Chapter M (12)

=Osci=, a people between Campania and the country of the Volsci, who
assisted Turnus against Æneas. Some suppose that they are the same
as the _Opici_, the word Osci being a diminutive or abbreviation
of the other. The language, the plays, and ludicrous expressions
of this nation, are often mentioned by the ancients, and from their
indecent tendency some suppose the word _obscænum_ (_quasi oscenum_)
is derived. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 4, ch. 14.――_Cicero_, _Letters
to his Friends_, bk. 7, ltr. 1.――_Livy_, bk. 10, ch. 20.――_Strabo_,
bk. 5.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 730.

=Oscius=, a mountain, with a river of the same name, in Thrace.
_Thucydides._

=Oscus=, a general of the fleet of the emperor Otho. _Tacitus_, bk. 1,
_Histories_, bk. 17.

=Osi=, a people of Germany. _Tacitus_, _Germania_, chs. 28 & 43.

=Osinius=, a king of Clusium, who assisted Æneas against Turnus.
_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 655.

=Osīris=, a great deity of the Egyptians, son of Jupiter and Niobe.
All the ancients greatly differ in their opinions concerning this
celebrated god, but they all agree that, as king of Egypt, he took
particular care to civilize his subjects, to polish their morals,
to give them good and salutary laws, and to teach them agriculture.
After he had accomplished a reform at home, Osiris resolved to go
and spread cultivation in the other parts of the earth. He left his
kingdom to the care of his wife Isis, and of her faithful minister
Hermes or Mercury. The command of his troops at home was left to the
trust of Hercules, a warlike officer. In this expedition Osiris was
accompanied by his brother Apollo, and by Anubis, Macedo, and Pan.
His march was through Æthiopia, where his army was increased by the
addition of the Satyrs, a hairy race of monsters, who made dancing
and playing on musical instruments their chief study. He afterwards
passed through Arabia, and visited the greatest part of the kingdoms
of Asia and Europe, where he enlightened the minds of men by
introducing among them the worship of the gods, and a reverence for
the wisdom of a supreme being. At his return home Osiris found the
minds of his subjects roused and agitated. His brother Typhon had
raised seditions, and endeavoured to make himself popular. Osiris,
whose sentiments were always of the most pacific nature, endeavoured
to convince his brother of his ill conduct, but he fell a sacrifice
to the attempt. Typhon murdered him in a secret apartment and cut his
body to pieces, which were divided among the associates of his guilt.
Typhon, according to Plutarch, shut up his brother in a coffer and
threw him into the Nile. The inquiries of Isis discovered the body of
her husband on the coast of Phœnicia, where it had been conveyed by
the waves, but Typhon stole it as it was being carried into Memphis,
and he divided it amongst his companions, as was before observed.
This cruelty incensed Isis; she revenged her husband’s death, and,
with her son Orus, she defeated Typhon and the partisans of his
conspiracy. She recovered the mangled pieces of her husband’s body,
the genitals excepted, which the murderer had thrown into the sea;
and to render him all the honour which his humanity deserved, she
made as many statues of wax as there were mangled pieces of his body.
Each statue contained a piece of the flesh of the dead monarch; and
Isis, after she had summoned in her presence, one by one, the priests
of all the different deities in her dominions, gave them each a
statue, intimating that in doing that she had preferred them to all
the other communities of Egypt, and she bound them by a solemn oath
that they would keep secret that mark of her favour, and endeavour
to show their sense of it by establishing a form of worship and
paying divine honours to their prince. They were further directed
to choose whatever animals they pleased to represent the person and
the divinity of Osiris, and they were enjoined to pay the greatest
reverence to that representative of divinity, and to bury it when
dead with the greatest solemnity. To render their establishment
more popular, each sacerdotal body had a certain portion of land
allotted to them to maintain them, and to defray the expenses which
necessarily attended their sacrifices and ceremonial rites. That part
of the body of Osiris which had not been recovered was treated with
more particular attention by Isis, and she ordered that it should
receive honours more solemn, and at the same time more mysterious,
than the other members. _See:_ Phallica. As Osiris had particularly
instructed his subjects in cultivating the ground, the priests chose
the ox to represent him, and paid the most superstitious veneration
to that animal. _See:_ Apis. Osiris, according to the opinion of some
mythologists, is the same as the sun, and the adoration which is paid
by different nations to an Anubis, a Bacchus, a Dionysius, a Jupiter,
a Pan, &c., is the same as that which Osiris received in the Egyptian
temples. Isis also after death received divine honours as well as
her husband, and as the ox was the symbol of the sun, or Osiris,
so the cow was the emblem of the moon, or of Isis. Nothing can
give a clearer idea of the power and greatness of Osiris than this
inscription, which has been found on some ancient monuments: _Saturn,
the youngest of all the gods, was my father: I am Osiris, who
conducted a large and numerous army as far as the deserts of India,
and travelled over the greatest part of the world, and visited the
streams of the Ister, and the remote shores of the ocean, diffusing
benevolence to all the inhabitants of the earth_. Osiris was
generally represented with a cap on his head like a mitre, with two
horns; he held a stick in his left hand, and in his right a whip with
three thongs. Sometimes he appears with the head of a hawk, as that
bird, from its quick and piercing eyes, is a proper emblem of the
sun. _Plutarch_, _De Iside et Osiride_.――_Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 144.
――_Diodorus_, bk. 1.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 12, li. 323.――_Ælian_,
_de Natura Animalium_, bk. 3.――_Lucian_, _de Syria Dea_.――_Pliny_,
bk. 8.――――A Persian general, who lived 450 B.C.――――A friend of Turnus,
killed in the Rutulian war. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 12, li. 458.

=Osismii=, a people of Gaul in Britany. _Mela_, bk. 3, ch. 2.――_Cæsar_,
_Gallic War_, bk. 2, ch. 34.

=Osphăgus=, a river of Macedonia. _Livy_, bk. 31, ch. 39.

=Osrhoēne=, a country of Mesopotamia, which received this name from one
of its kings called Osrhoes.

=Ossa=, a lofty mountain of Thessaly, once the residence of the
Centaurs. It was formerly joined to mount Olympus, but Hercules, as
some report, separated them, and made between them the celebrated
valley of Tempe. This separation of the two mountains was more
probably effected by an earthquake, which happened, as fabulous
accounts represent, about 1885 years before the christian era. Ossa
was one of those mountains which the giants, in their wars against
the gods, heaped up one on the other to scale the heavens with more
facility. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1,
li. 155; bk. 2, li. 225; bk. 7, li. 224; _Fasti_, bk. 1, li. 307;
bk. 3, li. 441.――_Strabo_, bk. 2.――_Lucan_, bks. 1 & 6.――_Virgil_,
_Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 281.――――A town of Macedonia.

=Osteōdes=, an island near the Lipari isles.

=Ostia=, a town built on the mouth of the river Tiber by Ancus Martius
king of Rome, about 16 miles distant from Rome. It had a celebrated
harbour, and was so pleasantly situated, that the Romans generally
spent a part of the year there as in a country seat. There was a
small tower in the port like the Pharos of Alexandria, built upon the
wreck of a large ship which had been sunk there, and which contained
the obelisks of Egypt, with which the Roman emperors intended to
adorn the capital of Italy. In the age of Strabo the sand and mud
deposited by the Tiber had choked the harbour, and added much to the
size of the small islands, which sheltered the ships at the entrance
of the river. Ostia, and her harbour called _Portus_, became
gradually separated, and are now at a considerable distance from the
sea. _Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 4; bk. 3, ch. 21.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 33.
――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Suetonius._――_Pliny._

=Ostorius Scapŭla=, a man made governor of Britain. He died A.D. 55.
_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 16, ch. 23.――――Another, who put himself
to death when accused before Nero, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 14,
ch. 48.――――Sabinus, a man who accused Soranus, in Nero’s reign.
_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 16, ch. 33.

=Ostracine=, a town of Egypt on the confines of Palestine. _Pliny_,
bk. 5, ch. 12.

=Osymandyas=, a magnificent king of Egypt in a remote period.

=Otacilius=, a Roman consul sent against the Carthaginians, &c.

=Otānes=, a noble Persian, one of the seven who conspired against the
usurper Smerdis. It was through him that the usurpation was first
discovered. He was afterwards appointed by Darius over the sea-coast
of Asia Minor, and took Byzantium. _Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 70, &c.

=Otho Marcus Salvius=, a Roman emperor descended from the ancient
kings of Etruria. He was one of Nero’s favourites, and as such he
was raised to the highest offices of the state, and made governor
of Pannonia by the interest of Seneca, who wished to remove him from
Rome, lest Nero’s love for Poppæa should prove his ruin. After Nero’s
death Otho conciliated the favour of Galba the new emperor; but when
he did not gain his point, and when Galba had refused to adopt him
as his successor, he resolved to make himself absolute, without any
regard to the age and dignity of his friend. The great debts which
he had contracted encouraged his avarice, and he caused Galba to be
assassinated, and he made himself emperor. He was acknowledged by
the senate and the Roman people, but the sudden revolt of Vitellius
in Germany rendered his situation precarious, and it was mutually
resolved that their respective right to the empire should be decided
by arms. Otho obtained three victories over his enemies, but in a
general engagement near Brixellum, his forces were defeated, and he
stabbed himself when all hopes of success were vanished, after a
reign of about three months, on the 20th of April, A.D. 69. It has
been justly observed that the last moments of Otho’s life were those
of a philosopher. He comforted his soldiers who lamented his fortunes,
and he expressed his concern for their safety, when they earnestly
solicited to pay him the last friendly offices before he stabbed
himself, and he observed that it was better that one man should
die, than that all should be involved in ruin for his obstinacy. His
nephew was pale and distressed, fearing the anger and haughtiness of
the conqueror; but Otho comforted him, and observed that Vitellius
would be kind and affectionate to the friends and relations of Otho,
since Otho was not ashamed to say, that in the time of their greatest
enmity the mother of Vitellius had received every friendly treatment
from his hand. He also burnt the letters which, by falling into the
hands of Vitellius, might provoke his resentment against those who
had favoured the cause of an unfortunate general. These noble and
humane sentiments of a man who was the associate of Nero’s shameful
pleasures, and who stained his hand in the blood of his master, have
appeared to some wonderful, and passed for the features of policy,
and not of a naturally virtuous and benevolent heart. _Plutarch_,
_Lives_.――_Suetonius._――_Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 2, ch. 50, &c.
――_Juvenal_, satire 2, li. 90.――――Roscius, a tribune of the people,
who, in Cicero’s consulship, made a regulation to permit the Roman
knights at public spectacles to have the 14 first rows after the
seats of the senators. This was opposed with virulence by some, but
Cicero ably defended it, &c. _Horace_, epode 4, li. 10.――――The father
of the Roman emperor Otho was the favourite of Claudius.

=Othryădes=, one of the 300 Spartans who fought against 300 Argives,
when those two nations disputed their respective right to Thyrea. Two
Argives, Alcinor and Cronius, and Othryades, survived the battle. The
Argives went home to carry the news of their victory, but Othryades,
who had been reckoned among the number of the slain, on account of
his wounds, recovered himself and carried some of the spoils, of
which he had stripped the Argives, into the camp of his countrymen;
and after he had raised a trophy, and had written with his own
blood, the word _vici_ on his shield, he killed himself, unwilling
to survive the death of his countrymen. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 3,
ch. 2.――_Plutarch_, _Parallela Minora_.――――A patronymic given to
Pantheus the Trojan priest of Apollo, from his father Othryas.
_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 2, li. 319.

=Othryoneus=, a Thracian who came to the Trojan war in hopes of
marrying Cassandra. He was killed by Idomeneus. _Homer_, _Iliad_,
bk. 13.

=Othrys=, a mountain, or rather a chain of mountains, in Thessaly,
the residence of the Centaurs. _Strabo_, bk. 9.――_Herodotus_, bk. 7,
ch. 129.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 675.

=Otreus=, a king of Phrygia, son of Cisseus and brother to Hecuba.

=Otrœda=, a small town on the confines of Bithynia.

=Otus= and =Ephialtes=, sons of Neptune. _See:_ Aloides.

=Otys=, a prince of Paphlagonia, who revolted from the Persians to
Agesilaus. _Xenophon._

=Ovia=, a Roman lady, wife of Cneaus Lollius. _Cicero_, _Letters to
Atticus_, bk. 12, ltr. 21.

=Publius Ovīdius Naso=, a celebrated Roman poet, born at Sulmo on the
20th of March, about 43 B.C. As he was intended for the bar, his
father sent him early to Rome, and removed him to Athens in the 16th
year of his age. The progress of Ovid in the study of eloquence was
great, but the father’s expectations were frustrated; his son was
born a poet, and nothing could deter him from pursuing his natural
inclination, though he was often reminded that Homer lived and
died in the greatest poverty. Everything he wrote was expressed in
poetical numbers, as he himself says, _et quod tentabam scribere
versus erat_. A lively genius and a fertile imagination soon gained
him admirers; the learned became his friends; Virgil, Propertius,
Tibullus, and Horace, honoured him with their correspondence, and
Augustus patronized him with the most unbounded liberality. These
favours, however, were but momentary, and the poet was soon after
banished to Tomos, on the Euxine sea, by the emperor. The true cause
of this sudden exile is unknown. Some attribute it to a shameful
amour with Livia the wife of Augustus, while others support that it
arose from the knowledge which Ovid had of the unpardonable incest
of the emperor with his daughter Julia. These reasons are, indeed,
merely conjectural; the cause was of a very private and very secret
nature, of which Ovid himself is afraid to speak, as it arose from
error and not from criminality. It was, however, something improper
in the family and court of Augustus, as these lines seem to indicate.

_Cur aliquid vidi? Cur noxia lumina feci?
Cur imprudenti cognita culpa mihi est?
Inscius Actæon vidit sine veste Dianam;
Præda fuit canibus non minus ille suis._

Again,

_Inscia quod crimen viderunt lumina plector,
Peccatumque oculos est habuisse meum._

And in another place,

_Perdiderunt cum me duo crimina, carmen et error,
Alterius facti culpa silenda mihi est._

In his banishment, Ovid betrayed his pusillanimity, and however
afflicted and distressed his situation was, yet the flattery and
impatience which he showed in his writings are a disgrace to his pen,
and expose him more to ridicule than pity. Though he prostituted his
pen and his time to adulation, yet the emperor proved deaf to all
entreaties, and refused to listen to his most ardent friends at Rome
who wished for the return of the poet. Ovid, who undoubtedly wished
for a Brutus to deliver Rome of her tyrannical Augustus, continued
his flattery even to meanness; and, when the emperor died, he was
so mercenary as to consecrate a temple to the departed tyrant on the
shores of the Euxine, where he regularly offered frankincense every
morning. Tiberius proved as regardless as his predecessor to the
entreaties which were made for Ovid, and the poet died in the seventh
or eighth year of his banishment, in the 59th year of his age, A.D.
17, and was buried at Tomos. In the year 1508 of the christian era,
the following epitaph was found at Stain, in the modern kingdom of
Austria:

_Hic situs est vates quem Divi Cæsaris ira.
Augusti patriâ cedere jussit humo.
Sæpe miser voluit patriis occumbere terris,
Sed frustra! Hunc illi fata dedere locum._

This, however, is an imposition, to render celebrated an obscure
corner of the world, which never contained the bones of Ovid. The
greatest part of Ovid’s poems are remaining. His _Metamorphoses_,
in 15 books, are extremely curious, on account of the many different
mythological facts and traditions which they relate, but they can
have no claim to an epic poem. In composing this the poet was more
indebted to the then existing traditions, and to the theogony of
the ancients, than to the powers of his own imagination. His _Fasti_
were divided into 12 books, the same number as the constellations in
the zodiac; but of these, six have perished, and the learned world
have reason to lament the loss of a poem which must have thrown so
much light upon the religious rites and ceremonies, festivals and
sacrifices, of the ancient Romans, as we may judge from the six
that have survived the ravages of time and barbarity. His _Tristia_,
which are divided into five books, contain much elegance and
softness of expression, as also his _Elegies_ on different subjects.
The _Heroides_ are nervous, spirited, and diffuse, the poetry is
excellent, the language varied, but the expressions are often too
wanton and indelicate, a fault which is common in his compositions.
His three books of _Amorum_, and the same number _de Arte Amandi_,
with the other _de Remedio Amoris_, are written with great elegance,
and contain many flowery descriptions; but the doctrine which they
hold forth is dangerous, and they are to be read with caution,
as they seem to be calculated to corrupt the heart, and sap the
foundations of virtue and morality. His _Ibis_, which is written in
imitation of a poem of Callimachus, of the same name, is a satirical
performance. Besides these, there are extant some fragments of other
poems, and among these some of a tragedy called _Medea_. The talents
of Ovid as a dramatic writer have been disputed, and some have
observed that he, who is so often void of sentiment, was not born
to shine as a tragedian. Ovid has attempted perhaps too many sorts
of poetry at once. On whatever he has written, he has totally
exhausted the subject, and left nothing unsaid. He everywhere paints
nature with a masterly hand, and gives strength to the most vulgar
expressions. It has been judiciously observed, that his poetry, after
his banishment from Rome, was destitute of that spirit and vivacity
which we admire in his other compositions. His _Fasti_ are perhaps
the best written of all his poems, and after them we may fairly rank
his love verses, his _Heroides_, and, after all, his _Metamorphoses_,
which were not totally finished when Augustus sent him into
banishment. His _Epistles from Pontus_ are the language of an
abject and pusillanimous flatterer. However critics may censure the
indelicacy and the inaccuracies of Ovid, it is to be acknowledged
that his poetry contains great sweetness and elegance, and, like
that of Tibullus, charms the ear and captivates the mind. Ovid
married three wives, but of the last alone he speaks with fondness
and affection. He had only one daughter, but by which of his wives
is unknown; and she herself became mother of two children, by two
husbands. The best editions of Ovid’s works are those of Burman,
4 vols., 4to, Amsterdam, 1727; of Leiden, 1670, in 8vo, and of
Utrecht, in 12mo, 4 vols., 1713. _Ovid_, _Tristia_, bks. 3 & 4,
&c.――_Paterculus_, bk. 2.――_Martial_, bks. 3 & 8.――――A man who
accompanied his friend Cæsonius when banished from Rome by Nero.
_Martial_, bk. 7, ltr. 43.

=Ovinia lex= was enacted to permit the censors to elect and admit among
the number of the senators the best and the worthiest of the people.

=Ovinius=, a freedman of Vatinius, the friend of Cicero, &c.
_Quintilian_, bk. 3, ch. 4.――――Quintus, a Roman senator, punished
by Augustus for disgracing his rank in the court of Cleopatra.
_Eutropius_, bk. 1.

=Oxathres=, a brother of Darius, greatly honoured by Alexander, and
made one of his generals. _Curtius_, bk. 7, ch. 5.――――Another Persian,
who favoured the cause of Alexander. _Curtius._

=Oxidătes=, a Persian whom Darius condemned to death. Alexander took
him prisoner, and some time after made him governor of Media. He
became oppressive, and was removed. _Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 3; bk. 9,
ch. 8.

=Oximes=, a people of European Sarmatia.

=Oxionæ=, a nation of Germans, whom superstitious traditions represented
as having the countenance human, and the rest of the body like that
of beasts. _Tacitus_, _Germania_, ch. 46.

=Oxus=, a large river of Bactriana, now _Gihon_, falling into the east
of the Caspian sea. _Pliny_, bk. 16, ch. 6.――――Another in Scythia.

=Oxyares=, a king of Bactriana, who surrendered to Alexander.

=Oxycānus=, an Indian prince in the age of Alexander, &c.

=Oxydrăcæ=, a nation of India. _Curtius_, bk. 9, ch. 4.

=Oxy̆lus=, a leader of the Heraclidæ, when they recovered the
Peloponnesus. He was rewarded with the kingdom of Elis. _Pausanias_,
bk. 5, ch. 4.――――A son of Mars and Protogenia. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1,
ch. 7.

=Oxynthes=, a king of Athens, B.C. 1149. He reigned 12 years.

=Oxypŏrus=, a son of Cinyras and Metharme. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 14.

=Oxyrynchus=, a town of Egypt on the Nile. _Strabo._

=Ozīnes=, a Persian imprisoned by Craterus, because he attempted to
revolt from Alexander. _Curtius_, bk. 9, ch. 10.

=Ozŏlæ=, or =Ozŏli=, a people who inhabited the eastern parts of Ætolia,
which were called _Ozolea_. This tract of territory lay at the north
of the bay of Corinth, and extended about 12 miles northward. They
received their name from the _bad stench_ (ὀζη) of their bodies and
of their clothing, which was the raw hides of wild beasts, or from
the offensive smell of the body of Nessus the Centaur, which after
death was left to putrefy in the country without the honours of a
burial. Some derive it with more propriety from the stench of the
stagnated waters in the neighbouring lakes and marshes. According to
a fabulous tradition, they received their name from a very different
circumstance. During the reign of a son of Deucalion, a bitch brought
into the world a stick instead of whelps. The stick was planted in
the ground by the king, and it grew up to a large vine and produced
grapes, from which the inhabitants of the country were called _Ozolæ_,
not from ὀζειν, _to smell bad_, but from ὀζος, _a branch or sprout_.
The name of Ozolæ, on account of its indelicate signification, highly
displeased the inhabitants, and they exchanged it soon for that of
Ætolians. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 38.――_Herodotus_, bk. 8, ch. 32.

P

=Pacatianus Titus Julius=, a general of the Roman armies, who proclaimed
himself emperor in Gaul, about the latter part of Philip’s reign. He
was soon after defeated, A.D. 249, and put to death, &c.

=Paccius=, an insignificant poet in the age of Domitian. _Juvenal_,
satire 7, li. 12.

=Paches=, an Athenian, who took Mitylene, &c. _Aristotle_, _Politics_,
bk. 4.

=Păchīnus=, or =Pachynus=, now _Passaro_, a promontory of Sicily,
projecting about two miles into the sea, in the form of a peninsula,
at the south-east corner of the island, with a small harbour of the
same name. _Strabo_, bk. 6.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_,
bk. 3, li. 699.――_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 25.

=Marcus Paconius=, a Roman put to death by Tiberius, &c. _Suetonius_,
_Tiberias_, ch. 61.――――A stoic philosopher, son of the preceding. He
was banished from Italy by Nero, and he retired from Rome with the
greatest composure and indifference. _Arrian_, bk. 1, ch. 1.

=Pacŏrus=, the eldest of the 30 sons of Orodes king of Parthia, sent
against Crassus, whose army he defeated, and whom he took prisoner.
He took Syria from the Romans and supported the republican party
of Pompey, and of the murderers of Julius Cæsar. He was killed in a
battle by Ventidius Bassus, B.C. 39, on the same day (9th of June)
that Crassus had been defeated. _Florus_, bk. 4, ch. 9.――_Horace_,
bk. 3, ode 6, li. 9.――――A king of Parthia, who made a treaty
of alliance with the Romans, &c.――――Another, intimate with king
Decebalus.

=Pactōlus=, a celebrated river of Lydia, rising in mount Tmolus, and
falling into the Hermus after it has watered the city of Sardes. It
was in this river that Midas washed himself when he turned into gold
whatever he touched, and from that circumstance it ever after rolled
golden sands, and received the name of _Chrysorrhoas_. It is called
Tmolus by Pliny. Strabo observes that it had no golden sands in his
age. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 142.――_Strabo_, bk. 18.――_Ovid_,
_Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, li. 86.――_Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 110.
――_Pliny_, bk. 33, ch. 8.

=Pactyas=, a Lydian entrusted with the care of the treasures of Crœsus
at Sardes. The immense riches which he could command, corrupted him,
and, to make himself independent, he gathered a large army. He laid
siege to the citadel of Sardes, but the arrival of one of the Persian
generals soon put him to flight. He retired to Cumæ and afterwards to
Lesbos, where he was delivered into the hands of Cyrus. _Herodotus_,
bk. 1, ch. 154, &c.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 35.

=Pactye=, a town of the Thracian Chersonesus.

=Pactyes=, a mountain of Ionia, near Ephesus. _Strabo_, bk. 14.

=Pācŭvius Marcus=, a native of Brundusium, son of the sister of the
poet Ennius, who distinguished himself by his skill in painting, and
by his poetical talents. He wrote satires and tragedies which were
represented at Rome, and of some of which the names are preserved,
as Peribœa, Hermione, Atalanta, Ilione, Teucer, Antiope, &c. Orestes
was considered as the best finished performance; the style, however,
though rough and without either purity or elegance, deserved the
commendation of Cicero and Quintilian, who perceived strong rays
of genius and perfection frequently beaming through the clouds of
the barbarity and ignorance of the times. The poet in his old age
retired to Tarentum, where he died in his 90th year, about 131 years
before Christ. Of all his compositions about 437 scattered lines are
preserved in the collections of Latin poets. _Cicero_, _On Oratory_,
bk. 2; _Rhetorica ad Herennium_, bk. 2, ch. 27.――_Horace_, bk. 2,
ltr. 1, li. 56.――_Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 10.

=Padæi=, an Indian nation, who devoured their sick before they died.
_Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 99.

=Padinum=, now _Bondeno_, a town on the Po, where it begins to branch
into different channels. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 15.

=Pădua=, a town called also _Patavium_, in the country of the Venetians,
founded by Antenor immediately after the Trojan war. It was the
native place of the historian Livy. The inhabitants were once so
powerful, that they could levy an army of 20,000 men. _Strabo_,
bk. 5.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 251.

=Padus= (now called the _Po_), a river in Italy, known also by the name
of _Eridanus_, which forms the northern boundary of the territories
of Italy. It rises in mount Vesulus, one of the highest mountains
of the Alps, and after it has collected in its course the waters of
above 30 rivers, discharges itself in an eastern direction into the
Adriatic sea by seven mouths, two of which only, the Plana or Volano,
and the Padusa, were formed by nature. It was formerly said that it
rolled gold dust in its sand, which was carefully searched by the
inhabitants. The consuls Caius Flaminius Nepos and Publius Furius
Philus were the first Roman generals who crossed it. The Po is famous
for the death of Phaeton, who, as the poets mention, was thrown down
there by the thunderbolts of Jupiter. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2,
li. 258, &c.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Lucan_, bk. 2, &c.――_Virgil_,
_Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 680.――_Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Pliny_, bk. 37, ch. 2.

=Padūsa=, the most southern mouth of the Po, considered by some writers
as the Po itself. _See:_ Padus. It was said to abound in swans, and
from it there was a cut to the town of Ravenna. _Virgil_, _Æneid_,
bk. 11, li. 455.

=Pæan=, a surname of Apollo, derived from the word _pæan_, a hymn
which was sung in his honour, because he had killed the serpent
Python, which had given cause to the people to exclaim _Io Pæan!_ The
exclamation of Io Pæan! was made use of in speaking to the other gods,
as it often was a demonstration of joy. _Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 171.
――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 358; bk. 14, li. 720.――_Lucan_,
bk. 1, &c.――_Strabo_, bk. 18.

=Pædaretus=, a Spartan who, on not being elected in the number of
the 300 sent on an expedition, &c., declared that, instead of being
mortified, he rejoiced that 300 men better than himself could be
found in Sparta. _Plutarch_, _Lycurgus_.

=Pædius=, a lieutenant of Julius Cæsar in Spain, who proposed a law
to punish with death all such as were concerned in the murder of his
patron, &c.

=Pæmāni=, a people of Belgic Gaul, supposed to have dwelt in the
country at the west of Luxemburg. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 2, ch. 4.

=Pæon=, a Greek historian. _Plutarch_, _Theseus_.――――A celebrated
physician who cured the wounds which the gods received during the
Trojan war. From him, physicians are sometimes called _Pæonii_, and
herbs serviceable in medicinal processes, _Pæoniæ herbæ_. _Virgil_,
_Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 769.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 535.

=Pæŏnes=, a people of Macedonia, who inhabited a small part of the
country called _Pæonia_. Some believe that they were descended from a
Trojan colony. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 1.――_Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 13,
&c.

♦=Pæŏnia=, a country of Macedonia at the west of the Strymon. It
received its name from Pæon, a son of Endymion, who settled there.
_Livy_, bk. 42, ch. 51; bk. 45, ch. 29.――――A small town of Attica.

♦ ‘Peŏnia’ replaced with ‘Pæŏnia’

=Pæŏnĭdes=, a name given to the daughters of Pierus, who were defeated
by the Muses, because their mother was a native of Pæonia. _Ovid_,
_Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, last fable.

=Pæos=, a small town of Arcadia.

=Pæsos=, a town of the Hellespont, called also _Apæsos_, situated
at the north of Lampsacus. When it was destroyed, the inhabitants
migrated to Lampsacus, where they settled. They were of Milesian
origin. _Strabo_, bk. 13.――_Homer_ _Iliad_, bk. 2.

=Pæstum=, a town of Lucania, called also _Neptunia_ and _Posidonia_
by the Greeks, where the soil produced roses which blossomed twice
a year. The ancient walls of the town, about three miles in extent,
are still standing, and likewise venerable remains of temples and
porticoes. The _Sinus Pæstanus_ on which it stood is now called the
gulf of _Salerno_. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 119.――_Ovid_,
_Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 708; _ex Ponto_, bk. 2, poem 4, li. 28.

=Pætovium=, a town of Pannonia.

=Pætus Cæcinna=, the husband of Arria. _See:_ Arria.――――A governor of
Armenia, under Nero.――――A Roman who conspired with Catiline against
his country.――――A man drowned as he was going to Egypt to collect
money. _Propertius_, bk. 3, poem 7, li. 5.

=Pagæ=, a town of Megaris,――――of Locris. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 3.

=Păgăsæ=, or =Păgăsa=, a town of Magnesia, in Macedonia, with a harbour
and a promontory of the same name. The ship Argo was built there, as
some suppose, and, according to Propertius, the Argonauts set sail
from that harbour. From that circumstance not only the ship Argo,
but also the Argonauts themselves, were ever after distinguished by
the epithet of _Pagasæus_. Pliny confounds Pagasæ with Demetrias,
but they are different, and the latter was peopled by the inhabitants
of the former, who preferred the situation of Demetrias for its
conveniences. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 1; bk. 8, li. 349.
――_Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 715; bk. 6, li. 400.――_Mela_, bk. 2, chs. 3 & 7.
――_Strabo_, bk. 9.――_Propertius_, bk. 1, poem 20, li. 17.――_Pliny_,
bk. 4, ch. 8.――_Apollodorus Rhodius_, bk. 1, li. 238, &c.

=Păgăsus=, a Trojan killed by Camilla. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11,
li. 670.

=Pagræ=, a town of Syria, on the borders of Cilicia. _Strabo_, bk. 16.

=Pagus=, a mountain of Æolia. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 5.

=Palācium=, or =Palātium=, a town of the Thracian Chersonesus.――――A
small village on the Palatine hill, where Rome was afterwards built.

=Palæ=, a town at the south of Corsica, now _St. Bonifacio_.

=Palæa=, a town of Cyprus,――――of Cephallenia.

=Palæapŏlis=, a small island on the coast of Spain. _Strabo._

=Palæmon=, or =Palemon=, a sea deity, son of Athamas and Ino. His
original name was _Melicerta_, and he assumed that of Palæmon, after
he had been changed into a sea deity by Neptune. _See:_ Melicerta.
――――A noted grammarian at Rome in the age of Tiberius, who made
himself ridiculous by his arrogance and luxury. _Juvenal_, satire 6,
li. 451.――_Martial_, bk. 2, ltr. 86.――――A son of Neptune, who was
amongst the Argonauts. _Apollodorus._

=Palæpăphos=, the ancient town of Paphos in Cyprus, adjoining to the
new. _Strabo_, bk. 14.

=Palæpharsālus=, the ancient town of Pharsalus in Thessaly. _Cæsar_,
_Alexandrine War_, ch. 48.

=Palæphătus=, an ancient Greek philosopher, whose age is unknown,
though it can be ascertained that he flourished between the times
of Aristotle and Augustus. He wrote five books _de incredibilibus_,
of which only the first remains, and in it he endeavours to explain
fabulous and mythological traditions by historical facts. The best
edition of Palæphatus is that of Johann Friedrich Fischer, in 8vo,
Lipscomb, 1773.――――An heroic poet of Athens, who wrote a poem on the
creation of the world.――――A disciple of Aristotle, born at Abydos.
――――An historian of Egypt.

=Palepŏlis=, a town of Campania, built by a Greek colony, where Naples
afterwards was erected. _Livy_, bk. 8, ch. 22.

=Palæste=, a village of Epirus near Oricus, where Cæsar first landed
with his fleet. _Lucan_, bk. 5, li. 460.

=Palæstīna=, a province of Syria, &c. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 105.
――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 606.――_Strabo_, bk. 16.

=Palæstīnus=, an ancient name of the river Strymon.

=Palætyrus=, the ancient town of Tyre on the continent. _Strabo_,
bk. 16.

=Pălămēdes=, a Grecian chief, son of Nauplius king of Eubœa by Clymene.
He was sent by the Greek princes, who were going to the Trojan war,
to bring Ulysses to the camp, who, to withdraw himself from the
expedition, pretended insanity, and, the better to impose upon
his friends, used to harness different animals to a plough, and to
sow salt instead of barley into the furrows. The deceit was soon
perceived by Palamedes; he knew that the regret to part from his
wife Penelope, whom he had lately married, was the only reason of
the pretended insanity of Ulysses; and to demonstrate this, Palamedes
took Telemachus, whom Penelope had lately brought into the world,
and put him before the plough of his father. Ulysses showed that he
was not insane, by turning the plough a different way not to hurt
his child. This having been discovered, Ulysses was obliged to attend
the Greek princes to the war, but an immortal enmity arose between
Ulysses and Palamedes. The king of Ithaca resolved to take every
opportunity to distress him: and when all his expectations were
frustrated, he had the meanness to bribe one of his servants, and
to make him dig a hole in his master’s tent, and there conceal a
large sum of money. After this Ulysses forged a letter in Phrygian
characters, which king Priam was supposed to have sent to Palamedes.
In the letter the Trojan king seemed to entreat Palamedes to deliver
into his hands the Grecian army, according to the conditions which
had been previously agreed upon, when he received the money. This
forged letter was carried, by means of Ulysses, before the princes of
the Grecian army. Palamedes was summoned, and he made the most solemn
protestations of innocence. But all was in vain; the money that was
discovered in his tent served only to corroborate the accusation, and
he was found guilty by all the army, and stoned to death. Homer is
silent about the miserable fate of Palamedes, and Pausanias mentions
that it had been reported by some, that Ulysses and Diomedes had
drowned him in the sea as he was fishing on the coast. Philostratus,
who mentions the tragical story above related, adds that Achilles
and Ajax buried his body with great pomp on the sea-shore, and that
they raised upon it a small chapel, where sacrifices were regularly
offered by the inhabitants of Troas. Palamedes was a learned man as
well as a soldier, and, according to some, he completed the alphabet
of Cadmus by the addition of the four letters θ, ξ, χ, φ, during the
Trojan war. To him, also, is attributed the invention of dice and
backgammon; and it is said he was the first who regularly ranged an
army in a line of battle, and who placed sentinels round a camp, and
excited their vigilance and attention by giving them a watchword.
_Hyginus_, fables 95, 105, &c.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, &c.――_Dictys
Cretensis_, bk. 2, ch. 15.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, lis. 56
& 308.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 31.――_Marcus Manilius_, bk. 4, li.
205.――_Philostratus_, bk. 10, ch. 6.――_Euripides_, _Phœnician Women_.
――_Martial_, bk. 13, ltr. 75.――_Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 56.

=Palantia=, a town of Spain. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 6.

=Pălātīnus mons=, a celebrated hill, the largest of the seven hills
on which Rome was built. It was upon it that Romulus laid the first
foundation of the capital of Italy, in a quadrangular form, and there
also he kept his court, as well as Tullus Hostilius and Augustus,
and all the succeeding emperors, from which circumstance the word
_Palatium_ has ever since been applied to the residence of a monarch
or prince. The Palatine hill received its name from the goddess
_Pales_, or from the _Palatini_, who originally inhabited the place,
or from _balare_ or _palare_, the bleatings of sheep, which were
frequent there, or perhaps from the word _palantes_, wandering,
because Evander, when he came to settle in Italy, gathered all the
inhabitants, and made them all one society. There were some games
celebrated in honour of Augustus, and called Palatine, because kept
on the hill. _Dio Cassius_, bk. 53.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 12, li.
709.――_Livy_, bk. 1, chs. 7 & 33.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14,
li. 822.――_Juvenal_, satire 9, li. 23.――_Martial_, bk. 1, ltr. 71.
――_Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 4, ch. 3.――_Cicero_, _Against
Catiline_, bk. 1.――――Apollo, who was worshipped on the Palatine hill,
was also called _Palatinus_. His temple there had been built, or
rather repaired, by Augustus, who had enriched it with a library,
valuable for the various collections of Greek and Latin manuscripts
which it contained, as also for the Sibylline books deposited there.
_Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 3, li. 17.

=Palantium=, a town of Arcadia.

=Palēis=, or =Palæ=, a town in the island of Cephallenia. _Pausanias_,
bk. 6, ch. 15.

=Pales=, the goddess of sheepfolds and of pastures among the Romans.
She was worshipped with great solemnity at Rome, and her festivals,
called _Palilia_, were celebrated the very day that Romulus began to
lay the foundation of the city of Rome. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3,
lis. 1 & 294.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 722, &c.――_Paterculus_,
bk. 1, ch. 8.

=Palfurius Sura=, a writer, removed from the senate by Domitian, who
suspected him of attachment to Vitellius, &c. _Juvenal_, satire 4,
li. 53.

=Palibothra=, a city of India, supposed now to be _Patna_, or,
according to others, _Allahabad_. _Strabo_, bk. 15.

=Palīci=, or =Palisci=, two deities, sons of Jupiter by Thalia, whom
Æschylus calls Ætna, in a tragedy which is now lost, according to
the words of Macrobius. The nymph Ætna, when pregnant, entreated
her lover to remove her from the pursuit of Juno. The god concealed
her in the bowels of the earth, and when the time of her delivery
was come, the earth opened, and brought into the world two children,
who received the name of Palici, ἀπο του παλιν ἰκεσθαι, _because
they came again into the world from the bowels of the earth_. These
deities were worshipped with great ceremonies by the Sicilians, and
near their temple were two small lakes of sulphureous water, which
were supposed to have sprung out of the earth at the same time that
they were born. Near these pools it was usual to take the most solemn
oaths, by those who wished to decide controversies and quarrels. If
any of the persons who took the oaths perjured themselves, they were
immediately punished in a supernatural manner; and those whose oath,
by the deities of the place, was sincere, departed unhurt. The Palici
had also an oracle, which was consulted upon great emergencies,
and which rendered the truest and most unequivocal answers. In
a superstitious age, the altars of the Palici were stained with
the blood of human sacrifices, but this barbarous custom was soon
abolished, and the deities were satisfied with their usual offerings.
_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 585.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5,
li. 506.――_Diodorus_, bk. 2.――_Macrobius_, _Saturnalia_, bk. 5,
ch. 10.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 14, li. 219.

=Palīlia=, a festival celebrated by the Romans, in honour of the
goddess Pales. The ceremony consisted in burning heaps of straw, and
leaping over them. No sacrifices were offered, but the purifications
were made with the smoke of horses’ blood, and with the ashes of a
calf that had been taken from the belly of his mother, after it had
been sacrificed, and with the ashes of beans. The purification of
the flocks was also made with the smoke of sulphur, of the olive, the
pine, the laurel, and the rosemary. Offerings of mild cheese, boiled
wine, and cakes of millet, were afterwards made to the goddess. This
festival was observed on the 21st of April, and it was during the
celebration that Romulus first began to build his city. Some call
this festival Parilia _quasi a pariendo_, because the sacrifices were
offered to the divinity for the fecundity of the flocks. _Ovid_,
_Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 774; _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 721, &c.; bk. 6,
li. 257.――_Propertius_, bk. 4, poem 1, li. 19.――_Tibullus_, bk. 2,
poem 5, li. 87.

=Pălĭnūrus=, a skilful pilot of the ship of Æneas. He fell into the
sea in his sleep, and was three days exposed to the tempests and the
waves of the sea, and at last came safe to the sea-shore near Velia,
where the cruel inhabitants of the place murdered him to obtain
his clothes. His body was left unburied on the sea-shore, and as,
according to the religion of the ancient Romans, no person was
suffered to cross the Stygian lake before 100 years were elapsed,
if his remains had not been decently buried, we find Æneas, when he
visited the infernal regions, speaking to Palinurus, and assuring
him, that though his bones were deprived of a funeral, yet the place
were his body was exposed should soon be adorned with a monument and
bear his name, and accordingly a promontory was called Palinurus, now
_Palinuro_. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 513; bk. 5, li. 840, &c.;
bk. 6, li. 341.――_Ovid_, _de Remedia Amoris_, li. 577.――_Mela_, bk. 2,
ch. 4.――_Strabo._――_Horace_, bk. 3, ode 4, li. 28.

=Paliscōrum=, or =Palīcōrum stagnum=, a sulphureous pool in Sicily.
_See:_ Palici.

=Paliurus=, now _Nahil_, a river of Africa, with a town of the same
name at its mouth, at the west of Egypt, on the Mediterranean.
_Strabo_, bk. 17.

=Pallădes=, certain virgins of illustrious parents, who were consecrated
to Jupiter by the Thebans of Egypt. It was required that they should
prostitute themselves, an infamous custom which was considered as a
purification, during which they were publicly mourned, and afterwards
they were permitted to marry. _Strabo_, bk. 17.

=Pallădium=, a celebrated statue of Pallas. It was about three cubits
high, and represented the goddess as sitting and holding a pike in
her right hand, and in her left a distaff and a spindle. It fell
down from heaven near the tent of Ilus, as that prince was building
the citadel of Ilium. Some, nevertheless, suppose that it fell at
Pessinus in Phrygia, or, according to others, Dardanus received it
as a present from his mother Electra. There are some authors who
maintain that the Palladium was made with the bones of Pelops by
Abaris; but Apollodorus seems to say that it was no more than a piece
of clock-work, which moved of itself. However discordant the opinions
of ancient authors be about this famous statue, it is universally
agreed that on its preservation depended the safety of Troy. This
fatality was well known to the Greeks during the Trojan war, and
therefore Ulysses and Diomedes were commissioned to steal it away.
They effected their purpose; and if we rely upon the authority of
some authors, they were directed how to carry it away by Helenus the
son of Priam, who proved in this unfaithful to his country, because
his brother Deiphobus, at the death of Paris, had married Helen, of
whom he was enamoured. Minerva was displeased with the violence which
was offered to her statue, and, according to Virgil, the Palladium
itself appeared to have received life and motion, and by the flashes
which started from its eyes, and its sudden springs from the earth,
it seemed to show the resentment of the goddess. The true Palladium,
as some authors observe, was not carried away from Troy by the Greeks,
but only one of the statues of similar size and shape, which were
placed near it, to deceive whatever sacrilegious persons attempted
to steal it. The Palladium, therefore, as they say, was conveyed
safe from Troy to Italy by Æneas, and it was afterwards preserved by
the Romans with the greatest secrecy and veneration, in the temple
of Vesta, a circumstance which none but the vestal virgins knew.
_Herodian_, bk. 1, ch. 14, &c.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 6, li. 442, &c.;
_Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 336.――_Dictys Cretensis_, bk. 1, ch. 5.
――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 12.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1,
&c.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 10.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 2, li. 166; bk.
9, li. 151.――_Plutarch_, _Parallela minora_.――_Lucan_, bk. 9.――_Dares
Phrygius._――_Juvenal_, satire 3, li. 139.

=Palladius=, a Greek physician, whose treatise on fevers was edited 8vo,
Leiden, 1745.――――A learned Roman under Adrian, &c.

=Pallantēum=, a town of Italy, or perhaps more properly a citadel
built by Evander, on mount Palatine, from whence its name originates.
Virgil says it was called after Pallas the grandfather of Evander;
but Dionysius derives its name from Palantium, a town of Arcadia.
_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1, ch. 31.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_,
bk. 8, lis. 54 & 341.

=Pallantia=, a town of _Spain_, now _Palencia_, on the river Cea.
_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 6.

=Pallantias=, a patronymic of Aurora, as being related to the giant
Pallas. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, fable 12.

=Pallantides=, the 50 sons of Pallas the son of Pandion and the brother
of Ægeus. They were all killed by Theseus the son of Ægeus, whom they
opposed when he came to take possession of his father’s kingdom. This
opposition they showed in hopes of succeeding to the throne, as Ægeus
left no children except Theseus, whose legitimacy was even disputed,
as he was born at Trœzene. _Plutarch_, _Theseus_.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1,
ch. 22.

=Pallas= (ădis), a daughter of Jupiter, the same as Minerva. The
goddess received this name either because she killed the giant
_Pallas_, or perhaps from the spear which she seems to _brandish_ in
her hands (παλλειν). For the functions, power, and character of the
goddess, _See:_ Minerva.

=Pallas= (antis), a son of king Evander, sent with some troops to
assist Æneas. He was killed by Turnus the king of the Rutuli, after
he had made a great slaughter of the enemy. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8,
li. 104, &c.――――One of the giants, son of Tartarus and Terra. He was
killed by Minerva, who covered herself with his skin, whence, as some
suppose, she is called Pallas. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 12.――――A
son of Crius and Eurybia, who married the nymph Styx, by whom he had
Victory, Valour, &c. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_.――――A son of Lycaon.――――A
son of Pandion, father of Clytus and Butes. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
bk. 7, fable 17.――_Apollodorus._――――A freedman of Claudius, famous
for the power and the riches he obtained. He advised the emperor,
his master, to marry Agrippina, and to adopt her son Nero for
his successor. It was by his means, and those of Agrippina, that
the death of Claudius was hastened, and that Nero was raised to
the throne. Nero forgot to whom he was indebted for the crown. He
discarded Pallas, and some time after caused him to be put to death,
that he might make himself master of his great riches, A.D. 61.
_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 12, ch. 53.

=Pallēne=, a small peninsula of Macedonia, formerly called _Phlegra_,
situate above the bay of Thermæ on the Ægean sea, and containing
five cities, the principal of which is called Pallene. It was in this
place, according to some of the ancients, that an engagement happened
between the gods and the giants. _Livy_, bk. 31, ch. 45; bk. 45, ch.
30.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 391.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
bk. 15, li. 357.――――A village of Attica, where Minerva had a temple,
and where the Pallantides chiefly resided. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, chs. 1,
161.――_Plutarch_, _Theseus_.

=Pallenses=, a people of Cephallenia, whose chief town was called Pala
or Palæa. _Livy_, bk. 38, ch. 18.――_Polybius_, bk. 3, ch. 3.

=Palma=, a governor of Syria.

=Palmaria=, a small island opposite Tarracina in Latium. _Pliny_, bk. 3,
ch. 6.

=Palmȳra=, the capital of _Palmyrene_, a country on the eastern
boundaries of Syria, now called _Theudemor_, or _Tadmor_. It is
famous for being the seat of the celebrated Zenobia and Odenatus,
in the reign of the emperor Aurelian. It is now in ruins, and the
splendour and magnificence of its porticoes, temples, and palaces,
are now frequently examined by the curious and the learned. _Pliny_,
bk. 6, chs. 26 & 30.

=Palphurius=, one of the flatterers of Domitian. _Juvenal_, satire 4,
li. 53.

=Palumbinum=, a town of Samnium. _Livy_, bk. 10, ch. 45.

=Pamīsos=, a river of Thessaly, falling into the Peneus. _Herodotus_,
bk. 7, ch. 129.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 8.――――Another of Messenia in
Peloponnesus.

=Pammēnes=, an Athenian general, sent to assist Megalopolis against
the Mantineans, &c.――――An astrologer.――――A learned Grecian, who was
preceptor to Brutus. _Cicero_, _Brutus_, ch. 97, _Orator_, ch. 9.

=Pammon=, a son of Priam and Hecuba. _Apollodorus._

=Pampa=, a village near Tentyra in Thrace. _Juvenal_, satire 15, li. 76.

=Pamphĭlus=, a celebrated painter of Macedonia in the age of Philip,
distinguished above his rivals by a superior knowledge of literature,
and the cultivation of those studies which taught him to infuse more
successfully grace and dignity into his pieces. He was founder of the
school for painting at Sicyon, and he made a law which was observed
not only in Sicyon, but all over Greece, that none but the children
of noble and dignified persons should be permitted to learn painting.
Apelles was one of his pupils. _Diogenes Laërtius._――――A son of
Neoclides, among the pupils of Plato. _Diogenes Laërtius._

=Pamphos=, a Greek poet, supposed to have lived before Hesiod’s age.

=Pamphy̆la=, a Greek woman who wrote a general history in 33 books, in
Nero’s reign. This history, so much commended by the ancients, is
lost.

=Pamphy̆lia=, a province of Asia Minor, anciently called _Mopsopia_,
and bounded on the south by a part of the Mediterranean, called
the _Pamphylian sea_, west by Lycia, north by Pisidia, and east
by Cilicia. It abounded with pastures, vines, and olives, and was
peopled by a Grecian colony. _Strabo_, bk. 14.――_Mela_, bk. 1.
――_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 3.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 26.――_Livy_,
bk. 37, chs. 23 & 40.