Chapter C (3)

=Caius Cassius=, a celebrated Roman, who made himself known by being
first questor to Crassus in his expedition against Parthia, from
which he extricated himself with uncommon address. He followed the
interest of Pompey; and when Cæsar had obtained the victory in the
plains of Pharsalia, Cassius was one of those who owed their life
to the mercy of the conqueror. He married Junia the sister of Brutus,
and with him he resolved to murder the man to whom he was indebted
for his life, on account of his oppressive ambition; and before he
stabbed Cæsar, he addressed himself to the statue of Pompey, who had
fallen by the avarice of him whom he was going to assassinate. When
the provinces were divided among Cæsar’s murderers, Cassius received
Africa; and when his party had lost ground at Rome, by the superior
influence of Augustus and Marcus Antony, he retired to Philippi,
with his friend Brutus and their adherents. In the battle that was
fought there, the wing which Cassius commanded was defeated, and his
camp was plundered. In this unsuccessful moment he suddenly gave up
all hopes of recovering his losses, and concluded that Brutus was
conquered and ruined as well as himself. Fearful to fall into the
enemy’s hands, he ordered one of his freedmen to run him through,
and he perished by that very sword which had given wounds to Cæsar.
His body was honoured with a magnificent funeral by his friend
Brutus, who declared over him that he deserved to be called the last
of the Romans. If he were brave, he was equally learned. Some of his
letters are still extant among Cicero’s epistles. He was a strict
follower of the doctrines of Epicurus. He was often too rash and
too violent, and many of the wrong steps which Brutus took are
to be ascribed to the prevailing advice of Cassius. He is allowed
by Paterculus to have been a better commander than Brutus, though
a less sincere friend. The day after Cæsar’s murder he dined at
the house of Antony, who asked him whether he had then a dagger
concealed in his bosom. “Yes,” replied he, “if you aspire to
tyranny.” _Seutonius_, _Cæsar_ & _Augustus_.――_Plutarch_, _Brutus_
& _Cæsar_.――_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 46.――_Dio Cassius_, bk. 40.
――――A Roman citizen who condemned his son to death, on pretence
of his raising commotions in the state. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 5,
ch. 8.――――A tribune of the people, who made many laws tending to
diminish the influence of the Roman nobility. He was competitor with
Cicero for the consulship.――――One of Pompey’s officers, who, during
the civil wars, revolted to Cæsar with 10 ships.――――A poet of Parma,
of great genius. He was killed by Varus, by order of Augustus, whom
he had offended by his satirical writings. His fragments of Orpheus
were found and edited some time after by the poet Statius. _Horace_,
bk. 1, satire 10, li. 62.――――Spurius, a Roman, put to death on
suspicion of his aspiring to tyranny, after he had been three times
consul, B.C. 485. _Diodorus_, bk. 11.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 6,
ch. 3.――――Brutus, a Roman who betrayed his country to the Latins,
and fled to the temple of Pallas, where his father confined him, and
he was starved to death.――――Longinus, an officer of Cæsar in Spain,
much disliked. _Cæsar_, _Alexandrine War_, ch. 48.――――A consul, to
whom Tiberius married Drusilla daughter of Germanicus. _Seutonius_,
_Galba_, ch. 57.――――A lawyer whom Nero put to death, because he
bore the name of Julius Cæsar’s murderer. _Suetonius_, _Nero_, ch.
37.――――Lucius Hemina, the most ancient writer of annals at Rome.
He lived A.U.C. 608.――――Lucius, a Roman lawyer, whose severity in
the execution of the law has rendered the words _Cassiani judices_
applicable to rigid judges. _Cicero_, _For Sextus Roscius of
Ameria_, ch. 30.――――Longinus, a critic. _See:_ Longinus.――――Lucius,
a consul with Caius Marius, slain with his army by the Gauls Senones.
_Appian_, _Gallic History_.――――Marcus Scæva, a soldier of uncommon
valour in Cæsar’s army. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 3, ch. 2.――――An
officer under Aurelius, made emperor by his soldiers, and murdered
three months after.――――Felix, a physician in the age of Tiberius,
who wrote on animals.――――Severus, an orator who wrote a severe
treatise on illustrious men and women. He died in exile, in his 25th
year. _See:_ Severus. The family of Cassii branched into the surname
of Longinus, Viscellinus, Brutus, &c.

=Cassōtis=, a nymph and fountain of Phocis. _Pausanias_, bk. 10,
ch. 24.

=Castabala=, a city of Cilicia, whose inhabitants made war with their
dogs. _Pliny_, bk. 8, ch. 40.

=Castabus=, a town of Chersonesus.

=Castălia=, a town near Phocis.――――A daughter of the Achelous.

=Castălius fons=, or =Castalia=, a fountain of Parnassus, sacred to
the Muses. The waters of this fountain were cool and excellent,
and they had the power of inspiring those who drank of them with
the true fire of poetry. The Muses have received the surname of
_Castalides_ from this fountain. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3,
li. 293.――_Martial_, bk. 7, ltr. 11; bk. 12, ltr. 3.

=Castanea=, a town near the Peneus, whence the _nuces Castaneæ_
received their name. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 9.

=Castellum menapiōrum=, a town of Belgium on the Maese, now _Kessel_.
――――Morinorum, now _mount Cassel_, in Flanders.――――Cattorum, now
_Hesse Cassel_.

=Casthĕnes=, a bay of Thrace, near Byzantium.

=Castianira=, a Thracian, mistress of Priam and mother of Gorgythion.
_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 8.

=Castor= and =Pollux=, were twin brothers, sons of Jupiter by Leda,
the wife of Tyndarus king of Sparta. The manner of their birth is
uncommon. Jupiter, who was enamoured of Leda, changed himself into
a beautiful swan, and desired Venus to metamorphose herself into an
eagle. After this transformation the goddess pursued the god with
apparent ferocity, and Jupiter fled for refuge into the arms of
Leda, who was bathing in the Eurotas. Jupiter took advantage of his
situation, and nine months after Leda, who was already pregnant,
brought forth two eggs, from one of which came Pollux and Helena;
and from the other, Castor and Clytemnestra. The two former were
the offspring of Jupiter, and the latter were believed to be the
children of Tyndarus. Some suppose that Leda brought forth only one
egg, from which Castor and Pollux sprung. Mercury, immediately after
their birth, carried the two brothers to Pallena, where they were
educated; and as soon as they had arrived at years of maturity, they
embarked with Jason to go in quest of the golden fleece. In this
expedition both behaved with superior courage: Pollux conquered and
slew Amycus in the combat of the cestus, and was ever after reckoned
the god and patron of boxing and wrestling. Castor distinguished
himself in the management of horses. The brothers cleared the
Hellespont and the neighbouring seas from pirates, after their
return from Colchis, from which circumstance they have been always
deemed the friends of navigation. During the Argonautic expedition,
in a violent storm, two flames of fire were seen to play around the
heads of the sons of Leda, and immediately the tempest ceased and
the sea was calmed. From this occurrence their power to protect
sailors has been more firmly credited, and the two before-mentioned
fires, which are very common in storms, have since been known by
the name of Castor and Pollux; and when they both appeared, it was
a sign of fair weather; but if only one was seen it prognosticated
storms, and the aid of Castor and Pollux was consequently solicited.
Castor and Pollux made war against the Athenians to recover
their sister Helen, whom Theseus had carried away; and from their
clemency to the conquered, they acquired the surname of _Anaces_
or benefactors. They were initiated in the sacred mysteries of the
Cabiri, and in those of Ceres of Eleusis. They were invited to a
feast when Lynceus and Idas were going to celebrate their marriage
with Phœbe and Talaira the daughters of Leucippus, who was brother
to Tyndarus. Their behaviour after this invitation was cruel.
They became enamoured of the two women whose nuptials they were
to celebrate, and resolved to carry them away and marry them. This
violent step provoked Lynceus and Idas: a battle ensued, and Castor
killed Lynceus, and was killed by Idas. Pollux revenged the death of
his brother by killing Idas; and, as he was immortal, and tenderly
attached to his brother, he entreated Jupiter to restore him to life,
or to be deprived himself of immortality. Jupiter permitted Castor
to share the immortality of his brother; and consequently, as long
as the one was upon earth, so long was the other detained in the
infernal regions, and they alternately lived and died every day; or,
according to others, every six months. This act of fraternal love
Jupiter rewarded by making the two brothers constellations in heaven,
under the name of _Gemini_, which never appear together, but when
one rises the other sets, and so on alternately. Castor made Talaira
mother of Anogon, and Phœbe had Mnesileus by Pollux. They received
divine honours after death, and were generally called _Dioscuri_,
sons of Jupiter. White lambs were more particularly offered on their
altars, and the ancients were fond of swearing by the divinity of
the _Dioscuri_, by the expressions of _Ædepol_ and _Æcastor_. Among
the ancients, and especially among the Romans, there prevailed many
public reports, at different times, that Castor and Pollux had made
their appearance to their armies; and mounted on white steeds, had
marched at the head of their troops, and furiously attacked the
enemy. Their surnames were many, and they were generally represented
mounted on two white horses, armed with spears, and riding side
by side, with their head covered with a bonnet, on whose top
glittered a star. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, li. 109; _Fasti_,
bk. 5, li. 701; _Amores_, bk. 3, poem 2, li. 54.――_Hyginus_,
fables 77 & 78.――_Homer_, _Hymn 33 to the Dioscuri_.――_Euripides_,
_Helen_.――_Plutarch_, _Theseus_.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6,
li. 121.――_Marcus Manilius_, _Astronomica_, bk. 2.――_Livy_, bk. 2.
――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 6.――_Justin_, bk. 20, ch. 3.
――_Horace_, bk. 2, satire 1, li. 27.――_Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 12.
――_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 2, ch. 2.――_Apollonius_, bk. 1.
――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, chs. 8, 9; bk. 2, ch. 4; bk. 3, ch. 11.
――_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 24; bk. 4, chs. 3 & 27.――――An ancient
physician.――――A swift runner.――――A friend of Æneas, who accompanied
him into Italy. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 124.――――An orator of
Rhodes, related to king Dejotarus. He wrote two books on Babylon,
and one on the Nile.――――A gladiator. _Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 18,
li. 19.

=Castra Alexandri=, a place of Egypt about Pelusium. _Curtius_, bk. 4,
ch. 7.――――Cornelia, a maritime town of Africa, between Carthage and
Utica. _Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 7.――――Annibalis, a town of the Brutii, now
_Rocella_.――――Cyri, a country of Cilicia, where Cyrus encamped when
he marched against Crœsus. _Curtius_, bk. 3, ch. 4.――――Julia, a town
of Spain.――――Posthumania, a place of Spain. _Hirtius_, _Hispanic
War_, ch. 8.

=Castratius=, a governor of Placentia during the civil wars of Marius.
_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 6, ch. 2.

=Castrum Novum=, a place on the coast of Etruria. _Livy_, bk. 36,
ch. 3.――――Truentinum, a town of Picenum. _Cicero_, _Letters to
Atticus_, bk. 8, ltr. 12.――――Inui, a town on the shores of the
Tyrrhene sea. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 775.

=Castŭlo=, a town of Spain, where Annibal married one of the natives.
_Plutarch_, _Sertorius_.――_Livy_, bk. 24, ch. 41.――_Silius Italicus_,
bk. 3, lis. 99 & 391.

=Catabathmos=, a great declivity near Cyrene fixed by Sallust as
the boundary of Africa. _Sallust_, _Jugurthine War_, chs. 17 & 19.
――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 5.

=Catadūpa=, the name of the large cataracts of the Nile, whose immense
noise stuns the ears of travellers for a short space of time, and
totally deprives the neighbouring inhabitants of the power of hearing.
_Cicero_, _Somnium Scipionis_, ch. 5.

=Catagogia=, festivals in honour of Venus, celebrated by the people of
Eryx. _See:_ Anagogia.

=Catamenteles=, a king of the Sequani, in alliance with Rome, &c.
_Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 1, ch. 3.

=Catăna=, a town of Sicily at the foot of mount Ætna, founded by a
colony from Chalcis, 753 years before the christian era. Ceres had
there a temple, in which none but women were permitted to appear.
It was large and opulent, and it is rendered remarkable for the
dreadful overthrows to which it has been subjected from its vicinity
to Ætna, which has discharged, in some of its eruptions, a stream
of lava four miles broad and 50 feet deep, advancing at the rate of
seven miles in a day. Catana contains now about 30,000 inhabitants.
_Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 4, ch. 53; bk. 5, ch. 84.――_Diodorus_,
bks. 11 & 14.――_Strabo_, bk. 6.――_Thucydides_, bk. 6, ch. 3.

=Cataonia=, a country above Cilicia, near Cappadocia. _Cornelius
Nepos_, _Datames_, ch. 4.

=Cataracta=, a city of the Samnites.

=Cataractes=, a river of Pamphylia, now _Dodensoui_.

=Catĕnes=, a Persian by whose means Bessus was seized. _Curtius_,
bk. 7, ch. 43.

=Cathæa=, a country of India.

=Cathări=, certain gods of the Arcadians.――――An Indian nation, where
the wives accompany their husbands to the burning pile, and are
burnt with them. _Diodorus_, bk. 17.

=Catia=, an immodest woman, mentioned _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 2,
li. 95.

=Catiēna=, a courtesan in Juvenal’s age. _Juvenal_, satire 3, li. 133.

=Catiēnus=, an actor at Rome in Horace’s age, bk. 2, satire 3, li. 61.

=Lucius Sergius Cătĭlīna=, a celebrated Roman, descended of a noble
family. When he had squandered away his fortune by his debaucheries
and extravagance, and been refused the consulship, he secretly
meditated the ruin of his country, and conspired with many of
the most illustrious of the Romans, as dissolute as himself, to
extirpate the senate, plunder the treasury, and set Rome on fire.
This conspiracy was timely discovered by the consul Cicero, whom
he had resolved to murder; and Catiline, after he had declared his
intentions in the full senate, and attempted to vindicate himself,
on seeing five of his accomplices arrested, retired to Gaul,
where his partisans were assembling an army; while Cicero at Rome
punished the condemned conspirators. Petreius, the other consul’s
lieutenant, attacked Catiline’s ill-disciplined troops, and routed
them. Catiline was killed in the engagement, bravely fighting, about
the middle of December, B.C. 63. His character has been deservedly
branded with the foulest infamy; and to the violence he offered to
a vestal, he added the more atrocious murder of his own brother,
for which he would have suffered death, had not friends and bribes
prevailed over justice. It has been reported that Catiline and the
other conspirators drank human blood, to make their oaths more firm
and inviolable. _Sallust_ has written an account of the conspiracy.
_Cicero_, _Against Catiline_.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 668.

=Catilli=, a people near the river Anio. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 4,
li. 225.

=Catilius=, a pirate of Dalmatia. _Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_,
bk. 5, ch. 10.

=Catillus=, or =Catilus=, a son of Amphiaraus, who came to Italy with
his brothers Coras and Tiburtus, where he built Tibur, and assisted
Turnus against Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 672.――_Horace_,
bk. 1, ode 18, li. 2.

=Catīna=, a town of Sicily, called also Catana. _See:_ Catana.
――――Another of Arcadia.

=M. Catius=, an epicurean philosopher of Insubria, who wrote a
treatise in four books, on the nature of things, and the _summum
bonum_, and an account of the doctrine and tenets of Epicurus.
But as he was not a sound or faithful follower of the epicurean
philosophy, he has been ridiculed by _Horace_, bk. 2, satire 4.
――_Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1.――――Vestinus, a military tribune in
Marcus Antony’s army. _Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 10,
ch. 23.

=Catizi=, a people of the Pygmæans, supposed to have been driven from
their country by cranes. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 11.

=Cato=, a surname of the Porcian family, rendered illustrious by Marcus
Porcius Cato, a celebrated Roman, afterwards called _Censorius_,
from his having exercised the office of censor. He rose to all
the honours of the state, and the first battle he ever saw was
against Annibal, at the age of 17, where he behaved with uncommon
valour. In his questorship, under Africanus against Carthage, and
in his expedition in Spain against the Celtiberians, and in Greece,
he displayed equal proofs of his courage and prudence. He was
remarkable for his love of temperance; he never drank but water, and
was always satisfied with whatever meats were laid upon his table by
his servants, whom he never reproved with an angry word. During his
censorship, which he obtained, though he had made many declarations
of his future severity if ever in office, he behaved with the
greatest rigour and impartiality, showed himself an enemy to all
luxury and dissipation, and even accused his colleague of embezzling
the public money. He is famous for the great opposition which he
made against the introduction of the finer arts of Greece into Italy,
and his treatment of Carneades is well known. This prejudice arose
from an apprehension that the learning and luxury of Athens would
destroy the valour and simplicity of the Roman people; and he often
observed to his son, that the Romans would be certainly ruined
whenever they began to be infected with Greek. It appears, however,
that he changed his opinion, for he made himself remarkable for the
knowledge of Greek, which he acquired in his old age. He himself
educated his son, and instructed him in writing and grammar. He
taught him dexterously to throw the javelin, and inured him to
the labours of the field, and to bear cold and heat with the same
indifference, and to swim across the most rapid rivers with ease and
boldness. He was universally deemed so strict in his morals, that
Virgil makes him one of the judges of hell. He repented only of
three things during his life; to have gone by sea when he could go
by land, to have passed a day inactive, and to have told a secret
to his wife. A statue was raised to his memory, and he distinguished
himself as much for his knowledge of agriculture as for his
political life. In Cicero’s age there were 50 orations of his,
besides letters, and a celebrated work called _Origines_, of which
the first book gave a history of the Roman monarchy; the second and
third an account of the neighbouring cities of Italy; the fourth
a detail of the first, and the fifth of the second Punic war; and
in the others the Roman history was brought down to the war of the
Lusitanians, carried on by Servius Galba. Some fragments of the
_Origines_ remain, supposed by some to be supposititious. Cato’s
treatise, _De Re Rusticâ_, was edited by Auson. Pompna, 8vo, Antwerp,
Plantin, 1590; but the best edition of Cato, &c., seems to be
Gesner’s, 2 vols., 4to, Lipscomb, 1735. Cato died in extreme old
age, about 150 B.C.; and Cicero, to show his respect for him,
has introduced him in his treatise on old age, as the principal
character. _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 14. _Plutarch_ & _Cornelius Nepos_
have written an account of his life. _Cicero_, _Academica_ & _De
Senectute_, &c.――――Marcus, the son of the Censor, married the
daughter of Paullus Æmylius. He lost his sword in a battle, and
though wounded and tired, he went to his friends, and, with their
assistance, renewed the battle, and recovered his sword. _Plutarch_,
_Cato_.――――A courageous Roman, grandfather to Cato the censor. He
had five horses killed under him in battles. _Plutarch_, _Cato_.
――――Valerius, a grammarian of Gallia Narbonensis, in the time
of Sylla, who instructed at Rome many noble pupils, and wrote
some poems. _Ovid_, bk. 2, _Tristia_, poem 1, li. 436.――――Marcus,
surnamed _Uticensis_, from his death at Utica, was great grandson to
the censor of the same name. The early virtues that appeared in his
childhood seemed to promise a great man; and, at the age of 14, he
earnestly asked his preceptor for a sword, to stab the tyrant Sylla.
He was austere in his morals, and a strict follower of the tenets of
the Stoics; he was careless of his dress, often appeared barefooted
in public, and never travelled but on foot. He was such a lover
of discipline, that in whatever office he was employed, he always
reformed its abuses, and restored the ancient regulations. When
he was set over the troops in the capacity of a commander, his
removal was universally lamented, and deemed almost a public loss
by his affectionate soldiers. His fondness for candour was so great,
that the veracity of Cato became proverbial. In his visits to his
friends, he wished to give as little molestation as possible; and
the importuning civilities of king Dejotarus so displeased him when
he was at his court, that he hastened away from his presence. He was
very jealous of the safety and liberty of the republic, and watched
carefully over the conduct of Pompey, whose power and influence
were great. He often expressed his dislike to serve the office of
tribune; but when he saw a man of corrupted principles apply for
it, he offered himself a candidate to oppose him, and obtained the
tribuneship. In the conspiracy of Catiline, he supported Cicero, and
was the chief cause that the conspirators were capitally punished.
When the provinces of Gaul were decreed for five years to Cæsar,
Cato observed to the senators that they had introduced a tyrant into
the Capitol. He was sent to Cyprus against Ptolemy, who had rebelled,
by his enemies, who hoped that the difficulty of the expedition
would injure his reputation. But his prudence extricated him from
every danger. Ptolemy submitted, and after a successful campaign,
Cato was received at Rome with the most distinguishing honours,
which he, however, modestly declined. When the first triumvirate was
formed between Cæsar, Pompey, and Crassus, Cato opposed them with
all his might, and with an independent spirit foretold to the Roman
people all the misfortunes which soon after followed. After repeated
applications he was made pretor, but he seemed rather to disgrace
than support the dignity of that office, by the meanness of his
dress. He applied for the consulship, but could never obtain it.
When Cæsar had passed the Rubicon, Cato advised the Roman senate to
deliver the care of the republic into the hands of Pompey; and when
his advice had been complied with, he followed him with his son to
Dyrrachium, where, after a small victory there, he was entrusted
with the care of the ammunition, and of 15 cohorts. After the battle
of Pharsalia, Cato took the command of the Corcyrean fleet; and when
he heard of Pompey’s death on the coast of Africa, he traversed the
deserts of Libya, to join himself to Scipio. He refused to take the
command of the army in Africa, a circumstance of which he afterwards
repented. When Scipio had been defeated, partly for not paying
regard to Cato’s advice, Cato fortified himself in Utica, but,
however, not with the intentions of supporting a siege. When Cæsar
approached near the city, Cato disdained to fly, and rather than
fall alive into the conqueror’s hands, he stabbed himself after he
had read Plato’s treatise on the immortality of the soul, B.C. 46,
in the 59th year of his age. He had first married Attilia, a woman
whose licentious conduct obliged him to divorce her. Afterwards he
united himself to Martia daughter of Philip. Hortensius, his friend,
wished to raise children by Martia, and therefore obtained her
from Cato. After the death of Hortensius, Cato took her again. This
conduct was ridiculed by the Romans, who observed that Martia had
entered the house of Hortensius very poor, but returned to the bed
of Cato loaded with treasures. It was observed that Cato always
appeared in mourning, and never laid himself down at his meals
since the defeat of Pompey, but always sat down, contrary to the
custom of the Romans, as if depressed with the recollection that
the supporters of republican liberty were decaying. _Plutarch_
has written an account of his life. _Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 128, &c.
――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 2, ch. 10.――_Horace_, bk. 3, ode 21.
――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 841; bk. 8, li. 670.――――A son of
Cato of Utica, who was killed in a battle after he had acquired much
honour. _Plutarch_, _Cato Minor_.

=Catrea=, a town of Crete. _Pausanias._

=Catreus=, a king of Crete, killed by his son at Rhodes, unknowingly.
_Diodorus_, bk. 5.

=Catta=, a woman who had the gift of prophecy. _Suetonius_, _Vitellius_,
ch. 14.

=Catti=, a people of Gaul and Germany. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 13,
li. 57.

=Catuliāna=, a surname of Minerva, from Lutatius Catulus, who dedicated
a standard to her. _Pliny_, bk. 34, ch. 8.

=Catullus Caius=, or =Quintus Valerius=, a poet of Verona, whose
compositions, elegant and simple, are the offspring of a luxuriant
imagination. He was acquainted with the most distinguished people of
his age, and directed his satire against Cæsar, whose only revenge
was to invite the poet, and hospitably entertain him at his table.
Catullus was the first Roman who imitated with success the Greek
writers, and introduced their numbers among the Latins. Though
the pages of the poet are occasionally disfigured with licentious
expressions, the whole is written with great purity of style.
Catullus died in the 46th year of his age, B.C. 40. The best
editions of his works, which consist only of epigrams, are that of
Vulpius, 4to, Patavii, 1737, and that of Barbou, 12mo, Paris, 1754.
_Martial_, bk. 1, ltr. 62.――_Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 2, li. 427.――――A
man surnamed _Urbicarius_, was a mimographer. _Juvenal_, satire 13,
li. 111.

=Quintus Luctatius Catŭlus=, went with 300 ships during the first
Punic war against the Carthaginians, and destroyed 600 of their
ships under Hamilcar, near the Ægates. This celebrated victory put
an end to the war.――――An orator, distinguished also as a writer of
epigrams, and admired for the neatness, elegance, and polished style
of his compositions. He is supposed to be the same as the colleague
of Marius, when a consul the fourth time; and he shared with him the
triumph over the Cimbri. He was, by his colleague’s order, suffocated
in a room filled with the smoke of burning coals. _Lucan_, bk. 2, li.
174.――_Plutarch_, _Caius Marius_.――――A Roman sent by his countrymen
to carry a present to the god of Delphi, from the spoils taken from
Asdrubal. _Livy_, bk. 27.

=Caturĭges=, a people of Gaul, now _Chorges_, near the source of the
Durance. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 1, ch. 10.――_Pliny_, bk. 3,
ch. 20.

=Cavares=, a people of Gaul, who inhabited the present province of
_Comtat_ in Provence.

=Cavarillus=, a commander of some troops of the Ædui in Cæsar’s army.
_Cæsar_. _Gallic War_, bk. 7, ch. 67.

=Cavarinus=, a Gaul, made king of the Senones by Cæsar, and banished
by his subjects. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 5, ch. 54.

=Caucăsus=, a celebrated mountain between the Euxine and Caspian seas,
which may be considered as the continuation of the ridge of mount
Taurus. Its height is immense. It was inhabited anciently by various
savage nations who lived upon the wild fruits of the earth. It was
covered with snow in some parts, and in others it was variegated
with fruitful orchards and plantations. The inhabitants formerly
were supposed to gather gold on the shores of their rivulets
in sheepskins, but they now live without making use of money.
Prometheus was tied on the top of Caucasus by Jupiter, and
continually devoured by vultures, according to ancient authors.
The passes near this mountain, called _Caucasiæ portæ_, bear now
the name of _Derbent_, and it is supposed that through them the
Sarmatians, called Huns, made their way, when they invaded the
provinces of Rome. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 11.――_Strabo_, bk. 11.
――_Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 203, &c.――_Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 6;
_Georgics_, ch. 2, li. 440; _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 366.――_Flaccus_,
bk. 5, li. 155.

=Caucon=, a son of Clinus, who first introduced the Orgies into
Messenia from Eleusis. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 1.

=Caucones=, a people of Paphlagonia, originally inhabitants of Arcadia,
or of Scythia, according to some accounts. Some of them made a
settlement near Dymæ in Elis. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, &c.――_Strabo_,
bk. 8, &c.

=Caudi= and =Caudium=, a town of the Samnites, near which, in a
place called _Caudinæ Furculæ_, the Roman army under Titus Veturius
Calvinus and Spurius Posthumius was obliged to surrender to the
Samnites, and pass under the yoke with the greatest disgrace. _Livy_,
bk. 2, ch. 1, &c.――_Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 138.

=Cavii=, a people of Illyricum. _Livy_, bk. 44, ch. 30.

=Caulonia=, or =Caulon=, a town of Italy near the country of the
Brutii, founded by a colony of Achæans, and destroyed in the wars
between Pyrrhus and the Romans. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 3.――_Virgil_,
_Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 553.

=Caunius=, a man raised to affluence from poverty by Artaxerxes.
_Plutarch_, _Artaxerxes_.

=Caunus=, a son of Miletus and Cyane. He was passionately fond of, or,
according to others, he was tenderly beloved by, his sister Byblis,
and to avoid an incestuous commerce, he retired to Caria, where
he built a city called by his own name. _See:_ Byblis. _Ovid_,
_Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, fable 11.――――A city of Caria, opposite
Rhodes, where Protogenes was born. The climate was considered as
unwholesome, especially in summer, so that Cicero mentions the cry
of a person who sold Caunian figs, which were very famous (_qui
Cauneas clamitabat_), at Brundusium, as a bad omen (_cave ne eas_)
against Crassus going to attack the Parthians. _Cicero_, _de
Divinatione_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Strabo_, bk. 14.――_Herodotus_, bk. 1,
ch. 176.

=Cauros=, an island with a small town formerly called Andros, in the
Ægean sea. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.

=Caurus=, a wind blowing from the west. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3,
li. 356.

=Caus=, a village of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 25.

=Caȳci=, or =Chauci=, a nation of Germany, now the people of Friesland
and Groningen. _Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 463.

=Caȳcus=, a river of Mysia. _See:_ Caicus.

=Cayster=, or =Caystrus=, now _Kitcheck-Meinder_, a rapid river of
Asia, rising in Lydia, and, after a meandering course, falling into
the Ægean sea near Ephesus. According to the poets, the banks and
neighbourhood of this river were generally frequented by swans.
_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 253; bk. 5, li. 386.――_Martial_,
bk. 1, ltr. 54.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2, li. 461.――_Virgil_,
_Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 384.

=Cea=, or =Ceos=, an island near Eubœa, called also Co. _See:_ Co.

=Ceădes=, a Thracian, whose son Euphemus was concerned in the Trojan
war. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2.

=Ceba=, now _Ceva_, a town of modern Piedmont, famous for cheese.
_Pliny_, bk. 11, ch. 42.

=Ceballīnus=, a man who gave information of the snares laid against
Alexander. _Diodorus_, bk. 17.――_Curtius_, bk. 6, ch. 7.

=Cebarenses=, a people of Gaul. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 36.

=Cebenna=, mountains of Gaul, now the Cevennes, separating the Arverni
from the Helvii, extending from the Garonne to the Rhone. _Cæsar_,
_Gallic War_, bk. 7, ch. 8.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 5.

=Cebes=, a Theban philosopher, one of the disciples of Socrates,
B.C. 405. He attended his learned preceptor in his last moments,
and distinguished himself by three dialogues that he wrote; but more
particularly by his tables, which contain a beautiful and affecting
picture of human life, delineated with accuracy of judgment and
great splendour of sentiment. Little is known of the character of
Cebes from history. Plato mentions him once, and Xenophon the same,
but both in a manner which conveys most fully the goodness of his
heart and the purity of his morals. The best editions of Cebes are
those of Gronovius, 8vo, 1689; and Glasgow, 12mo, 1747.

=Cebren=, the father of Asterope. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 21.

=Cebrēnia=, a country of Troas with a town of the same name, called
after the river _Cebrenus_, which is in the neighbourhood. Œnone
the daughter of the Cebrenus receives the patronymic of _Cebrenis_.
_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, li. 769.――_Statius_, bk. 1, _Sylvæ_,
bk. 5, li. 21.

=Cebriŏnes=, one of the giants conquered by Venus.――――An illegitimate
son of Priam, killed with a stone by Patroclus. _Homer_, _Iliad_.

=Cebrus=, now _Zebris_, a river falling in a southern direction into
the Danube, and dividing Lower from Upper Mœsia.

=Cecidas=, an ancient dithyrambic poet.

=Cecilius.= _See:_ Cæcilius.

=Cecīna=, a river near Volaterra in Etruria. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.

=A. Cecinna=, a Roman knight in the interest of Pompey, who used to
breed up young swallows, and send them to carry news to his friends
as messengers. He was a particular friend of Cicero, with whom
he corresponded. Some of his letters are still extant in Cicero.
_Pliny_, bk. 10, ch. 24.――_Cicero_, bk. 15, ltr. 66; _Orator_,
ch. 29.――――A scribe of Octavius Cæsar. _Cicero_, bk. 16, _Letters
to Atticus_, ltr. 8.――――A consular man suspected of conspiracy
and murdered by Titus, after an invitation to supper. _Suetonius_,
_Titus_, ch. 6.

=Cecrŏpia=, the original name of Athens, in honour of Cecrops, its
first founder. The ancients often use this word for Attica, and the
Athenians are often called _Cecropidæ_. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6,
li. 21.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 671; _Fasti_, bk. 2, li.
81.――_Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 306.――_Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 56.――_Catullus_,
poems 62, 79.――_Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 186.

=Cecrŏpĭdæ=, an ancient name of the Athenians, more particularly
applied to those who were descended from Cecrops the founder of
Athens. The honourable name of Cecropidæ was often conferred as a
reward for some virtuous action in the field of battle. _Virgil_,
_Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 21.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 671.

=Cecrops=, a native of Sais in Egypt, who led a colony to Attica about
1556 years before the christian era, and reigned over part of the
country which was called from him Cecropia. He softened and polished
the rude and uncultivated manners of the inhabitants, and drew them
from the country to inhabit 12 small villages which he had founded.
He gave them laws and regulations, and introduced among them the
worship of those deities which were held in adoration in Egypt. He
married the daughter of Actæus, a Grecian prince, and was deemed
the first founder of Athens. He taught his subjects to cultivate
the olive, and instructed them to look upon Minerva as the watchful
patroness of their city. It is said that he was the first who raised
an altar to Jupiter in Greece, and offered him sacrifices. After
a reign of 50 years, spent in regulating his newly formed kingdom,
and in polishing the minds of his subjects, Cecrops died, leaving
three daughters, Aglauros, Herse, and Pandrosos. He was succeeded
by Cranaus, a native of the country. Some time after, Theseus, one
of his successors on the throne, formed the 12 villages which he had
established into one city, to which the name of Athens was given.
_See:_ Athenæ. Some authors have described Cecrops as a monster,
half a man and half a serpent; and this fable is explained by the
recollection that he was master of two languages, the Greek and the
Egyptian; or that he had the command over two countries, Egypt and
Greece. Others explain it by an allusion to the regulations which
Cecrops made amongst the inhabitants concerning marriage and the
union of the two sexes. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 5.――_Strabo_, bk. 9.
――_Justin_, bk. 2, ch. 6.――_Herodotus_, bk. 8, ch. 44.――_Apollodorus_,
bk. 3, ch. 14.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, li. 561.――_Hyginus_,
fable 166.――――The second of that name was the seventh king of Athens,
and the son and successor of Erechtheus. He married Metiadusa the
sister of Dædalus, by whom he had Pandion. He reigned 40 years, and
died 1307 B.C. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 15.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1,
ch. 5.

=Cecyphalæ=, a place of Greece, where the Athenians defeated the fleet
of the Peloponnesians. _Thucydides_, bk. 1, ch. 105.

=Cedreātis=, the name of Diana among the Orchomenians, because her
images were hung on lofty cedars.

=Cedon=, an Athenian general, killed in an engagement against the
Spartans. _Diodorus_, bk. 15.

=Cedrusii=, an Indian nation. _Curtius_, bk. 9, ch. 11.

=Ceglŭsa=, the mother of Asopus by Neptune. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 12.

=Cei=, the inhabitants of the island Cea.

=Celădon=, a man killed by Perseus, at the marriage of Andromeda.
_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 144.――――A river of Greece,
flowing into the Alpheus. _Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 7,
li. 133.

=Celădus=, a river of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 38.――――An
island of the Adriatic sea. _Mela_, bk. 3, ch. 1.

=Celænæ=, or =Celēne=, a city of Phrygia, of which it was once the
capital. Cyrus the younger had a palace there, with a park filled
with wild beasts, where he exercised himself in hunting. The Mæander
arose in this park. Xerxes built a famous citadel there after
his defeat in Greece. The inhabitants of Celænæ were carried by
Antiochus Soter to people Apamea when newly founded. _Strabo_,
bk. 12.――_Livy_, bk. 38, ch. 13.――_Xenophon_, _Anabasis_, bk. 1.
Marsyas is said to have contended in its neighbourhood against
Apollo. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 26.――_Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 206.

=Celæno=, one of the daughters of Atlas, ravished by Neptune. _Ovid_,
_Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 173.――――One of the Harpies, daughter of Neptune
and Terra. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 245.――――One of the Danaides.
_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1.――――A daughter of Neptune and Ergea.
_Hyginus._――――A daughter of Hyamus, mother of Delphus by Apollo.
_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 6.

=Celeæ=, a town of Peloponnesus. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 14.

=Celeia= and =Cela=, a town of Noricum. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 24.

=Celelates=, a people of Liguria. _Livy_, bk. 32, ch. 29.

=Celendræ=, =Celendris=, and =Celenderis=, a colony of the Samians in
Cilicia, with a harbour of the same name at the mouth of the Selinus.
_Lucan_, bk. 8, li. 259.

=Celeneus=, a Cimmerian, who first taught how persons guilty of murder
might be expiated. _Flaccus_, bk. 3, li. 406.

=Celenna=, or =Celæna=, a town of Campania, where Juno was worshipped.
_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 739.

=Celer=, a man who, with Severus, ♦undertook to rebuild Nero’s palace
after the burning of Rome. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 15, ch. 42.――――A
man called Fabius, who killed Remus when he leaped over the walls
of Rome, by order of Romulus. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 837.
――_Plutarch_, _Romulus_.――――Metius, a noble youth to whom Statius
dedicated a poem.

♦ ‘untook’ replaced with ‘undertook’

=Celĕres=, 300 of the noblest and strongest youths at Rome, chosen by
Romulus to be his body-guards, to attend him wherever he went, and
to protect his person. The chief or captain was called _Tribunus
Celerum_. _Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 15.

=Celetrum=, a town of Macedonia. _Livy_, bk. 31, ch. 40.

=Celeus=, a king of Eleusis, father to Triptolemus by Metanira. He
gave a kind reception to Ceres, who taught his son the cultivation
of the earth. _See:_ Triptolemus. His rustic dress became a proverb.
The invention of several agricultural instruments made of osiers is
attributed to him. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 508; bk. 5, li. 269.
――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 165.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 5.
――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 14.――――A king of Cephallenia.

=Celmus=, a man who nursed Jupiter, by whom he was greatly esteemed.
He was changed into a magnet stone for saying that Jupiter was
mortal. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 281.

=Celonæ=, a place of Mesopotamia. _Diodorus_, bk. 17.

=Celsus=, an epicurean philosopher in the second century, to whom
Lucian dedicated one of his compositions. He wrote a treatise
against the christians, to which an answer was returned by Origen.
――――Cornelius, a physician in the age of Tiberius, who wrote eight
books on medicine, besides treatises on agriculture, rhetoric, and
military affairs. The best editions of Celsus _de medicinâ_ are the
8vo, Leiden, 1746, and that of Vallart, 12mo, Paris, apud Didot,
1772.――――Albinoyanus, a friend of Horace, warned against plagiarism,
bk. 1, ltr. 3, li. 15, and pleasantly ridiculed, in the eighth
epistle, for his foibles. Some of his elegies have been preserved.
――――Juventius, a lawyer who conspired against Domitian.――――Titus,
a man proclaimed emperor, A.D. 265, against his will, and murdered
seven days after.

=Celtæ=, a name given to the nation that inhabited the country between
the Ocean and the Palus Mæotis, according to some authors mentioned
by _Plutarch_, _Caius Marius_. This name, though anciently applied
to the inhabitants of Gaul, as well as of Germany and Spain, was
more particularly given to a part of the Gauls, whose country,
called Gallia Celtica, was situate between the rivers Sequana and
Garumna, modernly called _la Seine_ and _la Garonne_. The Celtæ
seemed to receive their name from Celtus, a son of Hercules or of
Polyphemus. The promontory which bore the name of _Celticum_ is now
called Cape Finisterre. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 1, ch. 1, &c.
――_Mela_, bk. 3, ch. 2.――_Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 49.

=Celtĭbēri=, a people of Spain, descended from the Celtæ. They settled
near the Iberus, and added the name of the river to that of their
nation, and were afterwards called Celtiberi. They made strong head
against the Romans and Carthaginians when they invaded their country.
Their country, called _Celtiberia_, is now known by the name of
Arragon. _Diodorus_, bk. 6.――_Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 17.――_Strabo_,
bk. 4.――_Lucan_, bk. 4, li. 10.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 339.

=Celtĭca=, a well-populated part of Gaul, inhabited by the Celtæ.

=Celtĭci=, a people of Spain. The promontory which bore their name is
now _Cape Finisterre_.

=Celtillus=, the father of Vercingetorix among the Arverni. _Cæsar_,
_Gallic War_, bk. 7, ch. 4.

=Celtorii=, a people of Gaul, near the Senones. _Plutarch._

=Celtoscy̆thæ=, a northern nation of Scythians. _Strabo_, bk. 10.

=Cemmĕnus=, a lofty mountain of Gaul. _Strabo._

=Cempsi=, a people of Spain at the bottom of the Pyrenean mountains.
_Dionysius Periegetes_, li. 358.

=Cenăbum=, or =Genăbum=. _See:_ Genabum.

=Cenæum=, a promontory of Eubœa, where Jupiter _Cæneus_ had an
altar raised by Hercules. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 136.
――_Thucydides_, bk. 3, ch. 93.

=Cenchreæ=, now _Kenkri_, a town of Peloponnesus on the isthmus of
Corinth.――――A harbour of Corinth. _Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 1, poem 9,
li. 9.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 4.

=Cenchreis=, the wife of Cinyras king of Cyprus, or, as others say, of
Assyria. _Hyginus_, fable 58.

=Cenchreus=, a son of Neptune and Salamis, or, as some say, of Pyrene.
He killed a large serpent at Salamas. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 2.
――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.

=Cenchrius=, a river of Ionia near Ephesus, where some suppose that
Latona was washed after she had brought forth. _Tacitus_, _Annals_,
bk. 3, ch. 61.

=Cenepŏlis=, a town of Spain, the same as Carthago Nova. _Polybius._

=Cenetium=, a town of Peloponnesus. _Strabo._

=Cenneus.= _See:_ Cænis.

=Cenimāgni=, a people on the western parts of Britain.

=Cenīna.= _See:_ Cænina.

=Cenon=, a town of Italy. _Livy_, bk. 2, ch. 63.

=Censōres=, two magistrates of great authority at Rome, first created
B.C. 443. Their office was to number the people, estimate the
possessions of every citizen, reform and watch over the manners of
the people, and regulate the taxes. Their power was also extended
over private families; they punished irregularity, and inspected
the management and education of the Roman youth. They could inquire
into the expenses of every citizen, and even degrade a senator from
all his privileges and honours, if guilty of any extravagance. This
punishment was generally executed in passing over the offender’s
name in calling the list of the senators. The office of public
censor was originally exercised by the kings. Servius Tullius, the
sixth king of Rome, first established a _census_, by which every
man was obliged to come to be registered, and give in writing the
place of his residence, his name, his quality, the number of his
children, of his tenants, estates, and domestics, &c. The ends of
the census were very salutary to the Roman republic. They knew their
own strength, their ability to support a war, or to make a levy of
troops, or raise a tribute. It was required that every knight should
be possessed of 400,000 sesterces to enjoy the rights and privileges
of his order; and a senator was entitled to sit in the senate,
if he was really worth 800,000 sesterces. This laborious task of
numbering and reviewing the people was, after the expulsion of the
Tarquins, one of the duties and privileges of the consuls. But when
the republic was become more powerful, and when the number of its
citizens was increased, the consuls were found unable to make the
census, on account of the multiplicity of business. After it had
been neglected for 16 years, two new magistrates called censors were
elected. They remained in office for five years, and every fifth
year they made a census of all the citizens in the Campus Martius,
and offered a solemn sacrifice, and made a lustration in the name
of all the Roman people. This space of time was called a _lustrum_,
and 10 or 20 years were commonly expressed by two or four lustra.
After the office of the censors had remained for some time unaltered,
the Romans, jealous of their power, abridged the duration of their
office, and a law was made, A.U.C. 420, by Mamercus Æmilius, to
limit the time of the censorship to 18 months. After the second
Punic war, they were always chosen from such persons as had been
consuls; their office was more honourable, though less powerful,
than that of the consuls; the badges of their office were the same,
but the censors were not allowed to have lictors to walk before them
as the consuls. When one of the censors died, no one was elected
in his room till the five years were expired, and his colleague
immediately resigned. This circumstance originated from the death of
a censor before the sacking of Rome by Brennus, and was ever deemed
an unfortunate event to the republic. The emperors abolished the
censors, and took upon themselves to execute their office.

=Censorīnus, Appius Claudius=, was compelled, after many services to
the state, to assume the imperial purple by the soldiers, by whom
he was murdered some days after, A.D. 270.――――Martius, a consul, to
whom, as a particular friend, _Horace_ addressed his bk. 4, ode 8.
――――A grammarian of the third century, whose book, _De Die Natali_,
is extant, best edited in 8vo, by Havercamp, Leiden, 1767. It treats
of the birth of man, of years, months, and days.

=Census=, the numbering of the people at Rome, performed by the censors;
_à censeo_, to value. _See:_ Censores.――――A god worshipped at Rome,
the same as Consus.

=Centaretus=, a Galatian, who, when Antiochus was killed, mounted
his horse in the greatest exultation. The horse, as if conscious of
disgrace, immediately leaped down a precipice, and killed himself
and his rider. _Pliny_, bk. 8, ch. 42.

=Centaurī=, a people of Thessaly, half men and half horses. They were
the offspring of Centaurus son of Apollo, by Stilbia daughter of the
Peneus. According to some, the Centaurs were the fruit of Ixion’s
adventure with the cloud in the shape of Juno, or, as others assert,
of the union of Centaurus with the mares of Magnesia. This fable of
the existence of the Centaurs, monsters supported upon the four legs
of a horse, arises from the ancient people of Thessaly having tamed
horses, and having appeared to their neighbours mounted on horseback,
a sight very uncommon at that time, and which, when at a distance,
seems only one body, and consequently one creature. Some derive the
name ἀπο του κεντειν ταυρους, _goading bulls_, because they went
on horseback after their bulls which had strayed, or because they
hunted wild bulls with horses. Some of the ancients have maintained
that monsters like the Centaurs can have existed in the natural
course of things. Plutarch, _Convivium Septem Sapientium_ mentions
one seen by Periander tyrant of Corinth; and Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 3,
says that he saw one embalmed in honey, which had been brought to
Rome from Egypt in the reign of Claudius. The battle of the Centaurs
with the Lapithæ is famous in history. Ovid has elegantly described
it, and it has also employed the pen of ♦Hesiod, Valerius Flaccus,
&c.; and Pausanias in _Elis_ says it was represented in the temple
of Jupiter at Olympia, and also at Athens by Phidias and Parrhasius,
according to Pliny, bk. 36, ch. 5. The origin of the battle was
a quarrel at the marriage of Hippodamia with Pirithous, where the
Centaurs, intoxicated with wine, behaved with rudeness, and even
offered violence to the women that were present. Such an insult
irritated Hercules, Theseus, and the rest of the Lapithæ, who
defended the women, wounded and defeated the Centaurs, and obliged
them to leave their country, and retire to Arcadia. Here their
insolence was a second time punished by Hercules, who, when he was
going to hunt the boar of Erymanthus, was kindly entertained by the
Centaur Pholus, who gave him wine which belonged to the rest of the
Centaurs, but had been given them on condition of their treating
Hercules with it whenever he passed through their territory. They
resented the liberty which Hercules took with their wine, and
attacked him with uncommon fury. The hero defended himself with
his arrows, and defeated his adversaries, who fled for safety to
the Centaur Chiron. Chiron had been the preceptor of Hercules, and
therefore they hoped that he would desist in his presence. Hercules,
though awed at the sight of Chiron, did not desist, but in the midst
of the engagement, he wounded his preceptor in the knee, who, in
the excessive pain he suffered, exchanged immortality for death. The
death of Chiron irritated Hercules the more, and the Centaurs that
were present were all extirpated by his hand, and indeed few escaped
the common destruction. The most celebrated of the Centaurs were
Chiron, Eurytus, Amycus, Gryneus, Caumas, Lycidas, Arneus, Medon,
Rhœtus, Pisenor, Mermeros, Pholus, &c. _Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Tzetzes_,
_Historiarum variarum Chiliades_, bk. 9, ch. 237.――_Hesiod_, _Shield
of Heracles_.――_Homer_, _Iliad_ & _Odyssey_.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
bk. 12.――_Strabo_, bk. 9.――_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 10, &c.――_Ælian_,
_Varia Historia_, bk. 11, ch. 2.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 3;
bk. 5.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 286.――_Hyginus_, fables 33
& 62.――_Pindar_, _Pythian_, li. 2.

♦ ‘Hesoid’ replaced with ‘Hesiod’

=Centaurus=, a ship in the fleet of Æneas, which had the figure of a
Centaur. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 122.

=Centobrica=, a town of Celtiberia. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 5, ch. 1.

=Centŏres=, a people of Scythia. _Flaccus._

=Centoripa=, or =Centuripa=. _See:_ Centuripa.

=Centrites=, a river between Armenia and Media.

=Centrones=, a people of Gaul, severely beaten by Julius Cæsar when
they attempted to obstruct his passage. They inhabited the modern
country of _Tarantaise_ in Savoy. There was a horde of Gauls of the
same name subject to the Nervii, now supposed to be near _Courtray_
in Flanders. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 1, ch. 10; bk. 5, ch. 38.
――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 20.

=Centronius=, a man who squandered his immense riches on useless and
whimsical buildings. _Juvenal_, satire 14, li. 86.

♦=Centum cellum=, a seaport town of Etruria built by Trajan, who had
there a villa. It is now _Civita Vecchia_, and belongs to the pope.
_Pliny the Younger_, bk. 6, ltr. 51.

♦ Placed in correct alphabetical order.

=Centumvĭri=, the members of a court of justice at Rome. They were
originally chosen, three from the 35 tribes of the people, and
though 105, they were always called Centumvirs. They were afterwards
increased to the number of 180, and still kept their original name.
The pretor sent to their tribunal causes of the greatest importance,
as their knowledge of the law was extensive. They were generally
summoned by the Decemviri, who seemed to be the chiefest among them;
and they assembled in the Basilica, or public court, and had their
tribunal distinguished by a spear with an iron head, whence a decree
of their court was called _Hastæ judicium_: their sentences were
very impartial, and without appeal. _Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 1,
ch. 38.――_Quintilian_, bks. 4, 5, & 11.――_Pliny the Younger_, bk. 6,
ltr. 33.