Chapter XCII: Appendix: Of Tables

GRECIAN MEASURES OF LENGTH REDUCED TO

English
paces. ft. in. dec.
_Dactylus_ or _Digit_ 0 0 0 7554¹¹⁄₁₆
4 _Doron_ 0 0 3 0218¾
10 2½ _Lichas_ 0 0 4 5546⅞
11 2¾ 1¹⁄₁₀ _Orthodoron_ 0 0 8 3101⁹⁄₁₆
12 3 1⅕ 1¹⁄₁₁ _Spithame_ 0 0 9 0656¼
16 4 1⅗ 5¹⁄₁₁ 1⅓ _Foot_ 0 1 0 0875
18 4½ 1⅘ 1⁷⁄₁₁ 1½ 1⅛ _Cubit_ (πυγμη) 0 1 1 5984⅜
20 5 2 1⁹⁄₁₁ 1⅔ 1¼ 1½ _Pygon_ 0 1 3 1093⅜
24 6 2⅖ 2²⁄₁₁ 2 1½ 1⅓ 1⅕ _Larger Cubit_ (πηχυς) 0 1 6 13125
96 24 9⅖ 8⁸⁄₁₁ 8 6 5⅓ 4⅕ 4 _Pace_ (οργυια) 0 6 0 525
9600 2400 960 872⁸⁄₁₁ 800 600 533½ 480 400 100 _Stadium_ 100 4 4 5
76800 19200 7680 6981⁹⁄₁₁ 6400 4800 4266⅔ 3840 3200 800 8 _Milion_ 805 5 0 0

ROMAN MEASURES OF LENGTH REDUCED TO

English
paces. ft. in. dec.
_Digitus transversus_ 0 0 0 725¼
1⅓ _Unica_ 0 0 0 967
4 3 _Palmus minor_ 0 0 2 901
16 12 4 _Pes_ 0 0 11 604
20 15 5 1¼ _Palmpipes_ 0 1 2 505
24 18 6 1½ 1⅕ _Cubitus_ 0 1 5 406
40 30 10 2½ 2 1 _Gradus_ 0 2 5 01
80 60 20 5 4 3⅓ 2 _Passus_ 0 4 10 02
10000 7500 2500 625 500 416⅔ 250 125 _Stadium_ 120 4 4 5
80000 60000 20000 5000 4000 3333⅓ 2000 1000 8 _Milliare_ 967 0 0 0

The Grecian square measures were the _plethron_, or acre, containing
1444, as some say, or as others report, 10,000 square feet; the
_aroura_, which was half the _plethron_. The _aroura_ of the
Egyptians was the square of 100 cubits.

The Roman square measure was the _jugerum_, which, like their _libra_
and their _as_, was divided into twelve parts called _unciæ_, as the
following table shows:――

Square English Square Square
Unciæ. feet. Scruples. roods. poles. feet.
1 _As_ or 12 28800 288 2 18 250,05
¹¹⁄₁₂ _Deunx_ 11 26400 264 2 10 183,85
⅚ _Dextans_ 10 24000 240 2 2 117,64
¾ _Dodrans_ 9 21600 216 1 34 51,42
⅔ _Bes_ 8 19200 192 1 25 257,46
⁷⁄₁₂ _Septunx_ 7 16800 168 1 17 191,25
½ _Semis_ 6 14400 144 1 9 125,03
⁵⁄₁₂ _Quincunx_ 5 12000 120 1 1 58,82
⅓ _Triens_ 4 9600 96 0 32 264,85
¼ _Quadrans_ 3 7200 72 0 24 198,64
⅙ _Sextans_ 2 4800 48 0 16 132,43
¹⁄₁₂ _Uncia_ 1 2400 24 0 8 66,21

N.B. The _Actus Major_ was 14,400 square feet, equal to a _Semis_.
The _Clima_ was 3600 square feet, equal to a _sescuncia_, or
an _uncia_ and a half, and the _actus minimus_ was equal to a
_sextans_.

The Roman _as_ or _æs_ was called so because it was made of brass.

ATTIC MEASURES OF CAPACITY FOR THINGS LIQUID,
REDUCED TO THE ENGLISH WINE MEASURE.

sol.
gals. pts. in. dec.
_Cochlearion_ 0 ¹⁄₁₂₀ 0 0356⁵⁄₁₂
2 _Cheme_ 0 ¹⁄₆₀ 0 0712⅝
2½ 1¼ _Mystron_ 0 ¹⁄₄₈ 0 089¹¹⁄₄₈
5 2½ 2 _Conche_ 0 ¹⁄₂₄ 0 178¹¹⁄₂₄
10 5 4 2 _Cyathus_ 0 ¹⁄₁₂ 0 356¹¹⁄₁₂
15 7½ 6 3 1½ _Oxybaphon_ 0 ⅛ 0 335⅜
60 30 24 12 6 4 _Cotyle_ 0 ½ 2 141½
120 60 48 24 12 8 2 _Xestes_ 0 1 4 283
720 360 388 144 72 48 12 6 _Chous_ 0 6 25 698
8640 4320 3456 1728 864 576 144 72 12 _Metretes_ 10 2 19 626

ROMAN MEASURES OF CAPACITY FOR THINGS LIQUID,
REDUCED TO ENGLISH WINE MEASURE.

sol.
gals. pts. in. dec.
_Ligula_ 0 ¹⁄₄₈ 0 117⁶⁄₁₂
4 _Cyathus_ 0 ¹⁄₁₂ 0 469⅔
6 1½ _Acetabulum_ 0 ⅛ 0 704½
12 3 2 _Quartarius_ 0 ¼ 1 409
24 6 4 2 _Hemina_ 0 ½ 2 818
48 12 8 4 2 _Sextarius_ 0 1 5 636
288 72 48 24 12 6 _Congius_ 0 7 4 942
1152 288 192 96 48 24 4 _Urna_ 3 4½ 5 33
2304 576 384 192 96 48 8 2 _Amphora_ 7 1 10 66
46080 11520 7680 3840 1920 960 160 40 20 _Culeus_ 143 3 11 095

N.B. The _quadrantal_ is the same as the _amphora_. The _Cadus_,
_Congiarius_, and _Dolium_ denote no certain measure. The Romans
divided the _Sextarius_, like the _libra_, into 12 equal parts,
called _Cyathi_, and therefore their _calices_ were called
_sextantes_, _quadrantes_, _trientes_, &c., according to the number
of _cyathi_ which they contained.

ATTIC MEASURE OF CAPACITY FOR THINGS DRY,
REDUCED TO ENGLISH CORN MEASURE.

sol.
pecks. gals. pts. in. dec.
_Cochlearion_ 0 0 0 0 276⁷⁄₂₀
1 _Cyathus_ 0 0 0 2 763½
15 1½ _Oxybaphon_ 0 0 0 4 144¾
60 6 4 _Cotyle_ 0 0 0 16 579
120 12 8 2 _Xestes_ 0 0 0 33 158
180 18 12 3 1½ _Chœnix_ 0 0 1 15 705¾
8040 864 576 144 72 48 _Medimnus_ 4 0 6 3 501

N.B. Besides this _Medimnus_, which is the _Medicus_, there was a
_Medimnus Georgicus_, equal to six Roman _Modii_.

ROMAN MEASURES OF CAPACITY FOR THINGS DRY,
REDUCED TO ENGLISH CORN MEASURE.

sol.
pecks. gals. pts. in. dec.
_Ligula_ 0 0 ¹⁄₄₈ 0 01
4 _Cyathus_ 0 0 ¹⁄₁₂ 0 04
6 1½ _Acetabulum_ 0 0 ⅛ 0 06
24 6 4 _Hemina_ 0 0 ½ 0 24
48 12 8 2 _Sextarius_ 0 0 1 0 48
384 96 64 16 8 _Semimodius_ 0 1 0 3 84
768 192 128 32 16 2 _Modius_ 1 0 0 7 68

THE MOST ANCIENT GRECIAN WEIGHTS, REDUCED TO ENGLISH TROY WEIGHT.

lb. oz. dwt. gr. dec.
_Drachma_ 0 0 6 2 ²²⁄₄₉
100 _Mina_ 1 1 0 4 ⁴⁴⁄₄₉
6000 60 _Talentum_ 65 0 12 5 ⁴³⁄₄₉

LESS ANCIENT GRECIAN AND ROMAN WEIGHTS,
REDUCED TO ENGLISH TROY WEIGHT.

lb. oz. dwt. gr. dec.
_Lentes_ 0 0 0 0 ⁸⁵⁄₁₁₂
4 _Siliquæ_ 0 0 0 3 ¹⁄₂₈
12 3 _Obolus_ 0 0 0 9 ³⁄₂₈
24 6 2 _Scriptulum_ 0 0 0 18 ³⁄₁₄
72 18 6 3 _Drachma_ 0 0 2 6 ⁹⁄₁₄
96 24 8 4 1⅓ _Sextula_ 0 0 3 0 ⁶⁄₇
144 36 12 6 2 1½ _Sicilius_ 0 0 4 13 ²⁄₇
192 48 16 8 2⅔ 2 1⅓ _Duella_ 0 0 6 1 ⁵⁄₇
576 144 48 24 8 6 4 3 _Unica_ 0 0 18 5 ¹⁄₇
6912 1728 576 288 96 72 48 36 12 _Libra_ 0 10 18 13 ⁵⁄₇

N.B. The Roman ounce is the English _avoirdupois_ ounce, which was
anciently divided into seven _denarii_, and eight _drachmæ_, and as
they reckoned the _denarius_ equal to an Attic _drachma_, the Attic
weights were one-eighth heavier than the correspondent weights
among the Romans.

The Greeks divided their _obolus_ into _chalci_ and smaller
proportions; some into six _chalci_, and every _chalcus_ into seven
smaller parts; and others divided into eight _chalci_, and each
_chalcus_ into eight parts.

THE GREATER WEIGHTS REDUCED TO ENGLISH TROY WEIGHT.

lb. oz. dwt. gr.
_Libra_ 0 10 18 13⁵⁄₇
1¹⁄₂₄ _Mina Attica communis_ 0 11 7 16²⁄₇
⅓ 1⁷⁄₂₅ _Mina Attica media_ 1 2 11 10²⁄₇
62½ 60 46⅞ _Talentum Atticum commune_ 56 11 0 17¹⁄₇

N.B. There was also another Attic talent which consisted of 80, or,
according to some, of 100 _minæ_. It must, however, be remembered,
that every _mina_ contains 100 _drachmæ_, and every talent 60
_minæ_. The talents differ according to the different standard of
their _minæ_ and _drachmæ_, as the following table indicates:――

lb. oz. dwt. gr.
_The Mina Ægyptiaca_ } { 133⅓ } { 1 5 6 22²⁶⁄₄₉
_Antiochica_ } Consists { 133⅓ } Equivalent { 1 5 6 22²⁶⁄₄₉
_Cleopatræ } of Attic { } to English {
Ptolemaica_ } drachmæ { 144 } troy { 1 6 14 16³²⁄₄₉
_Alexandrina } { } weight {
Dioscoridis_ } { 160 } { 1 8 16 7⁴¹⁄₄₉

_The Talentum } { } {
Ægyptiacum_ } { 80 } { 86 8 16 8
_Antiochicum_ } Consists { 80 } Equivalent { 86 8 16 8
_Ptolemaicum } of Attic { } to English {
Cleop._ } minæ { 86⅔ } troy { 93 11 11 0
_Alexandriæ_ } { 96 } weight { 104 0 19 14
_Insulanum_ } { 120 } { 130 1 4 12
_Antiochiæ_ } { 360 } { 390 3 13 11

THE VALUE AND PROPORTION OF THE GRECIAN COINS.

£ s. d. q.
_Lepton_ 0 0 0 0³¹⁄₃₃₆
7 _Chalcus_ 0 0 0 0³¹⁄₄₈
14 2 _Dichalcus_ 0 0 0 1⁷⁄₂₄
28 4 2 _Hemiobolus_ 0 0 0 2⁷⁄₁₂
56 8 4 2 _Obolus_ 0 0 1 1⅙
112 16 8 4 2 _Diobolus_ 0 0 2 2⅓
224 32 16 8 4 2 _Tetrobolus_ 0 0 5 0⅔
336 48 24 12 6 3 1½ _Drachma_ 0 0 7 3
662 96 48 24 12 6 3 2 _Didrachmon_ 0 1 3 2
1324 112 96 48 24 12 6 4 2 _Tetradrachmon_ 0 2 7 0
1660 384 120 60 30 15 7½ 5 2½ 1¼ _Pentadrachmon_ 0 3 2 3

N.B. The _drachma_, and the _didrachmon_, were silver, the others
generally of brass. The _tridrachmon_, _triobolus_, &c., were
sometimes coined. The _drachma_ and the _denarius_ are here
supposed to be equal, though often the former exceeded in weight.

The gold coin among the Greeks was the _stater aureus_, which weighed
two Attic _drachmæ_, or half the _stater argenteus_, and was worth
25 Attic _drachmæ_, of silver, or in £ s. d.
English money 0 16 1¾
Or according to the proportion of gold to silver,
at present 1 0 9
The _Stater Cyzicenus_ exchanged for 28 Attic _drachmæ_,
or 0 18 1
The _Stater Philippi_ and _Stater Alexandri_ were of
the same value.
The _Stater Daricus_, according to Josephus,
was worth 50 Attic _drachmæ_, or 1 12 3½
The _Stater Cræsi_ was of the same value.

THE VALUE AND PROPORTION OF THE ROMAN COINS.

£ s. d. q.
_Terentius_ 0 0 0 0⁷⁷⁵⁄₁₀₀₀
2 _Sembella_ 0 0 0 1¹¹⁄₂₀
4 2 _Libella_, or _As_ 0 0 0 3¹⁄₁₀
10 5 2½ _Sestertius_ 0 0 1 3¾
20 10 5 2 _Quinarius_, or _Victoriatus_ 0 0 3 3½
40 20 10 4 2 _Denarius_ 0 0 7 3

N.B. The _denarius_, _victoriatus_, _sestertius_, and sometimes
the _as_, were of silver, the others were of brass. The _triens_,
_sextans_, _uncia_, _sextula_, and _dupondius_, were sometimes
coined of brass.

THE COMPUTATION OF MONEY AMONG THE GREEKS WAS BY DRACHMÆ,
AS FOLLOWS:――

£ s. d. q.
1 _Drachma_ 0 0 7 3
10 _Drachmæ_ 0 6 5 2
100 _Drachmæ_ equal to a _Mina_ 3 4 7
10 _Minæ_ 32 5 10
60 _Minæ_ equal to a _Talent_ 193 15 0
10 _Talents_ 1937 10 0
100 _Talents_ 19375 0 0

AMONG THE ROMANS THE COMPUTATION WAS BY SESTERTII NUMMI, AS――

£ s. d. q.
A _Sestertius_ 0 0 0 1½
10 _Sestertii_ 0 1 7 1¾
1000 _Sestertii_ equal to one _Sestertium_ 8 1 5 2
10 _Sestertia_ 80 14 7 0
100 _Sestertia_ 807 5 10 0
1000 _Sestertia_ or _decies Sestertiûm_
(centies und.) or _decies centena
millia nummûm_ 8072 18 4 0
_Centies_ vel _centies H. S._ 80729 3 4 0
_Millies H. S._ 807291 13 4 0
_Millies centies H. S._ 888020 16 8 0

_The Mina Syria_ } { 25
_Ptolemaica_ } { 33⅓
_Antiochica_ } Was { 100
_Euboica_ } worth { 100
_Babylonica_ } of { 116
_Attica major_ } Attic { 133⅓
_Tyria_ } _Drachmæ_ { 133⅓
_Æginæa_ } { 166⅔
_Rhodia_ } { 166⅔

_The Talentum Syrium_ } { 15
_Ptolemaicum_ } { 20
_Antiochicum_ } Was { 60
_Euboicum_ } worth { 60
_Babylonicum_ } of { 70
_Atticum majus_ } Attic { 80
_Tyrium_ } _minæ_ { 80
_Æginæum_ } { 100
_Rhodium_ } { 100
_Ægyptium_ } { 80

The Roman gold coin was the _aureus_, which generally weighed
double the _denarius_.
£ s. d. q.
The value of it was, according to the first
proportion of coinage mentioned by Pliny 1 4 3 3
Or according to the proportion of coinage at
present 1 0 9
According to the decuple proportion mentioned
by Livy and Julius Pollux 0 12 11
According to Tacitus, as it was afterwards valued
and exchanged for 25 _denarii_ 0 16 1 3

The value of coin underwent many changes during the existence of
the Roman republic, and stood, as Pliny mentions it, as follows:

In the reign of Servius } The _as_ { 1 pound
A.U.C. 490 } weighed { 2 ounces
A.U.C. 537 } of brass { 1 ounce
A.U.C. 586 } { ½ ounce
A.U.C. 485 } The _denarius_ { 10 _asses_
A.U.C. 537 } exchanged for { 16 _asses_
A.U.C. 547, a scruple of gold was worth 20 _sestertii_;
coined afterwards of the pound of gold, 20 _denarii
aurei_; and in Nero’s reign of the pound of gold, 45
_denarii aurei_.

N. B. In the above tables of money, it is to be observed that the
silver has been reckoned at 5_s._ and gold at _£_4 per ounce.

A talent of gold among the Jews was worth _£_5475, and one of
silver _£_342 3_s._ 9_d._

The greater talent of the Romans was worth _£_99 6_s._ 8_d._, and
the less _£_60, or, as some say, _£_75, and the great talent
_£_1125.

The value of the Roman _pondo_ is not precisely known, though some
suppose it equivalent to an Attic _mina_, or _£_3 4_s._ 7_d._
It is used indifferently by ancient authors for _æs_, _as_, and
_mina_, and was supposed to consist of 100, or 96 _denarii_. It
is to be observed, that whenever the word _pondo_ is joined to
numbers, it signifies the same as _libra_, but when it is used
with other words it bears the same signification as the σταθμη
or ὁλκη of the Greeks, or the _pondus_ of the Latins. The word
_nummus_, when mentioned as a sum of money, was supposed to be
equivalent to a _sestertius_, and though the words _sestertius_
and _nummus_ are often joined together, yet their signification
is the same, and they intimate no more than either does
separately.

We must particularly remark, that in reckoning their _sesterces_,
the Romans had an art which can be rendered intelligible by the
observation of these rules: If a numeral noun agreed in case,
gender, and number with the word _sestertius_, it denoted
precisely as many _sestertii_; as for example, _decem sestertii_
was ten _sestertii_. If a numeral noun of another case was
joined with the genitive plural of _sestertius_, it denoted so
many thousand, as _decem sestertiûm_ signifies so many thousand
_sestertii_. If the adverb numeral was joined, it denoted so
many hundred thousand, as _decies sestertiûm_ was ten hundred
thousand _sesterii_. If the numeral adverb was put by itself,
the signification was not altered; therefore _decies_, _vigesies_,
&c., in a sentence, imply as many hundred thousand _sestertii_,
or hundred _sestertia_, as if the word _sestertiûm_ was expressed.

The _denarius_, which was the chief silver coin used at Rome,
received its name because it contained _denos æris_, ten _asses_.

The _as_ is often expressed by an Lucius because it was one pound
weight; and the _sestertius_, because it was equivalent to two
pounds and a half of brass, is frequently denoted by H. S. or
L. L. S.

The Roman _libra_ contained twelve ounces of silver, and was worth
about _£_3, sterling.

The Roman talent was supposed to be equivalent to twenty-four
_sestertia_, or nearly _£_193 sterling.

THE END.

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