Chapter XIII: Preface: To the Original Edition (12)

=Aristarchus=, a celebrated grammarian of Samos, disciple of
Aristophanes. He lived the greatest part of his life at Alexandria,
and Ptolemy Philometer entrusted him with the education of his sons.
He was famous for his critical powers, and he revised the poems of
Homer with such severity that ever after all severe critics were
called _Aristarchi_. He wrote above 800 commentaries on different
authors, much esteemed in his age. In his old age he became
dropsical, upon which he starved himself, and died in his 72nd year,
B.C. 157. He left two sons called Aristarchus and Aristagoras, both
famous for their stupidity. _Horace_, _Art of Poetry_, li. 499.
――_Ovid_, bk. 3, _ex Ponto_, ltr. 9, li. 24.――_Cicero_, _Letters to
his Friends_, bk. 3, ltr. 11; _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 1, ltr. 14.
――_Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1.――――A tragic poet of Tegea in Arcadia,
about 454 years B.C. He composed 70 tragedies, of which two only
were rewarded with the prize. One of them, called Achilles, was
translated into Latin verse by Ennius. _Suidas._――――A physician
to queen Berenice the widow of Antiochus. _Polyænus_, bk. 8.――――An
orator of Ambracia.――――An astronomer of Samos, who first supposed
that the earth turned round its axis, and revolved round the sun.
This doctrine nearly proved fatal to him, as he was accused of
disturbing the peace of the gods Lares. He maintained that the sun
was 19 times further distant from the earth than the moon, and that
the moon was 56 semi-diameters of our globe, and little more than
one-third, and the diameter of the sun six or seven times more than
that of the earth. The age in which he flourished is not precisely
known. His treatise on the largeness and the distance of the sun and
moon is extant, of which the best edition is that of Oxford, 8vo,
1688.

=Aristazānes=, a noble Persian in favour with Artaxerxes Ochus.
_Diodorus_, bk. 16.

=Aristeas=, a poet of Proconnesus, who, as fables report, appeared
seven years after his death to his countrymen, and 540 years after
to the people of Metapontum in Italy, and commanded them to raise
him a statue near the temple of Apollo. He wrote an epic poem on
the Arimaspi in three books, and some of his verses are quoted by
Longinus. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 13.――_Strabo_, bk. 14.――_Maximus
Tyrius_, bk. 22.――――A ♦physician of Rhodes.――――A geometrician,
intimate with Euclid.――――A poet, son of Demochares, in the age of
Crœsus.

♦ ‘physican’ replaced with ‘physician’

=Aristĕræ=, an island on the coast of Peloponnesus. _Pausanias_, bk. 2,
ch. 34.

=Aristeus=, a man of Argos, who excited king Pyrrhus to take up arms
against his countrymen the Argives. _Polyænus_, bk. 8, ch. 68.

=Aristhĕnes=, a shepherd who found Æsculapius, when he had been
exposed in the woods by his mother Coronis.

=Aristhus=, an historian of Arcadia. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_,
bk. 1.

=Aristībus=, a river of Pæonia. _Polyænus_, bk. 4, ch. 12.

=Aristīdes=, a celebrated Athenian, son of Lysimachus, whose great
temperance and virtue procured him the surname of _Just_. He was
rival to Themistocles, by whose influence he was banished for 10
years, B.C. 484; but before six years of his exile had elapsed, he
was recalled by the Athenians. He was at the battle of Salamis, and
was appointed chief commander with Pausanias against Mardonius, who
was defeated at Platæa. He died so poor, that the expenses of his
funeral were defrayed at the public charge, and his two daughters,
on account of their father’s virtues, received a dowry from the
public treasury when they were come to marriageable years. Poverty,
however, seemed hereditary in the family of Aristides, for the
grandson was seen in the public streets, getting his livelihood by
explaining dreams. The Athenians became more virtuous in imitating
their great leader: and from the sense of his good qualities, at the
representation of one of the tragedies of Æschylus, on the mentioning
of a sentence concerning moral goodness, the eyes of the audience
were all at once turned from the actor to Aristides. When he sat as
judge, it is said that the plaintiff, in his accusation, mentioned
the injuries his opponent had done to Aristides. “Mention the wrongs
you have received,” replied the equitable Athenian; “I sit here as
judge, and the lawsuit is yours, and not mine.” _Cornelius Nepos_
& _Plutarch_, _Parallel Lives_.――――An historian of Miletus, fonder
of stories, and of anecdotes, than of truth. He wrote a history
of Italy, of which the 40th volume has been quoted by _Plutarch_,
_Parallela minora_.――――An athlete, who obtained a prize at the
Olympian, Nemæan, and Pythian games. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 16.
――――A painter of Thebes in Bœotia, in the age of Alexander the Great,
for one of whose pieces Attalus offered 6000 sesterces. _Pliny_,
bks. 7 & 35.――――A Greek orator who wrote 50 orations, besides other
tracts. When Smyrna was destroyed by an earthquake, he wrote so
pathetic a letter to Marcus Aurelius, that the emperor ordered the
city immediately to be rebuilt, and a statue was in consequence
raised to the orator. His works consist of hymns in prose in honour
of the gods, funeral orations, apologies, panegyrics, and harangues,
the best edition of which is that of Jebb, 2 vols., 4to, Oxoford,
1722, and that in a smaller size in 12mo, 3 vols., of Canterus
apud P. Steph. 1604.――――A man of Locris, who died by the bite of a
weasel. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 14.――――A philosopher of Mysia,
intimate with Marcus Antoninus.――――An Athenian, who wrote treatises
on animals, trees, and agriculture.

=Aristillus=, a philosopher of the Alexandrian school, who about 300
years B.C. attempted, with Timocharis, to determine the place of
the different stars in the heavens, and to trace the course of the
planets.

=Aristio=, a sophist of Athens, who by the support of Archelaus, the
general of Mithridates, seized the government of his country, and
made himself absolute. He poisoned himself when defeated by Sylla.
_Livy_, bks. 81, 82.

=Aristippus=, _the elder_, a philosopher of Cyrene, disciple to
Socrates, and founder of the Cyrenaic sect. He was one of the
flatterers of Dionysius of Sicily, and distinguished himself for
his epicurean voluptuousness, in support of which he wrote a book,
as likewise a history of Libya. When travelling in the deserts of
Africa, he ordered his servants to throw away the money they carried,
as too burdensome. On another occasion, discovering that the ship
in which he sailed belonged to pirates, he designedly threw his
property into the sea, adding, that he chose rather to lose it than
his life. Many of his sayings and maxims are recorded by _Diogenes
Laërtius_, in his life. _Horace_, bk. 2, satire 3, li. 100.――――His
grandson of the same name, called _the younger_, was a warm defender
of his opinions, and supported that the principles of all things
were pain and pleasure. He flourished about 363 years B.C.――――A
tyrant of Argos, whose life was one continued series of apprehension.
He was killed by a Cretan in a battle against Aratus, B.C. 242.
_Diogenes Laërtius._――――A man who wrote a history of Arcadia.
_Diogenes Laërtius_, bk. 2.

=Marcus Aristius=, a tribune of the soldiers in Cæsar’s army. _Cæsar_,
_Gallic War_, bk. 7, ch. 42.――――Another. _See:_ Fuscus.――――A
satirist, who wrote a poem called Cyclops.

=Aristo.= _See:_ Ariston.

=Aristobūla=, a name given to Diana by Themistocles.

=Aristobūlus=, a name common to some of the high priests and kings
of Judæa, &c. _Josephus._――――A brother of Epicurus.――――One of
Alexander’s attendants, who wrote the king’s life, replete with
adulation and untruth.――――A philosopher of Judæa, B.C. 150.

=Aristoclēa=, a beautiful woman, seen naked by Strato as she was
offering a sacrifice. She was passionately loved by Callisthenes,
and was equally admired by Strato. The two rivals so furiously
contended for her hand, that she died during their quarrel, upon
which Strato killed himself, and Callisthenes was never seen after.
_Plutarch_, _Amatoriæ Narrationes_.

=Aristŏcles=, a peripatetic philosopher of Messenia, who reviewed,
in a treatise on philosophy, the opinions of his predecessors. The
14th book of this treatise is quoted, &c. He also wrote on rhetoric,
and likewise nine books on morals.――――A grammarian of Rhodes.――――A
stoic of Lampsacus.――――An historian. _Strabo_, bk. 4.――――A musician.
_Athenæus_, &c.――――A prince of Tegæa, &c. _Polyænus._――――This name
is common to many Greeks, of whom few or no particulars are recorded.

=Aristoclīdes=, a tyrant of Orchomenes, who, because he could not win
the affection of Stymphalis, killed her and her father, upon which
all Arcadia took up arms and destroyed the murderer.

=Aristocrătes=, a king of Arcadia, put to death by his subjects for
offering violence to the priestess of Diana. _Pausanias_, bk. 8,
ch. 5.――――His grandson, of the same name, was stoned to death
for taking bribes, during the second Messenian war, and being the
cause of the defeat of his Messenian allies, B.C. 682. _Pausanias_,
_ibid._――――A Rhodian.――――A man who endeavoured to destroy the
democratical power at Athens.――――An Athenian general sent to the
assistance of Corcyra with 25 galleys. _Diodorus_, bk. 15.――――An
Athenian who was punished with death for flying from the field
of battle.――――A Greek historian, son of Hipparchus. _Plutarch_,
_Lycurgus_.

=Aristocreon=, the writer of a book on geography.

=Aristocrĭtus=, wrote a treatise concerning Miletus.

=Aristodēme=, a daughter of Priam.

=Aristodēmus=, son of Aristomachus, was one of the Heraclidæ. He,
with his brothers Temenus and Cresphontes, invaded Peloponnesus,
conquered it, and divided the country among themselves, 1104 years
before the christian era. He married Argia, by whom he had the twins
Procles and Eurysthenes. He was killed by a thunderbolt at Naupactum,
though some say that he died at Delphi in Phocis. _Pausanias_,
bk. 2, ch. 18; bk. 3, chs. 1 & 16.――_Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 204;
bk. 8, ch. 131.――――A king of Messenia, who maintained a famous war
against Sparta. After some losses, he recovered his strength, and
so effectually defeated the enemy’s forces, that they were obliged
to prostitute their women to repeople their country. The offspring
of this prostitution were called Partheniæ, and 30 years after
their birth they left Sparta, and seized upon Tarentum. Aristodemus
put his daughter to death for the good of his country; but being
afterwards persecuted in a dream by her manes, he killed himself,
after a reign of six years and some months, in which he had obtained
much military glory, B.C. 724. His death was lamented by his
countrymen, who did not appoint him a successor, but only invested
Damis, one of his friends, with absolute power to continue the war,
which was at last terminated after much bloodshed and many losses
on both sides. _Pausanias_, _Messenia_.――――A tyrant of Cumæ.――――A
philosopher of Ægina.――――An Alexandrian who wrote some treatises, &c.
――――A Spartan who taught the children of Pausanias.――――A man who was
preceptor to the children of Pompey.――――A tyrant of Arcadia.――――A
Carian who wrote a history of painting.――――A philosopher of Nysa,
B.C. 68.

=Aristogĕnes=, a physician of Cnidos, who obtained great reputation
by the cure of Demetrius Gonatus king of Macedonia.――――A Thasian who
wrote 24 books on medicine.

=Aristogīton= and =Harmodius=, two celebrated friends of Athens, who
by their joint efforts delivered their country from the tyranny of
the Pisistratidæ, B.C. 510. They received immortal honours from the
Athenians, and had statues raised to their memory. These statues
were carried away by Xerxes when he took Athens. The conspiracy
of Aristogiton was so secretly planned, and so wisely carried into
execution, that it is said a courtesan bit her tongue off, not
to betray the trust reposed in her. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 29.
――_Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 55.――_Plutarch_, _Lives of the Ten
Orators_.――――An Athenian orator, surnamed _Canis_, from his
impudence. He wrote orations against Timarchus, Timotheus, Hyperides,
and Thrasyllus.――――A statuary. _Pausanias._

=Aristolāus=, a painter. _Pliny_, bk. 31, ch. 11.

=Aristomăche=, the wife of Dionysius of Syracuse. _Cicero_, _Tusculanæ
Disputationes_, bk. 5, ch. 20.――――The wife of Dion.――――A poetess.
_Plutarch_, _Convivium Septem Sapientium_.――――A daughter of Priam,
who married Critolaus. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 26.

=Aristomăchus=, an Athenian, who wrote concerning the preparation
of wine. _Pliny_, bk. 14, ch. 9.――――A man so excessively fond of
bees, that he devoted 58 years of his life in raising swarms of
them. _Pliny_, bk. 11, ch. 9.――――The son of Cleodæus and grandson
of Hyllus, whose three sons, Cresphontes, Temenus, and Aristodemus,
called Heraclidæ, conquered Peloponnesus. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 7;
bk. 3, ch. 15.――_Herodotus_, bks. 6, 7, & 8.――――A man who laid aside
his sovereign power at Argos, at the persuasion of Aratus.
_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 8.

=Aristomēdes=, a Thessalian general in the interest of Darius III.
_Curtius_, bk. 3, ch. 9.

=Aristomĕnes=, a commander of the fleet of Darius on the Hellespont,
conquered by the Macedonians. _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 1.――――A famous
general of Messenia, who encouraged his countrymen to shake off the
Lacedæmonian yoke under which they had laboured for above 30 years.
He once defended the virtue of some Spartan women, whom his soldiers
had attempted; and when he was taken prisoner and carried to Sparta,
the women whom he had protected interested themselves so warmly in
his cause that they procured his liberty. He refused to assume the
title of king, but was satisfied with that of commander. He acquired
the surname of _Just_, from his equity, to which he joined the true
valour, sagacity, and perseverance of a general. He often entered
Sparta without being known and was so dexterous in eluding the
vigilance of the Lacedæmonians, who had taken him captive, that
he twice escaped from them. As he attempted to do it a third time,
he was unfortunately killed, and his body being opened, his heart
was found all covered with hair. He died 671 years B. C., and it is
said that he left dramatical pieces behind him. _Diodorus_, bk. 15.
――_Pausanias_, _Messenia_.――――A Spartan sent to the assistance of
Dionysius. _Polyænus_, bk. 2.

=Ariston=, the son of Agasicles king of Sparta. Being unable to raise
children by two wives, he married another famous for her beauty, by
whom he had, after seven months, a son Demaratus, whom he had the
impudence to call not his own. _Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 61, &c.――――A
general of Ætolia.――――A sculptor.――――A Corinthian who assisted
the Syracusans against the Athenians.――――An officer in Alexander’s
army.――――A tyrant of Methymna, who, being ignorant that Chios had
surrendered to the Macedonians, entered into the harbour, and was
taken and put to death. _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 9.――――A philosopher
of Chios, pupil to Zeno the stoic, and founder of a sect which
continued but a little while. He supported that the nature of the
divinity is unintelligible. It is said that he died by the heat of
the sun, which fell too powerfully upon his bald head. In his old
age he was much given to sensuality. _Diogenes Laërtius._――――A
lawyer in Trajan’s reign, whose eulogium has been written by Pliny,
ltr. 22, bk. 1.――――A peripatetic philosopher of Alexandria, who
wrote concerning the course of the Nile. _Strabo._――――A wrestler of
Argos, under whom Plato performed some exercises.――――A musician of
Athens.――――A tragic poet.――――A peripatetic of Cos.――――A native of
Pella, in the age of Adrian, who wrote on the rebellion of the Jews.

=Aristonautæ=, the naval dock of Pellene. _Pausanias_, bk. 2.

=Aristonīcus=, son of Eumenes by a concubine of Ephesus, 126 B.C.,
invaded Asia and the kingdom of Pergamus, which Attalus had left by
his will to the Roman people. He was conquered by the consul Perpenna,
and strangled in prison. _Justin_, bk. 36, ch. 4.――_Florus_, bk. 2,
ch. 20.――――A musician of Olynthus.――――A grammarian of Alexandria,
who wrote a commentary on Hesiod and Homer, besides a treatise on
the museum established in Alexandria by the Ptolemies.

=Aristonĭdes=, a noble statuary. _Pliny_, bk. 34, ch. 14.

=Aristŏnus=, a captain of Alexander’s cavalry. _Curtius_, bk. 9, ch. 5.

=Aristony̆mus=, a comic poet under Philadelphus, keeper of the library
at Alexandria. He died of a retention of urine, in his 77th year.
_Athenæus._――――One of Alexander’s musicians. _Plutarch_, _Alexander_.

=Aristophănes=, a celebrated comic poet of Athens, son of Philip of
Rhodes. He wrote 54 comedies, of which only 11 are come down to us.
He lived in the age of Socrates, Demosthenes, and Euripides, B.C.
434, and lashed the vices of his age with a masterly hand. The wit
and excellence of his comedies are well known; but they abound
sometimes too much with obscenity; and his attack upon the venerable
character of Socrates has been always censured, and with justice.
As a reward for his mental greatness, the poet received a crown of
olive, in a public assembly; but if he deserved praise, he merited
blame for his licentiousness, which spared not even the gods, and was
so offensive to his countrymen, that Alcibiades made a law at Athens,
which forbade the comic writers from mimicking or representing on
the stage any living character by name. Aristophanes has been called
the prince of ancient comedy, as Menander of the new. The play
called _Nubes_ is pointedly against Socrates, and the philosopher
is exposed to ridicule, and his precepts placed in a most ludicrous
point of view by the introduction of one of his pupils in the
characters of the piece. It is said that St. Chrysostom used to
keep the comedies of Aristophanes under his pillow, on account of
the brilliancy of the composition. Plutarch has made a comparison
between the princes of the new and old comedy, which abounds
with many anecdotes concerning these original characters. The
best editions of the works of Aristophanes are, Kuster’s, folio,
Amsterdam, 1710, and the 12mo, Leiden, 1670, and that of Brunck,
4 vols., 8vo, Strasbourg, 1783, which would still be more perfect
did it contain the valuable scholia. _Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1.
――_Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 16.――_Horace_, bk. 1, satire 4, li. 1.
――――A grammarian of Byzantium, keeper of the library of Alexandria
under Ptolemy Evergetes. He wrote a treatise on the harlots of
Attica. _Diogenes Laërtius_, _Plutarch_ & _Epicurus_.――_Athenæus_,
bk. 9.――――A Greek historian of Bœotia, quoted by _Plutarch_, _de
Herodoti Malignitate_.――――A writer on agriculture.

=Aristophilīdes=, a king of Tarentum in the reign of Darius son of
Hystaspes. _Herodotus_, bk. 3.

=Aristŏphon=, a painter in the age of Socrates. He drew the picture
of Alcibiades softly reclining on the bosom of the courtesan Nemea,
and all the people of Athens ran in crowds to be spectators of the
masterly piece. He also made a painting of Mars leaning on the arm
of Venus. _Plutarch_, _Alcibiades_.――_Athenæus_, bk. 13.――_Pliny_,
bk. 35, ch. 11.――――A comic poet in the age of Alexander, many of
whose fragments are collected in Athenæus.

=Aristor=, the father of Argus the hundred-eyed keeper of Io.

=Aristorĭdes=, the patronymic of Argus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
bk. 1, li. 624.

=Aristoteleia=, festivals in honour of Aristotle, because he obtained
the restitution of his country from Alexander.

=Aristotĕles=, a famous philosopher, son of the physician Nicomachus
by Festiada, born at Stagira. After his father’s death he went to
Athens to hear Plato’s lectures, where he soon signalized himself
by the brightness of his genius. He had been of an inactive and
dissolute disposition in his youth, but now he applied himself with
uncommon diligence; and after he had spent 20 years in hearing the
instructions of Plato, he opened a school for himself, for which he
was accused of ingratitude and illiberality by his ancient master.
He was moderate in his meals; he slept little, and always had one
arm out of his couch with a bullet in it, which by falling into a
brazen basin underneath, early awakened him. He was, according to
some, 10 years preceptor to Alexander, who received his instructions
with much pleasure and deference, and always respected him. According
to Plutarch, the improvement that Alexander made under Aristotle
was of more service to him than all the splendour and power which he
received from Philip. Almost all his writings, which are composed on
a variety of subjects, are extant: he gave them to Theophrastus at
his death, and they were bought by one of the Ptolemies, and placed
in the famous library of Alexandria. Diogenes Laertes has given
us a very extensive catalogue of them. Aristotle had a deformed
countenance, but his genius was a sufficient compensation for all
his personal defects. He has been called by Plato the philosopher
of truth; and Cicero compliments him with the title of a man of
eloquence, universal knowledge, readiness and acuteness of invention,
and fecundity of thought. The writings of Aristotle have been
compared with those of Plato; but the one are the effusions of a
lively and fruitful imagination, whilst the philosopher of Stagira
studied nature more than art, and had recourse to simplicity of
expression more than ornament. He neither worshipped nor cared for
the divinity, concerning which his opinions were ever various and
dissonant; and the more he disregarded the mythology of the ancients,
the greater was the credit he acquired over his less philosophical
predecessors. He was so authoritative in his opinions, that, as
Bacon observes, he wished to establish the same dominion over men’s
minds, as his pupil over nations. Alexander, it is said, wished
and encouraged his learned tutor to write the history of animals;
and the more effectually to assist him, he supplied him with 800
talents, and in his Asiatic expedition employed above 1000 men to
collect animals, either in fishing, hunting, or hawking, which were
carefully transmitted to the philosopher. Aristotle’s logic has
long reigned in the schools, and been regarded as the perfect model
of all imitation. As he expired, the philosopher is said to have
uttered the following sentiment: _Fœde hunc mundum intravi, anxius
vixi, perturbatus egredior, causa causarum miserere mei_. The letter
which Philip wrote to Aristotle has been preserved, and is in these
words: “I inform you I have a son; I thank the gods, not so much
for making me a father, as for giving me a son in an age when he
can have Aristotle for his instructor. I hope you will make him a
successor worthy of me, and a king worthy of Macedonia.” Aristotle
wished to make his wife Pythias a deity, and to pay her the same
worship as was paid to Ceres. He died in the 63rd year of his age,
B.C. 322. His treatises have been published separately; but the best
edition of the works collectively, is that of Duval, 2 vols., folio,
Paris, 1629. Tyrwhitt’s edition of the Poetica, Oxford, 4to, 1794,
is a valuable acquisition to literature. He had a son whom he called
Nicomachus, by the courtesan Herpyllis. Some have accused him of
being accessary to the death of Alexander, and said that he drowned
himself in the Euripus, because he could not find out the cause of
its flux and reflux. There are, however, different reports about
the manner of his death, and some believe that he died at Athens of
a cholic, two years after Alexander’s death. The people of Stagira
instituted festivals in his honour, because he had rendered
important services to their city. _Diogenes Laërtius_, _Lives of
Eminent Philosophers_.――_Plutarch_, _Alexander_ & _de Alexandri
Magni Fortuna Aut Virtute_, &c.――_Cicero_, _Academica Quæstiones_,
bk. 4; _On Oratory_, bk. 3; _de Finibus_, bk. 5.――_Quintilian_, bks.
1, 2, 5, 10.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 4.――_Justin_, bk. 12.
――_Justin Martyr._――_Augustine_, _City of God_, bk. 8.――_Pliny_,
bks. 2, 4, 5, &c.――_Athenæus._――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 5, ch. 6, &c.
There were besides seven of the same name. A magistrate of Athens.
――――A commentator on Homer’s Iliad.――――An orator of Sicily, who
answered the panegyric of Isocrates.――――A friend of Æschines.――――A
man of Cyrene who wrote on poetry.――――A schoolmaster mentioned in
Plato’s life, written by Aristoxenus.――――An obscure grammarian.
_Diogenes Laërtius_, _Aristotle_.

=Aristotīmus=, a tyrant of Elis, 271 years B.C. _Pausanias_, bk. 5,
ch. 5.

=Aristoxĕnus=, a celebrated musician, disciple of Aristotle, and born
at Tarentum. He wrote 453 different treatises on philosophy, history,
&c., and was disappointed in his expectations of succeeding in the
school of Aristotle, for which he always spoke with ingratitude
of his learned master. Of all his works nothing remains but three
books upon music, the most ancient on that subject extant.――――A
philosopher of Cyrene. _Athenæus._――――A physician whose writings are
quoted by Galen.――――A poet of Selinus.――――A Pythagorean philosopher.

=Aristus=, a Greek historian of Salamas, who wrote an account of
Alexander’s expedition. _Strabo_, bk. 14.――_Arrian_, bk. 7.

=Aristyllus=, an obscure poet. _Aristophanes._――――An astronomer of
Alexandria, 292 B.C.

=Arius=, a river of Gaul, and――――of Asia. The inhabitants in the
neighbourhood are called Arii.――――A celebrated writer, the origin
of the Arian controversy, that denied the eternal divinity and
consubstantiality of the Word. Though he was greatly persecuted for
his opinions, he gained the favour of the emperor Constantine, and
triumphed over his powerful antagonist Athanasius. He died the very
night he was going to enter the church of Constantinople in triumph.
Pressed by nature, he went aside to ease himself; but his bowels
gushed out, and he expired on the spot, A.D. 336. _Athanasius._

=Armĕnes=, a son of Nabis, led in triumph at Rome. _Livy_, bk. 34,
ch. 1.

=Armenia=, a large country of Asia, divided into Upper and Lower
Armenia. Upper Armenia, called also Major, has Media on the east,
Iberia on the north, and Mesopotamia on the south. Lower Armenia,
or Minor, is bounded by Cappadocia, Armenia Major, Syria, Cilicia,
and the Euphrates. The Armenians were a long time under the dominion
of the Medes and Persians, till they were conquered with the rest
of Asia, by Alexander and his successors. The Romans made it one of
their provinces, and under some of the emperors the Armenians had
the privilege of choosing their own kings, but they were afterwards
reduced. The country received its name from Armenus, who was one
of the Argonauts, and of Thessalian origin. They borrowed the names
and attributes of their deities from the Persians. They paid great
adoration to Venus Anaitis, and the chiefest of the people always
prostituted their daughters in honour of this goddess. Armenia Major
is now called Turcomania, and Minor, Aladulia. _Herodotus_, bk. 1,
ch. 194; bk. 5, ch. 49.――_Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 12; bk. 5, ch. 1.
――_Strabo_, bks. 1 & 11.――_Mela_, bk. 3, chs. 5 & 8.――_Pliny_, bk. 6,
ch. 4, &c.――_Lucan_, bk. 2.

=Armentarius=, a Cæsar in Diocletian’s reign.

=Armillatus=, one of Domitian’s favourites. _Juvenal_, satire 4, li. 53.

=Armilustrium=, a festival at Rome on the 19th of October. When the
sacrifices were offered, all the people appeared under arms. The
festival has often been confounded with that of the Salii, though
easily distinguished; because the latter was observed the 2nd of
March, and on the celebration of the Armilustrium they always played
on a flute, and the Salii played upon the trumpet. It was instituted
A.U.C. 543. _Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 5, ch. 3.――_Livy_,
bk. 27, ch. 37.

=Arminius=, a warlike general of the Germans, who supported a
bloody war against Rome for some time, and was at last conquered
by Germanicus in two great battles. He was poisoned by one of his
friends, A.D. 19, in the 37th year of his age. _Dio Cassius_, bk.
56.――_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 1, &c.

=Armorĭcæ=, cities of Celtic Gaul, famous for the warlike, rebellious,
and inconstant disposition of the inhabitants called Armorici.
Armorica extended between the rivers Liger and Sequana, and
comprehended those rich and populous provinces now called Britany
and Normandy. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_.

=Arne=, a city of Lycia, called afterwards Xanthus.――――A town of
Umbria in Italy.――――A daughter of Æolus, who gave her name to two
towns, one in Thessaly, the other in Bœotia. Neptune changed himself
into a bull to enjoy her company. _Strabo_, bks. 1 & 2.――_Pausanias_,
bk. 9, ch. 40.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, fable 4.

=Arni=, a people of Italy, destroyed by Hercules.

=Arniensis=, a tribe in Rome. _Livy_, bk. 6.

=Arnobius=, a philosopher in Diocletian’s reign, who became a convert
to christianity. He applied for ordination, but was refused by the
bishops till he gave them a proof of his sincerity. Upon this he
wrote his celebrated treatise, in which he exposed the absurdity
of irreligion, and ridiculed the heathen gods. Opinions are various
concerning the purity of his style, though all agree in praise
of his extensive erudition. The book that he wrote, _De Rhetoricâ
Institutione_, is not extant. The best edition of his treatise
_Adversus Gentes_ is the 4to, printed Leiden, 1651.

=Arnus=, a river of Etruria, rising in the Apennine mountains, and
falling into the Mediterranean. _Livy_, bk. 22, ch. 2.

=Aroa=, a town of Achaia. _Pausanias_, bk. 7.

=Aroma=, a town of Caria,――――of Cappadocia.

=Arpāni=, a people of Italy.

=Arpi=, a city of Apulia, built by Diomedes after the Trojan war.
_Justin_, bk. 20, ch. 1.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 28.

=Arpīnum=, a town of the Volsci, famous for giving birth to Cicero and
Marius. The words _Arpinæ chartæ_ are sometimes applied to Cicero’s
works. _Martial_, bk. 10, ltr. 19.――_Juvenal_, satire 8, li. 237.
――_Cicero_, _De Lege Agraria contra Rullum_, speech 3.――――A town of
Magna Græcia.

=Arræi=, a people of Thrace. _Pliny._

=Arrharæus=, the king of a nation in the neighbourhood of Macedonia,
who greatly distressed Archelaus. _Aristotle_, bk. 5, _Politics_,
ch. 10.

=Arria=. _See:_ Aria.

=Arria Galla=, a beautiful but immodest woman in the reign of the
emperors. _Tacitus_, bk. 15, ch. 19.

=Arriānus=, a philosopher of Nicomedia, priest of Ceres and Proserpine,
and disciple of Epictetus, called a second Xenophon, from the
elegance and sweetness of his diction, and distinguished for his
acquaintance with military and political life. He wrote seven books
on Alexander’s expedition, the periplus of the Euxine and Red seas,
four books on the dissertations of Epictetus, besides an account of
the Alani, Bithynians, and Parthians. He flourished about the 140th
year of Christ, and was rewarded with the consulship and government
of Cappadocia, by Marcus Antoninus. The best edition of Arrian’s
_Expeditio Alexandri_, is the folio Gronovii, Leiden, 1704, and the
8vo, à Raphelio, 2 vols., 1757, and the Tactica, 8vo, Amsterdam,
1683.――――A Greek historian.――――An Athenian who wrote a treatise on
hunting, and the manner of keeping dogs.――――A poet who wrote an epic
poem in 24 books on Alexander; also another poem on Attalus king of
Pergamus. He likewise translated Virgil’s Georgics into Greek verse.

=Arrius=, a friend of Cicero, whose sumptuous feast _Horace_ describes,
bk. 2, satire 3, li. 86.――――Aper, a Roman general who murdered the
emperor, &c.

=Arrius= and =Arius=, a philosopher of Alexandria, who so ingratiated
himself with Augustus, after the battle of Actium, that the conqueror
declared the people of Alexandria owed the preservation of their
city to three causes; because Alexander was their founder, because
of the beauty of the situation, and because Arrius was a native of
the place. _Plutarch_, _Antonius_.

=Arruntius=, a Roman consul.――――A famous geographer who, upon being
accused of adultery and treason, under Tiberius, opened his veins.
_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 6.

=Arsabes=, a satrap of Armenia.――――Of Persia. _Polyænus._

=Arsăces=, a man of obscure origin, who, upon seeing Seleucus defeated
by the Gauls, invaded Parthia, and conquered the governor of
the province called Andragoras, and laid the foundations of an
empire, 250 B.C. He added the kingdom of the Hyrcani to his newly
acquired possessions, and spent his time in establishing his
power, and regulating the laws. After death he was made a god of
his nation, and all his successors were called, in honour of his
name, _Arsacidæ_. _Justin_, bk. 41, chs. 5 & 6.――_Strabo_, bks.
11 & 12.――――His son and successor bore the same name. He carried
war against Antiochus the son of Seleucus, who entered the field
with 100,000 foot and 20,000 horse. He afterwards made peace with
Antiochus, and died B.C. 217. _Justin_, bk. 41, ch. 5.――――The third
king of Parthia, of the family of the Arsacidæ, bore the same name,
and was also called Priapatius. He reigned 12 years, and left two
sons, Mithridates and Phraates. Phraates succeeded as being the
elder, and at his death he left his kingdom to his brother, though
he had many children; observing that a monarch ought to have in
view, not the dignity of his family, but the prosperity of his
subjects. _Justin_, bk. 31, ch. 5.――――A king of Pontus and Armenia,
in alliance with the Romans. He fought long with success against
the Persians, till he was deceived by the snares of king Sapor,
his enemy, who put out his eyes, and soon after deprived him of
life. _Marcellinus._――――The eldest son of Artabanus, appointed over
Armenia by his father, after the death of king Artaxias. _Tacitus_,
_Histories_, bk. 6.――――A servant of Themistocles.

=Arsacĭdæ=, a name given to some of the monarchs of Parthia, in honour
of Arsaces, the founder of the empire. Their power subsisted till
the 229th year of the christian era, when they were conquered by
Artaxerxes king of Persia. _Justin_, bk. 41.

=Arsamĕnes=, a satrap of Persia, at the battle of the Granicus.

=Arsametes=, a river of Asia, near Parthia. _Tacitus_, _Annals_,
bk. 15.

=Arsamosāta=, a town of Armenia Major, 70 miles from the Euphrates.
_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 15.

=Arsānes=, the son of Ochus and father of Codomanus.

=Arsanias=, a river of Armenia, which, according to some, flows into
the Tigris, and afterwards into the Euphrates. _Pliny_, bk. 5,
ch. 24.

=Arsēna=, a marsh of Armenia Major whose fishes are all of the same
sort. _Strabo._

=Arses=, the youngest son of Ochus, whom the eunuch Bagoas raised to
the throne of Persia, and destroyed with his children, after a reign
of three years. _Diodorus_, bk. 17.

=Arsia=, a wood of Etruria, famous for a battle between the Romans
and the Veientes. _Plutarch_, _Poplicola_.――――A small river between
Illyricum and Istria, falling into the Adriatic.――――A river of Italy,
flowing through Campania.

=Arsidæus=, a son of Datames, &c.

=Arsinoe=, daughter of Leucippus and Philodice, was mother of
Æsculapius by Apollo, according to some authors. She received divine
honours after death at Sparta. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3.――_Pausanias_,
bk. 2, ch. 26; bk. 3, ch. 12.――――A daughter of Phlegeus, promised
in marriage to Alcmæon. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 7.――――A fountain
of Peloponnesus. _Pausanias_, _Messenia_.――――The sister and wife of
Ptolemy Philadelphus, worshipped after death under the name of Venus
Zephyritis. Dinochares began to build her a temple with loadstones,
in which there stood a statue of Arsinoe suspended in the air by the
power of the magnet; but the death of the architect prevented its
being perfected. _Pliny_, bk. 34, ch. 14.――――A daughter of Ptolemy
Lagus, who married Lysimachus king of Macedonia. After her husband’s
death, Ceraunus, her own brother, married her, and ascended the
throne of Macedonia. He previously murdered Lysimachus and Philip,
the sons of Arsinoe by Lysimachus, in their mother’s arms. Arsinoe
was some time after banished to Samothrace. _Justin_, bk. 17, ch. 1,
&c.――――A younger daughter of Ptolemy Auletes, sister to Cleopatra.
Antony despatched her to gain the good graces of her sister.
_Hirtius_, _Alexandrine War_, ch. 4.――_Appian._――――The wife of Magas
king of Cyrene, who committed adultery with her son-in-law. _Justin_,
bk. 26, ch. 3.――――A daughter of Lysimachus. _Pausanias._――――A town
of Egypt, situated near the lake of Mœris, on the western shore of
the Nile, where the inhabitants paid the highest veneration to the
crocodiles. They nourished them in a splendid manner, and embalmed
them after death, and buried them in the subterraneous cells of the
labyrinth. _Strabo._――――A town of Cilicia,――――of Æolia,――――of Syria,
――――of Cyprus,――――of Lycia, &c.

=Arsites=, a satrap of Paphlagonia.

=Artabānus=, son of Hystaspes, was brother to Darius I. He dissuaded
his nephew Xerxes from making war against the Greeks, and at his
return, he assassinated him with the hopes of ascending the throne.
Darius the son of Xerxes was murdered in a similar manner; and
Artaxerxes his brother would have shared the same fate, had not he
discovered the snares of the assassin, and punished him with death.
_Diodorus_, bk. 11.――_Justin_, bk. 3, ch. 1, &c.――_Herodotus_, bk. 4,
ch. 38; bk. 7, ch. 10, &c.――――A king of Parthia, after the death
of his nephew Phraates II. He undertook a war against a nation of
Scythia, in which he perished. His son Mithridates succeeded him,
and merited the appellation of Great. _Justin_, bk. 42, ch. 2.――――A
king of Media, and afterwards of Parthia, after the expulsion of
Vonones, whom Tiberius had made king there. He invaded Armenia, from
whence he was driven away by one of the generals of Tiberius. He
was expelled from his throne, which Tiridates usurped; and some time
after he was restored again to his ancient power, and died A.D. 48.
_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 5, &c.――――A king of Parthia, very inimical
to the interest of Vespasian.――――Another king of Parthia, who made
war against the emperor Caracalla, who had attempted his life on
pretence of courting his daughter. He was murdered, and the power of
Parthia abolished, and the crown transferred to the Persian monarchs.
_Dio Cassius._――_Herodian._

=Artabazānes=, or =Artamĕnes=, the eldest son of Darius, when a private
person. He attempted to succeed to the Persian throne, in preference
to Xerxes. _Justin._

=Artabāzus=, a son of Pharnaces, general in the army of Xerxes. He
fled from Greece upon the ill success of Mardonius. _Herodotus_,
bks. 7, 8, & 9.――――A general who made war against Artaxerxes, and
was defeated. He was afterwards reconciled to his prince, and became
the familiar friend of Darius III. After the murder of this prince,
he surrendered himself up with his sons to Alexander, who treated
him with much humanity and confidence. _Curtius_, bk. 5, chs. 9 & 12;
bk. 6, ch. 5; bk. 7, chs. 3 & 5; bk. 8, ch. 1.――――An officer of
Artaxerxes against Datames. _Diodorus_, bk. 15.

=Artabri= and =Artabrĭtæ=, a people of Lusitania, who received their
name from Artabrum, a promontory on the coast of Spain, now called
_Finisterre_. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 362.

=Artacæas=, an officer in the army of Xerxes, the tallest of all the
troops, the king excepted.

=Artacæna=, a city of Asia, near Aria.

=Artăce=, a town and seaport near Cyzicus. It did not exist in the age
of Pliny. There was in its neighbourhood a fountain called Artacia.
_Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 14.――_Procopius_, _The Persian War_, bk. 1,
ch. 25.――_Strabo_, bk. 13.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 32.――――A city of
Phrygia.――――A fortified place of Bithynia.

=Artacēne=, a country of Assyria near Arbela, where Alexander conquered
Darius. _Strabo_, bk. 16.

=Artăcia=, a fountain in the country of the Læstrygones. _Tibullus_,
bk. 4, poem 1, li. 60.

=Artæi=, a name by which the Persians were called among their
neighbours. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 61.

=Artagreras=, a town of Upper Armenia. _Strabo._

=Artagerses=, a general in the army of Artaxerxes, killed by Cyrus the
younger.――_Plutarch_, _Artaxerxes_.

=Artanes=, a king of the southern parts of Armenia. _Strabo_, bk. 11.
――――A river of Thrace flowing into the Ister. _Herodotus_, bk. 4,
ch. 49.――――A river of Colchis.

=Artaphernes=, a general whom Darius sent into Greece with Datis. He
was conquered at the battle of Marathon, by Miltiades. _See:_ Datis.
_Cornelius Nepos_, _Miltiades_.――_Herodotus._

=Artatus=, a river of Illyria. _Livy_, bk. 43, ch. 19.

=Artavasdes=, a son of Tigranes king of Upper Armenia, who wrote
tragedies, and shone as an elegant orator and faithful historian. He
lived in alliance with the Romans, but Crassus was defeated, partly
on account of his delay. He betrayed Marcus Antony in his expedition
against Parthia, for which Antony reduced his kingdom, and carried
him to Egypt, where he adorned the triumph of the conqueror led in
golden chains. He was some time after murdered. _Strabo_, bk. 11.
――――The crown of Armenia was given by Tiberius to a person of the
same name, who was expelled.――――Augustus had also raised to the
throne of Armenia a person of the same name. _Tacitus_, _Annals_,
bk. 2.

=Artaxa= and =Artaxias=, a general of Antiochus the Great, who erected
the province of Armenia into a kingdom, by his reliance on the
friendship of the Romans. King Tigranes was one of his successors.
_Strabo_, bk. 11.

=Artaxăta= (orum), now _Ardesh_, a strongly fortified town of Upper
Armenia, the capital of the empire, where the kings generally
resided. It is said that Annibal built it for Artaxias the king of
the country. It was burnt by Corbulo, and rebuilt by Tiridates, who
called it _Neronea_, in honour of Nero. _Strabo_, bk. 11.

=Artaxerxes I.=, succeeded to the kingdom of Persia, after his
father Xerxes. He destroyed Artabanus, who had murdered Xerxes, and
attempted to cut off the whole royal family to raise himself to the
throne. He made war against the Bactrians, and reconquered Egypt
that had revolted, with the assistance of the Athenians, and was
remarkable for his equity and moderation. One of his hands was
longer than the other, whence he has been called _Macrochir_ or
_Longimanus_. He reigned 39 years, and died B.C. 425. _Cornelius
Nepos_, _Kings_.――_Plutarch_, _Artaxerxes_.――――The second of
that name, king of Persia, was surnamed Mnemon, on account of his
extensive memory. He was son of Darius II. by Parysatis the daughter
of Artaxerxes Longimanus, and had three brothers, Cyrus, Ostanes,
and Oxathres. His name was Arsaces, which he changed into Artaxerxes
when he ascended the throne. His brother Cyrus was of such an
ambitious disposition, that he resolved to make himself king, in
opposition to Artaxerxes. Parysatis always favoured Cyrus; and when
he had attempted the life of Artaxerxes, she obtained his pardon
by her entreaties and influence. Cyrus, who had been appointed
over Lydia and the sea coasts, assembled a large army under various
pretences, and at last marched against his brother at the head of
100,000 barbarians and 13,000 Greeks. He was opposed by Artaxerxes
with 900,000 men, and a bloody battle was fought at Cunaxa, in which
Cyrus was killed, and his forces routed. It has been reported that
Cyrus was killed by Artaxerxes, who was so desirous of the honour,
that he put to death two men for saying that they had killed him.
The Greeks, who had assisted Cyrus against his brother, though at
the distance of above 600 leagues from their country, made their way
through the territories of the enemy; and nothing is more famous in
the Grecian history, than the retreat of the 10,000. After he was
delivered from the attacks of his brother, Artaxerxes stirred up
a war among the Grecian states against Sparta, and exerted all his
influence to weaken the power of the Greeks. He married two of his
own daughters, called Atossa and Amestria, and named his eldest son
Darius to be his successor. Darius, however, conspired against his
father, and was put to death; and Ochus, one of the younger sons,
called also Artaxerxes, made his way to the throne, by causing his
elder brothers Ariaspes and Arsames to be assassinated. It is said
that Artaxerxes died of a broken heart, in consequence of his son’s
unnatural behaviour, in the 94th year of his age, after a reign
of 46 years, B.C. 358. Artaxerxes had 150 children by his 350
concubines, and only four legitimate sons. _Plutarch_, _Parallel
Lives_.――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Kings_.――_Justin_, bk. 10, ch. 1, &c.
――_Diodorus_, bk. 13, &c.――――The third, surnamed Ochus, succeeded
his father Artaxerxes II., and established himself on his throne by
murdering above 80 of his nearest relations. He punished with death
one of his officers who conspired against him, and recovered Egypt,
which had revolted, destroyed Sidon, and ravaged all Syria. He made
war against the Cadusii, and greatly rewarded a private man called
Codomanus for his uncommon valour. But his behaviour in Egypt, and
his cruelty towards the inhabitants, offended his subjects, and
Bagoas at last obliged his physician to poison him, B.C. 337, and
afterwards gave his flesh to be devoured by cats, and made handles
for swords with his bones. Codomanus, on account of his virtues,
was soon after made king by the people; and that he might seem to
possess as much dignity as the house of Artaxerxes, he reigned under
the name of Darius III. _Justin_, bk. 10, ch. 3.――_Diodorus_, bk. 17.
――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 6, ch. 8.

=Artaxerxes=, or =Artaxares I.=, a common soldier of Persia, who
killed Artabanus, A.D. 228, and erected Persia again into a kingdom,
which had been extinct since the death of Darius. Severus the Roman
emperor conquered him, and obliged him to remain within his kingdom.
_Herodian_, bk. 5.――――One of his successors, son of Sapor, bore his
name, and reigned 11 years, during which he distinguished himself by
his cruelties.

=Artaxias=, son of Artavasdes king of Armenia, was proclaimed king by
his father’s troops. He opposed Antony, by whom he was defeated, and
became so odious that the Romans, at the request of the Armenians,
raised Tigranes to the throne.――――Another, son of Polemon, whose
original name was Zeno. After the expulsion of Vonones from Armenia,
he was made king by Germanicus. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 6, ch. 31.
――――A general of Antiochus. _See:_ Artaxa.

=Artayctes=, a Persian appointed governor of Sestos by Xerxes. He was
hung on a cross by the Athenians for his cruelties. _Herodotus_, bks.
7 & 9.

=Artaynta=, a Persian lady whom Xerxes gave in marriage to his
son Darius. She was one of the mistresses of her father-in-law.
_Herodotus_, bk. 9, ch. 103, &c.

=Artayntes=, a Persian appointed over a fleet in Greece by Xerxes.
_Herodotus_, bk. 8, ch. 13; bk. 9, ch. 107.

=Artembares=, a celebrated Mede in the reign of Cyrus the Great.
_Herodotus_, bks. 1 & 9.

=Artemidōrus=, a native of Ephesus, who wrote a history and description
of the earth, in 11 books. He flourished about 104 years B.C.――――A
physician in the age of Adrian.――――A man in the reign of Antoninus,
who wrote a learned work on the interpretation of dreams, still
extant; the best edition of which is that of Rigaltius, Paris, 4to,
1604, to which is annexed _Achmetis oneirocritica_.――――A man of
Cnidus, son to the historian Theopompus. He had a school at Rome,
and he wrote a book on illustrious men, not extant. As he was the
friend of Julius Cæsar, he wrote down an account of the conspiracy
which was formed against him. He gave it to the dictator from among
the crowd as he was going to the senate, but Julius Cæsar put it
with other papers which he held in his hand, thinking it to be of no
material consequence. _Plutarch_, _Cæsar_.

=Artĕmis=, the Greek name of Diana. Her festivals, called Artemisia,
were celebrated in several parts of Greece, particularly at Delphi,
where they offered to the goddess a mullet, which, as was supposed,
bore some affinity to the goddess of hunting, because it is said to
hunt and kill the sea-hare. There was a solemnity of the same name
at Syracuse; it lasted three days, which were spent in banqueting
and diversions. _Athenæus_, bk. 7.

=Artemisia=, daughter of Lygdamis of Halicarnassus, reigned over
Halicarnassus and the neighbouring country. She assisted Xerxes
in his expedition against Greece with a fleet, and her valour was
so great that the monarch observed that all his men fought like
women, and all his women like men. The Athenians were so ashamed
of fighting against a woman, that they offered a reward of 10,000
drachms for her head. It is said that she was fond of a youth of
Abydos, called Dardanus, and that, to punish his disdain, she put
out his eyes while he was asleep, and afterwards leaped down the
promontory of Leucas. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 99; bk. 8, ch. 68, &c.
――_Justin_, bk. 2, ch. 12.――――There was also another queen of Caria
of that name, often confounded with the daughter of Lygdamis. She
was daughter of Hecatomnus king of Caria or Halicarnassus, and was
married to her own brother Mausolus famous for his personal beauty.
She was so fond of her husband, that at his death she drank in her
liquor his ashes after his body had been burned, and erected to his
memory a monument, which, for its grandeur and magnificence, was
called one of the seven wonders of the world. This monument she
called _Mausoleum_, a name which has been given from that time to
all monuments of unusual splendour. She invited all the literary
men of her age, and proposed rewards to him who composed the best
elegiac panegyric upon her husband. The prize was adjudged to
Theopompus. She was so inconsolable for the death of her husband
that she died through grief two years after. _Vitruvius._――_Strabo_,
bk. 14.――_Pliny_, bk. 25, ch. 7; bk. 36, ch. 5.

=Artemisia.= _See:_ Artemis.

=Artemisium=, a promontory of Eubœa, where Diana had a temple. The
neighbouring part of the sea bore the same name. The fleet of Xerxes
had a skirmish there with the Grecian ships. _Herodotus_, bk. 7,
ch. 175, &c.――――A lake near the grove Aricia, with a temple sacred
to Artemis, whence the name.

=Artemīta=, a city at the east of Seleucia.――――An island opposite the
mouth of the Achelous. _Strabo._

=Artĕmon=, an historian of Pergamus.――――A native of Clazomenæ, who was
with Pericles at the siege of Samos, where it is said he invented
the battering ram, the _testudo_, and other equally valuable military
engines.――――A man who wrote a treatise on collecting books.――――A
native of Magnesia, who wrote the history of illustrious women.――――A
physician of Clazomenæ.――――A painter.――――A Syrian, whose features
resembled, in the strongest manner, those of Antiochus. The queen,
after the king’s murder, made use of Artemon to represent her husband
in a lingering state, that, by his seeming to die a natural death,
she might conceal her guilt, and effect her wicked purpose. _See:_
Antiochus.

=Artimpasa=, a name of Venus among the Scythians. _Herodotus_, bk. 4,
ch. 59.

=Artobarzănes=, a son of Darius, who endeavoured to ascend the throne
in preference to his brother Xerxes, but to no purpose. _Herodotus_,
bk. 7, chs. 2 & 3.

=Artochmes=, a general of Xerxes, who married one of the daughters of
Darius. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 73.

=Artōna=, a town of the Latins, taken by the Æqui. _Livy_, bk. 2,
ch. 43.

=Artontes=, a son of Mardonius. _Pausanias_, _Bœotia_.

=Artonius=, a physician of Augustus, who, on the night previous to the
battle of Philippi, saw Minerva in a dream, who told him to assure
Augustus of victory. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 1, ch. 7.

=Artoxares=, a eunuch of Paphlagonia, in the reign of Artaxerxes I.,
cruelly put to death by Parysatis.

=Arturius=, an obscure fellow, raised to honours and wealth by his
flatteries, &c. _Juvenal_, satire 3, li. 29.

=Artynes=, a king of Media.

=Artynia=, a lake of Asia Minor.

=Artystŏna=, a daughter of Darius. _Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 88.

=Aruæ=, a people of Hyrcania, where Alexander kindly received the chief
officers of Darius. _Curtius_, bk. 6, ch. 4.

=Arvāles=, a name given to 12 priests who celebrated the festivals
called Ambarvalia. According to some, they were descended from the
12 sons of Acca Laurentia, who suckled Romulus. They wore a crown of
ears of corn, and a white fillet. _Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 4.
_See:_ Ambarvalia.

=Arueris=, a god of the Egyptians, son of Isis and Osiris. According
to some accounts, Osiris and Isis were married together in their
mother’s womb, and Isis was pregnant of Arueris before she was born.

=Arverni=, a powerful people of Gaul, now _Auvergne_, near the Ligeris,
who took up arms against Julius Cæsar. They were conquered with
great slaughter. They pretended to be descended from the Trojans as
well as the Romans. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 7.――_Strabo_, bk. 14.

=Arvĭrăgus=, a king of Britain. _Juvenal_, satire 4, li. 127.

=Arvīsium= and =Arvīsus=, a promontory of Chios, famous for its wine.
_Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 5.

=Lucius Arunculeius Costa [Cotta]=, an officer sent by Julius Cæsar
against the Gauls, by whom he was killed. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_.

=Aruns=, an Etrurian soothsayer in the age of Marius. _Lucan_, bk. 1,
li. 586.――――A soldier who slew Camilla, and was killed by a dart of
Diana. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 759.――――A brother of Tarquin
the Proud. He married Tullia, who murdered him to espouse Tarquin,
who had assassinated his wife.――――A son of Tarquin the Proud, who,
in the battle that was fought between the partisans of his father
and the Romans, attacked Brutus the Roman consul, who wounded him
and threw him down from his horse. _Livy_, bk. 2, ch. 6.――――A son of
Porsenna king of Etruria, sent by his father to take Aricia. _Livy_,
bk. 2, ch. 14.

=Aruntius=, a Roman who ridiculed the rites of Bacchus, for which the
god inebriated him to such a degree that he offered violence to his
daughter Medullina, who murdered him when she found that he acted
so dishonourably to her virtue. _Plutarch_, _Parallela minora_.――――A
man who wrote an account of the Punic wars in the style of Sallust,
in the reign of Augustus. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 1.――_Seneca_,
ltr. 14.――――Another Latin writer. _Seneca_, _de Beneficiis_, bk. 6.
――――Paterculus, a man who gave Æmylius Censorinus tyrant of Ægesta
a brazen horse to torment criminals. The tyrant made the first
experiment upon the body of the donor. _Plutarch_, _Parallela
minora_.――――Stella, a poet descended of a consular family in the age
of Domitian.

=Arupīnus=, a maritime town of Istria. _Tibullus_, bk. 4, poem 1,
li. 110.

=Aruspex.= _See:_ Haruspex.

=Aryxăta=, a town of Armenia, near the Araxes. _Strabo_, bk. 11.

=Aryandes=, a Persian appointed governor of Egypt by Cambyses. He
was put to death because he imitated Darius in whatever he did, and
wished to make himself immortal. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 166.

=Arybas=, a native of Sidon, whose daughter was carried away by
pirates. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 15, li. 425.――――A king of the
Molossi, who reigned 10 years.

=Aryptæus=, a prince of the Molossi, who privately encouraged the
Greeks against Macedonia, and afterwards embraced the party of the
Macedonians.

=Asander=, a man who separated, by a wall, Chersonesus Taurica from
the continent. _Strabo_, bk. 7.

=Asbestæ= and =Asbystæ=, a people of Libya above Cyrene, where the
temple of Ammon is built. Jupiter is sometimes called, on that
account, _Asbystius_. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 170.――_Ptolemy_, bk. 4,
ch. 3.

=Asbŏlus= (_black hair_), one of Actæon’s dogs. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
bk. 3.