Chapter D (5)

=Elephantis=, a poetess who wrote lascivious verses. _Martial_,
bk. 12, ltr. 43.――――A princess by whom Danaus had two daughters.
_Apollodorus_, bk. 2.――――An island in the river Nile, in Upper Egypt,
with a town of the same name, which is often called _Elephantina_ by
some authors. _Strabo_, bk. 17.――_Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 9, &c.

=Elephantophăgi=, a people of Æthiopia.

=Elphēnor=, son of Chalcedon, was one of Helen’s suitors. _Homer_,
_Iliad_, bk. 2, li. 47.

=Elepōrus=, a river of Magna Græcia.

=Eleuchia=, a daughter of Thespius. _Apollodorus._

=Eleus=, a city of Thrace.――――A river of Media.――――A king of Elis.
_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 3.

=Eleusīnia=, a great festival observed every fourth year by the
Celeans, Phliasians, as also by the Pheneatæ, Lacedæmonians,
Parrhasians, and Cretans; but more particularly by the people
of Athens, every fifth year at Eleusis in Attica, where it was
introduced by Eumolpus, B.C. 1356. It was the most celebrated of all
the religious ceremonies of Greece, whence it is often called, by
way of eminence, μυστηρια, _the mysteries_. It was so superstitiously
observed, that if any one ever revealed it, it was supposed that he
had called divine vengeance upon his head, and it was unsafe to live
in the same house with him. Such a wretch was publicly put to an
ignominious death. This festival was sacred to Ceres and Proserpine;
everything contained a mystery, and Ceres herself was known only
by the name of ἀχθεια, from the _sorrow_ and _grief_ (ἀχθος) which
she suffered for the loss of her daughter. This mysterious secrecy
was solemnly observed, and enjoined to all the votaries of the
goddess; and if any one ever appeared at the celebration, either
intentionally, or through ignorance, without proper introduction,
he was immediately punished with death. Persons of both sexes and
all ages were initiated at this solemnity, and it was looked upon
as so heinous a crime to neglect this sacred part of religion,
that it was one of the heaviest accusations, which contributed
to the condemnation of Socrates. The initiated were under the
more particular care of the deities, and therefore their life was
supposed to be attended with more happiness and real security than
that of other men. This benefit was not only granted during life,
but it was extended beyond the grave, and they were honoured with
the first places in the Elysian fields, while others were left to
wallow in perpetual filth and ignominy. As the benefits of expiation
were so extensive, particular care was taken in examining the
character of such as were presented for initiation. Such as were
guilty of murder, though against their will, and such as were
convicted of witchcraft, or any heinous crime, were not admitted,
and the Athenians suffered none to be initiated but such as were
members of their city. This regulation, which compelled Hercules,
Castor, and Pollux to become citizens of Athens, was strictly
observed in the first ages of the institution, but afterwards all
persons, barbarians excepted, were freely initiated. The festivals
were divided into greater and less mysteries. The less were
instituted from the following circumstance. Hercules passed near
Eleusis while the Athenians were celebrating the mysteries, and
desired to be initiated. As this could not be done because he
was a stranger, and as Eumolpus was unwilling to displease him on
account of his great power and the services which he had done to
the Athenians, another festival was instituted without violating
the laws. It was called μικρα, and Hercules was solemnly admitted
to the celebration and initiated. These less mysteries were observed
at Agræ, near the Ilissus. The greater were celebrated at Eleusis,
from which place Ceres has been called Eleusinia. In latter times
the smaller festivals were preparatory to the greater, and no person
could be initiated at Eleusis without a previous purification at
Agræ. This purification they performed by keeping themselves pure,
chaste, and unpolluted during nine days, after which they came and
offered sacrifices and prayers, wearing garlands of flowers, called
ἱσμερα, or ἱμερα, and having under their feet Διος κωδιον, _Jupiter’s
skin_, which was the skin of a victim offered to that god. The
person who assisted was called ὑδρανος, from ὑδωρ, _water_, which
was used at the purification, and they themselves were called μυϛαι,
_the initiated_. A year after the initiation at the less mysteries
they sacrificed a sow to Ceres, and were admitted in the greater,
and the secrets of the festivals were solemnly revealed to them,
from which they were called ἐφοροι and ἐποπται, _inspectors_. The
institution was performed in the following manner. The candidates,
crowned with myrtle, were admitted by night into a place called
μυϛικος σηκος, _the mystical temple_, a vast and stupendous building.
As they entered the temple they purified themselves by washing their
hands in holy water, and received for admonition that they were to
come with a mind pure and undefiled, without which the cleanness of
the body would be unacceptable. After this the holy mysteries were
read to them from a large book called πετρωμα, because made of _two
stones_, πετραι, fitly cemented together. After this the priest,
called Ἱεροφαντης, proposed to them certain questions to which they
readily answered. After this, strange and amazing objects presented
themselves to their sight; the place often seemed to quake, and
to appear suddenly resplendent with fire, and immediately covered
with gloomy darkness and ♦horror. Sometimes thunders were heard, or
flashes of lightning appeared on every side. At other times hideous
noises and howlings were heard, and the trembling spectators were
alarmed by sudden and dreadful apparitions. This was called αὐτοψια,
_intuition_. After this the initiated were dismissed with the
barbarous words of κογξ, ομπαξ. The garments in which they were
initiated were held sacred, and of no less efficacy to avert evils
than charms and incantations. From this circumstance, therefore,
they were never left off before they were totally unfit for wear,
after which they were appropriated for children, or dedicated to the
goddess. The chief person that attended at the initiation was called
Ἱεροφαντης, _the revealer of sacred things_. He was a citizen of
Athens, and held his office during life, though among the Celeans
and Phliasians it was limited to the period of four years. He was
obliged to devote himself totally to the service of the deities; his
life was chaste and single, and he usually anointed his body with
the juice of hemlock, which is said, by its extreme coldness, to
extinguish in a great degree the natural heat. The Hierophantes had
three attendants; the first was called δαδουχος, _torch-bearer_,
and was permitted to marry; the second was called κηρυξ, _a cryer_;
the third administered at the altar, and was called ὁ ἐπι βωμῳ. The
Hierophantes is said to have been a type of the powerful creator of
all things, Δαδουχος of the sun, Κηρυξ of Mercury, and ὁ ἐπι βωμῳ of
the moon. There were besides these other inferior officers, who took
particular care that everything was performed according to custom.
The first of these, called βασιλευς, was one of the Archons; he
offered prayers and sacrifices, and took care that there was no
indecency or irregularity during the celebration. Besides him
there were four others, called ἐπιμεληται, _curators_, elected by
the people. One of them was chosen from the sacred family of the
Eumolpidæ, the other was one of the Ceryces, and the rest were from
among the citizens. There were also 10 persons who assisted at this
and every other festival, called Ἱεροποιοι, because they _offered
sacrifices_. This festival was observed in the month Boedromion or
September, and continued nine days, from the 15th till the 23rd.
During that time it was unlawful to arrest any man or present any
petition, on pain of forfeiting 1000 drachmas, or, according to
others, on pain of death. It was also unlawful for those who were
initiated to sit upon the cover of a well, to eat beans, mullets, or
weasels. If any woman rode to Eleusis in a chariot, she was obliged
by an edict of Lycurgus to pay 6000 drachmas. The design of this law
was to destroy all distinction between the richer and poorer sort
of citizens. The first day of the celebration was called ἀγορμος,
_assembly_, as it might be said that the worshippers first met
together. The second day was called ἀλαδε μυσται, _to the sea, you
that are initiated_, because they were commanded to purify themselves
by bathing in the sea. On the third day sacrifices, and chiefly
a mullet, were offered; as also barley from a field of Eleusis.
These oblations were called Θυα, and held so sacred that the priests
themselves were not, as in other sacrifices, permitted to partake of
them. On the fourth day they made a solemn procession, in which the
καλαθιον, _holy basket of Ceres_, was carried about in a consecrated
cart, while on every side the people shouted χαιρε Δημητερ, _Hail,
Ceres!_ After these followed women, called κιστοφοροι, who _carried
baskets_, in which were sesamum, carded wool, grains of salt, a
serpent, pomegranates, reeds, ivy boughs, certain cakes, &c. The
fifth was called ἡ των λαμπαδων ἡμερα, _the torch day_, because on
the following night the people ran about with torches in their hands.
It was usual to dedicate torches to Ceres, and contend which should
offer the biggest in commemoration of the travels of the goddess,
and of her lighting a torch in the flames of mount Ætna. The sixth
day was called Ἰακχος, from Iacchus the son of Jupiter and Ceres,
who accompanied his mother in her search of Proserpine, with a
torch in his hand. From that circumstance his statue had a torch in
its hand, and was carried in solemn procession from the Ceramicus
to Eleusis. The statue with those that accompanied it, called
Ἰακχαγωγοι, were crowned with myrtle. In the way nothing was heard
but singing and the noise of brazen kettles, as the votaries danced
along. The way through which they issued from the city was called
Ἱερα ὁδος, _the sacred way_; the resting place Ἱερα συκη, from a
_fig tree_ which grew in the neighbourhood. They also stopped on a
bridge over the Cephisus, where they derided those that passed by.
After they had passed this bridge, they entered Eleusis by a place
called μυστικη εἰσοδος, _the mystical entrance_. On the seventh day
were sports, in which the victors were rewarded with a measure of
barley, as that grain had been first sown in Eleusis. The eighth day
was called Ἐπιδαυριων ἡμερα, because once Æsculapius, at his return
from Epidaurus to Athens, was initiated by the repetition of the
less mysteries. It became customary, therefore, to celebrate them a
second time upon this, that such as had not hitherto been initiated
might be lawfully admitted. The ninth and last day of the festival
was called Πλημοχοαι, _earthen vessels_, because it was usual to
fill two such vessels with wine, one of which being placed towards
the east, and the other towards the west, which after the repetition
of some mystical words, were both thrown down, and the wine being
spilt on the ground, was offered as a libation. Such was the manner
of celebrating the Eleusinian mysteries, which have been deemed the
most sacred and solemn of all the festivals observed by the Greeks.
Some have supposed them to be obscene and abominable, and that from
thence proceeded all the mysterious secrecy. They were carried from
Eleusis to Rome in the age of Adrian, where they were observed with
the same ceremonies as before, though perhaps with more freedom
and licentiousness. They lasted about 1800 years, and were at last
abolished by Theodosius the Great. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 12,
ch. 24.――_Cicero_, _de Legibus_, bk. 2, ch. 14.――_Pausanias_, bk. 10,
ch. 31, &c.――_Plutarch._

♦ ‘horrror’ replaced with ‘horror’

=Eleusis=, or =Eleusin=, a town of Attica, equally distant from
Megara and the Piræus, celebrated for the festivals of Ceres. _See:_
Eleusinia. It was founded by Triptolemus. _Ovid_, bk. 4, _Fasti_,
♦li. 507.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 24.

♦ extraneous reference ‘5,’ removed

=Eleuther=, a son of Apollo.――――One of the Curetes, from whom a town
of Bœotia, and another in Crete, received their name. _Pausanias_,
bk. 9, chs. 2 & 9.

=Eleuthĕræ=, a village of Bœotia, between Megara and Thebes, where
Mardonius was defeated with 300,000 men. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 7;
bk. 34, ch. 8.

=Eleuthĕria=, a festival celebrated at Platæa in honour of Jupiter
Eleutherius, or the asserter of liberty, by delegates from almost
all the cities of Greece. Its institution originated in this: After
the victory obtained by the Grecians under Pausanias over Mardonius
the Persian general, in the country of Platæa, an altar and statue
were erected to Jupiter Eleutherius, who had freed the Greeks from
the tyranny of the barbarians. It was further agreed upon in a
general assembly, by the advice of Aristides the Athenian, that
deputies should be sent every fifth year from the different cities
of Greece to celebrate Eleutheria, _festivals of liberty_. The
Platæans celebrated also an anniversary festival in memory of those
who had lost their lives in that famous battle. The celebration
was thus: At break of day a procession was made with a trumpeter at
the head, sounding a signal for battle. After him followed chariots
loaded with myrrh, garlands, and a black bull, and certain free
young men, as no signs of servility were to appear during the
solemnity, because they in whose honour the festival was instituted
had died in the defence of their country. They carried libations of
wine and milk in large-eared vessels, with jars of oil and precious
ointments. Last of all appeared the chief magistrate, who, though
not permitted at other times to touch iron, or wear garments of
any colour but white, yet appeared clad in purple; and taking a
water-pot out of the city chamber, proceeded through the middle of
the town with a sword in his hand, towards the sepulchres. There
he drew water from the neighbouring spring, and washed and anointed
the monuments; after which he sacrificed a bull upon a pile of
wood, invoking Jupiter and infernal Mercury, and inviting to the
entertainment the souls of those happy heroes who had perished in
the defence of their country. After this he filled a bowl with wine,
saying, “I drink to those who lost their lives in the defence of
the liberties of Greece.” There was also a festival of the same name
observed by the Samians in honour of the god of love. Slaves also,
when they obtained their liberty, kept a holiday, which they called
Eleutheria.

=Eleutho=, a surname of Juno Lucina, from her presiding over the
delivery of pregnant women. _Pindar_, _Olympian_, bk. 6.

=Eleutherocilĭces=, a people of Cilicia, never subject to kings.
_Cicero_, bk. 15, _Letters to his Friends_, ltr. 4; bk. 5, _Letters
to Atticus_, ltr. 20.

=Eleuthĕros=, a river of Syria, falling into the Mediterranean.
_Pliny_, bk. 9, ch. 10.

=Elĭcius=, a surname of Jupiter, worshipped on mount Aventine. _Ovid_,
_Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 328.

=Eliensis= and =Eliăca=, a sect of philosophers founded by Phædon
of Elis, who was originally a slave, but restored to liberty by
Alcibiades. _Diogenes Laërtius._――_Strabo._

=Elimēa=, or =Elimiotis=, a district of Macedonia, or of Illyricum
according to others. _Livy_, bk. 42, ch. 53; bk. 45, ch. 30.

=Elis=, a country of Peloponnesus at the west of Arcadia, and north
of Messenia, extending along the coast, and watered by the river
Alpheus. The capital of the country called _Elis_, now _Belvidere_,
became large and populous in the age of Demosthenes, though in the
age of Homer it did not exist. It was originally governed by kings,
and received its name from Eleus, one of its monarchs. Elis was
famous for the horses it produced, whose celerity was so often
known and tried at the Olympic games. _Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Pliny_,
bk. 4, ch. 5.――_Pausanias_, bk. 5.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5,
li. 494.――_Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 13, ltr. 26; _de
Divinatione_, bk. 2, ch. 12.――_Livy_, bk. 27, ch. 32.――_Virgil_,
_Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 59; bk. 3, li. 202.

=Eliphasii=, a people of Peloponnesus. _Polybius_, bk. 11.

=Elissa=, a queen of Tyre, more commonly known by the name of Dido.
_See:_ Dido.

=Elissus=, a river of Elis.

=Ellopia=, a town of Eubœa.――――An ancient name of that island.

=Elōrus=, a river of Sicily on the eastern coast, called after a king
of the same name. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 145.

=Elos=, a city of Achaia, called after a servant-maid of Athamas of
the same name.

=Elotæ.= _See:_ Helotæ.

=Elpēnor=, one of the companions of Ulysses, changed into a hog by
Circe’s potions, and afterwards restored to his former shape. He
fell from the top of a house where he was sleeping, and was killed.
_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 252.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_,
bk. 10, li. 552; bk. 11, li. 51.

=Elpinīce=, a daughter of Miltiades, who married a man that promised
to release from confinement her brother and husband, whom the laws
of Athens had made responsible for the fine imposed on his father.
_Cornelius Nepos_, _Cimon_.

=Eluīna=, a surname of Ceres.

=Elyces=, a man killed by Perseus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5,
fable 3.

=Elymāis=, a country of Persia, between the Persian gulf and Media.
The capital of the country was called Elymais, and was famous for a
rich temple of Diana, which Antiochus Epiphanes attempted to plunder.
The Elymeans assisted Antiochus the Great in his wars against the
Romans. None of their kings are named in history. _Strabo._

=Ely̆mi=, a nation descended from the Trojans, in alliance with the
people of Carthage. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 8.

=Elymus=, a man at the court of Acestes in Sicily. _Virgil_, _Æneid_,
bk. 5, li. 73.

=Elyrus=, a town of Crete. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 16.

=Ely̆sium= and =Elysii Campi=, a place or island in the infernal
regions, where, according to the mythology of the ancients, the
souls of the virtuous were placed after death. There happiness
was complete, the pleasures were innocent and refined. Bowers for
ever green, delightful meadows with pleasant streams, were the most
striking objects. The air was wholesome, serene, and temperate; the
birds continually warbled in the groves, and the inhabitants were
blessed with another sun and other stars. The employments of the
heroes who dwelt in these regions of bliss were various; the manes
of Achilles are represented as waging war with the wild beasts,
while the Trojan chiefs are innocently exercising themselves in
managing horses, or in handling arms. To these innocent amusements
some poets have added continual feasting and revelry, and they
suppose that the Elysian fields were filled with all the incontinence
and voluptuousness which could gratify the low desires of the
debauchee. The Elysian fields were, according to some, in the
Fortunate Islands on the coast of Africa, in the Atlantic. Others
place them in the island of Leuce; and, according to the authority
of Virgil, they were situate in Italy. According to Lucian, they
were near the moon; or in the centre of the earth, if we believe
Plutarch. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 638.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_,
bk. 4.――_Pindar._――_Tibullus_, bk. 1, poem 3, li. 57.――_Lucian._
――_Plutarch_, ♦_de Consul._

♦ Unidentified, possible typo for ‘Consolatio ad Apollonium’

=Emăthia=, a name given anciently, and particularly by the poets, to
the countries which formed the empires of Macedonia and Thessaly.
_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 492; bk. 4, li. 390.――_Lucan_, bk.
1, li. 1; bk. 10, li. 50; bk. 6, li. 620; bk. 7, li. 427.――_Ovid_,
_Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 314.

=Emăthion=, a son of Titan and Aurora, who reigned in Macedonia. The
country was called _Emathia_, from his name. Some suppose that he
was a famous robber destroyed by Hercules. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
bk. 5, li. 313.――_Justin_, bk. 7, ch. 1.――――A man killed at the
nuptials of Perseus and Andromeda. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5,
li. 100.

=Emăthion=, a man killed in the wars of Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_,
bk. 9, li. 571.

=Embătum=, a place of Asia, opposite Chios.

=Embolīma=, a town of India. _Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 12.

=Emerĭta=, a town of Spain, famous for dyeing wool. _Pliny_, bk. 9,
ch. 41.

=Emessa= and =Emissa=, a town of Phœnicia.

=Emoda=, a mountain of India.

=Empĕdŏcles=, a philosopher, poet, and historian of Agrigentum in
Sicily, who flourished 444 B.C. He was the disciple of Telauges the
Pythagorean, and warmly adopted the doctrine of transmigration. He
wrote a poem upon the opinions of Pythagoras, very much commended,
in which he spoke of the various bodies which nature had given him.
He was first a girl, afterwards a boy, a shrub, a bird, a fish, and
lastly Empedocles. His poetry was bold and animated, and his verses
were so universally esteemed, that they were publicly recited at the
Olympic games with those of Homer and Hesiod. Empedocles was no less
remarkable for his humanity and social virtues than for his learning.
He showed himself an inveterate enemy to tyranny, and refused to
become the sovereign of his country. He taught rhetoric in Sicily,
and often alleviated the anxieties of his mind as well as the pains
of his body with music. It is reported that his curiosity to visit
the flames of the crater of Ætna proved fatal to him. Some maintain
that he wished it to be believed that he was a god, and, that his
death might be unknown, he threw himself into the crater and
perished in the flames. His expectations, however, were frustrated,
and the volcano, by throwing up one of his sandals, discovered to
the world that Empedocles had perished by fire. Others report that
he lived to an extreme old age, and that he was drowned in the sea.
_Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 12, li. 20.――_Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 1,
ch. 50, &c.――_Diogenes Laërtius_, _Lives and Opinions of Eminent
Philosophers_.

=Emperāmus=, a Lacedæmonian general in the second Messenian war.

=Empōclus=, an historian.

=Empŏria Punĭca=, certain places near the Syrtes.

=Emporiæ=, a town of Spain in Catalonia, now _Ampurias_. _Livy_,
bk. 34, chs. 9 & 16; bk. 26, ch. 19.

=Encĕlădus=, a son of Titan and Terra, the most powerful of all the
giants who conspired against Jupiter. He was struck with Jupiter’s
thunders, and overwhelmed under mount Ætna. Some supposed that he
is the same as Typhon. According to the poets, the flames of Ætna
proceeded from the breath of Enceladus; and as often as he turned
his weary side, the whole island of Sicily felt the motion, and
shook from its very foundations. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 578,
&c.――――A son of Ægyptus.

=Enchĕleæ=, a town of Illyricum, where Cadmus was changed into a
serpent. _Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 189.――_Strabo_, bk. 7.

=Endeis=, a nymph, daughter of Chiron. She married Æacus king of
Agina, by whom she had Peleus and Telamon. _Pausanias_, bk. 2,
ch. 29.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 12.

=Endēra=, a place of Æthiopia.

=Endy̆mion=, a shepherd, son of Æthlius and Calyce. It is said that
he required of Jupiter to grant to him to be always young, and to
sleep as much as he would; whence came the proverb of _Endymionis
somnum dormire_, to express a long sleep. Diana saw him naked as he
slept on mount Latmos, and was so struck with his beauty that she
came down from heaven every night to enjoy his company. Endymion
married Chromia daughter of Itonus, or, according to some, Hyperipne
daughter of Arcas, by whom he had three sons, Pæon, Epeus, and Æolus,
and a daughter called Eurydice; and so little ambitious did he show
himself of sovereignty, that he made his crown the prize of the best
racer among his sons, an honourable distinction which was gained
by Epeus. The fable of Endymion’s amours with Diana, or the moon,
arises from his knowledge of astronomy, and as he passed the night
on some high mountain, to observe the heavenly bodies, it has been
reported that he was courted by the moon. Some suppose that there
were two of that name, the son of a king of Elis, and the shepherd
or astronomer of Caria. The people of Heraclea maintained that
Endymion died on mount Latmos, and the Eleans pretended to show
his tomb at Olympia in Peloponnesus. _Propertius_, bk. 2, poem 25.
――_Cicero_, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 1.――_Juvenal_, satire 10.
――_Theocritus_, poem 3.――_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 1; bk. 6, ch. 20.

=Enĕti=, or =Henĕti=, a people near Paphlagonia.

=Engȳum=, now _Gangi_, a town of Sicily freed from tyranny by Timoleon.
_Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 3, ch. 43; bk. 4, ch. 44.――_Silius
Italicus_, bk. 14, li. 250.

=Enienses=, a people of Greece.

=Eniopeus=, a charioteer of Hector, killed by Diomedes. _Homer_,
_Iliad_, bk. 8, li. 120.

=Enīpeus=, a river of Thessaly, flowing near Pharsalia. _Lucan_,
bk. 6, li. 373.――――A river of Elis in Peloponnesus, of which Tyro
the daughter of Salmoneus became enamoured. Neptune assumed the
shape of the river god to enjoy the company of Tyro. _Ovid_,
_Amores_, bk. 3, poem 5.――_Strabo._

=Enispe=, a town of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 25.

=Enna=, now _Castro Janni_, a town in the middle of Sicily, with a
beautiful plain, whence Proserpine was carried away by Pluto. _Mela_,
bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 3, ch. 49; bk. 4,
ch. 104.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 522.――_Livy_, bk. 24, ch. 37.

=Ennia=, was the wife of Macro, and afterwards of the emperor Caligula.
_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 6, ch. 45.

=Quintus Ennius=, an ancient poet born at Rudii in Calabria.
He obtained the name and privileges of a Roman citizen by his
genius and the brilliancy of his learning. His style is rough and
unpolished, but his defects, which are more particularly attributed
to the age in which he lived, have been fully compensated by the
energy of his expressions and the fire of his poetry. Quintilian
warmly commends him, and Virgil has shown his merits by introducing
many whole lines from his poetry into his own compositions, which
he calls pearls gathered from the dunghill. Ennius wrote in heroic
verse 18 books of the annals of the Roman republic, and displayed
much knowledge of the world in some dramatical and satirical
compositions. He died of the gout, contracted by frequent
intoxication, about 169 years before the christian era, in the
70th year of his age. Ennius was intimate with the great men of his
age; he accompanied Cato in his questorship in Sardinia, and was
esteemed by him of greater value than the honours of a triumph; and
Scipio, on his death-bed, ordered his body to be buried by the side
of his poetical friend. This epitaph was said to be written upon him:

_Aspicite, o cives, senis Ennii imaginis formam!
Hic vestrum pinxit maxima facta patrum.
Nemo me lacrymis decoret, neque funera fletu
Faxit: cur? volito vivus per ora virûm._

Conscious of his merit as the first epic poet of Rome, Ennius
bestowed on himself the appellation of the Homer of Latium. Of the
tragedies, comedies, annals, and satires which he wrote, nothing
remains but fragments happily collected from the quotations of
ancient authors. The best edition of these is by Hesselius, 4to,
Amsterdam, 1707. _Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 2, li. 424.――_Cicero_, _de
Finibus Bonorum et Malorum_, bk. 1, ch. 4; _De Officiis_, bk. 2,
ch. 18.――_Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1.――_Lucretius_, bk. 1, li. 117,
&c.――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Cato_.

=Ennŏmus=, a Trojan prince killed by Achilles. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2,
li. 365; bk. 11, li. 422.

=Ennosigæus=, _terræ concussor_, a surname of Neptune. _Juvenal_,
satire 10, li. 182.

=Enŏpe=, a town of Peloponnesus near Pylos. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 26.

=Enops=, a shepherd loved by the nymph Nesis, by whom he had Satnius.
_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 14.――――The father of Thestos.――――A Trojan
killed by Patroclus. _Iliad_, bk. 16.

=Enos=, a maritime town of Thrace.

=Enosichthon=, a surname of Neptune.

=Enotocœtæ=, a nation whose ears are described as hanging down to
their heels. _Strabo._

=Entella=, a town of Sicily inhabited by Campanians. _Silius Italicus_,
bk. 14, li. 205.――_Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 3, ch. 43.

=Entellus=, a famous athlete among the friends of Æneas. He was
intimate with Eryx, and entered the lists against Dares, whom he
conquered in the funeral games of Anchises in Sicily. _Virgil_,
_Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 387, &c.

=Enyalius=, a surname of Mars.

=Enȳo=, a sister of Mars, called by the Latins Bellona, supposed by
some to be daughter of Phorcys and Ceto. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 10,
li. 203.

=Eone=, a daughter of Thespius. _Apollodorus._

=Eordæa=, a district at the west of Macedonia. _Livy_, bk. 31, ch. 39;
bk. 33, ch. 8; bk. 42, ch. 53.

=Eos=, the name of Aurora among the Greeks, whence the epithet Eous
is applied to all the eastern parts of the world. _Ovid_, _Fasti_,
bk. 3, li. 406; _Ars Amatoria_, bk. 3, li. 537; bk. 6, li. 478.
――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 288; bk. 2, li. 115.

=Eōus=, one of the horses of the sun. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2,
li. 153, &c.

=Epāgris=, one of the Cyclades, called by Aristotle _Hydrussa_.
_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.

=Epaminondas=, a famous Theban descended from the ancient kings of
Bœotia. His father’s name was Polymnus. He has been celebrated for
his private virtues and military accomplishments. His love of truth
was so great that he never disgraced himself by falsehood. He formed
a most sacred and inviolable friendship with Pelopidas, whose life
he saved in battle. By his advice Pelopidas delivered Thebes from
the power of Lacedæmon. This was the signal of war. Epaminondas was
set at the head of the Theban armies, and defeated the Spartans at
the celebrated battle of Leuctra, about 371 years B.C. Epaminondas
made a proper use of this victorious campaign, and entered the
territories of Lacedæmon with 50,000 men. Here he gained many
friends and partisans; but at his return to Thebes he was seized as
a traitor for violating the laws of his country. While he was making
the Theban arms victorious on every side, he neglected the law
which forbade any citizen to retain in his hands the supreme power
more than one month, and all his eminent services seemed unable to
redeem him from death. He paid implicit obedience to the laws of his
country, and only begged of his judges that it might be inscribed on
his tomb that he had suffered death for saving his country from ruin.
This animated reproach was felt; he was pardoned and invested again
with the sovereign power. He was successful in a war in Thessaly,
and assisted the Eleans against the Lacedæmonians. The hostile
armies met near Mantinea, and while Epaminondas was bravely fighting
in the thickest of the enemy, he received a fatal wound in the
breast and expired, exclaiming that he died unconquered, when he
heard that the Bœotians obtained the victory, in the 48th year of
his age, 363 years before Christ. The Thebans severely lamented
his death; in him their power was extinguished, for only during his
life they had enjoyed freedom and independence among the Grecian
states. Epaminondas was frugal as well as virtuous, and he refused
with indignation the rich presents which were offered to him by
Artaxerxes the king of Persia. He is represented by his biographer
as an elegant dancer and a skilful musician, accomplishments highly
esteemed among his countrymen. _Plutarch_, _Parallela minora_.
――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Epaminondas_.――_Xenophon_, _Hellenica_.
――_Diodorus_, bk. 15.――_Polybius_, bk. 1.

=Epantelii=, a people of Italy.

=Epaphrodītus=, a freedman punished with death for assisting Nero to
destroy himself. _Suetonius_, _Nero_.――――A freedman of Augustus,
sent as a spy to Cleopatra. _Plutarch._――――A name assumed by Sylla.

=Epăphus=, a son of Jupiter and Io, who founded a city in Egypt,
which he called Memphis, in honour of his wife, who was the daughter
of the Nile. He had a daughter called Libya, who became mother of
Ægyptus and Danaus by Neptune. He was worshipped as a god at Memphis.
_Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 153.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1,
li. 699, &c.

=Epasnactus=, a Gaul in alliance with Rome, &c. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_,
bk. 8, ch. 44.

=Epebŏlus=, a soothsayer of Messenia, who prevented Aristodemus from
obtaining the sovereignty. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 9, &c.

=Epēi= and =Elēi=, a people of Peloponnesus. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 5.

=Epetium=, now _Viscio_, a town of Illyricum.

=Epēus=, a son of Endymion, brother to Pæon, who reigned in a part of
Peloponnesus. His subjects were called from him Epei. _Pausanias_,
bk. 5, ch. 1.――――A son of Panopeus, who was the fabricator of the
famous wooden horse, which proved the ruin of Troy. _Virgil_,
_Æneid_, bk. 2, li. 264.――_Justin_, bk. 20, ch. 2.――_Pausanias_,
bk. 10, ch. 26.

=Ephĕsus=, a city of Ionia, built, as Justin mentions, by the Amazons;
or by Androchus son of Codrus, according to Strabo; or by Ephesus, a
son of the river Cayster. It is famous for a temple of Diana, which
was reckoned one of the seven wonders of the world. This temple was
425 feet long and 200 feet broad. The roof was supported by 127
columns, 60 feet high, which had been placed there by so many kings.
Of these columns, 36 were carved in the most beautiful manner, one
of which was the work of the famous Scopas. This celebrated building
was not totally completed till 220 years after its foundation.
Ctesiphon was the chief architect. There was above the entrance
a huge stone, which, according to Pliny, had been placed there by
Diana herself. The riches which were in the temple were immense,
and the goddess who presided over it was worshipped with the most
awful solemnity. This celebrated temple was burnt on the night that
Alexander was born [_See:_ Erostratus], and soon after it rose from
its ruins with more splendour and magnificence. Alexander offered
to rebuild it at his own expense, if the Ephesians would place upon
it an inscription which denoted the name of the benefactor. This
generous offer was refused by the Ephesians, who observed, in the
language of adulation, that it was improper that one deity should
raise temples to the other. Lysimachus ordered the town of Ephesus
to be called Arsinoe, in honour of his wife; but after his death
the new appellation was lost, and the town was again known by its
ancient name. Though modern authors are not agreed about the ancient
ruins of this once famed city, some have given the barbarous name
of _Ajasalouc_ to what they conjecture to be the remains of Ephesus.
The words _literæ Ephesiæ_ are applied to letters containing magical
powers. _Pliny_, bk. 36, ch. 14.――_Strabo_, bks. 12 & 14.――_Mela_,
bk. 1, ch. 17.――_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 2.――_Plutarch_, _Alexander_.
――_Justin_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Callimachus_, _Hymn to Artemis_.
――_Ptolemy_, bk. 5.――_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 2.

=Ephĕtæ=, a number of magistrates at Athens, first instituted by
Demophoon the son of Theseus. They were reduced to the number of
51 by Draco, who, according to some, first established them. They
were superior to the Areopagites, and their privileges were great
and numerous. Solon, however, lessened their power, and entrusted
them only with the trial of manslaughter and conspiracy against the
life of a citizen. They were all more than 50 years old, and it was
required that their manners should be pure and innocent, and their
behaviour austere and full of gravity.

=Ephialtes=, or =Ephialtus=, a giant, son of Neptune, who grew nine
inches every month. _See:_ Aloeus.――――An Athenian, famous for his
courage and strength. He fought with the Persians against Alexander,
and was killed at Halicarnassus. _Diodorus_, bk. 17.――――A Trachinian
who led a detachment of the army of Xerxes by a secret path to
attack the Spartans at Thermopylæ. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 4.
――_Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 213.

=Ephŏri=, powerful magistrates at Sparta, who were first created by
Lycurgus; or, according to some, by Theopompus, B.C. 760. They were
five in number. Like censors in the state, they could check and
restrain the authority of the kings, and even imprison them, if
guilty of irregularities. They fined Archidamus for marrying a
wife of small stature, and imprisoned Agis for his unconstitutional
behaviour. They were much the same as the tribunes of the people
at Rome, created to watch with a jealous eye over the liberties and
rights of the populace. They had the management of the public money,
and were the arbiters of peace and war. Their office was annual, and
they had the privilege of convening, proroguing, and dissolving the
greater and less assemblies of the people. The former was composed
of 9000 Spartans, all inhabitants of the city; the latter of 33,000
Lacedæmonians, inhabitants of the inferior towns and villages.
_Cornelius Nepos_, _Pausanias_, ch. 3.――_Aristotle_, _Politics_,
bk. 2, ch. 7.

=Ephŏrus=, an orator and historian of Cumæ in Æolia, about 352 years
before Christ. He was disciple to Isocrates, by whose advice he
wrote a history which gave an account of all the actions and battles
that had happened between the Greeks and barbarians for 750 years.
It was greatly esteemed by the ancients. It is now lost. _Quintilian_,
bk. 10, ch. 1.

=Ephy̆ra=, the ancient name of Corinth, which it received from a nymph
of the same name, and thence _Ephyreus_ is applied to Dyrrhachium,
founded by a Grecian colony. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2, li. 264.
――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 239.――_Lucan_, bk. 6, li. 17.
――_Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 4, li. 59.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 14,
li. 181.――――A city of Threspotia in Epirus.――――Another in Elis.
――――Ætolia.――――One of Cyrene’s attendants. _Virgil_, _Georgics_,
bk. 4, li. 343.

=Epicaste=, a name of Jocasta the mother and wife of Œdipus.
_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 5.――――A daughter of Ægeus, mother of
Thestalus by Hercules.

=Epicerides=, a man of Cyrene, greatly esteemed by the Athenians for
his beneficence. _Demosthenes._

=Epichăris=, a woman accused of conspiracy against Nero. She refused
to confess the associates of her guilt, though exposed to the
greatest torments, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 15, ch. 51.

=Epicharmus=, a poet and Pythagorean philosopher of Sicily,
who introduced comedy at Syracuse, in the reign of Hiero. His
compositions were imitated by Plautus. He wrote some treatises upon
philosophy and medicine, and observed that the gods sold all their
kindnesses for toil and labour. According to Aristotle and Pliny, he
added the two letters χ and θ to the Greek alphabet. He flourished
about 440 years before Christ, and died in the 90th year of his age.
_Horace_, bk. 2, ltr. 1, li. 58.――_Diogenes Laërtius_, bks. 3 & 8.
――_Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 1, ltr. 19.

=Epicles=, a Trojan prince killed by Ajax. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 12,
li. 378.

=Epiclīdes=, a Lacedæmonian of the family of the Eurysthenidæ. He
was raised to the throne by his brother Cleomenes III. in the place
of Agis, against the laws and constitution of Sparta. _Pausanias_,
bk. 2, ch. 9.

=Epicrătes=, a Milesian, servant to Julius Cæsar.――――A poet of
Ambracia. _Ælian._――――The name is applied to Pompey, as expressive
of supreme authority. _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 3, ltr. 3.

=Epictētus=, a stoic philosopher of Hieropolis in Phrygia, originally
the slave of Epaphroditus, the freedman of Nero. Though driven
from Rome by Domitian, he returned after the emperor’s death, and
gained the esteem of Adrian and Marcus Aurelius. Like the Stoics
he supported the doctrine of the immortality of the soul, but he
declared himself strongly against suicide, which was so warmly
adopted by his sect. He died in a very advanced age. The earthen
lamp of which he made use was sold some time after his death for
3000 drachmas. His _Enchiridion_ is a faithful picture of the
stoic philosophy, and his dissertations which were delivered to his
pupils, were collected by Arrian. His style is concise and devoid
of all ornament, full of energy and useful maxims. The value of his
compositions is well known from the saying of the emperor Antoninus,
who thanked the gods he could collect from the writings of Epictetus
wherewith to conduct life with honour to himself and advantage
to his country. There are several good editions of the works of
Epictetus, with those of Cebes and others; the most valuable of
which, perhaps, will be found to be that of Reland, Utrecht, 4to,
1711; and Arrian’s by Upton, 2 vols. 4to, London, 1739.

=Epĭcūrus=, a celebrated philosopher, son of Neocles and Cherestrata,
born at Gargettus in Attica. Though his parents were poor and
of an obscure origin, yet he was early sent to school, where he
distinguished himself by the brilliancy of his genius, and at the
age of 12, when his preceptor repeated to him this verse from Hesiod,

Ἠτοι μεν πρωτιστα χαος γενετ’, &c.,

_In the beginning of things the Chaos was created_,

Epicurus earnestly asked him who created it? To this the teacher
answered that he knew not, but only philosophers. “Then,” says the
youth, “philosophers henceforth shall instruct me.” After having
improved himself, and enriched his mind by travelling, he visited
Athens, which was then crowded by the followers of Plato, the Cynics,
the Peripatetics, and the Stoics. Here he established himself, and
soon attracted a number of followers by the sweetness and gravity
of his manners, and by his social virtues. He taught them that the
happiness of mankind consisted in pleasure, not such as arises from
sensual gratification, or from vice, but from the enjoyments of the
mind, and the sweets of virtue. This doctrine was warmly attacked
by the philosophers of the different sects, and particularly by the
Stoics. They observed that he disgraced the gods by representing
them as inactive, given up to pleasure, and unconcerned with the
affairs of mankind. He refuted all the accusations of his adversaries
by the purity of his morals, and by his frequent attendance on
places of public worship. When Leontium, one of his female pupils,
was accused of prostituting herself to her master and to all his
disciples, the philosopher proved the falsity of the accusation by
silence and an exemplary life. His health was at last impaired by
continual labour, and he died of a retention of urine, which long
subjected him to the most excruciating torments, and which he bore
with unparalleled fortitude. His death happened 270 years before
Christ, in the 72nd year of his age. His disciples showed their
respect for the memory of their learned preceptor, by the unanimity
which prevailed among them. While philosophers in every sect were
at war with mankind and among themselves, the followers of Epicurus
enjoyed perfect peace, and lived in the most solid friendship. The
day of his birth was observed with universal festivity, and during
a month all his admirers gave themselves up to mirth and innocent
amusement. Of all the philosophers of antiquity, Epicurus is the
only one whose writings deserve attention for their number. He
wrote no less than 300 volumes, according to Diogenes Laërtius;
and Chrysippus was so jealous of the fecundity of his genius,
that no sooner had Epicurus published one of his volumes, than
he immediately composed one, that he might not be overcome in the
number of his productions. Epicurus, however, advanced truth and
arguments unknown before; but Chrysippus said what others long ago
had said, without showing anything which might be called originality.
The followers of Epicurus were numerous in every age and country;
his doctrines were rapidly disseminated over the world, and when
the gratification of the sense was substituted to the practice of
virtue, the morals of mankind were undermined and destroyed. Even
Rome, whose austere simplicity had happily nurtured virtue, felt the
attack, and was corrupted. When Cineas spoke of the tenets of the
Epicureans in the Roman senate, Fabricius indeed entreated the gods
that all the enemies of the republic might become his followers.
But those were the feeble efforts of expiring virtue; and when
Lucretius introduced the popular doctrine in poetical composition,
the smoothness and beauty of the numbers contributed, with the
effeminacy of the Epicureans, to enervate the conquerors of
the world. _Diogenes Laërtius_, _Lives and Opinions of Eminent
Philosophers_.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 4, ch. 13.――_Cicero_,
_de Natura Deorum_, bk. 1, chs. 24 & 25; _Tusculanæ Disputationes_,
bk. 3, ch. 49; _De Finibus Bonorum et Malorum_, bk. 2, ch. 22.

=Epicydes=, a tyrant of Syracuse, B.C. 213.

=Epidamnus=, a town of Macedonia on the Adriatic, nearly opposite
Brundusium. The Romans planted there a colony, which they called
_Dyrrachium_, considering the ancient name (_ad damnum_) ominous.
_Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 10.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 23.――_Plautus_,
_Menæchmi_, scene 2, act 1, li. 42.

=Epidaphne=, a town of Syria, called also Antioch. Germanicus son of
Drusus died there. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 2, ch. 83.

=Epidauria=, a festival at Athens in honour of Æsculapius.――――A country
of Peloponnesus.

=Epidaurus=, a town at the north of Argolis in Peloponnesus, chiefly
dedicated to the worship of Æsculapius, who had there a famous
temple. It received its name from Epidaurus son of Argus and Evadne.
It is now called _Pidaura_. _Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_,
bk. 3, li. 44.――_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 21.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.
――――A town of Dalmatia, now _Ragusi Vecchio_,――――of Laconia.

=Epidium=, one of the western isles of Scotland, or the Mull of
Cantyre, according to some. _Ptolemy._

=Epidius=, a man who wrote concerning unusual prodigies. _Pliny_,
bk. 16, ch. 25.

=Epidotæ=, certain deities who presided over the birth and growth
of children, and were known among the Romans by the name of _Dii
Averrunci_. They were worshipped by the Lacedæmonians, and chiefly
invoked by those who were persecuted by the ghosts of the dead, &c.
_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 17, &c.

=Epigĕnes=, a Babylonian astrologer and historian. _Pliny_, bk. 7,
ch. 56.

=Epigeus=, a Greek killed by Hector.

=Epigŏni=, the sons and descendants of the Grecian heroes who were
killed in the first Theban war. The war of the Epigoni is famous
in ancient history. It was undertaken 10 years after the first. The
sons of those who had perished in the first war resolved to avenge
the death of their fathers, and marched against Thebes, under the
command of Thersander; or, according to others, of Alcmæon the son
of Amphiaraus. The Argives were assisted by the Corinthians, the
people of Messina, Arcadia, and Megara. The Thebans had engaged
all their neighbours in their quarrel, as in one common cause, and
the two hostile armies met and engaged on the banks of the Glissas.
The fight was obstinate and bloody, but victory declared for the
Epigoni, and some of the Thebans fled to Illyricum with Leodamas
their general, while others retired into Thebes, where they were
soon besieged and forced to surrender. In this war Ægialeus alone
was killed, and his father Adrastus was the only person who escaped
alive in the first war. This whole war, as Pausanias observes,
was written in verse; and Callinus, who quotes some of the verses,
ascribes them to Homer, which opinion has been adopted by many
writers. “For my part,” continues the geographer, “I own that,
next to the Iliad and Odyssey of Homer, I have never seen a finer
poem.” _Pausanias_, bk. 6, chs. 9 & 25.――_Apollodorus_, bks. 1 & 3.
――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.――――This name has been applied to the sons
of those Macedonian veterans, who in the age of Alexander formed
connections with the women of Asia.

=Epĭgŏnus=, a mathematician of Ambracia.

=Epigranea=, a fountain in Bœotia. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 7.

=Epīi= and =Epēi=, a people of Elis.

=Epilarus=, a daughter of Thespius. _Apollodorus._

=Epimĕlĭdes=, the founder of Corone. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 34.

=Epimĕnes=, a man who conspired against Alexander’s life. _Curtius_,
bk. 8, ch. 6.

=Epimenĭdes=, an epic poet of Crete, contemporary with Solon. His
father’s name was Agiasarchus and his mother’s Blasta. He is
reckoned one of the seven wise men by those who exclude Periander
from the number. While he was tending his flocks one day, he entered
into a cave, where he fell asleep. His sleep continued for 40 or 47,
or according to Pliny, 57 years, and when he awoke, he found every
object so considerably altered, that he scarce knew where he was.
His brother apprised him of the length of his sleep, to his great
astonishment. It is supposed that he lived 289 years. After death he
was revered as a god, and greatly honoured by the Athenians, whom he
had delivered from a plague, and to whom he had given many good and
useful counsels. He is said to be the first who built temples in
the Grecian communities. _Cicero_, _de Divinatione_, bk. 1, ch. 34.
――_Diogenes Laërtius_, _Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers_.
――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 14.――_Plutarch_, _Solon_.――_Valerius
Maximus_, bk. 8, ch. 13.――_Strabo_, bk. 10.――_Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 12.

=Epĭmētheus=, a son of Japetus and Clymene, one of the Oceanides, who
inconsiderately married Pandora, by whom he had Pyrrha the wife of
Deucalian. He had the curiosity to open the box which Pandora had
brought with her [_See:_ Pandora], and from thence issued a train of
evils, which from that moment have never ceased to afflict the human
race. Hope was the only one which remained at the bottom of the
box, not having sufficient time to escape, and it is she alone which
comforts men under misfortunes. Epimetheus was changed into a monkey
by the gods, and sent into the island of Pithecusa. _Apollodorus_,
bk. 1, chs. 2 & 7.――_Hyginus_, fable.――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_. _See:_
Prometheus.

=Epĭmēthis=, a patronymic of Pyrrha the daughter of Epimetheus. _Ovid_,
_Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 390.

=Epĭochus=, a son of Lycurgus, who received divine honours in Arcadia.

=Epiŏne=, the wife of Æsculapius. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 29.

=Epiphanea=, a town of Cilicia, near Issus, now _Surpendkar_. _Pliny_,
bk. 5, ch. 27.――_Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 15, ltr. 4.
――――Another of Syria on the Euphrates. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 24.

=Epiphănes= (_illustrious_), a surname given to the Antiochi, kings of
Syria.――――A surname of one of the Ptolemies, the fifth of the house
of the Lagidæ. _Strabo_, bk. 17.

=Epipanius=, a bishop of Salamis, who was active in refuting the
writings of Origen; but his compositions are more valuable for the
fragments which they preserve than for their own intrinsic merit.
The only edition is by _Dionysius Petavius_, 2 vols., Paris, 1622.
The bishop died A.D. 403.

=Epipŏlæ=, a district of Syracuse, on the north side, surrounded by a
wall by Dionysius, who, to complete the work expeditiously, employed
60,000 men upon it, so that in 30 days he finished a wall 4¾ miles
long, and of great height and thickness.

=Epīrus=, a country situate between Macedonia, Achaia, and the Ionian
sea. It was formerly governed by kings, of whom Neoptolemus son
of Achilles was one of the first. It was afterwards joined to
the empire of Macedonia, and at last became a part of the Roman
dominions. It is now called _Larta_. _Strabo_, bk. 7.――_Mela_, bk. 2,
ch. 3.――_Ptolemy_, bk. 3, ch. 14.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 1.――_Virgil_,
_Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 121.

=Epistrŏphus=, a son of Iphitus king of Phocis, who went to the Trojan
war. _Homer_, _Iliad_.

=Epitades=, a man who first violated a law of Lycurgus, which forbade
laws to be made. _Plutarch_, _Agis_.

=Epitus.= _See:_ Epytus.

=Epium=, a town of Peloponnesus on the borders of Arcadia.

=Epŏna=, a beautiful girl, the fruit, it is said, of a man’s union
with a mare.

=Epŏpeus=, a son of Neptune and Canace, who came from Thessaly to
Sicyon, and carried away Antiope, daughter of Nicteus king of Thebes.
This rape was followed by a war, in which Nycteus and Epopeus were
both killed. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 6.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 7,
&c.――――A son of Aloeus, grandson to Phœbus. He reigned at Corinth.
_Pausanias_, bk. 2, chs. 1 & 3.――――One of the Tyrrhene sailors, who
attempted to abuse Bacchus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3, li. 619.

=Eporedōrix=, a powerful person among the Ædui, who commanded his
countrymen in their war against the Sequani. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_,
bk. 7, ch. 67.

=Epŭlo=, a Rutulian killed by Achates. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 12,
li. 459.

=Epytides=, a patronymic given to Periphas the son of Epytus, and the
companion of Ascanius. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 547.

=Epy̆tus=, a king of Alba. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 44.――――A king
of Arcadia.――――A king of Messenia, of the family of the Heraclidæ.
――――The father of Periphus, a herald in the Trojan war. _Homer_,
_Iliad_, bk. 17.

=Equajusta=, a town of Thessaly.

=Equĭcŏlus=, a Rutulian engaged in the wars of Æneas. _Virgil_,
_Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 684.

=Equīria=, festivals established at Rome by Romulus, in honour of Mars,
when horse-races and games were exhibited in the Campus Martius.
_Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 5, ch. 3.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 2,
li. 859.

=Equotutĭcum=, now _Castel Franco_, a little town of Apulia, to which,
as some suppose, Horace alludes in this verse, bk. 1, satire 5,
li. 87,

_Mansuri oppidulo, versu quod dicere non est._

=Eracon=, an officer of Alexander, imprisoned for his cruelty.
_Curtius_, bk. 10.

=Eræa=, a city of Greece, destroyed in the age of Strabo, bk. 3.

=Erana=, a small village of Cilicia on mount Amanus. _Cicero_,
_Letters to his Friends_, bk. 15, ltr. 4.

=Erăsēnus=, a river of Peloponnesus, flowing for a little space under
the ground, in Argolis. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 275.
――_Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 13.

=Erasippus=, a son of Hercules and Lysippe.

=Erasistrătus=, a celebrated physician, grandson to the philosopher
Aristotle. He discovered by the motion of the pulse the love which
Antiochus had conceived for his mother-in-law Stratonice, and was
rewarded with 100 talents for the cure by the father of Antiochus.
He was a great enemy to bleeding and violent physic. He died B.C.
257. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 5, ch. 7.――_Plutarch_, _Demetrius_.