Chapter IX: Preface: To the Original Edition (8)

=Androclēa=, a daughter of Antipœnus of Thebes. She, with her sister
Alcida, sacrificed herself in the service of her country, when the
oracle had promised the victory to her countrymen, who were engaged
in a war against Orchomenos, if any one of noble birth devoted
himself for the glory of his nation. Antipœnus refused to do it,
and his daughters cheerfully accepted it, and received great honours
after death. Hercules, who fought on the side of Thebes, dedicated
to them the image of a lion in the temple of Diana. _Pausanias_,
bk. 9, ch. 17.

=Andrōcles=, a son of Phintas, who reigned in Messenia. _Pausanias_,
bk. 4, ch. 5, &c.――――A man who wrote a history of Cyprus.

=Androclīdes=, a noble Theban, who defended the democratical, against
the encroachments of the oligarchical, power. He was killed by one
of his enemies.――――A sophist in the age of Aurelian, who gave an
account of philosophers.

=Androclus=, a son of Codrus, who reigned in Ionia, and took Ephesus
and Samos. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 2.

=Androcy̆des=, a physician, who wrote the following letter to Alexander:
――_Vinum potaturus, Rex, memento te bibere sanguinem terræ, sicuti
venenum est homini cicuta, sic et vinum._ _Pliny_, bk. 14, ch. 5.

=Androdămus.= _See:_ Andromadas.

=Andrōdus=, a slave known and protected in the Roman circus by a lion
whose foot he had cured. _Aulus Gellius_, bk. 5, ch. 15.

=Andrŏgeos=, a Greek, killed by Æneas and his friends, whom he took to
be his countrymen. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 2, li. 371.

=Andrŏgeus=, son of Minos and Pasiphae, was famous for his skill in
wrestling. He overcame every antagonist at Athens, and became such a
favourite of the people, that Ægeus king of the country grew jealous
of his popularity, and caused him to be assassinated as he was going
to Thebes. Some say that he was killed by the wild bull of Marathon.
Minos declared war against Athens to revenge the death of his
son, and peace was at last re-established on condition that Ægeus
sent yearly seven boys and seven girls from Athens to Crete to
be devoured by the Minotaur. _See:_ Minotaurus. The Athenians
established festivals by order of Minos, in honour of his son, and
called them Androgeia. _Hyginus_, fable 41.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.
――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 20.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, chs. 1
& 27.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 5; bk. 3, chs. 1 & 15.――_Plutarch_,
_Theseus_.

=Androgy̆næ=, a fabulous nation of Africa, beyond the Nasamones. Every
one of them bore the characteristics of the male and female sex;
and one of their breasts was that of a man, and the other that of
a woman. _Lucretius_, bk. 5, li. 837.――_Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 2.

=Andrŏmăche=, a daughter of Eetion king of Thebes in Cilicia, married
Hector son of Priam king of Troy, by whom she had Astyanax. She
was so fond of her husband, that she even fed his horses with her
own hand. During the Trojan war she remained at home employed in
her domestic concerns. Her parting with Hector, who was going to
a battle, in which he perished, has always been deemed the best,
most tender and pathetic of all the passages in Homer’s Iliad. She
received the news of her husband’s death with extreme sorrow; and
after the taking of Troy, she had the misfortune to see her only son
Astyanax, after she had saved him from the flames, thrown headlong
from the walls of the city, by the hands of the man whose father had
killed her husband. _Seneca_, _Troades_. Andromache, in the division
of the prisoners by the Greeks, fell to the share of Neoptolemus,
who treated her as his wife, and carried her to Epirus. He had
by her three sons, Molossus, Piclus, and Pergamus, and afterwards
repudiated her. After this divorce she married Helenus son of Priam,
who, as herself, was a captive of Pyrrhus. She reigned with him over
part of the country, and became mother by him of Cestrinus. Some say
that Astyanax was killed by Ulysses, and Euripides says that Menelaus
put him to death. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bks. 6, 22, & 24.――_Quintus
Calaber [Smyrnæus]_, bk. 1.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 486.
――_Hyginus_, fable 123.――_Dares Phrygius._――_Ovid_, _Amores_, bk. 1,
poem 9, li. 35; _Tristia_, bk. 5, poem 6, li. 43.――_Apollodorus_,
bk. 3, ch. 12.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 11.

=Andromachidæ=, a nation who presented to their king all the virgins
who were of nubile years, and permitted him to use them as he
pleased.

=Andromăchus=, an opulent person of Sicily, father to the historian
Timæus. _Diodorus_, bk. 16. He assisted Timoleon in recovering
the liberty of the Syracusans.――――A general of Alexander, to whom
Parmenio gave the government of Syria. He was burnt alive by the
Samaritans. _Curtius_, bk. 4, chs. 5 & 8.――――An officer of Seleucus
the younger. _Polyænus_, bk. 4.――――A poet of Byzantium.――――A
physician of Crete, in the age of Nero.――――A sophist of Naples, in
the age of Diocletian.

=Andromădus=, or =Androdamus=, a native of Rhegium, who made laws for
the Thracians concerning the punishment of homicide, &c. _Aristotle._

=Andrŏmĕda=, a daughter of Cepheus king of Æthiopia by Cassiope. She
was promised in marriage to Phineus her uncle, when Neptune drowned
the kingdom, and sent a sea monster to ravage the country, because
Cassiope had boasted herself fairer than Juno and the Nereides.
The oracle of Jupiter Ammon was consulted, and nothing could stop
the resentment of Neptune, if Andromeda was not exposed to the sea
monster. She was accordingly tied naked on a rock, and at the moment
that the monster was going to devour her, Perseus, who returned
through the air from the conquest of the Gorgons, saw her, and was
captivated with her beauty. He promised to deliver her and destroy
the monster, if he received her in marriage as a reward for his
trouble. Cepheus consented, and Perseus changed the sea monster
into a rock, by showing him Medusa’s head, and untied Andromeda and
married her. He had by her many children, among whom were Sthenelus,
Ancæus, and Electryon. The marriage of Andromeda with Perseus
was opposed by Phineus, who, after a bloody battle, was changed
into a stone by Perseus. Some say that Minerva made Andromeda a
constellation in heaven after her death. _See:_ Medusa, Perseus.
_Hyginus_, fable 64.――_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 2, ch. 43.
――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Marcus Manilius_, bk. 5, li. 533.
――_Propertius_, bk. 3, poem 21.――――According to _Pliny_, bk. 5,
ch. 31, it was at Joppa in Judæa that Andromeda was tied on a rock.
He mentions that the skeleton of the huge sea monster, to which
she had been exposed, was brought to Rome by Scaurus, and carefully
preserved. The fable of Andromeda and the sea monster has been
explained, by supposing that she was courted by the captain of a
ship, who attempted to carry her away, but was prevented by the
interposition of another more faithful lover.

=Andron=, an Argive, who travelled all over the deserts of Libya
without drink. ♦_Aristotle’s book on Drunkenness_ [quoted in
Apollonius] “Historiæ Mirabiles”.――――A man set over the citadel
of Syracuse by Dionysius. Hermocrates advised him to seize it and
revolt from the tyrant, which he refused to do. The tyrant put him
to death for not discovering that Hermocrates had incited him to
rebellion. _Polyænus_, bk. 5, ch. 2.――――A man of Halicarnassus, who
composed some historical works. _Plutarch_, _Theseus_.――――A native
of Ephesus, who wrote an account of the seven wise men of Greece.
_Diogenes Laërtius._――――A man of Argos.――――Another of Alexandria,
&c. _Apollonius [Paradoxographus]_, _Historiæ Mirabiles_, ch. 25.
――_Athenæus._

♦ reference edited for clarity

=Andronīcus Livius.= _See:_ Livius.

=Andronīcus=, a peripatetic philosopher of Rhodes, who flourished
59 years B.C. He was the first who published and revised the works
of Aristotle and Theophrastus. His periphrasis is extant, the best
edition of which is that of Heinsius, 8vo, Leiden, 1617. _Plutarch_,
_Sulla_.――――A Latin poet in the age of Cæsar.――――A Latin grammarian,
whose life Suetonius has written.――――A king of Lydia, surnamed
Alpyus.――――One of Alexander’s officers.――――One of the officers of
Antiochus Epiphanes.――――An astronomer of Athens, who built a marble
octagonal tower in honour of the eight principal winds, on the top
of which was placed a Triton with a stick in his hand, pointing
always to the side whence the wind blew.

=Androphăgi=, a savage nation of European Scythia. _Herodotus_, bk. 4,
chs. 18, 102.

=Andropompus=, a Theban who killed Xanthus in a single combat by fraud.
_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 18.

=Andros=, an island in the Ægean sea, known by the different names
of Epagrys, Antandros, Lasia, Cauros, Hydrussa, Nonagria. Its chief
town was called Andros. It had a harbour, near which Bacchus had a
temple, with a fountain, whose waters, during the ides of January,
tasted like wine. It received the name of Andros from Andros son of
Anius, one of its kings, who lived in the time of the Trojan war.
_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 648.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3,
li. 80.――_Juvenal_, satire 3, li. 70.――_Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 103.
――_Mela_, bks. 1 & 2.

=Androsthĕnes=, one of Alexander’s generals, sent with a ship on the
coast of Arabia. _Arrian_, bk. 7, ch. 10.――_Strabo_, bk. 16.――――A
governor of Thessaly, who favoured the interest of Pompey. He was
conquered by Julius Cæsar. _Cæsar_, _Civil War_, bk. 3, ch. 80.――――A
statuary of Thebes. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 19.――――A geographer in
the age of Alexander.

=Androtrion=, a Greek, who wrote a history of Attica, and a treatise
on agriculture. _Pliny._――_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 8.

=Anelontis=, a river near Colophon. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 28.

=Anerastus=, a king of Gaul.

=Anemolia=, a city of Phocis, afterwards called Hyampolis. _Strabo._

=Anemōsa=, a village of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 35.

=Anfinomus= and =Anapius=. Rather _Amphinomus_, which _see_.

=Angelia=, a daughter of Mercury.

=Angelion=, a statuary who made Apollo’s statue at Delphi. _Pausanias_,
bk. 2, ch. 32.

=Angĕlus=, a son of Neptune, born in Chios, of a nymph whose name is
unknown. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 4.

=Angītes=, a river of Thrace falling into the Strymon. _Herodotus_,
bk. 7, ch. 113.

=Angli=, a people of Germany at the north of the Elbe, from whom, as
being a branch of the Saxons, the English have derived their name.
_Tacitus_, _Germania_, ch. 40.

=Angrus=, a river of Illyricum, flowing in a northern direction.
_Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 49.

=Anguitia=, a wood in the country of the Marsi, between the lake
Fucinus and Alba. Serpents, it is said, could not injure the
inhabitants, because they were descended from Circe, whose power
over those venomous creatures has been much celebrated. _Silius
Italicus_, bk. 8.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 759.

=Ania=, a Roman widow, celebrated for her beauty. One of her friends
advised her to marry again. “No,” said she, “if I marry a man
as affectionate as my first husband, I shall be apprehensive for
his death; and if he is bad, why have him, after such a kind and
indulgent one?”

=Anicētus=, a son of Hercules by Hebe the goddess of youth.
_Apollodorus_, bk. 2.――――A freedman who directed the education of
Nero, and became the instrument of his crimes. _Suetonius_, _Nero_.

=Anicia=, a family at Rome, which, in the flourishing times of
the republic, produced many brave and illustrious citizens.――――A
relation of Atticus. _Cornelius Nepos._

=Anicium=, a town of Gaul. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 7.

=Anicius Gallus=, triumphed over the Illyrians and their king Gentius,
and was propretor of Rome, A.U.C. 585.――――A consul with Cornelius
Cethegus, A.U.C. 594.――――Probus, a Roman consul in the fourth
century, famous for his humanity.

=Anigrus=, a river of Thessaly, where the centaurs washed the
wounds which they had received from Hercules, and made the waters
unwholesome. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 281. The nymphs
of this river are called Anigriades. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 6.

=Anio= and =Anien=, now _Taverone_, a river of Italy, flowing through
the country of Tibur, and falling into the river Tiber, about five
miles at the north of Rome. It receives its name, as some suppose,
from Anius, a king of Etruria, who drowned himself there when he
could not recover his daughter, who had been carried away. _Statius_,
bk. 1, _Sylvæ_, poem 3, li. 20.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 683.
――_Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 7, li. 13.――_Plutarch_, _de
Fortuna Romanorum_.

=Anitorgis=, a city of Spain, near which a battle was fought between
Asdrubal and the Scipios. _Livy_, bk. 25, ch. 33.

=Anius=, the son of Apollo and Rhea, was king of Delos and father
of Andrus. He had by Dorippe three daughters, Oeno, Spermo, and
Elais, to whom Bacchus had given the power of changing whatever
they pleased into wine, corn, and oil. When Agamemnon went to the
Trojan war, he wished to carry them with him to supply his army with
provisions; but they complained to Bacchus, who changed them into
doves. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 642.――_Dionysius of
Halicarnassus_, bk. 1.――_Diodorus_, bk. 5.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3,
li. 80.

=Anna=, a goddess, in whose honour the Romans instituted festivals.
She was, according to some, Anna the daughter of Belus and sister of
Dido, who after her sister’s death fled from Carthage, which Jarbas
had besieged, and came to Italy, where Æneas met her, as he walked
on the banks of the Tiber, and gave her an honourable reception, for
the kindnesses she had shown him when he was at Carthage. Lavinia
the wife of Æneas was jealous of the tender treatment which was
shown to Anna, and meditated her ruin. Anna was apprised of this by
her sister in a dream, and she fled to the river Numicus, of which
she became a deity, and ordered the inhabitants of the country to
call her _Anna Perenna_, because she would remain for ever under
the water. Her festivals were performed with many rejoicings, and
the females often, in the midst of their cheerfulness, forgot their
natural decency. They were introduced into Rome, and celebrated the
15th of March. The Romans generally sacrificed to her, to obtain
a long and happy life: and thence the words _Annare et Perennare_.
Some have supposed Anna to be the moon, _quia mensibus impleat
annum_; others call her Themis, or Io, the daughter of Inachus,
and sometimes Maia. Another more received opinion maintains that
Anna was an old industrious woman of Bovillæ, who, when the Roman
populace had fled from the city to mount Sacer, brought them cakes
every day; for which kind treatment the Romans, when peace was
re-established, decreed immortal honours to her whom they called
Perenna, _ab perennitate cultûs_, and who, as they supposed, was
become one of their deities. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 653, &c.
――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 79.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4,
lis. 9, 20, 421, & 500.

=Anna Commena=, a princess of Constantinople, known to the world for
the Greek history which she wrote of her father Alexius, emperor
of the east. The character of this history is not very high for
authenticity or beauty of composition: the historian is lost in
the daughter; and instead of simplicity of style and narrative,
as Gibbon says, an elaborate affectation of rhetoric and science
betrays in every page the vanity of a female author. The best
edition of Anna Commena is that of Paris, folio, 1651.

=Annæus=, a Roman family, which was subdivided into the Lucani, Senecæ,
Flori, &c.

=Annāles=, a chronological history which gives an account of all the
important events of every year in a state, without entering into the
causes which produced them. The annals of Tacitus may be considered
in this light. In the first ages of Rome, the writing of the annals
was one of the duties and privileges of the high priest; whence they
have been called Annales Maximi, from the priest _Pontifex Maximus_,
who consecrated them, and gave them as truly genuine and authentic.

=Annālis lex=, settled the age at which, among the Romans, a citizen
could be admitted to exercise the offices of the state. This law
originated in Athens, and was introduced in Rome. No man could be
a knight before 18 years of age, nor be invested with the consular
power before he had arrived to his 25th year.

=Anniānus=, a poet in the age of Trajan.

=Annĭbal=, a celebrated Carthaginian general, son of Amilcar. He was
educated in his father’s camp, and inured from his early years to
the labours of the field. He passed into Spain when nine years old,
and, at the request of his father, took a solemn oath that he never
would be at peace with the Romans. After his father’s death, he
was appointed over the cavalry in Spain; and some time after, upon
the death of Asdrubal, he was invested with the command of all the
armies of Carthage, though not yet in the 25th year of his age.
In three years of continual success, he subdued all the nations of
Spain which opposed the Carthaginian power, and took Saguntum after
a siege of eight months. This city was in alliance with the Romans,
and its fall was the cause of the second Punic war, which Annibal
prepared to support with all the courage and prudence of a
consummate general. He levied three large armies, one of which he
sent to Africa; he left another in Spain, and marched at the head
of the third towards Italy. This army some have calculated at 20,000
foot and 6000 horse; others say that it consisted of 100,000 foot
and 20,000 horse. _Livy_, bk. 21, ch. 38. He came to the Alps, which
were deemed almost inaccessible, and had never been passed over
before him but by Hercules, and after much trouble he gained the top
in nine days. He conquered the uncivilized inhabitants that opposed
his passage, and, after the amazing loss of 30,000 men, made his way
so easy, by softening the rocks with fire and vinegar, that even his
armed elephants descended the mountains without danger or difficulty,
where a man, disencumbered of his arms, could not walk before in
safety. He was opposed by the Romans as soon as he entered Italy;
and after he had defeated Publius Cornelius Scipio and Sempronius,
near the Rhone, the Po, and the Trebia, he crossed the Apennines and
invaded Etruria. He defeated the army of the consul Flaminius near
the lake Thrasymenus, and soon after met the two consuls Culleo
Terentius and Lucius Æmilius at Cannæ. His army consisted of 40,000
foot and 10,000 horse, when he engaged the Romans at the celebrated
battle of Cannæ. The slaughter was so great, that no less than 40,
000 Romans were killed, and the conqueror made a bridge with the
dead carcases; and as a sign of his victory, he sent to Carthage
three bushels of gold rings which had been taken from 5630 Roman
knights slain in the battle. Had Annibal, immediately after the
battle, marched his army to the gates of Rome, it must have yielded
amidst the general consternation, if we believe the opinions of some
writers; but his delay gave the enemy spirit and boldness, and when
at last he approached the walls, he was informed that the piece of
ground on which his army then stood was selling at a high price in
the Roman forum. After hovering for some time round the city, he
retired to Capua, where the Carthaginian soldiers soon forgot to
conquer in the pleasures and riot of this luxurious city. From that
circumstance it has been said, and with propriety, that Capua was
a Cannæ to Annibal. After the battle of Cannæ the Romans became
more cautious, and when the dictator Fabius Maximus had defied
the artifice as well as the valour of Annibal, they began to look
for better times. Marcellus, who succeeded Fabius in the field,
first taught the Romans that Annibal was not invincible. After many
important debates in the senate, it was decreed that war should be
carried into Africa, to remove Annibal from the gates of Rome; and
Scipio, who was the first proposer of the plan, was empowered to put
it into execution. When Carthage saw the enemy on her coasts, she
recalled Annibal from Italy; and that great general is said to have
left, with tears in his eyes, a country which during 16 years he
had kept under continual alarms, and which he could almost call his
own. He and Scipio met near Carthage, and after a parley, in which
neither would give the preference to his enemy, they determined
to come to a general engagement. The battle was fought near Zama:
Scipio made a great slaughter of the enemy, 20,000 were killed,
and the same number made prisoners. Annibal, after he had lost the
day, fled to Adrumetum. Soon after this decisive battle, the Romans
granted peace to Carthage, on hard conditions; and afterwards
Annibal, who was jealous and apprehensive of the Roman power, fled
to Syria, to king Antiochus, whom he advised to make war against
Rome, and lead an army into the heart of Italy. Antiochus distrusted
the fidelity of Annibal, and was conquered by the Romans, who
granted him peace on the condition of his delivering their mortal
enemy into their hands. Annibal, who was apprised of this, left
the court of Antiochus, and fled to Prusias king of Bithynia. He
encouraged him to declare war against Rome, and even assisted him in
weakening the power of Eumenes king of Pergamus, who was in alliance
with the Romans. The senate received intelligence that Annibal was
in Bithynia, and immediately sent ambassadors, amongst whom was
Lucius Quintus Flaminius, to demand him of Prusias. The king was
unwilling to betray Annibal and violate the laws of hospitality, but
at the same time he dreaded the power of Rome. Annibal extricated
him from his embarrassment, and when he heard that his house was
besieged on every side, and all means of escape fruitless, he took
a dose of poison, which he always carried with him in a ring on
his finger; and as he breathed his last, he exclaimed, _Solvamus
diuturnâ curâ populum Romanum, quando mortem senis expectare longum
censet_. He died in his 70th year, according to some, about 182
years B.C. That year was famous for the death of the three greatest
generals of the age, Annibal, Scipio, and Philopœmen. The death
of so formidable a rival was the cause of great rejoicing in Rome;
he had always been a professed enemy to the Roman name, and ever
endeavoured to destroy its power. If he shone in the field, he also
distinguished himself by his studies. He was taught Greek by Sosilus,
a Lacedæmonian, and he even wrote some books in that language on
different subjects. It is remarkable that the life of Annibal, whom
the Romans wished so many times to destroy by perfidy, was never
attempted by any of his soldiers or countrymen. He made himself as
conspicuous in the government of the state as at the head of armies,
and though his enemies reproached him with the rudeness of laughing
in the Carthaginian senate, while every senator was bathed in tears
for the misfortunes of the country, Annibal defended himself by
saying that he, who had been bred all his life in a camp, ought to
be dispensed with all the more polished feelings of a capital. He
was so apprehensive for his safety, that when he was in Bithynia
his house was fortified like a castle, and on every side there were
secret doors which could give immediate escape if his life was ever
attempted. When he quitted Italy, and embarked on board a vessel
for Africa, he so strongly suspected the fidelity of his pilot, who
told him that the lofty mountains which appeared at a distance was
a promontory of Sicily, that he killed him on the spot; and when he
was convinced of his fatal error, he gave a magnificent burial to
the man whom he had so falsely murdered, and called the promontory
by his name. The labours which he sustained, and the inclemency of
the weather to which he exposed himself in crossing the Alps, so
weakened one of his eyes, that he ever after lost the use of it.
The Romans have celebrated the humanity of Annibal, who, after the
battle of Cannæ, sought the body of the fallen consul amidst the
heaps of slain, and honoured it with a funeral becoming the dignity
of Rome. He performed the same friendly offices to the remains of
Marcellus and Tiberius Gracchus, who had fallen in battle. He often
blamed the unsettled measures of his country; and when the enemy had
thrown into his camp the head of his brother Asdrubal, who had been
conquered as he came from Spain with a reinforcement into Italy,
Annibal said that the Carthaginian arms would no longer meet with
their usual success. Juvenal, in speaking of Annibal, observes that
the ring which caused his death made a due atonement to the Romans
for the many thousand rings which had been sent to Carthage from the
battle of Cannæ. Annibal, when in Spain, married a woman of Castulo.
The Romans entertained such a high opinion of him as a commander,
that Scipio, who conquered him, calls him the greatest general that
ever lived, and gives the second rank to Pyrrhus the Epirot, and
places himself the next to these in merit and abilities. It is plain
that the failure of Annibal’s expedition in Italy did not arise
from his neglect, but from that of his countrymen, who gave him
no assistance; far from imitating their enemies of Rome, who even
raised in one year 18 legions to oppose the formidable Carthaginian.
Livy has painted the character of Annibal like an enemy, and it is
much to be lamented that this celebrated historian has withheld the
tribute due to the merits and virtues of the greatest of generals.
_Cornelius Nepos_, _Lives of Distinguished Romans_.――_Livy_, bks.
21, 22, &c.――_Plutarch_, _Flamininus_, &c.――_Justin_, bk. 32, ch. 4.
――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 1, &c.――_Appian._――_Florus_, bks. 2 & 3.
――_Polybius._――_Diodorus._――_Juvenal_, satire 10, li. 159, &c.
――_Valerius Maximus._――_Horace_, bk. 4, ode 4, stanza 16.――――The
son of the great Annibal, was sent by Himilco to Lilybæeum,
which was besieged by the Romans, to keep the Sicilians in
their duty. _Polybius_, bk. 1.――――A Carthaginian general, son of
Asdrubal, commonly called of Rhodes, above 160 years before the
birth of the great Annibal. _Justin_, bk. 19, ch. 2.――_Xenophon_,
_Hellenica_.――――A son of Giscon and grandson of Amilcar, sent by the
Carthaginians to the assistance of Ægista, a town of Sicily. He was
overpowered by Hermocrates, an exiled Syracusan. _Justin_, bks. 22
& 23.――――A Carthaginian, surnamed Senior. He was conquered by the
consul Gaius Sulpicius Paterculus in Sardinia, and hung on a cross
by his countrymen for his ill success.

=Annicĕris=, an excellent charioteer of Cyrene, who exhibited his
skill in driving a chariot before Plato and the academy. When the
philosopher was wantonly sold by Dionysius, Anniceris ransomed
his friend, and he showed further his respect for learning by
establishing a sect at Cyrene, called after his name, which supported
that all good consisted in pleasure. _Cicero_, _de Officiis_, bk. 3.
――_Diogenes Laërtius_, _Plato_ & _Aristotle_.――_Ælian_, _Varia
Historia_, bk. 2, ch. 27.

=Annius Scapŭla=, a Roman of great dignity, put to death for conspiring
against Cassius. _Hirtius_, _Alexandrine War_, ch. 55.

=Annon=, or =Hanno=, a Carthaginian general conquered in Spain by
Scipio, and sent to Rome. He was son of Bomilcar whom Annibal sent
privately over the Rhone to conquer the Gauls. _Livy_, bk. 21, ch.
27.――――A Carthaginian who taught birds to sing “Annon is a god,”
after which he restored them to their native liberty; but the birds
lost with their slavery what they had been taught. _Ælian_, _Varia
Historia_, bk. 14, ch. 30.――――A Carthaginian who wrote, in the Punic
language, the account of a voyage which he had made round Africa.
This book was translated into Greek, and is still extant. _Vossius_,
_Greek Historians_, bk. 4.――――Another, banished from Carthage for
taming a lion for his own amusement, which was interpreted as if he
wished to aspire to sovereign power. _Pliny_, bk. 8, ch. 16.――――This
name has been common to many Carthaginians who have signalized
themselves among their countrymen during the Punic wars against Rome,
and in their wars against the Sicilians. _Livy_, bks. 26, 27, &c.

=Anopæa=, a mountain and road near the river Asopus. _Herodotus_,
bk. 7, ch. 216.

=Anser=, a Roman poet, whom Ovid, _Tristia_, bk. 3, poem 1, li. 425,
calls bold and impertinent. Virgil and Propertius are said to have
played upon his name with some degree of severity.

=Ansibarii=, a people of Germany. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 13, ch. 55.

=Antæa=, the wife of Proteus, called also Stenobæa. _Homer_, _Iliad_.
――――A goddess worshipped by the inhabitants of Antium.

=Antæas=, a king of Scythia, who said that the neighing of a horse was
far preferable to the music of Ismenias, a famous musician who had
been taken captive. _Plutarch._

=Antæus=, a giant of Libya, son of Terra and Neptune. He was so
strong in wrestling, that he boasted that he would erect a temple
to his father with the skulls of his conquered antagonists. Hercules
attacked him, and as he received new strength from his mother as
often as he touched the ground, the hero lifted him up in the air,
and squeezed him to death in his arms. _Lucan_, bk. 4, li. 598.――
_Statius_, bk. 6, _Thebiad_, li. 893.――_Juvenal_, satire 3, li. 88.
――――A servant of Atticus. _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 13,
ltr. 44.――――A friend of Turnus, killed by Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_,
bk. 10, li. 561.

=Antagŏras=, a man of Cos. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 5.――――A Rhodian
poet, much admired by Antigonus. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 2.
One day as he was cooking some fish, the king asked him whether
Homer ever dressed any meals when he was recording the actions of
Agamemnon. “And do you think,” replied the poet, “that he ὡ λαοι τ’
ἐπιτετραφαται και τοσσα μεμηλε (ever inquired whether any individual
dressed fish in his army)?” _Plutarch_, _Convivium Septem Sapientium_
& _Apophthegmata Laconica_.

=Antalcĭdas=, of Sparta, son of Leon, was sent into Persia, where he
made a peace with Artaxerxes very disadvantageous to his country,
by which, B.C. 387, the Greek cities of Asia became tributary to the
Persian monarch. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 1, &c.――_Diodorus_, bk. 14.
――_Plutarch_, _Artaxerxes_.

=Antander=, a general of Messenia, against the Spartans. _Pausanias_,
bk. 4, ch. 7.――――A brother of Agathocles tyrant of Sicily. _Justin_,
bk. 22, ch. 7.

=Antandros=, now _St. Dimitri_, a city of Troas, inhabited by the
Leleges, near which Æneas built his fleet after the destruction
of Troy. It has been called Edonis, Cimmeris, Assos, and Apollonia.
There is a hill in its neighbourhood called Alexandria, where Paris
sat, as some suppose, when the three rival goddesses appeared before
him when contending for the prize of beauty. _Strabo_, bk. 13.――
_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 6.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 18.

=Anterbrogius=, an ambassador to Cæsar from the Rhemi a nation of Gaul.
_Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 2, ch. 3.

=Anteins Publius=, was appointed over Syria by Nero. He was accused of
sedition and conspiracy, and drank poison, which, operating slowly,
obliged him to open his veins. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 13, &c.

=Antemnæ=, a city of the Sabines between Rome and the Anio, whence the
name (_ante amnem_). _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 631.――_Dionysius
of Halicarnassus._

=Antēnor=, a Trojan prince related to Priam. It is said that, during
the Trojan war, he always kept a secret correspondence with the
Greeks, and chiefly with Menelaus and Ulysses. In the council of
Priam, Homer introduces him as advising the Trojans to restore Helen
and conclude the war. He advised Ulysses to carry away the Trojan
palladium, and encouraged the Greeks to make the wooden horse which,
at his persuasion, was brought into the city of Troy by a breach
made in the walls. Æneas has been accused of being a partner of
his guilt, and the night that Troy was taken, they had a number
of Greeks stationed at the doors of their houses to protect them
from harm. After the destruction of his country, Antenor migrated
into Italy near the Adriatic, where he built the town of Padua.
His children were also concerned in the Trojan war, and displayed
much valour against the Greeks. Their names were Polybius, Acamas,
Agenor, and, according to others, Polydamas and Helicaon. _Livy_,
bk. 1, ch. 1.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 13.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1,
li. 242.――_Tacitus_, bk. 16, ch. 21.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bks. 3, 7,
8, 11.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13.――_Dictys Cretensis_, bk.
5.――_Dares Phrygius_, ch. 6.――_Strabo_, bk. 13.――_Dionysius of
Halicarnassus_, bk. 1.――_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 27.――――A statuary.
_Pausanias._――――A Cretan, who wrote a history of his country.
_Ælian._

=Antenorĭdes=, a patronymic given to the three sons of Antenor, all
killed during the Trojan war. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 484.

=Antĕros= (ἀντι ἐρως, _against love_), a son of Mars and Venus. He was
not, as the derivation of his name implies, a deity that presided
over an opposition to love, but he was the god of mutual love and
of mutual tenderness. Venus had complained to Themis that her son
Cupid always continued a child, and was told that, if he had another
brother, he would grow up in a short space of time. As soon as
Anteros was born, Cupid felt his strength increase and his wings
enlarge; but if ever his brother was at a distance from him, he
found himself reduced to his ancient shape. From this circumstance
it is seen, that return of passion gives vigour to love. Anteros had
a temple at Athens raised to his honour, when Meles had experienced
the coldness and disdain of Timagoras, whom he passionately esteemed,
and for whom he had killed himself. _See:_ Meles. Cupid and Anteros
are often represented striving to seize a palm tree from one another,
to teach us that true love always endeavours to overcome by kindness
and gratitude. They were always painted in the Greek academies, to
inform the scholars that it is their immediate duty to be grateful
to their teachers, and to reward their trouble with love and
reverence. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 23.――_Pausanias_,
bk. 1, ch. 30; bk. 6, ch. 23.――――A grammarian of Alexandria, in the
age of the emperor Claudius.――――A freedman of Atticus. _Cicero_,
_Letters to Atticus_, bk. 9, ltr. 14.

=Anthēa=, a town of Achaia. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 18.――――Of Messenia.
_Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 31.――――Of Trœzene. _Pausanias_, bk. 2,
ch. 30.

=Antheas=, a son of Eumelus, killed in attempting to sow corn from the
chariot of Triptolemus drawn by dragons. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 18.

=Anthēdon=, a city of Bœotia, which received its name from the flowery
plains that surround it, or from Anthedon, a certain nymph. Bacchus
and Ceres had there temples. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 10; bk. 9, ch.
22. It was formerly inhabited by Thracians. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2.
――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 905.――――A port of Peloponnesus.
_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 5.――_Statius_, bk. 9, li. 291.

=Anthēla=, a town near the Asopus, near which Ceres and Amphictyon had
a temple. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 176.

=Anthĕmis=, an island in the Mediterranean, the same as the Ionian
Samos. _Strabo_, bk. 10.

=Anthemon=, a Trojan. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 4.

=Anthĕmus=, a city of Macedonia at Thermæ.――――A city of Syria.
_Strabo._

=Anthemusia=, the same as Samos.――――A city of Mesopotamia. _Strabo._

=Anthēne=, a town of Peloponnesus. _Thucydides_, bk. 5, ch. 41.

=Anthermus=, a Chian sculptor, son of Micciades and grandson to Malas.
He and his brother Bupalus made a statue of the poet Hipponax,
which caused universal laughter on account of the deformity of its
countenance. The poet was so incensed upon this, and inveighed with
so much bitterness against the statuaries, that they hung themselves,
according to the opinion of some authors. _Pliny_, bk. 36, ch. 5.

=Anthes=, a native of Anthedon, who first invented hymns. _Plutarch_,
_de Musica_.――――A son of Neptune.

=Anthesphoria=, festivals celebrated in Sicily in honour of Proserpine,
who was carried away by Pluto as she was gathering flowers.
_Claudian_, _de Raptu Proserpinæ_.――――Festivals of the same name
were also observed at Argos in honour of Juno, who was called
Antheia. _Pausanias_, _Corinth_.――_Pollux_, _Onomasticon_, bk. 1,
ch. 1.

=Anthesteria=, festivals in honour of Bacchus among the Greeks. They
were celebrated in the month of February, called Anthesterion,
whence the name is derived, and continued three days. The first
was called Πιθοιγια, ἀπο του πιθους οἰγειν, because they _tapped_
their _barrels_ of liquor. The second day was called Χοες, from the
measure χοα, because every individual drank of his own vessel, in
commemoration of the arrival of Orestes, who, after the murder of
his mother, came, without being purified, to Demophoon or Pandion
king of Athens, and was obliged, with all the Athenians, to drink
by himself for fear of polluting the people by drinking with them
before he was purified of the parricide. It was usual on that day
to ride out in chariots, and ridicule those that passed by. The best
drinker was rewarded with a crown of leaves, or rather of gold, and
with a cask of wine. The third day was called χυτροι from χυτρα,
a vessel brought out full of all sorts of seeds and herbs, deemed
sacred to Mercury, and therefore not touched. The slaves had the
permission of being merry and free during these festivals; and at
the end of the solemnity a herald proclaimed, Θυραζε, Καρες, ουκ ετ’
Ἀνθεστηρια, _i.e._ Depart, ye Carian slaves, the festivals are at an
end. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 2, ch. 41.

=Anthēus=, a son of Antenor, much esteemed by Paris.――――One of the
companions of Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 514.

=Anthīa=, a sister of Priam, seized by the Greeks. She compelled the
people of Pallene to burn their ships, and build Scione. _Polyænus_,
bk. 7, ch. 47.――――A town. _See:_ Anthea.――――A daughter of Thespius,
mistress to Hercules. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.

=Anthias.= _See:_ Antheas.

=Anthippe=, a daughter of Thestius.

=Anthium=, a town of Thrace, afterwards called Apollonia. _Pliny_,
bk. 4, ch. 11.――――A city of Italy.

=Anthius= (_flowery_), a name of Bacchus worshipped at Athens. He had
also a statue at Patræ.

=Antho=, a daughter of Amulius king of Alba.

=Anthōres=, a companion of Hercules, who followed Evander, and settled
in Italy. He was killed in the war of Turnus against Æneas. _Virgil_,
_Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 778.

=Anthracia=, a nymph. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 31.

=Anthropinus=, =Tisarchus=, and =Diocles=, three persons who laid
snares for Agathocles tyrant of Sicily. _Polyænus_, bk. 5, ch. 3.

=Anthropophăgi=, a people of Scythia that fed on human flesh. They
lived near the country of the Massagetæ. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12;
bk. 6, ch. 30.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 1.

=Anthylla=, a city of Egypt on the Canopic mouth of the Nile. It
maintained the queens of the country in shoes, or, according
to _Athenæus_, bk. 1, in girdles. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 98.

=Antia lex=, was made for the suppression of luxury at Rome. Its
particulars are not known. The enactor was Antius Restio, who
afterwards never supped abroad for fear of being himself a witness
of the profusion and extravagance which his law meant to destroy,
but without effect. _Macrobius_, bk. 3, ch. 17.

=Antianīra=, the mother of Echion.

=Antias=, the goddess of fortune, chiefly worshipped at Antium.――――A
poet. _See:_ Furius.

=Anticlēa=, a daughter of Autolycus and Amphithea. Her father, who
was a famous robber, permitted Sisyphus son of Æolus to enjoy the
favours of his daughter, and Anticlea was really pregnant of Ulysses
when she married Laertes king of Ithaca. Laertes was nevertheless
the reputed father of Ulysses. Ulysses is reproached by Ajax in
_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, as being the son of Sisyphus. It is said
that Anticlea killed herself when she heard a false report of her
son’s death. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bks. 11, 19.――_Hyginus_, fables 201,
243.――_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 29.――――A woman who had Periphetes by
Vulcan. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3.――――A daughter of Diocles, who married
Machaon the son of Æsculapius, by whom she had Nicomachus and
Gorgasus. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 30.

=Antĭcles=, an Athenian archon.――――A man who conspired against
Alexander with Hermolaus. _Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 6.――――An Athenian
victor at Olympia.

=Anticlīdes=, a Greek historian, whose works are now lost. They are
often quoted by _Athenæus_ & _Plutarch_, _Alexander_.

=Anticrăgus=, a mountain of Lycia, opposite mount Cragus. _Strabo_,
bk. 4.

=Anticrătes=, a Spartan who stabbed Epaminondas, the Theban general,
at the battle of Mantinea. _Plutarch_, _Agesilaus_.

=Anticy̆ra=, two towns of Greece, the one in Phocis and the other near
mount Oeta, both famous for the hellebore which they produced. This
plant was of infinite service to cure diseases, and particularly
insanity; hence the proverb _Naviget Anticyram_. The Anticyra of
Phocis was anciently called Cyparissa. It had a temple of Neptune,
who was represented holding a trident in one hand and resting the
other on his side, with one of his feet on a dolphin. Some writers,
especially Horace (_Art of Poetry_, li. 300), speak of three islands
of this name, but this seems to be a mistake. _Pausanias_, bk. 10,
ch. 36.――_Horace_, bk. 2, satire 3, li. 166; _Art of Poetry_, li.
300.――_Persius_, bk. 4, li. 16.――_Strabo_, bk. 9.――_Mela_, bk. 2,
ch. 3.――_Ovid_, _ex Ponto_, bk. 4, poem 3, li. 53.――――A mistress of
Demetrius. _Plutarch_, _Demetrius_.

=Antidŏmus=, a warlike soldier of king Philip at the siege of
Perinthus.

=Antidŏtus=, an excellent painter, pupil of Euphranor. _Pliny_, bk. 35,
ch. 11.

=Antigĕnes=, one of Alexander’s generals, publicly rewarded for his
valour. _Curtius_, bk. 5, ch. 14.

=Antigenĭdas=, a famous musician of Thebes, disciple to Philoxenus.
He taught his pupil Ismenias to despise the judgment of the populace.
_Cicero_, _Brutus_, ch. 97.

=Antigŏna=, daughter of Berenice, was wife to king Pyrrhus. _Plutarch_,
_Pyrrhus_.

=Antigŏne=, a daughter of Œdipus king of Thebes by his mother Jocasta.
She buried by night her brother Polynices, against the positive
orders of Creon, who, when he heard of it, ordered her to be buried
alive. She, however, killed herself before the sentence was executed;
and Hæmon the king’s son, who was passionately fond of her, and had
not been able to obtain her pardon, killed himself on her grave.
The death of Antigone is the subject of one of the tragedies of
Sophocles. The Athenians were so pleased with it at the first
representation, that they presented the author with the government
of Samos. This tragedy was represented 32 times at Athens without
interruption. _Sophocles_, _Antigone_.――_Hyginus_, fables 67, 72,
243, 254.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 5.――_Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 3,
poem 3.――_Philostratus_, bk. 2, ch. 29.――_Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk.
12, li. 350.――――A daughter of Eurytion king of Phthia in Thessaly.
_Apollodorus._――――A daughter of Laomedon. She was the sister of
Priam, and was changed into a stork for comparing herself to Juno.
_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, li. 93.

=Antigŏnia=, an inland town of Epirus. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 1.――――One
of Macedonia, founded by Antigonus son of Gonatas. _Pliny_, bk. 4,
ch. 10.――――One in Syria, on the borders of the Orontes. _Strabo_,
bk. 16.――――Another in Bithynia, called also Nicæa. _Strabo_, bk. 12.
――――Another in Arcadia, anciently called Mantinea. _Pausanias_,
bk. 8, ch. 8.――――One of Troas in Asia Minor. _Strabo_, bk. 13.

=Antigŏnus=, one of Alexander’s generals, universally supposed to be
the illegitimate son of Philip, Alexander’s father. In the division
of the provinces after the king’s death, he received Pamphylia,
Lycia, and Phrygia. He united with Antipater and Ptolemy, to destroy
Perdiccas and Eumenes; and after the death of Perdiccas he made
continual war against Eumenes, whom, after three years of various
fortune, he took prisoner, and ordered to be starved. He afterwards
declared war against Cassander, whom he conquered, and had several
engagements by his generals with Lysimachus. He obliged Seleucus
to retire from Syria, and fly for refuge and safety to Egypt.
Ptolemy, who had established himself in Egypt, promised to defend
Seleucus, and from that time all friendship ceased between Ptolemy
and Antigonus, and a new war was begun, in which Demetrius the son
of Antigonus conquered the fleet of Ptolemy, near the island of
Cyprus, and took 16,000 men prisoners, and sunk 200 ships. After
this famous naval battle, which happened 26 years after Alexander’s
death, Antigonus and his son assumed the title of kings, and their
example was followed by all the rest of Alexander’s generals. The
power of Antigonus was now become so formidable, that Ptolemy,
Seleucus, Cassander, and Lysimachus combined together to destroy him;
yet Antigonus despised them, saying that he would disperse them as
birds. He attempted to enter Egypt in vain, though he gained several
victories over his opponents, and he at last received so many wounds
in a battle that he could not survive them, and died in the 80th
year of his age, 301 B.C. During his life, he was master of all
Asia Minor, as far as Syria; but after his death, his son Demetrius
lost Asia, and established himself in Macedonia after the death
of Cassander, and some time after attempted to recover his former
possessions, but died in captivity in the court of his son-in-law
Seleucus. Antigonus was concerned in the different intrigues of
the Greeks. He made a treaty of alliance with the Ætolians, and
was highly respected by the Athenians, to whom he showed himself
very liberal and indulgent. Antigonus discharged some of his
officers because they spent their time in taverns, and he gave
their commissions to common soldiers who performed their duty with
punctuality. A certain poet called him divine; but the king despised
his flattery, and bade him go and inquire of his servants whether
he was really what he supposed him. _Strabo_, bk. 13.――_Diodorus_,
bk. 17, &c.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 6, &c.――_Justin_, bks. 13,
14, & 15.――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Eumenes_.――_Plutarch_, _Demetrius_,
_Eumenes_, & _Aratus_.――――Gonatas, son of Demetrius and grandson
to Antigonus, was king of Macedonia. He restored the Armenians to
liberty, conquered the Gauls, and at last was expelled by Pyrrhus,
who seized his kingdom. After the death of Pyrrhus, he recovered
Macedonia, and died after a reign of 34 years, leaving his son
Demetrius to succeed, B. C. 243. _Justin_, bks. 21 & 25.――_Polybius._
――_Plutarch_, _Demetrius_.――――The guardian of his nephew Philip,
the son of Demetrius, who married the widow of Demetrius and usurped
the kingdom. He was called _Doson_, from his promising much and
giving nothing. He conquered Cleomenes king of Sparta, and obliged
him to retire into Egypt, because he favoured the Ætolians against
the Greeks. He died, B.C. 221, after a reign of 11 years, leaving
his crown to the lawful possessor, Philip, who distinguished himself
by his cruelties, and the war which he made against the Romans.
_Justin_, bks. 28 & 29.――_Polybius_, bk. 2.――_Plutarch_, _Cleomenes_.
――――A son of Aristobulus king of Judæa, who obtained an army from
the king of Parthia, by promising him 1000 talents and 500 women.
With these foreign troops he attacked his country, and cut the
ears of Hyrcanus to make him unfit for the priesthood. Herod, with
the aid of the Romans, took him prisoner, and he was put to death
by Antony. _Josephus_, bk. 14.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_ &
_Plutarch_, _Antonius_.――――Carystius, an historian in the age of
Philadelphus, who wrote the lives of some of the ancient philosophers.
_Diogenes Laërtius._――_Athenæus._――――A writer on agriculture.――――A
statuary, who wrote on his profession.

=Antilco=, a tyrant of Chalcis. After his death, oligarchy prevailed
in that city. _Aristotle_, bk. 5, _Politics_.

=Antilibănus=, a mountain of Syria opposite mount Libanus; near which
the Orontes flows. _Strabo._――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 20.

=Antilŏchus=, a king of Messenia.――――The eldest son of Nestor by
Eurydice. He went to the Trojan war with his father, and was killed
by Memnon the son of Aurora. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 4.――_Ovid_,
_Heroides_, says he was killed by Hector.――――A poet who wrote a
panegyric upon Lysander, and received a hat filled with silver.
_Plutarch_, _Lysander_.――――An historian commended by _Dionysius of
Halicarnassus_.

=Antimăchus=, a lascivious person.――――An historian.――――A Greek poet
and musician of Ionia in the age of Socrates. He wrote a treatise
on the age and genealogy of Homer, and proved him to be a native
of Colophon. He repeated one of his compositions before a large
audience, but his diction was so obscure and unintelligible that all
retired except Plato; on which he said, _Legam nihilominus, Plato
enim mihi est unus instar omnium_. He was reckoned the next to Homer
in excellence, and the emperor Adrian was so fond of his poetry
that he preferred him to Homer. He wrote a poem upon the Theban war;
and before he had brought his heroes to the city of Thebes, he had
filled 24 volumes. He was surnamed _Clarius_ from Claros, a mountain
near Colophon, where he was born. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 35.――
_Plutarch_, _Lysander_ & _Timoleon_.――_Propertius_, bk. 2, poem 34,
li. 45.――_Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1.――――Another poet of the same
name, surnamed _Psecas_, because he praised himself. _Suidas._――――A
Trojan whom Paris bribed to oppose the restoring of Helen to Menelaus
and Ulysses, who had come as ambassadors to recover her. His sons,
Hippolochus and Pisander, were killed by Agamemnon. _Homer_, _Iliad_,
bk. 11, li. 123; bk. 23, li. 188.――――A son of Hercules by a daughter
of Thestius. _Apollodorus_, bks. 2 & 3.――――A native of Heliopolis,
who wrote a poem on the creation of the world, in 3780 verses.

=Antimĕnes=, a son of Deiphon. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 28.

=Antinoe=, one of the daughters of Pelias, whose wishes to restore her
father to youthful vigour proved so fatal. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1.――
_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 11.

=Antinoeia=, annual sacrifices and quinquennial games in honour
of Antinous, instituted by the emperor Adrian at Mantinea, where
Antinous was worshipped as a divinity.

=Antinopŏlis=, a town of Egypt, built in honour of Antinous.

=Antinous=, a youth of Bithynia, of whom the emperor Adrian was
so extremely fond, that at his death he erected a temple to him,
and wished it to be believed that he had been changed into a
constellation. Some writers suppose that Antinous was drowned in the
Nile, while others maintain that he offered himself at a sacrifice
as a victim, in honour of the emperor.――――A native of Ithaca, son of
Eupeithes, and one of Penelope’s suitors. He was brutal and cruel in
his manners; and excited his companions to destroy Telemachus, whose
advice comforted his mother Penelope. When Ulysses returned home he
came to the palace in a beggar’s dress, and begged for bread, which
Antinous refused, and even struck him. After Ulysses had discovered
himself to Telemachus and Eumæus, he attacked the suitors, who were
ignorant who he was, and killed Antinous among the first. _Homer_,
_Odyssey_, bks. 1, 16, 17, & 22.――_Propertius_, bk. 2, poem 5, li. 7.

=Antiŏchia=, the name of a Syrian province. _Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 14.
――――A city of Syria, once the third city of the world for beauty,
greatness, and population. It was built by Antiochus and Seleucus
Nicanor, partly on a hill and partly in a plain. It has the river
Orontes in its neighbourhood, with a celebrated grove called Daphne;
whence, for the sake of distinction, it has been called Antiochia
near Daphne. _Dionysius Periegeta._――――A city called also Nisibis,
in Mesopotamia, built by Seleucus son of Antiochus.――――The capital
of Pisidia, 92 miles at the east of Ephesus.――――A city on mount
Cragus.――――Another near the river Tigris, 25 leagues from Seleucia
on the west.――――Another in Margiana, called Alexandria and Seleucia.
――――Another near mount Taurus, on the confines of Syria.――――Another
of Caria, on the river Meander.

=Antiŏchis=, the name of the mother of Antiochus the son of Seleucus.
――――A tribe of Athens.