Chapter D (11)

=Heliogabālus=, a deity among the Phœnicians.――――Marcus Aurelius
Antoninus, a Roman emperor, son of Varius Marcellus, called
Heliogabalus, because he had been priest of that divinity in
Phœnicia. After the death of Macrinus he was invested with the
imperial purple, and the senate, however unwilling to submit to a
youth only 14 years of age, approved of his election, and bestowed
upon him the title of Augustus. Heliogabalus made his grandmother
Mœsa and his mother Sœmias his colleagues on the throne; and to
bestow more dignity upon the sex, he chose a senate of women, over
which his mother presided, and prescribed all the modes and fashions
which prevailed in the empire. Rome, however, soon displayed a
scene of cruelty and debauchery; the imperial palace was full of
prostitution, and the most infamous of the populace became the
favourites of the prince. He raised his horse to the honours of the
consulship, and obliged his subjects to pay adoration to the god
Heliogabalus, which was no other than a large black stone, whose
figure resembled that of a cone. To this ridiculous deity temples
were raised at Rome, and the altars of the gods plundered to
deck those of the new divinity. In the midst of his extravagances
Heliogabalus married four wives, and not satisfied with following
the plain laws of nature, he professed himself to be a woman,
and gave himself up to one of his officers, called Hierocles. In
this ridiculous farce he suffered the greatest indignities from
his pretended husband without dissatisfaction, and Hierocles, by
stooping to infamy, became the most powerful of the favourites,
and enriched himself by selling favours and offices to the people.
Such licentiousness soon displeased the populace, and Heliogabalus,
unable to appease the seditions of his soldiers, whom his rapacity
and debaucheries had irritated, hid himself in the filth and
excrements of the camp, where he was found in the arms of his mother.
His head was severed from his body the 10th of March, A.D. 222, in
the 18th year of his age, after a reign of three years, nine months,
and four days. He was succeeded by Alexander Severus. His cruelties
were as conspicuous as his licentiousness. He burdened his subjects
with the most oppressive taxes; his halls were covered with carpets
of gold and silver tissue, and his mats were made with the down of
hares, and with the soft feathers which were found under the wings
of partridges. He was fond of covering his shoes with precious
stones, to draw the admiration of the people as he walked along
the streets, and he was the first Roman who ever wore a dress of
silk. He often invited the most common of the people to share his
banquets, and made them sit down on large bellows full of wind,
which, by suddenly emptying themselves, threw the guests on the
ground, and left them a prey to wild beasts. He often tied some of
his favourites on a large wheel, and was particularly delighted to
see them whirled round like Ixions, and sometimes suspended in the
air, or sunk beneath the water.

=Heliŏpŏlis=, now _Matarea_, a famous city of Lower Egypt, in which
was a temple sacred to the sun. The inhabitants worshipped a bull
called Mnevis, with the same ceremonies as the Apis of Memphis.
Apollo had an oracle there. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3,
ch. 21.――_Pliny_, bk. 36, ch. 26.――_Strabo_, bk. 17.――_Diodorus_,
bk. 1.――――There was a small village of the same name without the
Delta, near Babylon.――――A town of Syria, now _Balbeck_. _Pliny_,
bk. 5, ch. 22.

=Helisson=, a town and river of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 29.

=Helium=, a name given to the mouth of the Maese in Germany. _Pliny_,
bk. 4, ch. 15.

=Helius=, a celebrated favourite of the emperor Nero, put to death by
order of Galba, for his cruelties.――――The Greek name of the sun, or
Apollo.

=Helixus=, a river of Cos.

=Hellanĭce=, a sister of Clitus, who was nurse to Alexander. _Curtius_,
bk. 8, ch. 1.

=Hellanĭcus=, a celebrated Greek historian, born at Mitylene. He
wrote a history of the ancient kings of the earth, with an account
of the founders of the most famous towns in every kingdom, and died
B.C. 411, in the 85th year of his age. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 3.
――_Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 2, ch. 53.――_Aulus Gellius_, bk. 15,
ch. 23.――――A brave officer rewarded by Alexander. _Curtius_, bk. 5,
ch. 2.――――An historian of Miletus, who wrote a description of the
earth.

=Hellanocrătes=, a man of Larissa, &c. _Aristotle_, _Politics_, bk. 5,
ch. 10.

=Hellas=, an ancient name of Thessaly, more generally applied to the
territories of Acarnania, Attica, Ætolia, Doris, Locris, Bœotia, and
Phocis, and also to all Greece. It received this name from Deucalion,
and now forms a part of Livadia. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 7.――_Strabo_,
bk. 8.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 20.――――A
beautiful woman, mentioned by Horace as beloved by Marius: the lover
killed her in a fit of passion, and afterwards destroyed himself.
_Horace_, bk. 2, satire 3, li. 277.

=Helle=, a daughter of Athamas and Nephele, sister of Phryxus. She
fled from her father’s house, with her brother, to avoid the cruel
oppression of her mother-in-law Ino. According to some accounts she
was carried through the air on a golden ram, which her mother had
received from Neptune, and in her passage she became giddy, and fell
from her seat into that part of the sea which from her received the
name of Hellespont. Others say that she was carried on a cloud, or
rather upon a ship, from which she fell into the sea and was drowned.
Phryxus, after he had given his sister a burial on the neighbouring
coasts, pursued his journey and arrived safe in Colchus. _See:_
Phryxus. _Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 13, &c. _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4,
fable 14.――_Pindar_, bk. 4, _Pythian_.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 34.

=Hellen=, son of Deucalion and Pyrrha, reigned in Phthiotis about 1495
years before the christian era, and gave the name of Hellenians to
his subjects. He had by his wife Orseis three sons, Æolus, Dorus,
and Xuthus, who gave their names to the three different nations
known under the name of Æolians, Dorians, and Ionians. These last
derive their name from Ion son of Xuthus, and from the difference
either of expression or pronunciation in their respective languages,
arose the different dialects well known in the Greek language.
_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 20; bk. 7, ch. 1.――_Diodorus_, bk. 5.

=Hellēnes=, the inhabitants of Greece. _See:_ Hellen.

=Hellespontias=, a wind blowing from the north-east. _Pliny_, bk. 2,
ch. 47.

=Hellespontus=, now the _Dardanelles_, a narrow strait between Asia
and Europe, near the Propontis, which received its name from Helle,
who was drowned there in her voyage to Colchis. _See:_ Helle. It is
about 60 miles long, and in the broadest parts, the Asiatic coast
is about three miles distant from the European, and only half a mile
in the narrowest, according to modern investigation; so that people
can converse one with the other from the opposite shores. It was
celebrated for the love and death of Leander [_See:_ Hero], and
for the bridge of boats which Xerxes built over it when he invaded
Greece. The folly of this great prince is well known in beating
and fettering the waves of the sea, whose impetuosity destroyed his
ships, and rendered all his labours ineffectual. _Strabo_, bk. 13.
――_Pliny_, bk. 8, ch. 32.――_Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 34.――_Polybius.
_――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 1.――_Ptolemy_, bk. 5, ch. 2.――_Ovid_,
_Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 407.――_Livy_, bk. 31, ch. 15; bk. 33,
ch. 33.――――The country along the Hellespont on the Asiatic coast
bears the same name. _Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 1, ch. 24;
_Letters to his Friends_, bk. 13, ltr. 53.――_Strabo_, bk. 12.
――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 30.

=Hellopia=, a small country of Eubœa. The people were called
_Hellopes_. The whole island bore the same name, according to Strabo,
bk. 10.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.

=Hellōtia=, two festivals, one of which was observed in Crete, in
honour of Europa, whose bones were then carried in solemn procession,
with a myrtle garland no less than 20 cubits in circumference,
called ἑλλωτις. The other festival was celebrated at Corinth with
games and races, where young men entered the lists and generally
ran with burning torches in their hands. It was instituted in honour
of Minerva, surnamed Hellotis, ἀπο του ἑλους, _from a certain pond_
of Marathon, where one of her statues was erected, or ἀπο του ἑλειν
τον ἱππον τον Πεγασον, because by her assistance Bellerophon took
and managed the horse Pegasus, which was the original cause of the
institution of the festival. Others derive the name from Hellotis, a
Corinthian woman, from the following circumstance: When the Dorians
and the Heraclidæ invaded Peloponnesus, they took and burnt Corinth;
the inhabitants, and particularly the women, escaped by flight,
except Hellotis and her sister Eurytione, who took shelter in
Minerva’s temple, relying for safety upon the sanctity of the place.
When this was known, the Dorians set fire to the temple, and the
two sisters perished in the flames. This wanton cruelty was followed
by a dreadful plague; and the Dorians, to alleviate the misfortunes
which they suffered, were directed by the oracle to appease the
manes of the two sisters, and therefore they raised a new temple to
the goddess Minerva, and established the festivals which bore the
name of one of the unfortunate women.

=Helnes=, an ancient king of Arcadia, &c. _Polyænus_, bk. 1.

=Helōris=, a general of the people of Rhegium, sent to besiege Messana,
which Dionysius the tyrant defended. He fell in battle, and his
troops were defeated. _Diodorus_, bk. 14.

=Helōrum= and =Helōrus=, now _Muri Ucci_, a town and river of Sicily,
whose swollen waters generally inundate the neighbouring country.
_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 698.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 11,
li. 270.――――A river of Magna Græcia.

=Helos=, a place of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 36.――――A town of
Laconia, taken and destroyed by the Lacedæmonians under Agis III.,
of the race of the Heraclidæ, because they refused to pay the
tribute which was imposed upon them. The Lacedæmonians carried
their resentment so far, that, not satisfied with the ruin of the
city, they reduced the inhabitants to the lowest and most miserable
slavery, and made a law which forbade their masters either to
give them their liberty, or to sell them in any other country. To
complete their infamy, all the slaves of the state and the prisoners
of war were called by the mean appellation of _Helotæ_. Not only
the servile offices in which they were employed denoted their misery
and slavery, but they were obliged to wear peculiar garments, which
exposed them to greater contempt and ridicule. They never were
instructed in the liberal arts, and their cruel masters often
obliged them to drink to excess, to show the free-born citizens of
Sparta the beastliness and disgrace of intoxication. They once every
year received a number of stripes, that by this wanton flagellation
they might recollect that they were born and died slaves. The
Spartans even declared war against them; but Plutarch, who, from
interested motives, endeavours to palliate the guilt and cruelty
of the people of Lacedæmon, declares that it was because they
had assisted the Messenians in their war against Sparta, after it
had been overthrown by a violent earthquake. This earthquake was
supposed by all the Greeks to be a punishment from heaven for the
cruelties which the Lacedæmonians had exercised against the Helots.
In the Peloponnesian war, these miserable slaves behaved with
uncommon bravery, and were rewarded with their liberty by the
Lacedæmonians, and appeared in the temples and at public shows
crowned with garlands, and with every mark of festivity and triumph.
This exultation did not continue long, and the sudden disappearance
of these 2000 manumitted slaves was attributed to the inhumanity
of the Lacedæmonians. _Thucydides_, bk. 4.――_Pollux_, bk. 3, ch. 8.
――_Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Plutarch_, _Lycurgus_, &c.――_Aristotle_,
_Politics_, bk. 2.――_Pausanias_, _Laconia_, &c.

=Helōtæ= and =Helōtes=, the public slaves of Sparta, &c. _See:_ Helos.

=Helvetia=, a vestal virgin struck dead with lightning in Trajan’s
reign.

=Helvetii=, an ancient nation of Gaul, conquered by Julius Cæsar.
Their country is the modern Switzerland. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_,
bk. 1, &c.――_Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 1, chs. 67 & 69.

=Helvia=, the mother of Cicero.――――Ricina, a town of Picenum.

=Helvidia=, the name of a Roman family.

=Helvii=, now _Viviers_, a people of Gaul, along the Rhone. _Pliny_,
bk. 3, ch. 4.

=Helvillum=, a town of Umbria, supposed to be the same as Sullium, now
_Sigillo_. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 14.

=Helvīna=, a fountain of Aquinum where Ceres had a temple. _Juvenal_,
satire 3, li. 320.

=Helvius Cinna=, proposed a law, which, however, was not passed, to
permit Cæsar to marry whatever woman he chose. _Suetonius_, _Cæsar_,
bk. 52.――――A poet. _See:_ Cinna.

=Helum=, a river of Scythia.

=Helymus= and =Panopes=, two hunters at the court of Acestes in Sicily.
_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 73, &c.

=Hemathion=, a son of Aurora and Cephalus, or Tithonus. _Apollodorus_,
bk. 3.

=Hemĭthea=, a daughter of Cycnus and Proclea. She was so attached to
her brother Tenes, that she refused to abandon him when his father
Cycnus exposed him on the sea. They were carried by the wind to
Tenedos, where Hemithea long enjoyed tranquillity, till Achilles,
captivated by her charms, offered her violence. She was rescued from
his embrace by her brother Tenes, who was instantly slaughtered by
the offended hero. Hemithea could not have been rescued from the
attempts of Achilles, had not the earth opened and swallowed her,
after she had fervently entreated the assistance of the gods. _See:_
Tenes. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 14.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.

=Hemon.= _See:_ Hæmon.

=Hemus.= _See:_ Hæmus.――――A Roman. _Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 197.

=Henĕti=, a people of Paphlagonia, who are said to have settled in
Italy near the Adriatic, where they gave the name of _Venetia_ to
their habitation. _Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 1.――_Euripides._

=Heniŏchi=, a people of Asiatic Sarmatia, near Colchis, descended
from Amphytus and Telechius, the charioteers (μνιοχοι) of Castor
and Pollux, and thence called Lacedæmonii. _Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 21.
――_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 40.――_Flaccus_, bk. 3, li. 270; bk. 6,
li. 42.

=Henna.= _See:_ Enna.

=Hephæstia=, the capital town of Lemnos.――――A festival in honour of
Vulcan (Ἡφαιστος) at Athens. There was then a race with torches
between three young men. Each in his turn ran a race with a lighted
torch in his hand, and whoever could carry it to the end of the
course before it was extinguished, obtained the prize. They delivered
it one to the other after they finished their course, and from that
circumstance we see many allusions in ancient authors who compare
the vicissitudes of human affairs to this delivering of the torch,
particularly in these lines of Lucretius bk. 2:

_Inque brevi spatio mutantur sæcla animantum,
Et quasi cursores vitai lampada tradunt._

=Hephæstiădes=, a name applied to the Lipari isles as sacred to Vulcan.

=Hephæstii=, mountains in Lycia which are set on fire by the lightest
touch of a burning torch. Their very stones burnt in the middle of
water, according to _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 106.

=Hephæstio=, a Greek grammarian of Alexandria in the age of the
emperor Verus. There remains of his compositions a treatise entitled
_Enchiridion de metris & poemate_, the best edition of which is that
of _Pauw_, 4to, Utrecht, 1726.

=Hephæstion=, a Macedonian famous for his intimacy with Alexander.
He accompanied the conqueror in his Asiatic conquests, and was so
faithful and attached to him, that Alexander often observed that
Craterus was the friend of the king, but Hephæstion the friend of
Alexander. He died at Ecbatana 325 years before the christian era,
according to some from excess of drinking, or eating. Alexander
was so inconsolable at the death of this faithful subject, that he
shed tears at the intelligence, and ordered the sacred fire to be
extinguished, which was never done but at the death of a Persian
monarch. The physician who attended Hephæstion in his illness was
accused of negligence, and by the king’s order inhumanly put to
death, and the games were interrupted. His body was entrusted to the
care of Perdiccas, and honoured with the most magnificent funeral
at Babylon. He was so like the king in features and stature, that he
was often saluted by the name of Alexander. _Curtius._――_Arrian_, bk.
7, &c.――_Plutarch_, _Alexander_.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 7,
ch. 8.

=Heptaphōnos=, a portico, which received this name, because the voice
was re-echoed seven times in it. _Pliny_, bk. 36, ch. 15.

=Heptapŏlis=, a country of Egypt, which contained seven cities.

=Heptapy̆los=, a surname of Thebes in Bœotia, from its seven gates.

=Hera=, the name of Juno among the Greeks.――――A daughter of Neptune
and Ceres when transformed into a mare. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3.――――A
town of Æolia and of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 7.――――A town
of Sicily, called also _Hybla_. _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_,
bk. 2, ltr. 1.

=Herăclēa=, an ancient town of Sicily, near Agrigentum. Minos planted
a colony there when he pursued Dædalus; and the town, anciently
known by the name of _Macara_, was called from him _Minoa_. It was
called Heraclea after Hercules, when he obtained a victory over
Eryx.――――A town of Macedonia.――――Another in Pontus, celebrated for
its naval power and its consequence among the Asiatic states. The
inhabitants conveyed home in their ships the 10,000 at their return.
――――Another in Crete.――――Another in Parthia.――――Another in Bithynia.
――――Another in Phthiotis, near Thermopylæ, called also _Trachinea_,
to distinguish it from others.――――Another in Lucania. _Cicero_,
_For Archias_, ch. 4.――――Another in Syria.――――Another in Chersonesus
Taurica.――――Another in Thrace, and three in Egypt, &c.――――There were
no less than 40 cities of that name in different parts of the world,
all built in honour of Hercules, whence the name is derived.――――A
daughter of Hiero tyrant of Sicily, &c.

=Heraclēia=, a festival at Athens celebrated every fifth year, in
honour of Hercules. The ♦Thespians and Thebans in Bœotia observed a
festival of the same name, in which they offered apples to the god.
This custom of offering apples arose from this: It was always usual
to offer sheep, but the overflowing of the river Asopus prevented
the votaries of the god from observing it with the ancient ceremony;
and as the word μηλον signifies both an _apple_ and a _sheep_, some
youths, acquainted with the ambiguity of the word, offered apples to
the god, with much sport and festivity. To represent the sheep, they
raised an apple upon four sticks as the legs, and two more were
placed at the top to represent the horns of the victim. Hercules was
delighted at the ingenuity of the youths, and the festivals were
ever continued with the offering of apples. _Pollux_, bk. 8, ch. 9.
There was also a festival at Sicyon in honour of Hercules. It
continued two days; the first was called ὀνοματας, the second
ἡρακλεια.――――At a festival of the same name at Cos, the priest
officiated with a mitre on his head, and in woman’s apparel.――――At
Lindus, a solemnity of the same name was also observed, and at the
celebration nothing was heard but execrations and profane words, and
whosoever accidentally dropped any other words, was accused of
having profaned the sacred rites.

♦ ‘Thisbians’ replaced with ‘Thespians’

=Heracleum=, a promontory of Cappadocia.――――A town of Egypt near
Canopus, on the western mouth of the Nile, to which it gave its name.
_Diodorus_, bk. 1.――_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 2, ch. 60.――_Strabo_,
bks. 2 & 17.――――The port town of Gnossus in Crete.

=Heracleōtes=, a surname of Dionysius the philosopher.――――A philosopher
of Heraclea, who, like his master Zeno, and all the Stoics, firmly
believed that pain was not an evil. A severe illness, attended with
the most acute pains, obliged him to renounce his principles, and at
the same time the philosophy of the Stoics, about 264 years before
the christian era. He became afterwards one of the Cyrenaic sect,
which placed the _summum bonum_ in pleasure. He wrote some poetry,
and chiefly treatises of philosophy. _Diogenes Laërtius_, _Lives and
Opinions of Eminent Philosophers_.

=Heraclīdæ=, the descendants of Hercules, greatly celebrated in ancient
history. Hercules at his death left to his son Hyllus all the rights
and claims which he had upon the Peloponnesus, and permitted him
to marry Iole, as soon as he came of age. The posterity of Hercules
were not more kindly treated by Eurystheus than their father had
been, and they were obliged to retire for protection to the court of
Ceyx king of Trachinia. Eurystheus pursued them thither; and Ceyx,
afraid of his resentment, begged the Heraclidæ to depart from his
dominions. From Trachinia they came to Athens, where Theseus the
king of the country, who had accompanied their father in some of his
expeditions, received them with great humanity, and assisted them
against their common enemy Eurystheus. Eurystheus was killed by the
hand of Hyllus himself, and his children perished with him, and all
the cities of the Peloponnesus became the undisputed property of
the Heraclidæ. Their triumph, however, was short; their numbers were
lessened by a pestilence, and the oracle informed them that they
had taken possession of the Peloponnesus, before the gods permitted
their return. Upon this they abandoned Peloponnesus, and came to
settle in the territories of the Athenians, where Hyllus, obedient
to his father’s commands, married Iole the daughter of Eurytus. Soon
after he consulted the oracle, anxious to recover the Peloponnesus,
and the ambiguity of the answer determined him to make a second
attempt. He challenged to single combat Atreus the successor of
Eurystheus on the throne of Mycenæ, and it was mutually agreed that
the undisturbed possession of the Peloponnesus should be ceded to
whosoever defeated his adversary. Echemus accepted the challenge
for Atreus, and Hyllus was killed, and the Heraclidæ a second time
departed from Peloponnesus. Cleodæus the son of Hyllus made a third
attempt, and was equally unsuccessful, and his son Aristomachus some
time after met with the same unfavourable reception, and perished
in the field of battle. Aristodemus, Temenus, and Chresphontes, the
three sons of Aristomachus, encouraged by the more expressive and
less ambiguous word of an oracle, and desirous to revenge the death
of their progenitors, assembled a numerous force, and with a fleet
invaded all Peloponnesus. Their expedition was attended with success,
and after some ♦decisive battles they became masters of all the
peninsula, which they divided among themselves two years after. The
recovery of the Peloponnesus by the descendants of Hercules forms an
interesting epoch in ancient history, which is universally believed
to have happened 80 years after the Trojan war, or 1104 years before
the christian era. This conquest was totally achieved about 120
years after the first attempt of Hyllus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2,
ch. 7, &c.――_Herodotus_, bk. 9, ch. 26.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 17.
――_Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 2.――_Clement of Alexandria_, _Stromateis_,
bk. 1.――_Thucydides_, bk. 1, ch. 12, &c.――_Diodorus_, bk. 1, &c.
――_Aristotle_, _Politics_, bk. 7, ch. 26.

♦ ‘deicsive’ replaced with ‘decisive’

=Herăclīdes=, a philosopher of Heraclea in Pontus, for some time
disciple of Seusippus and Aristotle. He wished it to be believed
that he was carried into heaven the very day of his death, and the
more firmly to render it credible, he begged one of his friends
to put a serpent in his bed. The serpent disappointed him, and
the noise which the number of visitors occasioned, frightened him
from the bed before the philosopher had expired. He lived about 335
years before the christian era. _Cicero_, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_,
bk. 5; _Letters to his brother Quintus_, bk. 3.――_Diogenes Laërtius_,
_Pythagoras_.――――An historian of Pontus surnamed _Lembus_, who
flourished B.C. 177.――――A man who, after the retreat of Dionysius
the younger from Sicily, raised cabals against Dion, in whose hands
the sovereign power was lodged. He was put to death by Dion’s order.
_Cornelius Nepos_, _Dion._――――A youth of Syracuse, in the battle in
which Nicias was defeated.――――A son of Agathocles.――――A man placed
over a garrison at Athens by Demetrius.――――A sophist of Lycia, who
opened a school at Smyrna in the age of the emperor Severus.――――A
painter of Macedonia in the reign of king Perseus.――――An architect
of Tarentum, intimate with Philip king of Macedonia. He fled to
Rhodes on pretence of a quarrel with Philip, and set fire to the
Rhodian fleet. _Polyænus._――――A man of Alexandria.

=Heraclītus=, a celebrated Greek philosopher of Ephesus, who flourished
about 500 years before the christian era. His father’s name was
Hyson, or Heracion. Naturally of a melancholy disposition, he
passed his time in a solitary and unsocial manner, and received
the appellation of the obscure philosopher, and the mourner, from
his unconquerable custom of weeping at the follies, frailty, and
vicissitudes of human affairs. He employed his time in writing
different treatises, and one particularly, in which he supported
that there was a fatal necessity, and that the world was created
from fire, which he deemed a god omnipotent and omniscient. His
opinions about the origin of things were adopted by the Stoics,
and Hippocrates entertained the same notions of a supreme power.
Heraclitus deserves the appellation of man-hater, for the rusticity
with which he answered the polite invitations of Darius king of
Persia. To remove himself totally from the society of mankind, he
retired to the mountains, where for some time he fed on grass in
common with the wild inhabitants of the place. Such a diet was soon
productive of a dropsical complaint, and the philosopher condescended
to revisit the town. The enigmatical manner in which he consulted
the physicians made his applications unintelligible, and he was left
to depend for cure only upon himself. He fixed his residence on a
dunghill, in hopes that the continual warmth which proceeded from
it might dissipate the watery accumulation and restore him to the
enjoyment of his former health. Such a remedy proved ineffectual,
and the philosopher, despairing of a cure by the application of
ox-dung, suffered himself to die in the 60th year of his age. Some
say that he was torn to pieces by dogs. _Diogenes Laërtius_, _Lives
and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers_.――_Clement of Alexandria_,
_Stromateis_, bk. 5.――――A lyric poet.――――A writer of Halicarnassus,
intimate with Callimachus. He was remarkable for the elegance of his
style.――――A native of Lesbos, who wrote a history of Macedonia.――――A
writer of Sicyon, &c. _Plutarch._

=Heraclius=, a river of Greece. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 37.――――A
brother of Constantine, &c.――――A Roman emperor, &c.

=Heræa=, a town of Arcadia.――――Festivals at Argos in honour of Juno,
who was the patroness of that city. They were also observed by the
colonies of the Argives which had been planted at Samos and Ægina.
There were always two processions to the temple of the goddess
without the city walls. The first was of the men in armour, the
second of the women, among whom the priestess, a woman of the first
quality, was drawn in a chariot by white oxen. The Argives always
reckoned their years from her priesthood, as the Athenians from
their archons, and the Romans from their consuls. When they came
to the temple of the goddess they offered a hecatomb of oxen. Hence
the sacrifice is often called ἑκατομβια, and sometimes λεχερνα,
from λεχος, _a bed_, because Juno presided over marriages, births,
&c. There was a festival of the same name in Elis, celebrated every
fifth year, in which 16 matrons wove a garment for the goddess.
――――There were also others instituted by Hippodamia, who had
received assistance from Juno when she married Pelops. Sixteen
matrons, each attended by a maid, presided at the celebration.
The contenders were young virgins, who being divided in classes,
according to their age, ran races each in their order, beginning
with the youngest. The habit of all was exactly the same; their hair
was dishevelled, and their right shoulder bare to the breast, with
coats reaching no lower than the knee. She who obtained the victory
was rewarded with crowns of olives, and obtained a part of the ox
that was offered in sacrifice, and was permitted to dedicate her
picture to the goddess.――――There was also a solemn day of mourning
at Corinth which bore the same name, in commemoration of Medea’s
children, who were buried in Juno’s temple. They had been slain by
the Corinthians; who, as it is reported, to avert the scandal which
accompanied so barbarous a murder, presented Euripides with a large
sum of money to write a play, in which Medea is represented as the
murderer of her children.――――Another festival of the same name at
Pallene, with games in which the victor was rewarded with a garment.

=Heræi montes=, a chain of mountains at the north of Sicily.
_Diodorus_, bk. 14.

=Heræum=, a temple and grove of Juno, situate between Argos and Mycenæ.
――――A town of Thrace.

=Herbessus=, a town of Sicily at the north of ♦Agrigentum, built by a
Phœnician or Carthaginian colony. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 14, li. 265.

♦ ‘Arigentum’ replaced with ‘Agrigentum’

=Herbita=, an inland town of Sicily. _Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 2,
ch. 64; bk. 3, ch. 32.

=Herceius=, an epithet given to Jupiter. _Ovid_, _Ibis_, li. 286.
――_Lucan_, bk. 9, li. 979.

=Herculanea via=, a mound raised between the Lucrine lake and the sea,
called also _Herculeum iter_. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 12, li. 118.

=Herculāneum=, a town of Campania, swallowed up, with Pompeii, by an
earthquake, produced from an eruption of mount Vesuvius, August 24th,
A.D. 79, in the reign of Titus. After being buried under the lava
for more than 1600 years, these famous cities were discovered in the
beginning of the 18th century; Herculaneum in 1713, about 24 feet
underground, by labourers digging for a well, and Pompeii 40 years
after, about 12 feet below the surface, and from the houses and
the streets, which in a great measure remain still perfect, have
been drawn busts, statues, manuscripts, paintings, and utensils,
which do not a little contribute to enlarge our notions concerning
the ancients, and develop many classical obscurities. The valuable
antiquities, so miraculously recovered, are preserved in the museum
of Portici, a small town in the neighbourhood, and the engravings,
&c., ably taken from them have been munificently presented to the
different learned bodies of Europe. _Seneca_, _Quæstiones naturales_,
bk. 6, chs. 1 & 26.――_Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 7, ltr. 3.
――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 16.

=Hercŭles=, a celebrated hero, who, after death, was ranked among the
gods, and received divine honours. According to the ancients there
were many persons of the same name. Diodorus mentions three, Cicero
six, and some authors extend the number to no less than 43. Of all
these the son of Jupiter and Alcmena, generally called the Theban,
is the most celebrated, and to him, as may easily be imagined, the
actions of the others have been ♦attributed. The birth of Hercules
was attended with many miraculous and supernatural events; and it is
reported that Jupiter, who introduced himself to the bed of Alcmena,
was employed for three nights in forming a child whom he intended to
be the greatest hero the world ever beheld. _See:_ Alcmena. Hercules
was brought up at Tirynthus, or, according to Diodorus, at Thebes,
and before he had completed his eighth month, the jealousy of Juno,
intent upon his destruction, sent two snakes to devour him. The
child, not terrified at the sight of the serpents, boldly seized
them in both his hands and squeezed them to death, while his brother
Iphiclus alarmed the house with his frightful shrieks. _See:_
Iphiclus. He was early instructed in the liberal arts, and Castor
the son of Tyndarus taught him how to fight, Eurytus how to shoot
with a bow and arrows, Autolycus to drive a chariot, Linus to
play on the lyre, and Eumolpus to sing. He, like the rest of his
illustrious contemporaries, soon after became the pupil of the
centaur Chiron, and under him he perfected and rendered himself the
most valiant and accomplished of the age. In the 18th year of his
age he resolved to deliver the neighbourhood of mount Cithæron from
a huge lion which preyed on the flocks of Amphitryon his supposed
father, and which laid waste the adjacent country. He went to the
court of Thespius king of Thespis, who shared the general calamity,
and he received there a tender treatment, and was entertained during
50 days. The 50 daughters of the king became all mothers by Hercules,
during his stay at Thespis, and some say that it was effected in
one night. After he had destroyed the lion of mount Cithæron, he
delivered his country from the annual tribute of 100 oxen which
it paid to Erginus. _See:_ Erginus. Such public services became
universally known, and Creon, who then sat on the throne of Thebes,
rewarded the patriotic deeds of Hercules by giving him his daughter
in marriage, and entrusting him with the government of his kingdom.
As Hercules by the will of Jupiter was subject to the power of
Eurystheus [_See:_ Eurystheus], and obliged to obey him in every
respect, Eurystheus, acquainted with his successes and rising power,
ordered him to appear at Mycenæ and perform the labours which by
priority of birth he was empowered to impose upon him. Hercules
refused, and Juno, to punish his disobedience, rendered him so
delirious that he killed his own children by Megara, supposing them
to be the offspring of Eurystheus. _See:_ Megara. When he recovered
the use of his senses, he was so struck with the misfortunes which
had proceeded from his insanity, that he concealed himself and
retired from the society of men for some time. He afterwards
consulted the oracle of Apollo, and was told that he must be
subservient for 12 years to the will of Eurystheus, in compliance
with the commands of Jupiter; and that after he had achieved the
most celebrated labours, he should be reckoned in the number of
the gods. So plain and expressive an answer determined him to go
to Mycenæ, and to bear with fortitude whatever gods or men imposed
upon him. Eurystheus, seeing so great a man totally subjected to him,
and apprehensive of so powerful an enemy, commanded him to achieve
a number of enterprises the most difficult and arduous ever known,
generally called the 12 labours of Hercules. The favours of the
gods had completely armed him when he undertook his labours. He
had received a coat of arms and helmet from Minerva, a sword from
Mercury, a horse from Neptune, a shield from Jupiter, a bow and
arrows from Apollo, and from Vulcan a golden cuirass and brazen
buskins, with a celebrated club of brass according to the opinion
of some writers, but more generally supposed to be of wood, and cut
by the hero himself in the forest of Nemæa. The first labour imposed
upon Hercules by Eurystheus, was to kill the lion of Nemæa, which
ravaged the country near Mycenæ. The hero, unable to destroy him
with his arrows, boldly attacked him with his club, pursued him
to his den, and after a close and sharp engagement he choked him
to death. He carried the dead beast on his shoulders to Mycenæ,
and ever after clothed himself with the skin. Eurystheus was so
astonished at the sight of the beast, and at the courage of Hercules,
that he ordered him never to enter the gates of the city when he
returned from his expeditions, but to wait for his orders without
the walls. He even made himself a brazen vessel, into which he
retired whenever Hercules returned. The second labour of Hercules
was to destroy the Lernæan hydra, which had seven heads according
to Apollodorus, 50 according to Simonides, 100 according to Diodorus.
This celebrated monster he attacked with his arrows, and soon after
he came to a close engagement, and by means of his heavy club he
destroyed the heads of his enemy. But this was productive of no
advantage, for as soon as one head was beaten to pieces by the club,
immediately two sprang up, and the labour of Hercules would have
remained unfinished had he not commanded his friend Iolus to burn,
with a hot iron, the root of the head which he had crushed to pieces.
This succeeded [_See:_ Hydra], and Hercules became victorious,
opened the belly of the monster, and dipped his arrows in the gall
to render the wounds which he gave fatal and incurable. He was
ordered in his third labour to bring alive and unhurt into the
presence of Eurystheus a stag, famous for its incredible swiftness,
its golden horns, and brazen feet. This celebrated animal frequented
the neighbourhood of Œnoe, and Hercules was employed for a whole
year in continually pursuing it, and at last he caught it in a trap,
or when tired, or according to others, by slightly wounding it and
lessening its swiftness. As he returned victorious, Diana snatched
the goat from him, and severely reprimanded him for molesting an
animal which was sacred to her. Hercules pleaded necessity, and by
representing the commands of Eurystheus, he appeased the goddess
and obtained the beast. The fourth labour was to bring alive to
Eurystheus a wild boar which ravaged the neighbourhood of Erymanthus.
In this expedition he destroyed the centaurs [_See:_ ♣Centauri],
and caught the boar by closely pursuing him through the deep
snow. Eurystheus was so frightened at the sight of the boar, that,
according to Diodorus, he hid himself in his brazen vessel for some
days. In his fifth labour Hercules was ordered to clean the stables
of Augias, where 3000 oxen had been confined for many years. _See:_
Augias. For his sixth labour he was ordered to kill the carnivorous
birds which ravaged the country near the lake Stymphalis in Arcadia.
_See:_ Stymphalis. In his seventh labour he brought alive into
Peloponnesus a prodigious wild bull which laid waste the island of
Crete. In his eighth labour he was employed in obtaining the mares
of Diomedes, which fed upon human flesh. He killed Diomedes, and
gave him to be eaten by his mares, which he brought to Eurystheus.
They were sent to mount Olympus by the king of Mycenæ, where they
were devoured by the wild beasts; or, according to others, they were
consecrated to Jupiter, and their breed still existed in the age
of Alexander the Great. For his ninth labour, he was commanded to
obtain the girdle of the queen of the Amazons. _See:_ Hippolyte.
In his tenth labour he killed the monster Geryon king of Gades,
and brought to Argos his numerous flocks, which fed upon human
flesh. _See:_ Geryon. The eleventh labour was to obtain apples from
the garden of the Hesperides. _See:_ Hesperides. The twelfth and
last, and most dangerous of his labours, was to bring upon earth
the three-headed dog Cerberus. This was cheerfully undertaken by
Hercules, and he descended into hell by a cave on mount Tænarus.
He was permitted by Pluto to carry away his friends Theseus and
Pirithous, who were condemned to punishment in hell: and Cerberus
also was granted to his prayers, provided he made use of no arms,
but only force, to drag him away. Hercules, as some report, carried
him back to hell, after he had brought him before Eurystheus.
Besides these arduous labours, which the jealousy of ♥Eurystheus
imposed upon him, he also achieved others of his own accord, equally
great and celebrated. _See:_ Cacus, Antæus, Busiris, Eryx, &c. He
accompanied the Argonauts to Colchis before he delivered himself up
to the king of Mycenæ. He assisted the gods in their wars against
the giants, and it was through him alone that Jupiter obtained a
victory. _See:_ Gigantes. He conquered Laomedon, and pillaged Troy.
_See:_ Laomedon. When Iole, the daughter of Eurytus king of Œchalia,
of whom he was deeply enamoured, was refused to his entreaties, he
became the prey of a second fit of insanity, and he murdered Iphitus,
the only one of the sons of Eurytus who favoured his addresses to
Iole. _See:_ Iphitus. He was some time after purified of the murder,
and his insanity ceased; but the gods persecuted him more, and he
was visited by a disorder which obliged him to apply to the oracle
of Delphi for relief. The boldness with which the Pythia received
him irritated him, and he resolved to plunder Apollo’s temple,
and carry away the sacred tripod. Apollo opposed him, and a severe
conflict was begun, which nothing but the interference of Jupiter
with his thunderbolts could have prevented. He was upon this told
by the oracle that he must be sold as a slave, and remain three
years in the most abject servitude to recover from his disorder. He
complied; and Mercury, by order of Jupiter, conducted him to Omphale
queen of Lydia, to whom he was sold as a slave. Here he cleared all
the country from robbers; and Omphale, who was astonished at the
greatness of his exploits, restored him to liberty, and married him.
Hercules had Agelaus, and Lamon according to others, by Omphale,
from whom Crœsus king of Lydia was descended. He became also
enamoured of one of Omphale’s female servants, by whom he had
Alceus. After he had completed the years of his slavery, he returned
to Peloponnesus, where he re-established on the throne of Sparta
Tyndarus, who had been expelled by Hippocoon. He became one of
Dejanira’s suitors, and married her, after he had overcome all
his rivals. _See:_ Achelous. He was obliged to leave Calydon, his
father-in-law’s kingdom, because he had inadvertently killed a man
with a blow of his fist, and it was on account of this expulsion
that he was not present at the hunting of the Calydonian boar.
From Calydon he retired to the court of Ceyx king of Trachinia. In
his way he was stopped by the swollen streams of the Evenus, where
the centaur Nessus attempted to offer violence to Dejanira, under
the perfidious pretence of conveying her over the river. Hercules
perceived the distress of Dejanira, and killed the centaur, who, as
he expired, gave her a tunic, which, as he observed, had the power
of recalling a husband from unlawful love. _See:_ Dejanira. Ceyx
king of Trachinia received him and his wife with great marks of
friendship, and purified him of the murder which he had committed
at Calydon. Hercules was still mindful that he had once been refused
the hand of Iole, he therefore made war against her father Eurytus,
and killed him with three of his sons. Iole fell into the hands of
her father’s murderer, and found that she was loved by Hercules as
much as before. She accompanied him to mount Œta, where he was going
to raise an altar and offer a solemn sacrifice to Jupiter. As he had
not then the tunic in which he arrayed himself to offer a sacrifice,
he sent Lichas to Dejanira in order to provide himself a proper
dress. Dejanira, informed of her husband’s tender attachment to
Iole, sent him a philter, or more probably the tunic which she had
received from Nessus, and Hercules, as soon as he had put it on,
fell into a desperate distemper, and found the poison of the Lernæan
hydra penetrate through his bones. He attempted to pull off the
fatal dress, but it was too late, and in the midst of his pains
and tortures he inveighed in the most bitter imprecations against
the credulous Dejanira, the cruelty of Eurystheus, and the jealousy
and hatred of Juno. As the distemper was incurable, he implored the
protection of Jupiter, and gave his bow and arrows to Philoctetes,
and erected a large burning pile on the top of mount Œta. He spread
on the pile the skin of the Nemæan lion, and laid himself down
upon it as on a bed, leaning his head on his club. Philoctetes,
or according to others, Pæan or Hyllus, was ordered to set fire to
the pile, and the hero saw himself on a sudden surrounded with the
flames, without betraying any marks of fear or astonishment. Jupiter
saw him from heaven, and told to the surrounding gods that he would
raise to the skies the immortal parts of a hero who had cleared
the earth from so many monsters and tyrants. The gods applauded
Jupiter’s resolution; the burning pile was suddenly surrounded with
a dark smoke, and after the mortal parts of Hercules were consumed,
he was carried up to heaven in a chariot drawn by four horses. Some
loud claps of thunder accompanied his elevation, and his friends,
unable to find either his bones or ashes, showed their gratitude
to his memory by raising an altar where the burning pile had stood.
Menœtius the son of Actor offered him the sacrifice of a bull, a
wild boar, and a goat, and enjoined the people of Opus yearly to
observe the same religious ceremonies. His worship soon became
as universal as his fame, and Juno, who had once persecuted him
with such inveterate fury, forgot her resentment, and gave him her
daughter Hebe in marriage. Hercules has received many surnames and
epithets, either from the place where his worship was established,
or from the labours which he achieved. His temples were numerous and
magnificent, and his divinity revered. No dogs or flies ever entered
his temple at Rome, and that of Gades, according to Strabo, was
always forbidden to women and pigs. The Phœnicians offered quails
on his altars, and as it was supposed that he presided over dreams,
the sick and infirm were sent to sleep in his temples, that they
might receive in their dreams the agreeable presages of their
approaching recovery. The white poplar was particularly dedicated
to his service. Hercules is generally represented naked, with strong
and well-proportioned limbs; he is sometimes covered with the skin
of the Nemæan lion, and holds a knotted club in his hand, on which
he often leans. Sometimes he appears crowned with the leaves of
the poplar, and holding the horn of plenty under his arm. At other
times he is represented standing with Cupid, who instantly breaks to
pieces his arrows and his club, to intimate the passion of love in
the hero, who suffered himself to be beaten and ridiculed by Omphale,
who dressed herself in his armour while he was sitting to spin with
her female servants. The children of Hercules are as numerous as the
labours and difficulties which he underwent, and indeed they became
so powerful soon after his death, that they alone had the courage to
invade all Peloponnesus. _See:_ Heraclidæ. He was father of Deicoon
and Therimachus by Megara, of Ctesippus by Astydamia, of Palemon
by Autonoe, of Everes by Parthenope, of Glycisonetes, Gyneus, and
Odites by Dejanira, of Thessalus by Chalciope, of Thestalus by
Epicaste, of Tlepolemus by Astyoche, of Agathyrsus, Gelon, and
Scytha by Echidna, &c. Such are the most striking characteristics
of the life of Hercules, who is said to have supported for a while
the weight of the heavens upon his shoulders [_See:_ Atlas], and
to have separated by the force of his arm the celebrated mountains
which were afterwards called the boundaries of his labours. _See:_
Abyla. He is held out by the ancients as a true pattern of virtue
and piety, and as his whole life had been employed for the common
benefit of mankind, he was deservedly rewarded with immortality. His
judicious choice of virtue in preference to pleasure, as described
by Xenophon, is well known. _Diodorus_, bks. 1 & 4.――_Cicero_, _de
Natura Deorum_, bk. 1, &c.――_Apollodorus_, bks. 1 & 2.――_Pausanias_,
bks. 3, 5, 9, & 10.――_Hesiod_, _Shield of Heracles_, &c.――_Hyginus_,
fables 29, 32, &c.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 236, &c.;
_Heroides_, poem 9; _Amores_; _Tristia_, &c.――_Homer_, _Iliad_,
bk. 8, &c.――_Theocritus_, poem 24.――_Euripides_, _Hercules
furens_.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 294.――_Lucan_, bks. 3
& 6.――_Apollonius_, bk. 2.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1.
――_Sophocles_, _Trachiniæ_.――♠_Plautus_, _Amphitryon_.――_Seneca_,
_Hercules Furens_ & _Hercules Œtaeus_.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 6;
bk. 11, &c.――_Philostratus_, _Imagines_, bk. 2, ch. 5.――_Herodotus_,
bk. 1, ch. 7; bk. 2, ch. 42, &c.――_Quintus Smyrnæus_, bk. 6, li.
207, &c.――_Callimachus_, _Hymn to Artemis_.――_Pindar_, _Olympian_,
ode 3.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 1, li. 438.――_Statius_, bk. 2,
_Thebiad_, li. 564.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 1.――_Lucian_, _Dialogi
Deorum_.――_Lactantius_, _De Falsa Religione_.――_Strabo_, bk. 3, &c.
――_Horace_, _Odes_, _Satires_, &c.――――A son of Alexander the Great.
――――A surname of the emperor Commodus, &c.

♦ ‘atrributed’ replaced with ‘attributed’
♣ ‘Centaur’ replaced with ‘Centauri’
♥ ‘Eurytheus’ replaced with ‘Eurystheus’
♠ ‘Plutarch’ replaced with ‘Plautus’

=Hercŭleum=, a promontory in the country of the Brutii.――――Fretum,
a name given to the strait which forms a communication between the
Atlantic and Mediterranean.

=Hercŭleus=, one of Agrippina’s murderers. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 14,
ch. 8.

=Hercŭleus Lacis=, a lake of Sicily.

=Hercŭlis Columnæ=, two lofty mountains, situate one on the most
southern extremities of Spain, and the other on the opposite part
of Africa. They were called by the ancients _Abyla_ and _Calpe_.
They are reckoned the boundaries of the labours of Hercules, and
according to ancient tradition they were joined together till they
were severed by the arm of the hero, and a communication opened
between the Mediterranean and Atlantic seas. _Dionysius Periegetes._
――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 1, li. 142.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 5; bk. 2,
ch. 6.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 1.――――Monœci Portus, now _Monaco_,
a port town of Genoa. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 3, ch. 52.
――_Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 405.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 830.
――――Labronis _vel_ Liburni Portus, a seaport town, now _Leghorn_.
――――Promontorium, a cape at the bottom of Italy, on the Ionian sea,
now _Spartivento_.――――Insulæ, two islands near Sardinia. _Pliny_,
bk. 3, ch. 7.――――Portus, a seaport of the Brutii, on the western
coast.――――Lucus, a wood in Germany sacred to Hercules. _Tacitus_,
_Annals_, bk. 2, ch. 12.――――A small island on the coast of Spain,
called also _Scombraria_, from the tunny fish (_Scombres_) caught
there. _Strabo_, bk. 3.

=Hercy̆na=, a nymph who accompanied Ceres as she travelled over the
world. A river of Bœotia bore her name. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 39.

=Hercy̆nia=, a celebrated forest of Germany, which, according to Cæsar,
required nine days’ journey to cross it; and which on some parts
was found without any boundaries, though travelled over for 60 days
successively. It contained the modern countries of Switzerland,
Basil, Spires, Transylvania, and a great part of Russia. In length
of time the trees were rooted up, and when population increased the
greatest part of it was made inhabitable. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk.
6, ch. 24.――_Mela._――_Livy_, bk. 5, ch. 54.――_Tacitus_, _Germania_,
ch. 30.

=Herdonia=, a small town of Apulia between the rivers Aufidus and
Cerbalus. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 1, li. 568.

=Herdonius=, a man put to death by Tarquin, because he had boldly
spoken against him in an assembly, &c.

=Herea=, a town of Arcadia on an eminence, the bottom of which
was watered by the Alpheus. It was built by Hereus the son of
Lycaon, and was said to produce a wine possessed of such unusual
properties, as to give fecundity to women, and cause madness in men.
_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 13, ch. 6.――_Pliny_, bk. 14, ch. 18.
――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 24.――_Ptolemy_, bk. 3, ch. 16.

=Herennius Senecio=, a Roman historian under Domitian. _Tacitus_,
_Agricola_, ch. 2, &c.――――An officer of Sertorius defeated by Pompey,
&c. _Plutarch._――――A centurion sent in pursuit of Cicero by Antony.
He cut off the orator’s head. _Plutarch_, _Cicero_.――――Caius, a man
to whom Cicero dedicates his book _de Rhetoricâ_, a work attributed
by some to Cornificius.――――A Samnite general, &c.――――Philo, a
Phœnician who wrote a book on Adrian’s reign. He also composed a
treatise divided into 12 parts, concerning the choice of books, &c.

=Hereus=, a son of Lyacon, who founded a city in Arcadia, called Herea.
_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 24.

=Herillus=, a philosopher of Chalcedon, disciple to Zeno. _Diogenes
Laërtius._

=Herĭlus=, a king of Præneste, son of the nymph Feronia. As he had
three lives, he was killed three times by Evander. _Virgil_, _Æneid_,
bk. 8, li. 563.

=Hermăchus=, a native of Mitylene, successor and disciple of Epicurus,
B.C. 267.

=Hermæ=, statues of Mercury in the city of Athens. _Cicero_, _Letters
to Atticus_, bk. 1, ltrs. 4 & 8.――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Alcibiades_.
――――Two youths who attended those who consulted the oracle of
Trophonius. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 39.

=Hermæa=, a festival in Crete, when the masters waited upon the
servants. It was also observed at Athens and Babylon. _Pausanias_,
bk. 8, ch. 14.

=Hermæum=, a town of Arcadia.――――A promontory at the east of Carthage,
the most northern point of all Africa, now cape _Bon_. _Livy_,
bk. 29, ch. 27.――_Strabo_, bk. 17.

=Hermagŏras Æolĭdes=, a famous rhetorician, who came to Rome in the
age of Augustus.――――A philosopher of Amphipolis.――――A famous orator
and philosopher.

=Hermandica=, a town of the Vaccæi in Spain. _Livy_, bk. 21, ch. 5.
――_Polybius_, bk. 3.

=Hermandūri=, a people of Germany, called also Hermunduri.

=Hermanni=, a people of Germany.

=Hermaphrŏdītus=, a son of Venus and Mercury, educated on mount Ida
by the Naiades. At the age of 15 he began to travel to gratify his
curiosity. When he came to Caria, he bathed himself in a fountain,
and Salmacis, the nymph who presided over it, became enamoured of
him and attempted to seduce him. Hermaphroditus continued deaf to
all entreaties and offers; and Salmacis, endeavouring to obtain
by force what was denied by prayers, closely embraced him, and
entreated the gods to make them two, but one body. Her prayers were
heard, and Salmacis and Hermaphroditus, now two in one body, still
preserved the characteristics of both their sexes. Hermaphroditus
begged the gods that all who bathed in that fountain might become
effeminate. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 347.――_Hyginus_,
fable 271.

=Hermas=, an ancient father of the church, in or near the age of the
apostles.