Chapter L (4)

=Lŭcĕres=, a body of horse, composed of Roman knights, first established
by Romulus and Tatius. It received its name either from _Lucumo_, an
Etrurian who assisted the Romans against the Sabines, or from _lucus_,
a grove where Romulus had erected an asylum, or a place of refuge for
all fugitives, slaves, homicides, &c., that he might people his city.
The Luceres were some of these men, and they were incorporated with
the legions. _Propertius_, bk. 4, poem 1, li. 31.

=Lucĕria=, a town of Apulia, famous for wool. _Livy_, bk. 9, chs. 2
& 12; bk. 10, ch. 35.――_Horace_, bk. 3, ode 15, li. 14.――_Lucan_,
bk. 2, li. 473.

=Lucerius=, a surname of Jupiter, as the father of light.

=Lucetius=, a Rutulian killed by Ilioneus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9,
li. 570.

=Luciānus=, a celebrated writer of Samosata. His father was poor in
his circumstances, and Lucian was early bound to one of his uncles,
who was a sculptor. This employment highly displeased him; he made no
proficiency in the art, and resolved to seek his livelihood by better
means. A dream in which Learning seemed to draw him to her, and to
promise fame and immortality, confirmed his resolutions, and he began
to write. The artifices and unfair dealings of a lawyer, a life which
he had embraced, disgusted him, and he began to study philosophy and
eloquence. He visited different places, and Antioch, Ionia, Greece,
Italy, Gaul, and more particularly Athens, became successively
acquainted with the depth of his learning and the power of his
eloquence. The emperor Marcus Aurelius was sensible of his merit,
and appointed him registrar to the Roman governor of Egypt. He died
A.D. 180, in his 90th year, and some of the moderns have asserted
that he was torn to pieces by dogs for his impiety, particularly
for ridiculing the religion of Christ. The works of Lucian, which
are numerous, and written in the Attic dialect, consist partly of
dialogues, in which he introduces different characters with much
dramatic propriety. His style is easy, simple, elegant, and animated,
and he has stored his compositions with many lively sentiments, and
much of the true Attic wit. His frequent obscenities, and his manner
of exposing to ridicule, not only the religion of his country, but
also that of every nation, have deservedly drawn upon him the censure
of every age, and branded him with the appellation of atheist and
blasphemer. He also wrote the life of Sostrates, a philosopher of
Bœotia, as also that of the philosopher Demonax. Some have also
attributed to him, with great impropriety, the life of Apollonius
Thyaneus. The best editions of Lucian are that of Grævius, 2 vols.,
8vo, Amsterdam, 1687, and that of Reitzius, 4 vols., 4to, Amsterdam,
1743.

=Lūcĭfer=, the name of the planet Venus, or morning star. It is called
_Lucifer_, when appearing in the morning before the sun; but when
it follows it, and appears some time after its setting, it is called
_Hesperus_. According to some mythologists, Lucifer was son of
Jupiter and Aurora.――――A christian writer, whose work was edited by
the Coleti, folio, Venice, 1778.

=Lucifĕri fanum=, a town of Spain.

=Caius Lūcīlius=, a Roman knight born at Aurunca, illustrious not only
for the respectability of his ancestors, but more deservedly for the
uprightness and the innocence of his own immaculate character. He
lived in the greatest intimacy with Scipio the first Africanus, and
even attended him in his war against Numantia. He is looked upon as
the founder of satire, and as the first great satirical writer among
the Romans. He was superior to his poetical predecessors at Rome;
and though he wrote with great roughness and inelegance, but with
much facility, he gained many admirers, whose praises have been often
lavished with too liberal a hand. Horace compares him to a river
which rolls upon its waters precious sand, accompanied with mire
and dirt. Of the 30 satires which he wrote, nothing but a few verses
remain. He died at Naples, in the 46th year of his age, B.C. 103. His
fragments have been collected and published with notes by Franciscus
Dousa, 4to, Leiden, 1597, and lastly by the Vulpii, 8vo, Patavium,
1735. _Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1.――_Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 2.
――_Horace._――――Lucilius, a famous Roman, who fled with Brutus after
the battle of Philippi. They were soon after overtaken by a party
of horse, and Lucilius suffered himself to be severely wounded by
the dart of the enemy, exclaiming that he was Brutus. He was taken
and carried to the conquerors, whose clemency spared his life.
_Plutarch._――――A tribune who attempted in vain to elect Pompey to
the dictatorship.――――A centurion, &c.――――A governor of Asia under
Tiberius.――――A friend of Tiberius.

=Lucilla=, a daughter of Marcus Aurelius, celebrated for the virtues
of her youth, her beauty, debaucheries, and misfortunes. At the age
of 16 her father sent her to Syria to marry the emperor Verus, who
was then employed in a war with the Parthians and ♦Armenians. The
conjugal virtues of Lucilla were great at first, but when she saw
Verus plunge himself into debauchery and dissipation, she followed
his example and prostituted herself. At her return to Rome she saw
the incestuous commerce of her husband with her mother, &c., and at
last poisoned him. She afterwards married an old but virtuous senator,
by order of her father, and was not ashamed soon to gratify the
criminal sensualities of her brother Commodus. The coldness and
indifference with which Commodus treated her afterwards determined
her on revenge, and she with many illustrious senators conspired
against his life A.D. 185. The plot was discovered, Lucilla was
banished, and soon after put to death by her brother, in the 38th
year of her age.

♦ ‘Arminians’ replaced with ‘Armenians’

=Lūcīna=, a goddess, daughter of Jupiter and Juno, or, according to
others, of Latona. As her mother brought her into the world without
pain, she became the goddess whom women in labour invoked, and she
presided over the birth of children. She receives this name either
from _lucus_, or from _lux_, as Ovid explains it:

_Gratia Lucinæ, dedit hæc tibi nomina lucus;
Aut quia principium tu, Dea, lucis habes._

Some suppose her to be the same as Diana and Juno, because these two
goddesses were also sometimes called Lucina, and presided over the
labours of women. She is called Ilythia by the Greeks. She had a
famous temple at Rome, raised A.U.C. 396. _Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_,
bk. 4.――_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 2, ch. 27.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_,
bk. 2, li. 449.――_Horace_, _Carmen Sæculare_.

=Lucius=, a Roman soldier killed at the siege of Jerusalem, by saving
in his arms a man who jumped down from one of the walls. _Josephus._
――――A brother of Marcus Antony. _See:_ Lucius Antonius.――――A Roman
general, who defeated the Etrurians, &c.――――A relation of Julius
Cæsar. A Roman ambassador, murdered by the Illyrians.――――A consul,
&c.――――A writer, called by some Saturantius Apuleius. He was born in
Africa, on the borders of Numidia. He studied poetry, music, geometry,
&c., at Athens, and warmly embraced the tenets of the Platonists. He
cultivated magic, and some miracles are attributed to his knowledge
of enchantments. He wrote in Greek and Latin with great ease and
simplicity; his style, however, is sometimes affected, though his
eloquence was greatly celebrated in his age. Some fragments of his
compositions are still extant. He flourished in the reign of Marcus
Aurelius.――――A brother of Vitellius, &c.――――A son of Agrippa, adopted
by Augustus.――――A man put to death for his incontinence, &c.――――The
word Lucius is a prænomen common to many Romans, of whom an account
is given under their family names.

=Lūcrētia=, a celebrated Roman lady, daughter of Lucretius and wife
of Tarquinius Collatinus. Her accomplishments proved fatal to her,
and the praises which a number of young nobles at Ardea, among whom
were Collatinus and the sons of Tarquin, bestowed upon the domestic
virtues of their wives at home, were productive of a revolution in
the state. While every one was warm with the idea, it was universally
agreed to leave the camp and to go to Rome, to ascertain the veracity
of their respective assertions. Collatinus had the pleasure to see
his expectations fulfilled in the highest degree, and while the wives
of the other Romans were involved in the riot and dissipation of
a feast, Lucretia was found at home, employed in the midst of her
female servants, and easing their labour by sharing it herself. The
beauty and innocence of Lucretia inflamed the passion of Sextus the
son of Tarquin, who was a witness of her virtues and industry. He
cherished his flame, and he secretly retired from the camp, and came
to the house of Lucretia, where he met with a kind reception. He
showed himself unworthy of such a treatment, and in the dead of night
he introduced himself to Lucretia, who refused to his intreaties what
her fear of shame granted to his threats. She yielded to her ravisher
when he threatened to murder her, and to slay one of her slaves,
and put him in her bed, that this apparent adultery might seem to
have met with the punishment it deserved. Lucretia, in the morning,
sent for her husband and her father, and, after she had revealed
to them the indignities she had suffered from the son of Tarquin,
and entreated them to avenge her wrongs, she stabbed herself with
a dagger which she had previously concealed under her clothes. This
fatal blow was the signal of rebellion. The body of the virtuous
Lucretia was exposed to the eyes of the senate, and the violence and
barbarity of Sextus, joined with the unpopularity and oppression of
his father, so irritated the Roman populace, that that moment they
expelled the Tarquins for ever from Rome. Brutus, who was present at
the tragical death of Lucretia, kindled the flames of rebellion, and
the republican or consular government was established at Rome A.U.C.
244. _Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 57, &c.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 4,
ch. 15.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 2, li. 741.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 6,
ch. 1.――_Plutarch._――_Augustine_, _City of God_, bk. 1, ch. 19.
――――The wife of Numa. _Plutarch._

=Lŭcrētĭlis=, now _Libretti_, a mountain in the country of the Sabines,
hanging over a pleasant valley, near which the house and farm of
Horace were situated. _Horace_, bk. 1, ode 17, li. 1.――_Cicero_,
bk. 7, _Letters to Atticus_, ltr. 11.

=Titius Lŭcrētius Carus=, a celebrated Roman poet and philosopher, who
was early sent to Athens, where he studied under Zeno and Phædrus.
The tenets of Epicurus and Empedocles, which then prevailed at Athens,
were warmly embraced by Lucretius, and when united with the infinite
of Anaximander and the atoms of Democritus, they were explained and
elucidated in a poem, in six books, which is called _De rerum naturâ_.
In this poem the masterly genius and unaffected elegance of the poet
are everywhere conspicuous; but the opinions of the philosopher are
justly censured, who gives no existence of power to a supreme Being,
but is the devoted advocate of atheism and impiety, and earnestly
endeavours to establish the mortality of the soul. This composition,
which has little claim to be called an heroic poem, was written and
finished while the poet laboured under a violent delirium, occasioned
by a philter, which the jealousy of his mistress or his wife Lucilia
had administered. It is said that he destroyed himself in the 44th
year of his age, about 54 years before Christ. Cicero, after his
death, revised and corrected his poems, which had been partly written
in the lucid intervals of reason and of sense. Lucretius, whose poem
shows that he wrote Latin better than any other man ever did, would
have proved no mean rival to Virgil, had he lived in the polished age
of Augustus. The best editions of his works are that of Creech, 8vo,
Oxford, 1695; that of Havercamp, 2 vols., 4to, Leiden, 1725; and that
of Glasgow, 12mo, 1759. _Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 36.――_Quintilian_,
bk. 3, ch. 1; bk. 10, ch. 1.――――Quintus, a Roman who killed himself
because the inhabitants of Sulmo, over which he was appointed with
a garrison, seemed to favour the cause of Julius Cæsar. _Cæsar_,
_Civil War_, bk. 1, ch. 18. He is also called Vespillo.――――Spurius
Tricipitinus, father of Lucretia wife of Collatinus, was made consul
after the death of Brutus, and soon after died himself. Horatius
Pulvillus succeeded him. _Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 58.――_Plutarch_,
_Publicola_.――――An interrex at Rome.――――A consul.――――Osella, a Roman,
put to death by Sylla because he had applied for the consulship
without his permission. _Plutarch._

=Lucrīnum=, a town of Apulia.

=Lūcrīnus=, a small lake of Campania, opposite Puteoli. Some believe
that it was made by Hercules when he passed through Italy with the
bulls of Geryon. It abounded with excellent oysters, and was united
by Augustus to the Avernus, and a communication formed with the sea,
near a harbour called _Julius Portus_. The Lucrine lake disappeared
on the 30th of September, 1538, in a violent earthquake, which raised
on the spot a mountain four miles in circumference, and about 1000
feet high, with a crater in the middle. _Cicero_, bk. 4, _Letters
to Atticus_, ltr. 10.――_Strabo_, bks. 5 & 6.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.
――_Propertius_, bk. 1, poem 11, li. 10.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2,
li. 161.――_Horace_, bk. 2, ode 15.

=Caius Luctātius Catŭlus=, a Roman consul with Marius. He assisted his
colleague in conquering the Cimbrians. _See:_ Cimbricum bellum. He
was eloquent as well as valiant, and his history of his consulship,
which he wrote with great veracity, convinces us of his literary
talents. That history is lost. _Cicero_, _On Oratory_.――_Varro_, _de
Lingua Latina_.――_Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 2.――――Caius Catulus, a Roman
consul, who destroyed the Carthaginian fleet. _See:_ Catulus.

=Lucullea=, a festival established by the Greeks in honour of Lucullus,
who had behaved with great prudence and propriety in his province.
_Plutarch_, _Lucullus_.

=Luculli horti=, gardens of Lucullus, situate near Neapolis, &c.
_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 11, ch. 1.――――Villa, a country seat near
mount Misenus, where Tiberius died. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 6,
ch. 50.

=Lucullus Lucius Licinius=, a Roman celebrated for his fondness
of luxury and for his military talents. He was born about 115
years before the christian era, and soon distinguished himself by
his proficiency in the liberal arts, particularly eloquence and
philosophy. His first military campaign was in the Marsian war, where
his valour and cool intrepidity recommended him to public notice.
His mildness and constancy gained him the admiration and confidence
of Sylla, and from this connection he derived honour, and during his
questorship in Asia and pretorship in Africa, he rendered himself
more conspicuous by his justice, moderation, and humanity. He was
raised to the consulship A.U.C. 680, and entrusted with the care
of the Mithridatic war, and first displayed his military talents
in rescuing his colleague Cotta, whom the enemy had besieged in
Chalcedonia. This was soon followed by a celebrated victory over
the forces of Mithridates, on the borders of the Granicus, and by
the conquest of the Bithynia. His victories by sea were as great as
those by land, and Mithridates lost a powerful fleet near Lemnos.
Such considerable losses weakened the enemy, and Mithridates retired
with precipitation towards Armenia to the court of king Tigranes his
father-in-law. His flight was perceived, and Lucullus crossed the
Euphrates with great expedition, and gave battle to the numerous
forces which Tigranes had already assembled to support the cause of
his son-in-law. According to the exaggerated account of Plutarch,
no less than 100,000 foot and near 55,000 horse of the Armenians
lost their lives in that celebrated battle. All this carnage was
made by a Roman army amounting to no more than 18,000 men, of whom
only five were killed and 100 wounded during the combat. The taking
of Tigranocerta the capital of Armenia was the consequence of this
immortal victory, and Lucullus there obtained the greatest part of
the royal treasures. This continual success, however, was attended
with serious consequences. The severity of Lucullus, and the
haughtiness of his commands, offended his soldiers, and displeased
his adherents at Rome. Pompey was soon after sent to succeed him,
and to continue the Mithridatic war, and the interview which he had
with Lucullus began with acts of mutual kindness, and ended in the
most inveterate reproaches and open enmity. Lucullus was permitted
to retire to Rome, and only 1600 of the soldiers who had shared
his fortune and his glories were suffered to accompany him. He was
received with coldness at Rome, and he obtained with difficulty a
triumph which was deservedly claimed by his fame, his successes, and
his victories. In this ended the days of his glory; he retired to
the enjoyment of ease and peaceful society, and no longer interested
himself in the commotions which disturbed the tranquillity of
Rome. He dedicated his time to studious pursuits, and to literary
conversation. His house was enriched with a valuable library, which
was opened for the service of the curious, and of the learned.
Lucullus fell into a delirium in the last part of his life, and died
in the 67th or 68th year of his age. The people showed their respect
for his merit by their wish to give him an honourable burial in the
Campus Martius; but their offers were rejected, and he was privately
buried, by his brother, on his estate at Tusculum. Lucullus has
been admired for his many accomplishments, but he has been censured
for his severity and extravagance. The expenses of his meals were
immoderate; his halls were distinguished by the different names of
the gods; and, when Cicero and Pompey attempted to surprise him, they
were astonished at the costliness of a supper which had been prepared
upon the word of Lucullus, who had merely said to his servant that
he would sup in the hall of Apollo. In his retirement Lucullus was
fond of artificial variety; subterraneous caves and passages were
dug under the hills on the coast of Campania, and the sea water
was conveyed round the house and pleasure grounds, where the fishes
flocked in such abundance, that not less than 25,000 pounds worth
were sold at his death. In his public character Lucullus was humane
and compassionate, and he showed his sense of the vicissitudes of
human affairs by shedding tears at the sight of one of the cities of
Armenia, which his soldiers reduced to ashes. He was a perfect master
of the Greek and Latin languages, and he employed himself for some
time to write a concise history of the Marsic war in Greek hexameters.
Such are the striking characteristics of a man who meditated the
conquest of Parthia, and for a while gained the admiration of all
the inhabitants of the east by his justice and moderation, and who
might have disputed the empire of the world with a Cæsar or Pompey,
had not, at last, his fondness for retirement withdrawn him from
the reach of ambition. _Cicero_, _For Archias_, ch. 4; _Quæstiones
Academicæ_, bk. 2, ch. 1.――_Plutarch_, _Lives_.――_Florus_, bk. 3,
ch. 5.――_Strabo._――_Appian_, _Mithridatic Wars_, &c.――_Orosius_,
bk. 6, &c.――――A consul who went to Spain, &c.――――A Roman put to death
by Domitian.――――A brother of Lucius Lucullus, lieutenant under Sylla.
――――A pretor of Macedonia.

=Lŭcŭmo=, the first name of Tarquinius Priscus, afterwards changed
into Lucius. The word is Etrurian, and signifies prince or chief.
_Plutarch_, _Romulus_.

=Lucus=, a king of ancient Gaul.――――A town of Gaul at the foot of the
Alps.

=Lugdunensis Gallia=, a part of Gaul, which received its name from
Lugdunum, the capital city of the province. It was anciently called
Celtica. _See:_ Gallia.

=Lugdūnum=, a town of Gallia Celtica, built at the confluence of
the Rhone and the Arar, or Saone, by Manutius Plancus, when he was
governor of the province. This town, now called _Lyons_, is the
second city of France in point of population. _Juvenal_, satire 1,
li. 44.――_Strabo_, bk. 4.――――Batavorum, a town on the Rhine, just as
it falls into the ocean. It is now called _Leyden_, and is famous for
its university.――――Convenarum, a town at the foot of the Pyrenees,
now _St. Bertrand_ in Gascony.

=Lūna= (_the moon_), was the daughter of Hyperion and Terra, and
was the same, according to some mythologists, as Diana. She was
worshipped by the ancient inhabitants of the earth with many
superstitious forms and ceremonies. It was supposed that magicians
and enchanters, particularly those of Thessaly, had an uncontrollable
power over the moon, and that they could draw her down from heaven
at pleasure by the mere force of their incantations. Her eclipses,
according to their opinion, proceeded from thence; and on that
account it was usual to beat drums and cymbals to ease her labours,
and to render the power of magic less effectual. The Arcadians
believed that they were older than the moon. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
bk. 12, li. 263, &c.――_Tibullus_, bk. 1, poem 8, li. 21.――_Hesiod_,
_Theogony_.――_Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 8, li. 69.――――A maritime town
of Etruria, famous for the white marble which it produced, and called
also _Lunensis portus_. It contained a fine, capacious harbour, and
abounded in wine, cheese, &c. The inhabitants were naturally given
to augury, and the observation of uncommon phenomena. _Mela_, bk. 2,
ch. 4.――_Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 586.――_Pliny_, bk. 14, ch. 6.――_Livy_,
bk. 34, ch. 8.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 481.

=Lupa= (_a she-wolf_), was held in great veneration at Rome, because
Romulus and Remus, according to an ancient tradition, were suckled
and preserved by one of these animals. This fabulous story arises
from the surname of Lupa, _prostitute_, which was given to the wife
of the shepherd Fastulus, to whose care and humanity these children
owed their preservation. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 2, li. 415.――_Plutarch_,
_Romulus_.

=Lupercal=, a place at the foot of mount Aventine sacred to Pan, where
festivals called Lupercalia were yearly celebrated, and where the
she-wolf was said to have brought up Romulus and Remus. _Virgil_,
_Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 343.

=Lupercālia=, a yearly festival observed at Rome the 15th of February,
in honour of the god Pan. It was usual first to sacrifice two goats
and a dog, and to touch with a bloody knife the foreheads of two
illustrious youths, who always were obliged to smile while they were
touched. The blood was wiped away with soft wool dipped in milk.
After this the skins of the victims were cut into thongs, with which
whips were made for the youths. With these whips the youths ran about
the streets all naked except the middle, and whipped freely all those
whom they met. Women in particular were fond of receiving the lashes,
as they superstitiously believed that they removed barrenness, and
eased the pains of child-birth. This excursion in the streets of
Rome was performed by naked youths, because Pan is always represented
naked, and a goat was sacrificed because that deity was supposed to
have the feet of a goat. A dog was added, as a necessary and useful
guardian of the sheepfold. This festival, as Plutarch mentions,
was first instituted by the Romans in honour of the she-wolf which
suckled Romulus and Remus. This opinion is controverted by others,
and Livy, with Dionysius of Halicarnassus, observes that they were
introduced into Italy by Evander. The name seems to be borrowed
from the Greek name of Pan, _Lycæus_, from λυκος, _a wolf_; not only
because these ceremonies were like the Lycæan festivals observed in
Arcadia, but because Pan, as god of shepherds, protected the sheep
from the rapacity of the wolves. The priests who officiated at the
Lupercalia were called _Luperci_. Augustus forbade any person above
the age of 14 to appear naked or to run about the streets during the
Lupercalia. Cicero, in his Philippics, reproaches Antony for having
disgraced the dignity of the consulship by running naked, and armed
with a whip, about the streets. It was during the celebration of
these festivals that Antony offered a crown to Julius Cæsar, which
the indignation of the populace obliged him to refuse. _Ovid_,
_Fasti_, bk. 2, li. 427.――_Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 5, ch. 3.

=Luperci=, a number of priests at Rome, who assisted at the celebration
of the Lupercalia, in honour of the god Pan, to whose service they
were dedicated. This order of priests was the most ancient and
respectable of all the sacerdotal offices. It was divided into
two separate colleges, called _Fabiani_ and _Quintiliani_, from
Fabius and Quintilius, two of their high priests. The former was
instituted in honour of Romulus, and the latter of Remus. To these
two sacerdotal bodies Julius Cæsar added a third, called from himself
the _Julii_, and this action contributed not a little to render his
cause unpopular, and to betray his ambitious and aspiring views.
_See:_ Lupercalia. _Plutarch_, _Romulus_.――_Dio Cassius_, bk. 45.
――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 663.

=Lupercus=, a grammarian in the reign of the emperor Gallienus.
He wrote some grammatical pieces, which some have preferred to
Herodian’s compositions.

=Lupias=, or =Lupia=, now _Lippe_, a town of Germany, with a small
river of the same name falling into the Rhine. _Tacitus_, _Annals_,
bk. 1, &c.

=Lupus=, a general of the emperor Severus.――――A governor of Britain.
――――A questor in the reign of Tiberius, &c.――――A comic writer of
Sicily, who wrote a poem on the return of Menelaus and Helen to
Sparta, after the destruction of Troy. _Ovid_, _ex Ponto_, bk. 4,
ltr. 16, li. 26.――――Publius Rutilius, a Roman, who, contrary to
the omens, marched against the Marsi, and was killed with his army.
He has been taxed with impiety, and was severely censured in the
Augustan age. _Horace_, bk. 2, satire 1, li. 68.

=Lusitania=, a part of ancient Spain, whose extent and situation
have not been accurately defined by the ancients. According to the
more correct descriptions it extended from the Tagus to the sea
of Cantabria, and comprehended the modern kingdom of Portugal. The
inhabitants were warlike, and were conquered by the Roman army under
Dolabella, B.C. 99, with great difficulty. They generally lived
upon plunder, and were rude and unpolished in their manners. It was
usual among them to expose their sick in the high-roads, that their
diseases might be cured by the directions and advice of travellers.
They were very moderate in their meals, and never ate but of one
dish. Their clothes were commonly black, and they generally warmed
themselves by means of stones heated in the fire. _Strabo_, bk. 3.
――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 6; bk. 3, ch. 1.――_Livy_, bk. 21, ch. 43; bk. 27,
ch. 20.

=Lusius=, a river of Arcadia. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3,
ch. 22.――_Pausanias_, _Arcadia_, ch. 28.

=Lusones=, a people of Spain, near the Iberus.

=Lustricus Brutianus=, a Roman poet. _Martial_, bk. 4, ltr. 23.

=Lutātius Catŭlus=, a Roman who shut the temple of Janus after peace
had been made with Carthage. _See:_ Luctatius.

=Luterius=, a general of the Gauls, defeated by Cæsar, &c.

=Lūtetia=, a town of Belgic Gaul, on the confluence of the rivers
Sequana and Matrona, which received its name, as some suppose, from
the quantity of clay, _lutum_, which is in its neighbourhood. Julius
Cæsar fortified and embellished it, from which circumstance some
authors call it _Julii Civitas_. Julian the apostate resided there
some time. It is now called _Paris_, the capital of France. _Cæsar_,
_Gallic War_, bks. 6 & 7.――_Strabo_, bk. 4.――_Ammianus_, bk. 20.

=Caius Lutorius Priscus=, a Roman knight, put to death by order of
Tiberius, because he had written a poem in which he had bewailed
the death of Germanicus, who then laboured under a severe illness.
_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 3, ch. 49, &c.

=Lyæus=, a surname of Bacchus. It is derived from λυειν, _solvere_,
because wine, over which Bacchus presides, gives freedom to the mind,
and delivers it from all cares and melancholy. _Horace_, epode 9.
――_Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 675.

=Lybas=, one of the companions of Ulysses, &c.

=Lybya=, or =Lybissa=, a small village of Bithynia, where Annibal was
buried.

=Lycăbas=, an Etrurian who had been banished from his country for
murder. He was one of those who offered violence to Bacchus, and
who were changed into dolphins. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4,
li. 624.――――One of the Lapithæ who ran away from the battle which was
fought at the nuptials of Pirithous. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12,
li. 302.

=Lycabētus=, a mountain of Attica, near Athens. _Statius._

=Lycæa=, festivals in Arcadia, in honour of Pan the god of shepherds.
They are the same as the Lupercalia of the Romans.――――A festival
at Argos in honour of Apollo Lycæus, who delivered the Argives from
wolves, &c.

=Lycæum=, a celebrated place near the banks of the Ilissus in Attica.
It was in this pleasant and salubrious spot that Aristotle taught
philosophy, and as he generally instructed his pupils in walking,
they were called Peripatetics, ἀ περιπατεω, _ambulo_. The philosopher
continued his instructions for 12 years, till, terrified by the false
accusations of Eurymedon, he was obliged to fly to Chalcis.

=Lycæus=, a mountain of Arcadia, sacred to Jupiter, where a temple
was built in honour of the god by Lycaon the son of Pelasgus. It was
also sacred to Pan, whose festivals, called _Lycæa_, were celebrated
there. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 16; _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 343.
――_Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 17, li. 2.――_Ovid_,
_Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 698.

=Ly̆cambes=, the father of Neobule. He promised his daughter in marriage
to the poet Archilochus, and afterwards refused to fulfil his
engagement when she had been courted by a man whose opulence had more
influence than the fortune of the poet. This irritated Archilochus;
he wrote a bitter invective against Lycambes and his daughter, and
rendered them both so desperate by the satire of his composition,
that they hanged themselves. _Horace_, epode 6, li. 13.――_Ovid_,
_Ibis_, li. 52.――_Aristotle_, _Rhetoric_, bk. 3.

=Ly̆cāon=, the first king of Arcadia, son of Pelasgus and Melibœa. He
built a town called Lycosura on the top of mount Lycæus, in honour of
Jupiter. He had many wives, by whom he had a daughter called Callisto,
and 50 sons. He was succeeded on the throne by Nyctimus, the eldest
of his sons. He lived about 1820 years before the christian era.
_Apollodorus_, bk. 3.――_Hyginus_, fable 176.――_Catullus_, poem 76.
――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 2, &c.――――Another king of Arcadia,
celebrated for his cruelties. He was changed into a wolf by Jupiter,
because he offered human victims on the altars of the god Pan. Some
attribute this metamorphosis to another cause. The sins of mankind,
as they relate, were become so enormous, that Jupiter visited the
earth to punish their wickedness and impiety. He came to Arcadia,
where he was announced as a god, and the people began to pay proper
adoration to his divinity. Lycaon, however, who used to sacrifice
all strangers to his wanton cruelty, laughed at the pious prayers
of his subjects, and, to try the divinity of the god, he served up
human flesh on his table. This impiety so irritated Jupiter, that
he immediately destroyed the house of Lycaon, and changed him into a
wolf. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 198, &c. These two monarchs
are often confounded together, though it appears that they were two
different characters, and that not less than an age elapsed between
their reigns.――――A son of Priam and Laothoe. He was taken by Achilles
and carried to Lemnos, whence he escaped. He was afterwards killed
by Achilles in the Trojan war. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 21, &c.――――The
father of Pandarus, killed by Diomedes before Troy.――――A Gnossian
artist, who made the sword which Ascanius gave to Euryalus. _Virgil_,
_Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 304.

=Ly̆cāŏnia=, a country of Asia, between Cappadocia, Pisidia, Pamphylia,
and Phrygia, made a Roman province under Augustus. Iconium was the
capital. _Strabo_, bk. 10.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 2.――_Livy_, bk. 27,
ch. 54; bk. 38, ch. 39.――――Arcadia bore also that name, from Lycaon,
one of its kings. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus._――――An island in the
Tiber.

=Ly̆cas=, a priest of Apollo in the interest of Turnus. He was killed
by Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 315.――――Another officer of
Turnus. _Æneid_, bk. 10, ch. 561.

=Ly̆caste=, an ancient town of Crete, whose inhabitants accompanied
Idomeneus to the Trojan war. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2.――――A daughter
of Priam by a concubine. She married Polydamas the son of Antenor.
――――A famous courtesan of Drepanum, called Venus on account of her
great beauty. She had a son called Eryx, by Butes son of Amycus.

=Lycastum=, a town of Cappadocia.

=Lycastus=, a son of Minos I. He was father of Minos II., by Ida
the daughter of Corybas. _Diodorus_, bk. 4.――――A son of Minos and
Philonome daughter of Nyctimus. He succeeded his father on the throne
of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, chs. 3 & 4.

=Lyce=, one of the Amazons, &c. _Flaccus_, bk. 6, li. 374.

=Lyces=, a town of Macedonia. _Livy_, bk. 31, ch. 33.

=Lycēum.= _See:_ Lycæum.

=Lychnīdus=, now _Achridna_, a city with a lake of the same name, in
Illyricum. _Livy_, bk. 27, ch. 32; bk. 44, ch. 15.

=Ly̆cia=, a country of Asia Minor, bounded by the Mediterranean on
the south, Caria on the west, Pamphylia on the east, and Phrygia on
the north. It was anciently called _Milyas_ and _Tremile_, from the
Milyæ or Solymi, a people of Crete, who came to settle there. The
country received the name of Lycia, from Lycus the son of Pandion,
who established himself there. The inhabitants have been greatly
commended by all the ancients, not only for their sobriety and
justice, but their great dexterity in the management of the bow.
They were conquered by Crœsus king of Lydia, and afterwards by Cyrus.
Though they were subject to the power of Persia, yet they were
governed by their own kings, and only paid a yearly tribute to the
Persian monarch. They became part of the Macedonian empire when
Alexander came into the east, and afterwards were ceded to the house
of the Seleucidæ. The country was reduced into a Roman province
by the emperor Claudius. Apollo had there his celebrated oracle at
Patara, and the epithet _hiberna_ is applied to the country, because
the god was said to pass the winter in his temple. _Virgil_, _Æneid_,
bk. 4, lis. 143 & 446; bk. 7, li. 816.――_Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 6,
li. 686.――_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 173.――_Strabo_, bk. 13.――_Livy_,
bk. 37, ch. 16; bk. 38, ch. 39.

=Lycĭdas=, a centaur, killed by the Lapithæ at the nuptials of
Pirithous. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 310.――――A shepherd’s
name. _Virgil_, _Eclogues_.――――A beautiful youth, the admiration of
Rome in the age of Horace. _Horace_, bk. 1, ode 4, li. 19.

=Lycimna=, a town of Peloponnesus.

=Lycimnia=, a slave, mother of Helenor by a Lydian prince. _Virgil_,
_Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 446.

=Lyciscus=, an Athenian archon.――――A Messenian of the family of the
Æpytidæ. When his daughters were doomed by lot to be sacrificed
for the good of their country, he fled with them to Sparta, and
Aristodemus upon this cheerfully gave his own children and soon after
succeeded to the throne. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 9.――――A youth of
whom Horace was enamoured.

=Ly̆cius=, a son of Hercules and Toxicreta.――――A son of Lycaon.――――An
epithet given to Apollo from his temple in Lycia, where he gave
oracles, particularly at Patara, where the appellation of _Lyciæ
sortes_ was given to his answers, and even to the will of the fates.
_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 346.――――A surname of Danaus.

=Ly̆cŏmēdes=, a king of Scyros, an island in the Ægean sea, son of
Apollo and Parthenope. He was secretly entrusted with the care of
young Achilles, whom his mother Thetis had disguised in woman’s
clothes, to remove him from the Trojan war, where she knew he must
unavoidably perish. Lycomedes has rendered himself infamous for his
treachery to Theseus, who had implored his protection when driven
from the throne of Athens by the usurper Mnestheus. Lycomedes, as
it is reported, either envious of the fame of his illustrious guest,
or bribed by the emissaries of Mnestheus, led Theseus to an elevated
place, on pretence of showing him the extent of his dominions,
and perfidiously threw him down a precipice, where he was killed.
_Plutarch_, _Theseus_.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 17; bk. 7, ch. 4.
――――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 13.――――An Arcadian, who, with 500
chosen men, put to flight 1000 Spartans and 500 Argives, &c.
_Diodorus_, bk. 15.――――A seditious person at Tegea.――――A Mantinean
general, &c.――――An Athenian, the first who took one of the enemy’s
ships at the battle of Salamis. _Plutarch._

=Lycon=, a philosopher of Troas, son of Astyonax, in the age of
Aristotle. He was greatly esteemed by Eumenes, Antiochus, &c. He died
in the 74th year of his age. _Diogenes Laërtius_, _Lives and Opinions
of Eminent Philosophers_.――――A man who wrote the life of Pythagoras.
――――A poet.――――A writer of epigrams.――――A player, greatly esteemed
by Alexander. A Syracusan who assisted in murdering Dion.――――A
peripatetic philosopher.

=Lycōne=, a city of Thrace.――――A mountain of Argolis. _Pausanias_,
bk. 2, ch. 24.

=Ly̆cōphron=, a son of Periander king of Corinth. The murder of his
mother Melissa by his father had such an effect upon him, that he
resolved never to speak to a man who had been so wantonly cruel
against his relations. This resolution was strengthened by the advice
of Procles his maternal uncle, and Periander at last banished to
Corcyra a son whose disobedience and obstinacy had rendered him
odious. Cypselus, the eldest son of Periander, being incapable of
reigning, Lycophron was the only surviving child who had any claim to
the crown of Corinth. But when the infirmities of Periander obliged
him to look for a successor, Lycophron refused to come to Corinth
while his father was there, and he was induced to leave Corcyra,
only on promise that Periander would come and dwell there while he
remained master of Corinth. This exchange, however, was prevented.
The Corcyreans, who were apprehensive of the tyranny of Periander,
murdered Lycophron before he left that island. _Herodotus_, bk. 3.
――_Aristotle._――――A brother of Thebe, the wife of Alexander tyrant
of Pheræ. He assisted his sister in murdering her husband, and he
afterwards seized the sovereignty. He was dispossessed by Philip of
Macedonia. _Plutarch._――_Diodorus_, bk. 16.――――A general of Corinth,
killed by Nicias. _Plutarch_, _Nicias_.――――A native of Cythera, son
of Mastor. He went to the Trojan war with Ajax the son of Telamon,
after the accidental murder of one of his citizens. He was killed,
&c. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 15, li. 450.――――A famous Greek poet and
grammarian, born at Chalcis, in Eubœa. He was one of the poets who
flourished under Ptolemy Philadelphus, and who, from their number,
obtained the name of Pleiades. Lycophron died by the wound of an
arrow. He wrote tragedies, the titles of 20 of which have been
preserved. The only remaining composition of this poet is called
_Cassandra_ or _Alexandra_. It contains 1474 verses, whose obscurity
has procured the epithet of _Tenebrosus_ to its author. It is a
mixture of prophetical effusions, which, as he supposes, were given
by Cassandra during the Trojan war. The best editions of Lycophron
are that of Basil, 1546, folio, enriched with the Greek commentary of
Tzetzes; that of Canter, 8vo, apud Commelin. 1596; and that of Potter,
folio, Oxford, 1702. _Ovid_, _Ibis_, li. 533.――_Statius_, bk. 5,
_Sylvæ_, poem 3.

=Lycopŏlis=, now _Siut_, a town of Egypt. It received this name on
account of the immense number of wolves, λυκοι, which repelled
an army of Æthiopians, who had invaded Egypt. _Diodorus_, bk. 1.
――_Strabo_, bk. 17.

=Lycopus=, an Ætolian who assisted the Cyreneans against Ptolemy.
_Polyænus_, bk. 8.

=Lycorea=, a town of Phocis at the top of Parnassus, where the people
of Delphi took refuge during Deucalion’s deluge, directed by the
howlings of wolves. _Pausanias_, _Phocis_, ch. 6.

=Lycoreus=, the supposed founder of Lycorea, on mount Parnassus, was
son of Apollo and Corycia. _Hyginus_, fable 161.

=Ly̆cōrias=, one of the attendant nymphs of Cyrene. _Virgil_, _Georgics_,
bk. 4, li. 339.

=Ly̆cōris=, a freedwoman of the senator Volumnius, also called
_Cytheris_, and _Volumnia_, from her master. She is celebrated for
her beauty and intrigues. The poet Gallus was greatly enamoured of
her, and his friend Virgil, in his 10th eclogue, comforts him for the
loss of the favours of Cytheris, who followed Marcus Antony’s camp,
and was become the Aspasia of Rome. The charms of Cleopatra, however,
prevailed over those of Cytheris, and the unfortunate courtesan lost
the favours of Antony and of all the world at the same time. Lycoris
was originally a comedian. _Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 10.――_Ovid_,
_Ars Amatoria_, bk. 3, li. 537.

=Lycormas=, a river of Ætolia, whose sands were of a golden colour. It
was afterwards called _Evenus_, from king Evenus, who threw himself
into it. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 245.

=Lycortas=, the father of Polybius, who flourished B.C. 184. He was
chosen general of the Achæan league, and he revenged the death of
Philopœmen, &c. _Plutarch._

=Lycosūra=, a city built by Lycaon on mount Lycæus in Arcadia.

=Lyctus=, a town of Crete, the country of Idomeneus, whence he is often
called _Lyctius_. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 401.

=Lycurgrĭdes=, annual days of solemnity, appointed in honour of the
lawgiver of Sparta.――――A patronymic of a son of Lycurgus. _Ovid_,
_Ibis_, li. 503.

=Lycurgus=, a king of Nemæa, in Peloponnesus. He was raised from the
dead by Æsculapius. _Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 5, li. 638.――――A giant
killed by Osiris in Thrace. _Diodorus_, bk. 1.――――A king of Thrace,
son of Dryas. He has been represented as cruel and impious, on
account of the violence which he offered to Bacchus. He, according
to the opinion of the mythologists, drove Bacchus out of his kingdom,
and abolished his worship, for which impiety he was severely punished
by the gods. He put his own son Dryas to death in a fury, and he cut
off his own legs, mistaking them for vine boughs. He was put to death
in the greatest torments by his subjects, who had been informed by
the oracle that they should not taste wine till Lycurgus was no more.
This fable is explained by observing that the aversion of Lycurgus
for wine, over which Bacchus presided, arose from the filthiness and
disgrace of intoxication, and therefore the monarch wisely ordered
all the vines of his dominions to be cut down, that himself and his
subjects might be preserved from the extravagance and debauchery
which are produced by too free a use of wine. _Hyginus_, fable 132.
――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 6, li. 130.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 5.
――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 22.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3,
li. 14.――_Horace_, bk. 2, ode 19.――――A son of Hercules and Praxithea
daughter of Thespius. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――――A son of Pheres
the son of Cretheus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――――An orator of
Athens, surnamed _Ibis_, in the age of Demosthenes, famous for his
justice and impartiality when at the head of the government. He was
one of the 30 orators whom the Athenians refused to deliver up to
Alexander. Some of his orations are extant. He died about 330 years
before Christ. _Diodorus_, bk. 16.――――A king of Tegea, son of Aleus,
by Neæra the daughter of Pereus. He married Cleophile, called also
Eurynome, by whom he had Amphidamas, &c. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 9.
――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 7.――――A celebrated lawgiver of Sparta, son of
king Eunomus and brother to Polydectes. He succeeded his brother on
the Spartan throne; but when he saw that the widow of Polydectes was
pregnant, he kept the kingdom not for himself, but till Charilaus his
nephew was arrived to years of maturity. He had previously refused to
marry his brother’s widow, who wished to strengthen him on his throne
by destroying her own son Charilaus, and leaving him in the peaceful
possession of the crown. The integrity with which he acted, when
guardian of his nephew Charilaus, united with the disappointment and
the resentment of the queen, raised him many enemies, and he at last
yielded to their satire and malevolence, and retired to Crete. He
travelled like a philosopher, and visited Asia and Egypt without
suffering himself to be corrupted by the licentiousness and luxury
which prevailed there. The confusion which followed his departure
from Sparta now had made his presence totally necessary, and he
returned home at the earnest solicitations of his countrymen.
The disorders which reigned at Sparta induced him to reform the
government; and the more effectually to execute his undertaking,
he had recourse to the oracle of Delphi. He was received by the
priestess of the god with every mark of honour, his intentions were
warmly approved by the divinity, and he was called the friend of
gods, and himself rather god than man. After such a reception from
the most celebrated oracle of Greece, Lycurgus found no difficulty
in reforming the abuses of the state, and all were equally anxious
in promoting a revolution which had received the sanction of heaven.
This happened 884 years before the christian era. Lycurgus first
established a senate, which was composed of 28 senators, whose
authority preserved the tranquillity of the state, and maintained
a due and just equilibrium between the kings and the people,
by watching over the intrusions of the former, and checking the
seditious convulsions of the latter. All distinctions were destroyed,
and by making an equal and impartial division of the land among the
members of the commonwealth, Lycurgus banished luxury, and encouraged
the useful arts. The use of money, either of gold or silver, was
totally forbidden, and the introduction of heavy brass and iron coin
brought no temptations to the dishonest, and left every individual
in the possession of his effects without any fears of robbery or
violence. All the citizens dined in common, and no one had greater
claims to indulgence or luxury than another. The intercourse of
Sparta with other nations was forbidden, and few were permitted to
travel. The youths were entrusted to the public master as soon as
they had attained their seventh year, and their education was left to
the wisdom of the laws. They were taught early to think, to answer in
a short and laconic manner, and to excel in sharp repartee. They were
instructed and encouraged to carry things by surprise, but if ever
the theft was discovered they were subjected to a severe punishment.
Lycurgus was happy and successful in establishing and enforcing these
laws, and by his prudence and administration the face of affairs in
Lacedæmon was totally changed, and it gave rise to a set of men
distinguished for their intrepidity, their fortitude, and their
magnanimity. After this, Lycurgus retired from Sparta to Delphi, or,
according to others, to Crete, and before his departure he bound all
the citizens of Lacedæmon by a solemn oath, that neither they nor
their posterity would alter, violate, or abolish the laws which he
had established before his return. He soon after put himself to death,
and he ordered his ashes to be thrown into the sea, fearful lest,
if they were carried to Sparta, the citizens would call themselves
freed from the oath which they had taken, and empowered to make a
revolution. The wisdom and the good effect of the laws of Lycurgus
have been firmly demonstrated at Sparta, where for 700 years they
remained in full force, but the legislator has been censured as cruel
and impolitic. He has shown himself inhumane in ordering mothers to
destroy such of their children whose feebleness or deformity in their
youth seemed to promise incapability of action in maturer years,
and to become a burden to the state. His regulations about marriage
must necessarily be censured, and no true conjugal felicity can be
expected from the union of a man with a person whom he perhaps never
knew before, and whom he was compelled to choose in a dark room,
where all the marriageable women in the state assembled on stated
occasions. The peculiar dress which was appointed for the females
might be termed improper; and the law must for ever be called
injudicious, which ordered them to appear naked on certain days of
festivity, and wrestle in a public assembly promiscuously, with boys
of equal age with themselves. These things indeed contributed as much
to corrupt the morals of the Lacedæmonians, as the other regulations
seemed to be calculated to banish dissipation, riot, and debauchery.
Lycurgus has been compared to Solon, the celebrated legislator of
Athens, and it has been judiciously observed, that the former gave
his citizens morals conformable to the laws which he had established,
and that the latter had given the Athenians laws which coincided with
their customs and manners. The office of Lycurgus demanded resolution,
and he showed himself inexorable and severe. In Solon artifice
was requisite, and he showed himself mild and even voluptuous. The
moderation of Lycurgus is greatly commended, particularly when we
recollect that he treated with the greatest humanity and confidence
Alcander, a youth who had put out one of his eyes in a seditious
tumult. Lycurgus had a son called Antiorus, who left no issue. The
Lacedæmonians showed their respect for their great legislator, by
yearly celebrating a festival in his honour, called Lycurgidæ or
Lycurgides. The introduction of money into Sparta in the reign of
Agis the son of Archidamus was one of the principal causes which
corrupted the innocence of the Lacedæmonians, and rendered them the
prey of intrigue and of faction. The laws of Lycurgus were abrogated
by Philopœmen, B.C. 188, but only for a little time, as they were
soon after re-established by the Romans. _Plutarch_, _Lives_.
――_Justin_, bk. 3, ch. 2, &c.――_Strabo_, bks. 8, 10, 15, &c.
――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 2.――_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 2.

=Lycus=, a king of Bœotia, successor to his brother Nycteus, who left
no male issue. He was entrusted with the government only during the
minority of Labdacus, the son of the daughter of Nycteus. He was
further enjoined to make war against Epopeus, who had carried away
by force Antiope the daughter of Nycteus. He was successful in this
expedition. Epopeus was killed, and Lycus recovered Antiope and
married her, though she was his niece. This new connection highly
displeased his first wife Dirce, and Antiope was delivered to the
unfeeling queen and tortured in the most cruel manner. Antiope at
last escaped, and entreated her sons Zethus and Amphion to avenge
her wrongs. The children, incensed on account of the cruelties which
their mother had suffered, besieged Thebes, killed Lycus, and tied
Dirce to the tail of a wild bull, which dragged her till she died.
_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 5.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 5.――――A king
of Libya, who sacrificed whatever strangers came upon his coast. When
Diomedes, at his return from the Trojan war, had been shipwrecked
there, the tyrant seized him and confined him. He, however, escaped
by means of Callirhoe, the tyrant’s daughter, who was enamoured of
him, and who hung herself when she saw herself deserted.――――A son
of Neptune by Celæno, made king of a part of Mysia by Hercules. He
offered violence to Megara the wife of Hercules, for which he was
killed by the incensed hero. Lycus gave a kind reception to the
Argonauts. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 10.――_Hyginus_, fables 18,
31, 32, 137.――――A son of Ægyptus,――――of Mars,――――of Lycaon king of
Arcadia,――――of Pandion king of Athens.――――The father of Arcesilaus.
――――One of the companions of Æneas. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 3.
――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, &c.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, &c.――_Hyginus_,
fable 97 & 159.――――An officer of Alexander in the interest of
Lysimachus. He made himself master of Ephesus by the treachery of
Andron, &c. _Polyænus_, bk. 5.――――One of the Centaurs.――――A son of
Priam.――――A river of Phrygia, which disappears near Colosse, and
rises again at the distance of about four stadia, and at last falls
into the Mæander. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 273.――――A
river of Sarmatia, falling into the Palus Mæotis.――――Another in
Paphlagonia, near Heraclea. _Ovid_, bk. 4, _ex Ponto_, poem 1, li.
47.――――Another in Assyria.――――Another in Armenia, falling into the
Euxine near the Phasis. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 367.――――One
of the friends of Æneas, killed by Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9,
li. 545.――――A youth beloved by Alcæus. _Horace_, bk. 1, ode 32.――――A
town of Crete.

=Lyde=, the wife of the poet Antimachus, &c. _Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 1,
poem 5.――――A woman in Domitian’s reign, who pretended that she could
remove barrenness by medicines. _Juvenal_, satire 2, li. 141.