been deposited.
Galenus confessed himself greatly indebted to the writings of
Hippocrates for his medical knowledge, and bestowed great encomiums
upon him. To the diligence, application, and experiments of these
two celebrated physicians, the moderns are indebted for many useful
discoveries; yet often their opinions are ill-grounded, their
conclusions hasty, and their reasoning false. What remains of the
works of Galen has been published, without a Latin translation, in 5
vols., folio, Basil. 1538. Galen was likewise edited, together with
Hippocrates, by Charterius, 13 vols., folio, Paris, 1679, but very
incorrect.

=Galeolæ=, certain prophets in Sicily. _Cicero._

=Galeria=, one of the Roman tribes.――――The wife of Vitellius. _Cæsar._
――_Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 2, ch. 60.――――Faustina, the wife of
the emperor Antoninus Pius.

=Gălērius=, a native of Dacia, made emperor of Rome by Diocletian.
_See:_ Maximianus.

=Gălēsus=, now _Galeso_, a river of Calabria, flowing into the bay
of Tarentum. The poets have celebrated it for the shady groves in
its neighbourhood, and the fine sheep which feed on its fertile
banks, and whose fleeces were said to be rendered soft when they
bathed in the stream. _Martial_, bk. 2, ltr. 43; bk. 4, ltr. 28.
――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 126.――_Horace_, bk. 2, ode 6,
li. 10.――――A rich person of Latium, killed as he attempted to make a
reconciliation between the Trojans and Rutulians, when Ascanius had
killed the favourite stag of Tyrrheus; which was the prelude to all
the enmities between the hostile nations. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7,
li. 335.

=Galilæa=, a celebrated country of Syria, often mentioned in Scripture.

=Galinthiadia=, a festival at Thebes, in honour of Galinthias,
a daughter of Prœtus. It was celebrated before the festival of
Hercules, by whose orders it was first instituted.

=Galli=, a nation of Europe, naturally fierce, and inclined to war.
They were very superstitious, and in their sacrifices they often
immolated human victims. In some places they had large statues made
with twigs, which they filled with men, and reduced to ashes. They
believed themselves descended from Pluto; and from that circumstance
they always reckoned their time not by the days, as other nations,
but by the nights. Their obsequies were splendid, and not only
the most precious things, but even slaves and oxen, were burnt
on the funeral pile. Children, among them, never appeared in the
presence of their fathers, before they were able to bear arms in the
defence of their country. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_.――_Strabo_, bk. 4.
――_Tacitus._ _See:_ Gallia.――――The priests of Cybele, who received
that name from the river Gallus, in Phrygia, where they celebrated
the festivals. They mutilated themselves, before they were admitted
to the priesthood, in imitation of Atys the favourite of Cybele.
_See:_ Atys. The chief among them was called Archigallus, who in
his dress resembled a woman, and carried suspended to his neck a
large collar, with two representations of the head of Atys. _See:_
Corybantes, Dactyli, &c. _Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4,
li. 36.――_Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 466.――_Lucian_, _de Deâ Syriâ_.

=Gallia=, a large country of Europe, called Galatia by the Greeks. The
inhabitants were called _Galli_, _Celtiberi_, and _Celtoscythæ_, by
themselves _Celtæ_, by the Greeks _Galatæ_. Ancient Gaul was divided
into four different parts by the Romans, called Gallia Belgica,
Narbonensis, Aquitania, and Celtica. Gallia _Belgia_ was the largest
province, bounded by Germany, Gallia Narbonensis, and the German
ocean; and contained the modern country of Alsace, Lorraine, Picardy
with part of the Low Countries, and of Champagne, and of the isle
of France. Gallia _Narbonensis_, which contained the provinces now
called Languedoc, Provence, Dauphinè, Savoy, was bounded by the Alps
and Pyrenean mountains, by Aquitania, Belgium, and the Mediterranean.
_Aquitania_ Gallia, now called the provinces of Poitou, Santonge,
Guienne, Berry, Perigord, Quercy, Limosin, Gascony, Auvergne, &c.,
was situate between the Garumna, the Pyrenean mountains, and the
ocean. Gallia _Celtica_, or _Lugdunensis_, was bounded by Belgium,
Gallia Narbonensis, the Alps, and the ocean. It contained the
country at present known by the name of Lyonnais, Touraine, Franche
Comté, Senenois, Switzerland, and part of Normandy. Besides these
great divisions, there is often mention made of Gallia Cisalpina,
or Citerior; Transalpina, or Ulterior, which refers to that part of
Italy which was conquered by some of the Gauls who crossed the Alps.
By Gallia _Cisalpina_, the Romans understood that part of Gaul which
lies in Italy; and by _Transalpina_, that which lies beyond the
Alps, in regard only to the inhabitants of Rome. Gallia _Cispadana_,
and _Transpadana_, is applied to a part of Italy, conquered by some
of the Gauls, and then it means the country on this side of the
Po, or beyond the Po, with respect to Rome. By Gallia _Togata_,
the Romans understood Cisalpine Gaul, where the Roman gowns, _togæ_,
were usually worn, as the inhabitants had been admitted to the rank
of citizenship at Rome. Gallia Narbonensis was called _Braccata_,
on account of the peculiar covering of the inhabitants for their
thighs. The epithet of _Comata_ is applied to Gallia Celtica, because
the people suffered their hair to grow to an uncommon length. The
inhabitants were great warriors; and their valour overcame the Roman
armies, took the city of Rome, and invaded Greece, in different ages.
They spread themselves over the greatest part of the world. They were
very superstitious in their religious ceremonies, and revered the
sacerdotal order as if they had been gods. _See:_ Druidæ. They long
maintained a bloody war against the Romans; and Cæsar resided 10
years in their country before he could totally subdue them. _Cæsar_,
_Gallic War_.――_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 6.――_Strabo_, bk. 5, &c.

=Gallicānus mons=, a mountain of Campania.

=Gallĭcus ager=, was applied to the country between Picenum and
Ariminum, whence the Galli Senones were banished, and which was
divided among the Roman citizens. _Livy_, bk. 23, ch. 14; bk. 39,
ch. 44.――_Cicero_, _Against Catiline_, bk. 2.――_Cæsar_, _Civil War_,
bk. 1, ch. 29.――――Sinus, a part of the Mediterranean on the coast of
Gaul, now called the gulf of Lyons.

=Galliēnus Publius Lucinius=, a son of the emperor Valerian. He
reigned conjointly with his father for seven years, and ascended
the throne as sole emperor, A.D. 260. In his youth he showed his
activity and military character, in an expedition against the
Germans and Sarmatæ; but when he came to the purple, he delivered
himself up to pleasure and indolence. His time was spent in the
greatest debauchery; and he indulged himself in the grossest and
most lascivious manner, and his palace displayed a scene, at once
of effeminacy and shame, voluptuousness and immorality. He often
appeared with his hair powdered with golden dust; and enjoyed
tranquillity at home, while his provinces abroad were torn by civil
quarrels and seditions. He heard of the loss of a rich province, and
of the execution of a malefactor, with the same indifference; and
when he was apprised that Egypt had revolted, he only observed, that
he could live without the produce of Egypt. He was of a disposition
naturally inclined to raillery and the ridicule of others. When
his wife had been deceived by a jeweller, Gallienus ordered the
malefactor to be placed in the circus, in expectation of being
exposed to the ferocity of a lion. While the wretch trembled at
the expectation of instant death, the executioner, by order of the
emperor, let loose a capon upon him. An uncommon laugh was raised
upon this, and the emperor observed, that he who had deceived
others should expect to be deceived himself. In the midst of these
ridiculous diversions, Gallienus was alarmed by the revolt of two of
his officers, who had assumed the imperial purple. This intelligence
roused him from his lethargy; he marched against his antagonists,
and put all the rebels to the sword, without showing the least
favour either to rank, sex, or age. These cruelties irritated the
people and the army; emperors were elected, and no less than 30
tyrants aspired to the imperial purple. Gallienus resolved boldly to
oppose his adversaries; but in the midst of his preparations he was
assassinated at Milan by some of his officers, in the 50th year of
his age, A.D. 268.

=Gallinaria sylva=, a wood near Cumæ in Italy, famous as being the
retreat of robbers. _Juvenal_, satire 3, li. 307.

=Gallipŏlis=, a fortified town of the Salentines, on the Ionian sea.

=Gallogræcia=, a country of Asia Minor, near Bithynia and Cappadocia.
It was inhabited by a colony of Gauls, who assumed the name of
_Gallogræci_, because a number of Greeks had accompanied them in
their emigration. _Strabo_, bk. 2.

=Caius Gallōnius=, a Roman knight appointed over Gades, &c.

=P. Gallōnius=, a luxurious Roman, who, as was observed, never dined
well, because he was never hungry. _Cicero_, _de Finibus Bonorum et
Malorum_, bk. 2, chs. 8 & 28.

=Gallus.= _See:_ Alectryon.――――A general of Otho, &c. _Plutarch._――――A
lieutenant of Sylla.――――An officer of Marcus Antony, &c.――――Caius, a
friend of the great Africanus, famous for his knowledge of astronomy,
and his exact calculation of eclipses. _Cicero_, _de Senectute_.
――――Ælius, the third governor of Egypt in the age of Augustus.
――――Cornelius, a Roman knight, who rendered himself famous by his
poetical, as well as military talents. He was passionately fond of
the slave Lycoris, or Cytheris, and celebrated her beauty in his
poetry. She proved ungrateful, and forsook him to follow Marcus
Antony, which gave occasion to Virgil to write his tenth eclogue.
Gallus, as well as the other poets of his age, was in the favour of
Augustus, by whom he was appointed over Egypt. He became forgetful
of the favours he received; he pillaged the province, and even
conspired against his benefactor, according to some accounts, for
which he was banished by the emperor. This disgrace operated so
powerfully upon him, that he killed himself in despair, A.D. 26.
Some few fragments remain of his poetry, and it seems that he
particularly excelled in elegiac compositions. It is said that
Virgil wrote a eulogium on his poetical friend, and inserted it
at the end of his Georgics; but that he totally suppressed it, for
fear of offending his imperial patron, of whose favours Gallus had
shown himself so undeserving, and instead of that he substituted
the beautiful episode about Aristæus and Eurydice. This eulogium,
according to some, was suppressed at the particular desire of
Augustus. _Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 8.――_Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poems
6 & 10.――_Ovid_, _Ars Amatoria_, bk. 3, poem 15, li. 29.――――Vibius
Gallus, a celebrated orator of Gaul in the age of Augustus, of
whose orations Seneca has preserved some fragments.――――A Roman who
assassinated Decius the emperor, and raised himself to the throne.
He showed himself indolent and cruel, and beheld with the greatest
indifference the revolt of his provinces, and the invasion of
his empire, by the barbarians. He was at last assassinated by his
soldiers, A.D. 253.――――Flavius Claudius Constantinus, a brother of
the emperor Julian, raised to the imperial throne under the title
of Cæsar, by Constantius his relation. He conspired against his
benefactor, and was publicly condemned to be beheaded, A.D. 354.
――――A small river of Phrygia, whose waters were said to be very
efficacious, if drunk in moderation, in curing madness. _Pliny_,
bk. 32, ch. 2.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 361.

=Gamaxus=, an Indian prince, brought in chains before Alexander for
revolting.

=Gamelia=, a surname of Juno, as _Gamelius_ was of Jupiter, on
account of their presiding over marriages.――――A festival privately
observed at three different times. The first was the celebration
of a marriage, the second was in commemoration of a birthday, and
the third was an anniversary of the death of a person. As it was
observed generally on the 1st of January, marriages on that day
were considered as of a good omen, and the month was called Gemelion
among the Athenians. _Cicero_, _de Finibus Bonorum et Malorum_,
bk. 2, ch. 31.

=Gandarītæ=, an Indian nation.

=Gangama=, a place near the Palus Mæotis.

=Gangrărĭdæ=, a people near the mouths of the Ganges. They were so
powerful that Alexander did not dare to attack them. Some attributed
this to the weariness and indolence of his troops. They were placed
by Valer. Flaccus among the deserts of Scythia. _Justin_, bk. 12,
ch. 8.――_Curtius_, bk. 9, ch. 2.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 27.
――_Flaccus_, bk. 6, li. 67.

=Ganges=, a large river of India, falling into the Indian ocean, said
by Lucan to be the boundary of Alexander’s victories in the east.
It inundates the adjacent country in the summer. Like other rivers,
it was held in the greatest veneration by the inhabitants, and this
superstition is said to exist still in some particular instances.
The Ganges is now discovered to rise in the mountains of Thibet, and
to run upwards of 2000 miles before it reaches the sea, receiving in
its course the tribute of several rivers, 11 of which are superior
to the Thames, and often equal to the great body of the waters of
the Rhine. _Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 230.――_Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Pliny_,
bk. 6, ch. 87.――_Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 9.――_Mela_, bk. 3, ch. 7.
――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 31.

=Gannascus=, an ally of Rome, put to death by Corbulo the Roman
general, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 11, ch. 18.

=Găny̆mēde=, a goddess, better known by the name of Hebe. She was
worshipped under this name in a temple at Phlius in Peloponnesus.
_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 13.

=Găny̆mēdes=, a beautiful youth of Phrygia, son of Tros, and brother
to Ilus and Assaracus. According to Lucan, he was son of Dardanus.
He was taken up to heaven by Jupiter as he was hunting, or rather
tending his father’s flocks on mount Ida, and he became the
cup-bearer of the gods in the place of Hebe. Some say that he was
carried away by an eagle, to satisfy the shameful and unnatural
desires of Jupiter. He is generally represented sitting on the back
of a flying eagle in the air. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 24.――_Homer_,
_Iliad_, bk. 28, li. 231.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 252.
――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 10, li. 155.――_Horace_, bk. 4, ode 4.

=Garætĭcum=, a town of Africa.

=Gărămantes= (singular, Garamas), a people in the interior parts of
Africa, now called the deserts of Zara. They lived in common, and
acknowledged as their own only such children as resembled them,
and scarce clothed themselves, on account of the warmth of their
climate. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 198; bk. 6, li. 795.――_Lucan_,
bk. 4, li. 334.――_Strabo_, bk. 2.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 8.――_Silius
Italicus_, bk. 1, li. 142; bk. 11, li. 181.

=Gărămantis=, a nymph who became mother of Iarbas, Phileus, and
Pilumnus by Jupiter. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 198.

=Gărămas=, a king of Libya, whose daughter was mother of Ammon by
Jupiter.

=Gărătas=, a river of Arcadia, near Tegea, on the banks of which Pan
had a temple. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 44.

=Gareătæ=, a people of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 45.

=Gareathyra=, a town of Cappadocia. _Strabo_, bk. 12.

=Gargānus=, now _St. Angelo_, a lofty mountain of Apulia, which
advances in the form of a promontory into the Adriatic sea. _Virgil_,
_Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 257.――_Lucan_, bk. 5, li. 880.

=Gargăphia=, a valley near Platæa, with a fountain of the same name,
where Actæon was torn to pieces by his dogs. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
bk. 3, li. 156.

=Gargăris=, a king of the Curetes, who first found the manner of
collecting honey. He had a son by his daughter, whom he attempted in
vain to destroy. He made him his successor. _Justin_, bk. 44, ch. 44.

=Gargărus= (plural, a, orum), a town and mountain of Troas, near mount
Ida, famous for its fertility. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 103.
――_Macrobius_, bk. 5, ch. 20.――_Strabo_, bk. 13.――_Pliny_, bk. 5,
ch. 30.

=Gargettus=, a village of Attica, the birthplace of Epicurus. _Cicero_,
_Letters to his Friends_, bk. 15, ltr. 16.

=Gargĭlius Martialis=, an historian.――――A celebrated hunter. _Horace_,
bk. 1, ltr. 6, li. 57.

=Gargittius=, a dog which kept Geryon’s flocks. He was killed by
Hercules.

=Garĭtes=, a people of Aquitain, in Gaul.

=Garumna=, a river of Gaul, now called _Garonne_, rising in the
Pyrenean mountains, and separating Gallia Celtica from Aquitania.
It falls into the bay of Biscay, and has, by the persevering labours
of ♦Louis XIV., a communication with the Mediterranean by the canal
of Languedoc, carried upwards of 100 miles through hills, and over
valleys. _Mela_, bk. 3, ch. 2.

♦ ‘Lewis’ replaced with ‘Louis’

=Gastron=, a general of Lacedæmon, &c. _Polybius_, bk. 2.

=Gatheæ=, a town of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 34.

=Gatheatas=, a river of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 34.

=Gaugramēla=, a village near Arbela, beyond the Tigris, where
Alexander obtained his third victory over Darius. _Curtius_, bk. 4,
ch. 9.――_Strabo_, bks. 2 & 16.

=Gaulus= and =Gauleon=, an island in the Mediterranean sea, opposite
Libya. It produces no venomous creatures. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 8.

=Gaurus=, a mountain of Campania, famous for its wines. _Lucan_, bk. 2,
li. 667.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 12, li. 160.――_Statius_, bk. 3,
_Sylvæ_, poem 5, li. 99.

=Gaus= and =Gaos=, a man who followed the interest of Artaxerxes,
from whom he revolted, and by whom he was put to death. _Diodorus_,
bk. 15.

=Gaza=, a famous town of Palestine, once well fortified, as being the
frontier place on the confines of Egypt. Alexander took it after a
siege of two months. _Diodorus_, bk. 17.

=Gebenna=, a town and mountain of Gaul. _Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 435.

=Gēdrōsia=, a barren province of Persia near India. _Strabo_, bk. 2.

=Gegănii=, a family of Alba, part of which migrated to Rome, under
Romulus. One of the daughters, called Gegania, was the first of the
vestals created by Numa. _Plutarch_, _Numa_.

=Gĕla=, a town on the southern parts of Sicily, about 10 miles from
the sea, according to Ptolemy, which received its name from a
small river in the neighbourhood, called _Gelas_. It was built by
a Rhodian and Cretan colony, 713 years before the christian era.
After it had continued in existence 404 years, Phintias tyrant of
Agrigentum carried the inhabitants to _Phintias_, a town in the
neighbourhood, which he had founded, and he employed the stones of
Gela to beautify his own city. Phintias was also called Gela. The
inhabitants were called _Gelenses_, _Geloi_, and _Gelani_. _Virgil_,
_Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 702.――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 46.

=Gelānor=, a king of Argos, who succeeded his father, and was deprived
of his kingdom by Danaus the Egyptian. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 16.
_See:_ Danaus.

=Gellia Cornelia lex=, _de Civitate_, by Lucius Gellius and Cnæus
Cornelius Lentulus, A.U.C. 682. It enacted that all those who had
been presented with the privilege of citizens of Rome by Pompey
should remain in the possession of that liberty.

=Gellias=, a native of Agrigentum, famous for his munificence and his
hospitality. _Diodorus_, bk. 13.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 4, ch. 8.

=Gellius=, a censor, &c. _Plutarch_, _Pompey_.――――A consul who defeated
a party of Germans, in the interest of Spartacus. _Plutarch._

=Aulus Gellius=, a Roman grammarian in the age of Marcus Antonius,
about 130 A.D. He published a work which he called _Noctes Atticæ_,
because he composed it at Athens during the long nights of the
winter. It is a collection of incongruous matter, which contains
many fragments from the ancient writers, and often serves to explain
antique monuments. It was originally composed for the improvement
of his children, and abounds with many grammatical remarks. The best
editions of Aulus Gellius are that of Gronovius, 4to, Leiden, 1706,
and that of Conrad, 2 vols., 8vo, Lipscomb, 1762.