Chapter M (17)

=Phædra=, a daughter of Minos and Pasiphae, who married Theseus, by
whom she became mother of Acamas and Demophoon. They had already
lived for some time in conjugal felicity, when Venus, who hated
all the descendants of Apollo, because that god had discovered her
amours with Mars, inspired Phædra with an unconquerable passion for
Hippolytus the son of Theseus, by the Amazon Hippolyte. This shameful
passion Phædra long attempted to stifle, but in vain; and therefore,
in the absence of Theseus, she addressed Hippolytus with all the
impatience of a desponding lover. Hippolytus rejected her with horror
and disdain; but Phædra, incensed on account of the reception she
had met, resolved to punish his coldness and refusal. At the return
of Theseus she accused Hippolytus of attempts upon her virtue. The
credulous father listened to the accusation, and without hearing the
defence of Hippolytus, he banished him from his kingdom, and implored
Neptune, who had promised to grant three of his requests, to punish
him in some exemplary manner. As Hippolytus fled from Athens, his
horses were suddenly terrified by a huge sea-monster, which Neptune
had sent on the shore. He was dragged through precipices and over
rocks, and he was trampled under the feet of his horses, and crushed
under the wheels of his chariot. When the tragical end of Hippolytus
was known at Athens, Phædra confessed her crime, and hung herself in
despair, unable to survive one whose death her wickedness and guilt
had occasioned. The death of Hippolytus, and the infamous passion
of Phædra, are the subject of one of the tragedies of Euripides, and
of Seneca. Phædra was buried at Trœzene, where her tomb was still
seen in the age of the geographer Pausanias, near the temple of
Venus, which she had built to render the goddess favourable to her
incestuous passion. There was near her tomb a myrtle, whose leaves
were all full of small holes, and it was reported that Phædra had
done this with a hair-pin, when the vehemence of her passion had
rendered her melancholy and almost desperate. She was represented
in a painting in Apollo’s temple at Delphi, as suspended by a cord,
and balancing herself in the air, while her sister Ariadne stood
near to her, and fixed her eyes upon her; a delicate idea, by which
the genius of the artist intimated her melancholy end. _Plutarch_,
_Theseus_.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 22; bk. 2, ch. 32.――_Diodorus_,
bk. 4.――_Hyginus_, fables 47 & 243.――_Euripides_, _Hippolytus_ &
_Seneca_, _Phædra_.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 445.――_Ovid_,
_Heroides_, poem 4.

=Phædria=, a village of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 35.

=Phædrus=, one of the disciples of Socrates. _Cicero_, _de Natura
Deorum_, bk. 1.――――An Epicurean philosopher.――――A Thracian who
became one of the freedmen of the emperor Augustus. He translated
into iambic verses the fables of Æsop, in the reign of the emperor
Tiberius. They are divided into five books, valuable for their
precision, purity, elegance, and simplicity. They remained long
buried in oblivion, till they were discovered in the library of St.
Remi, at Rheims, and published by Peter Pithou, a Frenchman, at the
end of the 16th century. Phædrus was for some time persecuted by
Sejanus, because this corrupt minister believed that he was satirized
and abused in the encomiums which the poet everywhere pays to virtue.
The best editions of Phædrus are those of Burman, 4to, Leyden, 1727;
Hoogstraten, 4to, Amsterdam, 1701; and Barbou, 12mo, Paris, 1754.

=Phædy̆ma=, a daughter of Otanes, who first discovered that Smerdis, who
had ascended the throne of Persia at the death of Cambyses, was an
impostor. _Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 69.

=Phæmonōe=, a priestess of Apollo.

=Phænarēte=, the mother of the philosopher Socrates. She was a midwife
by profession.

=Phænias=, a peripatetic philosopher, disciple of Aristotle. He wrote a
history of tyrants. _Diogenes Laërtius._

=Phænna=, one of the two Graces, worshipped at Sparta, together with
her sister Clita. Lacedæmon first paid them particular honour.
_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 35.

=Phænnis=, a famous prophetess in the age of Antiochus. _Pausanias_,
bk. 10, ch. 15.

=Phæsana=, a town of Arcadia.

=Phæstum=, a town of Crete. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 3, li. 296.
――――Another of Macedonia. _Livy_, bk. 56, ch. 13.

=Phaĕton=, a son of the sun, or Phœbus and Clymene, one of the
Oceanides. He was son of Cephalus and Aurora, according to Hesiod
and Pausanias, or of Tithonus and Aurora, according to Apollodorus.
He is, however, more generally acknowledged to be the son of Phœbus
and Clymene. Phaeton was naturally of a lively disposition, and a
handsome figure. Venus became enamoured of him, and entrusted him
with the care of one of her temples. This distinguishing favour of
the goddess rendered him vain and aspiring; and when Epaphus the
son of Io had told him to check his pride, that he was not the son
of Phœbus, Phaeton resolved to know his true origin, and at the
instigation of his mother, he visited the palace of the sun. He
begged Phœbus, that if he really were his father, he would give him
incontestible proofs of his paternal tenderness, and convince the
world of his legitimacy. Phœbus swore by the Styx that he would grant
him whatever he required, and no sooner was the oath uttered, than
Phaeton demanded of him to drive his chariot for one day. Phœbus
represented the impropriety of such a request, and the dangers
to which it would expose him; but in vain; and, as the oath was
inviolable, and Phaeton unmoved, the father instructed his son how
he was to proceed in his way through the regions of the air. His
explicit directions were forgotten, or little attended to; and
no sooner had Phaeton received the reins from his father, than he
betrayed his ignorance and incapacity to guide the chariot. The
flying horses became sensible of the confusion of their driver,
and immediately departed from the usual track. Phaeton repented too
late of his rashness, and already heaven and earth were threatened
with a universal conflagration, when Jupiter, who had perceived the
disorder of the horses of the sun, struck the rider with one of his
thunderbolts, and hurled him headlong from heaven into the river Po.
His body, consumed with fire, was found by the nymphs of the place,
and honoured with a decent burial. His sisters mourned his unhappy
end, and were changed into poplars by Jupiter. _See:_ Phaetontiades.
According to the poets, while Phaeton was unskilfully driving the
chariot of his father, the blood of the Æthiopians was dried up, and
their skin became black, a colour which is still preserved among the
greatest part of the inhabitants of the torrid zone. The territories
of Libya were also parched up, according to the same tradition,
on account of their too great vicinity to the sun; and ever since,
Africa, unable to recover her original verdure and fruitfulness,
has exhibited a sandy country, and uncultivated waste. According to
those who explain this poetical fable, Phaeton was a Ligurian prince,
who studied astronomy, and in whose age the neighbourhood of the Po
was visited with uncommon heats. The horses of the sun are called
_Phaetontis equi_, either because they were guided by Phaeton, or
from the Greek word (φαεθων), which expresses the splendour and
lustre of that luminary. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 105.――_Hesiod_,
_Theogony_, li. 985.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, fable 17; bk. 2,
fable 1, &c.――_Apollonius_, bk. 4, _Argonautica_.――_Horace_, bk. 1,
ode 11.――_Seneca_, _Medea_.――_Apollodorus._――_Hyginus_, fable 156.

=Phaĕtontiădes=, or =Phaetontides=, the sisters of Phaeton, who were
changed into poplars by Jupiter. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2,
li. 346. _See:_ Heliades.

=Phaetūsa=, one of the Heliades changed into poplars, after the death
of their brother Phaeton. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 346.

=Phæus=, a town of Peloponnesus.

=Phagesia=, a festival among the Greeks, observed during the celebration
of the Dionysia. It received its name from the good _eating_ and
living that then universally prevailed, φαγειν.

=Phalacrine=, a village of the Sabines, where Vespasian was born.
_Suetonius_, _Vespasian_, ch. 2.

=Phalæ=, wooden towers at Rome, erected in the circus. _Juvenal_,
satire 6, li. 589.

=Phalæcus=, a general of Phocis against the Bœotians, killed at the
battle of Cheronæa. _Diodorus_, bk. 16.

=Phalæsia=, a town of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 35.

=Phalanna=, a town of Perrhæbia. _Livy_, bk. 42, ch. 54.

=Phalanthus=, a Lacedæmonian, who founded Tarentum in Italy, at the head
of the Partheniæ. His father’s name was Aracus. As he went to Italy
he was shipwrecked on the coast, and carried to shore by a dolphin,
and from that reason there was a dolphin placed near his statute in
the temple of Apollo at Delphi. _See:_ Partheniæ. He received divine
honours after death. _Justin_, bk. 3, ch. 4.――_Pausanias_, bk. 10,
ch. 10.――_Horace_, bk. 2, ode 6, li. 11.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 11,
li. 16.――――A town and mountain of the same name in Arcadia. _Persius_,
bk. 8, ch. 35.

=Phălăris=, a tyrant of Agrigentum, who made use of the most
excruciating torments to punish his subjects on the smallest
suspicion. Perillus made him a brazen bull, and when he had presented
it to Phalaris, the tyrant ordered the inventor to be seized, and the
first experiment to be made on his body. These cruelties did not long
remain unrevenged; the people of Agrigentum revolted in the tenth
year of his reign, and put him to death in the same manner as he
had tortured Perillus and many of his subjects after him, B.C. 552.
The brazen bull of Phalaris was carried by Amilcar to Carthage;
but when that city was taken by Scipio, it was delivered again to
the inhabitants of Agrigentum by the Romans. There are now some
letters extant written by a certain Abaris to Phalaris, with their
respective answers, but they are supposed by some to be spurious. The
best edition is that of the learned Boyle, Oxford, 1718. _Cicero_,
_Against Verres_, bk. 4; _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 7, ltr. 12;
_De Officiis_, bk. 2.――_Ovid_, _de Ars Amatoria_, bk. 1, li. 663.
――_Juvenal_, satire 8, li. 81.――_Pliny_, bk. 34, ch. 8.――_Diodorus._
――――A Trojan killed by Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 762.

=Phalarium=, a citadel of Syracuse, where Phalaris’s bull was placed.

=Phalărus=, a river of Bœotia, falling into the Cephisus. _Pausanias_,
bk. 9, ch. 34.

=Phalcidon=, a town of Thessaly. _Polyænus_, bk. 4.

=Phaleas=, a philosopher and legislator, &c. _Aristotle._

=Phalēreus Demetrius.= _See:_ Demetrius.

=Phaleria=, a town of Thessaly. _Livy_, bk. 32, ch. 15.

=Phalēris=, a Corinthian who led a colony to Epidamnus from Corcyra.

=Phalēron=, or =Phalerum=, or =Phalera= (orum), or =Phalerus portus=,
an ancient harbour of Athens, about 25 stadia from the city, which,
for its situation and smallness, was not very fit for the reception
of many ships.――――A place of Thessaly.

=Phalērus=, a son of Alcon, one of the Argonauts. _Orpheus._

=Phalias=, a son of Hercules and Heliconis daughter of Thestius.
_Apollodorus._

=Phallĭca=, festivals observed by the Egyptians in honour of Osiris.
They receive their name from φαλλος _simulachrum ligneum membri
virilis_. The institution originated in this: After the murder
of Osiris, Isis was unable to recover among the other limbs the
privities of her husband; and therefore, as she paid particular
honour to every part of his body, she distinguished that which was
lost with more honour, and paid it more attention. Its representation,
called _phallus_, was made with wood, and carried during the sacred
festivals which were instituted in honour of Osiris. The people held
it in the greatest veneration; it was looked upon as an emblem of
fecundity, and the mention of it among the ancients never conveyed
any impure thought or lascivious reflection. The festivals of the
_phallus_ were imitated by the Greeks, and introduced into Europe by
the Athenians, who made the procession of the _phallus_ part of the
celebration of the Dionysia of the god of wine. Those that carried
the _phallus_, at the end of a long pole, were called _phallophori_.
They generally appeared among the Greeks, besmeared with the dregs of
wine, covered with skins of lambs, and wearing on their heads a crown
of ivy. _Lucian_, _de Syria Dea_.――_Plutarch_, _De Iside et Osiride_.
――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 2.

=Phalysius=, a citizen of Naupactum, who recovered his sight by reading
a letter sent him by Æsculapius. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, final chapter.

=Phanæus=, a promontory of the island of Chios, famous for its wines.
It was called after a king of the same name, who reigned there.
_Livy_, bk. 36, ch. 43.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2, li. 98.

=Phanaræa=, a town of Cappadocia. _Strabo._

=Phanas=, a famous Messenian, &c., who died B.C. 682.

=Phanes=, a man of Halicarnassus, who fled from Amasis king of Egypt,
to the court of Cambyses king of Persia, whom he advised, when he
invaded Egypt, to pass through Arabia. _Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 4.

=Phaneta=, a town of Epirus. _Livy_, bk. 32, ch. 28.

=Phanŏcles=, an elegiac poet of Greece, who wrote a poem on that
unnatural sin of which Socrates is accused by some. He supported
that Orpheus had been the first who disgraced himself by that
filthy indulgence. Some of his fragments are remaining. _Clement of
Alexandria_, _Stromateis_, bk. 6.

=Phanodēmus=, an historian who wrote on the antiquities of Attica.

=Phantasia=, a daughter of Nicarchus of Memphis, in Egypt. Some have
supposed that she wrote a poem on the Trojan war, and another on the
return of Ulysses to Ithaca, from which compositions Homer copied
the greatest part of his Iliad and Odyssey, when he visited Memphis,
where they were deposited.

=Phanus=, a son of Bacchus, who was among the Argonauts. _Apollodorus._

=Phaon=, a boatman of Mitylene in Lesbos. He received a small box of
ointment from Venus, who had presented herself to him in the form
of an old woman, to be carried over into Asia, and as soon as he
had rubbed himself with what the box contained, he became one of the
most beautiful men of his age. Many were captivated with the charms
of Phaon, and, among others, Sappho the celebrated poetess. Phaon
gave himself up to the pleasures of Sappho’s company; but, however,
he soon conceived a disdain for her, and Sappho, mortified at his
coldness, threw herself into the sea. Some say that Phaon was beloved
by the goddess of beauty, who concealed him for some time among
lettuces. Ælian says that Phaon was killed by a man whose bed he was
defiling. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 12.――_Ovid_, _Heroides_,
poem 21.――_Palæphatus_, _de Incredibilia_, ch. 49.――_Athenæus._
――_Lucian_, _Dialogi Mortuorum_, bk. 9.

=Phara=, a town of Africa, burnt by Scipio’s soldiers.

=Pharacĭdes=, a general of the Lacedæmonian fleet, who assisted
Dionysius the tyrant of Sicily against the Carthaginians. _Polyænus_,
bk. 2.

=Pharæ=, or =Pheræ=, a town of Crete.――――Another in Messenia.
_Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 30. _See:_ Pheræ.

=Pharasmănes=, a king of Iberia, in the reign of Antoninus, &c.
_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 6, ch. 33.

=Pharax=, a Lacedæmonian officer, who attempted to make himself
absolute in Sicily.――――A Thessalian, whose son, called Cyanippus,
married a beautiful woman, called Leuconoe, who was torn to pieces
by his dogs. _Parthenius._

=Pharis=, a town of Laconia, whose inhabitants are called _Pharitæ_.
_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 30.――――A son of Mercury and Philodamea, who
built Pharæ in Messenia. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 30.

=Pharmecūsa=, an island of the Ægean sea, where Julius Cæsar was seized
by some pirates. _Suetonius_, _Cæsar_, ch. 4.――――Another, where was
shown Circe’s tomb. _Strabo._

=Pharnabāzus=, a satrap of Persia, son of a person of the same name,
B.C. 409. He assisted the Lacedæmonians against the Athenians,
and gained their esteem by his friendly behaviour and support. His
conduct, however, towards Alcibiades, was of the most perfidious
nature, and he did not scruple to betray to his mortal enemies the
man whom he had long honoured with his friendship. _Cornelius Nepos_,
_Alcibiades._――_Plutarch._――――An officer under Eumenes.――――A king of
Iberia.

=Pharnăce=, a town of Pontus. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 4.――――The mother of
Cinyras king of Pontus. _Suidas._

=Pharnăces=, a son of Mithridates king of Pontus, who favoured the
Romans against his father. He revolted against Mithridates, and even
caused him to be put to death, according to some accounts. In the
civil wars of Julius Cæsar and Pompey, he interested himself for
neither of the contending parties; upon which Cæsar turned his army
against him, and conquered him. It was to express the celerity of his
operations in conquering Pharnaces, that the victorious Roman made
use of these words, _Veni, vidi, vici_. _Florus_, bk. 3.――_Suetonius_,
_Cæsar_, ch. 37.――_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 55.――――A king of Pontus,
who made war with Eumenes, B.C. 181.――――A king of Cappadocia.――――A
librarian of Atticus. _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_.

=Pharnapātes=, a general of Orodes king of Parthia, killed in a battle
by the Romans.

=Pharnaspes=, the father of Cassandra the mother of Cambyses.

=Pharnus=, a king of Media, conquered by Ninus king of Assyria.

=Pharos=, a small island in the bay of Alexandria, about seven furlongs
distant from the continent. It was joined to the Egyptian shore
with a causeway by Dexiphanes, B.C. 284, and upon it was built a
celebrated tower, in the reign of Ptolemy Soter and Philadelphus,
by Sostratus the son of Dexiphanes. This tower, which was called the
tower of Pharos, and which passed for one of the seven wonders of the
world, was built with white marble, and could be seen at the distance
of 100 miles. On the top, fires were constantly kept to direct
sailors in the bay, which was dangerous and difficult of access.
The building of this tower cost the Egyptian monarch 800 talents,
which were equivalent to above 165,000_l._ English, if Attic, or if
Alexandrian, double that sum. There was this inscription upon it,
_King Ptolemy to the Gods the saviours, for the benefit of sailors_;
but Sostratus the architect, wishing to claim all the glory, engraved
his own name upon the stones, and afterwards filled the hollow with
mortar, and wrote the above-mentioned inscription. When the mortar
had decayed by time, Ptolemy’s name disappeared, and the following
inscription then became visible: _Sostratus the Cnidian, son of
Dexiphanes, to the Gods the saviours, for the benefit of sailors_.
The word _Pharius_ is often used as Egyptian. _Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 636;
bk. 3, li. 260; bk. 6, li. 308; bk. 9, li. 1005, &c.――_Ovid_, _Ars
Amatoria_, bk. 3, li. 635.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, chs. 31 & 85; bk. 36, ch.
13.――_Strabo_, bk. 17.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Pliny_, bk. 13, ch.
11.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 4.――_Flaccus_, bk. 2.――_Statius_, bk. 3,
_Sylvæ_, poem 2, li. 102.――――A watch-tower near Capreæ.――――An island
on the coast of Illyricum, now called _Lesina_. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.
――――The emperor Claudius ordered a tower to be built at the entrance
of the port of Ostia, for the benefit of sailors, and it likewise
bore the name of _Pharos_, an appellation afterwards given to every
other edifice which was raised to direct the course of sailors,
either with lights, or by signals. _Juvenal_, satire 11, li. 76.
――_Suetonius._

=Pharsălus=, now _Farsa_, a town of Thessaly, in whose neighbourhood
is a large plain called _Pharsalia_, famous for a battle which was
fought there between Julius Cæsar and Pompey, in which the former
obtained the victory. In that battle, which was fought on the 12th of
May, B.C. 48, Cæsar lost about 200 men, or, according to others, 1200.
Pompey’s loss was 15,000, or 25,000 according to others, and 24,000
of his army were made prisoners of war by the conqueror. _Lucan_,
bk. 1, &c.――_Plutarch_, _Pompey_ & _Cæsar_.――_Appian_, _Civil Wars_.
――_Cæsar_, _Civil War_.――_Suetonius_, _Cæsar_.――_Dio Cassius._
――――That poem of Lucan, in which he gives an account of the civil
wars of Cæsar and Pompey, bears the name of Pharsalia. _See:_ Lucanus.

=Pharte=, a daughter of Danaus. _Apollodorus._

=Pharus=, a Rutulian killed by Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10,
li. 322.

=Pharusii=, or =Phaurusii=, a people of Africa, beyond Mauritania.
_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 4.

=Pharybus=, a river of Macedonia, falling into the Ægean sea. It is
called by some Baphyrus.

=Pharycadon=, a town of Macedonia, on the Peneus. _Strabo_, bk. 9.

=Pharyge=, a town of Locris.

=Phasēlis=, a town of Pamphylia, at the foot of mount Taurus, which was
long the residence of pirates. _Strabo_, bk. 14.――_Lucan_, bk. 8, ch.
251.――_Cicero_, _On the Agrarian Law_, bk. 2, ch. 19.

=Phasiana=, a country of Asia, near the river Phasis. The inhabitants
called _Phasiani_, are of Egyptian origin.

=Phasias=, a patronymic given to Medea, as being born near the Phasis.
_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7.

=Phasis=, a son of Phœbus and Ocyroe.――――A river of Colchis, rising
in the mountains of Armenia, now called _Faoz_, and falling into the
east of the Euxine. It is famous for the expedition of the Argonauts,
who entered it after a long and perilous voyage, from which reason
all dangerous voyages have been proverbially intimated by the words
of _sailing to the Phasis_. There were on the banks of the Phasis
a great number of large birds, of which, according to some of the
ancients, the Argonauts brought some to Greece, and which were
called on that account _pheasants_. The Phasis was reckoned by
the ancients one of the largest rivers of Asia. _Pliny_, bk. 10,
ch. 48.――_Martial_, bk. 13, ltr. 62.――_Strabo_, bk. 11.――_Mela_,
bk. 1, ch. 19.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, &c.――_Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 44.
――_Orpheus._

=Phassus=, a son of Lycaon. _Apollodorus._

=Phauda=, a town of Pontus.

=Phavorīnus=, a writer, the best edition of whose Greek Lexicon is that
in folio, Venice, 1712.

=Phayllus=, a tyrant of Ambracia.――――The brother of Onomarchus of
Phocis, &c. _See:_ Phocis. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 2.

=Phea=, or =Pheia=, a town of Elis. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 7.

=Phecadum=, an inland town of Macedonia. _Livy_, bk. 31, ch. 41.

=Phegeus=, or =Phlegeus=, a companion of Æneas, killed by Turnus.
_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 765.――――Another, likewise killed
by Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 12, li. 371, &c.――――A priest
of Bacchus, the father of Alphesibœa, who purified Alcmæon of his
mother’s murder, and gave him his daughter in marriage. He was
afterwards put to death by the children of Alcmæon by Callirhoe,
because he had ordered Alcmæon to be killed when he had attempted to
recover a collar which he had given to his daughter. _See:_ Alcmæon.
_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 412.

=Phellia=, a river of Laconia. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 20.

=Phelloe=, a town of Achaia near Ægira, where Bacchus and Diana each
had a temple. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 26.

=Phellus=, a place of Attica.――――A town of Elis, near Olympia. _Strabo._

=Phemius=, a man introduced by Homer as a musician among Penelope’s
suitors. Some say that he taught Homer, for which the grateful poet
immortalized his name. _Homer_, _Odyssey_.――――A man who, according
to some, wrote an account of the return of the Greeks from the
Trojan war. The word is applied by Ovid, _Amores_, bk. 3, li. 7,
indiscriminately to any person who excels in music.

=Phemonoe=, a priestess of Apollo, who is supposed to have invented
heroic verses. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 6.

=Phenēum=, a town of Arcadia, whose inhabitants, called _Pheneatæ_,
worshipped Mercury. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3.

=Pheneus=, a town with a lake of the same name in Arcadia, whose waters
were unwholesome in the night and wholesome in the daytime. _Cicero_,
_de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 22.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 165.
――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 332.――――A son of Melas, killed
by Tydeus. _Apollodorus._

=Pheræ=, a town of Thessaly, where the tyrant Alexander reigned, whence
he was called _Pheræus_. _Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Cicero_, bk. 2, _de
Officis_.――_Ovid_, _Ibis_, li. 321.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 9,
ch. 13.――――A town of Attica.――――Another in Laconia in Peloponnesus.
_Livy_, bk. 35, ch. 30.

=Pheræus=, a surname of Jason, as being a native of Pheræ.

=Pheraules=, a Persian whom Cyrus raised from poverty to affluence.
He afterwards gave up all his possessions to enjoy tranquillity in
retirement. _Xenophon_, _Cyropaedia_.

=Pherĕclus=, one of the Greeks during the Trojan war. _Ovid_,
_Heroides_, poem 15.――――A pilot of the ship of Theseus, when he went
to Crete. _Plutarch_, _Theseus_.

=Pherēcrătes=, a comic poet of Athens, in the age of Plato and
Aristophanes. He is supposed to have written 21 comedies, of which
only a few verses remain. He introduced living characters on the
stage, but never abused the liberty which he had taken, either by
satire or defamation. He invented a sort of verse, which from him has
been called _Pherecratian_. It consisted of the three last feet of
an hexameter verse, of which the first was always a spondee, as for
instance, the third verse of Horace’s bk. 1, ode 5, _Grato Pyrrha sub
antro._――――Another, descended from Deucalion. _Cicero_, _Tusculanæ
Disputationes_.

=Pherecȳdes=, a philosopher of Scyros, disciple of Pittacus, one of the
first who delivered his thoughts in prose. He was acquainted with the
periods of the moon, and foretold eclipses with the greatest accuracy.
The doctrine of the immortality of the soul was first supported
by him, as also that of the metempsychosis. Pythagoras was one of
his disciples, remarkable for his esteem and his attachment to his
learned master. When Pherecydes lay dangerously ill in the island of
Delos, Pythagoras hastened to give him every assistance in his power,
and when all his efforts had proved ineffectual, he buried him, and
after he had paid him the last offices, he retired to Italy. Some,
however, suppose, that Pherecydes threw himself down from a precipice
as he was going to Delphi, or, according to others, he fell a
sacrifice to the lousy disease, B.C. 515, in the 85th year of his
age. _Diogenes Laërtius._――_Lactantius [Placidus]._――――An historian
of Leros, surnamed the Athenian. He wrote a history of Attica, now
lost, in the age of Darius Hystaspes.――――A tragic poet.

=Pherendates=, a Persian set over Egypt by Artaxerxes.

=Pherephate=, a surname of Proserpine, from the production of corn.

=Pheres=, a son of Cretheus and Tyro, who built Pheræ in Thessaly,
where he reigned. He married Clymene, by whom he had Admetus and
Lycurgus. _Apollodorus._――――A son of Medea, stoned to death by the
Corinthians, on account of the poisonous clothes which he had given
to Glauce, Creon’s daughter. _See:_ Medea. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 3.
――――A friend of Æneas, killed by Halesus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10,
li. 413.

=Pheretias=, a patronymic of Admetus son of Pheres. _Ovid_,
_Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 291.

=Pheretīma=, the wife of Battus king of Cyrene, and mother of
Arcesilaus. After her son’s death, she recovered the kingdom by means
of Amasis king of Egypt, and to avenge the murder of Arcesilaus, she
caused all his assassins to be crucified round the walls of Cyrene,
and she cut off the breasts of their wives, and hung them up near the
bodies of their husbands. It is said that she was devoured alive by
worms, a punishment which, according to some of the ancients, was
inflicted by Providence for her unparalleled cruelties. _Polyænus_,
bk. 8.――_Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 204, &c.

=Pherinum=, a town of Thessaly.

=Pheron=, a king of Egypt, who succeeded Sesostris. He was blind,
and he recovered his sight by washing his eyes, according to the
directions of the oracle, in the urine of a woman who had never had
any unlawful connexions. He tried his wife first, but she appeared
to have been faithless to his bed, and she was burnt with all those
whose urine could not restore sight to the king. He married the woman
whose urine proved beneficial. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 111.

=Pherūsa=, one of the Nereides. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1.

=Phiăle=, one of Diana’s nymphs. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3.――――A
celebrated courtesan. _Juvenal_, satire 10, li. 238.

=Phialia=, or =Phigalia=, a town of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 3.

=Phiălus=, a king of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 3.

=Phicores=, a people near the Palus Mæotis. _Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 19.

=Phidias=, a celebrated statuary of Athens, who died B.C. 432. He made
a statue of Minerva, at the request of Pericles, which was placed
in the Pantheon. It was made with ivory and gold, and measured 39
feet in height. His presumption raised him many enemies, and he
was accused of having carved his own image and that of Pericles on
the shield of the statue of the goddess, for which he was banished
from Athens by the clamorous populace. He retired to Elis, where
he determined to revenge the ill-treatment he had received from his
countrymen, by making a statue which should eclipse the fame of that
of Minerva. He was successful in the attempt; and the statue he made
of Jupiter Olympius was always reckoned the best of all his pieces,
and has passed for one of the wonders of the world. The people of
Elis were so sensible of his merit, and of the honour he had done
to their city, that they appointed his descendants to the honourable
office of keeping clean that magnificent statue, and of preserving
it from injury. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 4.――_Cicero_, _On Oratory_.
――_Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Quintilian_, bk. 12, ch. 10.――_Plutarch_,
_Pericles_.

=Phidilē=, a woman. _See:_ ♦Phidyle.

♦ ‘Phidyle’ not referenced in the text.

=Phidippĭdes= a celebrated courier, who ran from Athens to Lacedæmon,
about 152 English miles, in two days, to ask of the Lacedæmonians
assistance against the Persians. The Athenians raised a temple to his
memory. _Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 105.――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Miltiades._

=Phiditia=, a public entertainment at Sparta, where much frugality was
observed, as the word (φειδιτια, from φειδομαι, _parco_) denotes.
Persons of all ages were admitted; the younger frequented it as
a school of temperance and sobriety, where they were trained to
good manners and useful knowledge, by the example and discourse of
their elders. _Cicero_, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 5, ch. 34.
――_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 10.

=Phidon=, a man who enjoyed the sovereign power at Argos, and is
supposed to have invented scales and measures, and coined silver at
Ægina. He died B.C. 854. _Aristotle._――_Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 127.
――――An ancient legislator at Corinth.

=Phidy̆re=, a female servant of Horace, to whom he addressed bk. 3,
ode 23.

=Phigalei=, a people of Peloponnesus, near Messenia. They were
naturally fond of drinking, and negligent of domestic affairs.
_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 39.

=Phila=, the eldest daughter of Antipater, who married Craterus. She
afterwards married Demetrius, and when her husband had lost the
kingdom of Macedonia, she poisoned herself. _Plutarch._――――A town of
Macedonia. _Livy_, bk. 42, ch. 67; bk. 44, chs. 2 & 34.――――An island
called also ♦Phila.

♦ ‘Phla’ replaced with ‘Phila’

=Philadelphia=, now _Alahasher_, a town of Lydia. _Pliny_, bk. 5,
ch. 29.――――Another, in Cilicia,――――Arabia,――――-Syria.

=Philadelphus=, a king of Paphlagonia, who followed the interest
of Marcus Antony.――――The surname of one of the Ptolemies, king of
Egypt, by antiphrasis, because he destroyed all his brothers. _See:_
Ptolemæus II.

♦=Philæ=, a town and island of Egypt, above the smaller cataract, but
placed opposite Syene by _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 9. Isis was worshipped
there. _Lucan_, bk. 10, li. 313.――_Seneca_, _Quæstiones Naturales_,
bk. 4, ch. 2.――――One of the Sporades. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.

♦ ‘Phile’ replaced with ‘Philæ’

=Philæni=, two brothers of Carthage. When a contest arose between the
Cyreneans and Carthaginians, about the extent of their territories,
it was mutually agreed that, at a stated hour, two men should depart
from each city, and that, wherever they met, there they should fix
the boundaries of their country. The Philæni accordingly departed
from Carthage, and met the Cyreneans, when they had advanced far
into their territories. This produced a quarrel, and the Cyreneans
supported that the Philæni had left Carthage before the appointment,
and that therefore they must retire or be buried in the sand. The
Philæni refused, upon which they were overpowered by the Cyreneans,
and accordingly buried in the sand. The Carthaginians, to commemorate
the patriotic deeds of the Philæni, who had sacrificed their lives
that the extent of their country might not be diminished, raised two
altars on the place where their bodies had been buried, which they
called _Philænorum aræ_. These altars were the boundaries of the
Carthaginian dominions, which on the other side extended as far as
the columns of Hercules, which is about 2000 miles, or, according
to the accurate observations of the moderns, only 1420 geographical
miles. _Sallust_, _Jugurthine War_, chs. 19 & 79.――_Silius Italicus_,
bk. 15, li. 704.

=Philænis=, or =Phileris=, a courtesan. _See:_ Phileris.

=Philæus=, a son of Ajax, by Lyside the daughter of Coronus, one of the
Lapithæ. Miltiades, as some suppose, was descended from him.――――A son
of Augeas, who upbraided his father for not granting what Hercules
justly claimed for cleaning his stables. _See:_ Augeas. He was placed
upon his father’s throne by Hercules. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2.

=Philammon=, a celebrated musician, son of Apollo and Chione.――――A man
who murdered Arsinoe, and who was slain by her female attendants.

=Philanthus=, a son of Prolaus of Elis, killed at the Olympic games.
_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 3.

=Philarchus=, a hero who gave assistance to the Phocians when the
Persians invaded Greece.

=Philēmon=, a Greek comic poet, contemporary with Menander. He obtained
some poetical prizes over Menander, not so much by the merit of his
composition, as by the intrigues of his friends. Plautus imitated
some of his comedies. He lived to his 97th year, and died, as it is
reported, of laughing, on seeing an ass eat figs, B.C. 274.――――His
son, who bore the same name, wrote 54 comedies, of which some
few fragments remain, which do not seem to entitle him to great
rank among the Greek comic writers. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 9, ch.
12――_Quintilian_, bk. 10.――_Plutarch_, _de Cohibenda Ira_.――_Strabo_,
bk. 14.――――A poor man of Phrygia. _See:_ Baucis.――――An illegitimate
son of Priam.

=Philēne=, a town of Attica between Athens and Tanagra. _Statius_,
_Thebaid_, bk. 4, li. 102.

=Philēris=, an immodest woman, whom Philocrates the poet lampooned.
_Martial_, bk. 7.

=Philĕros=, a town of Macedonia. _Pliny._

=Philesius=, a leader of the 10,000 Greeks after the battle of Cunaxa.

=Philetærus=, a eunuch made governor of Pergamus by Lysimachus. He
quarrelled with Lysimachus, and made himself master of Pergamus,
where he laid the foundations of a kingdom called the kingdom of
Pergamus, B.C. 283. He reigned there for 20 years, and at his death
he appointed his nephew Eumenes as his successor. _Strabo_, bk. 13.
――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 8.――――A Cretan general who revolted from
Seleucus, and was conquered, &c. _Polyænus_, bk. 4.

=Philētas=, a grammarian and poet of Cos, in the reign of king Philip,
and of his son Alexander the Great. He was made preceptor to Ptolemy
Philadelphus. The elegies and epigrams which he wrote have been
greatly commended by the ancients, and some fragments of them are
still preserved in Athenæus. He was so small and slender, according
to the improbable accounts of Ælian, that he always carried pieces of
lead in his pockets, to prevent being blown away by the wind. _Ælian_,
_Varia Historia_, bk. 9, ch. 14.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 1, poem 5.
――_Propertius_, bk. 3, poem 1.――――An historian.

=Philetius=, a faithful steward of Ulysses, who, with Eumeus, assisted
him in destroying the suitors, who had not only insulted the queen,
but wasted the property of the absent monarch. _Homer_, _Odyssey_,
bk. 20, &c.

=Philĭdas=, a friend of Pelopidas, who favoured the conspiracy formed
to expel the Spartans from Thebes. He received the conspirators in
his own house.

=Philides=, a dealer in horses in the age of Themistocles. _Plutarch_,
_Themistocles_.

=Philinna=, a courtesan, mother of Aridæus, by Philip the father of
Alexander.

=Philīnus=, a native of Agrigentum, who fought with Annibal against
the Romans. He wrote a partial history of the Punic wars. _Cornelius
Nepos_, _Hannibal_.――_Polybius._

=Philippei=, or =Phillippi=, certain pieces of money coined in the
reign of Philip of Macedonia, and with his image. _Horace_, bk. 2,
ltr. 1, li. 284.――_Livy_, bk. 34, ch. 52; bk. 37, ch. 59; bk. 39,
chs. 5 & 7.

=Philippi=, a town of Macedonia, anciently called _Datos_, and situate
at the east of the Strymon on a rising ground, which abounds with
springs and water. It was called Philippi after Philip king of
Macedonia, who fortified it against the incursions of the barbarians
of Thrace, and became celebrated for two battles which were fought
there in October, B.C. 42, at the interval of about 20 days, between
Augustus and Antony, and the republican forces of Brutus and Cassius,
in which the former obtained the victory. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
bk. 15, li. 284.――_Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 45.――_Florus_, bk. 4, ch. 7.
――_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 7, &c.――_Appian_, bk. 2, _Civil Wars_.
――_Plutarch_, _Antonius_.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 490.
――_Suetonius_, _Augustus_, ch. 2.

=Philippĭdes=, a comic poet in Alexander’s age.――――A courier, called
also Phidippides.

=Philippŏpŏlis=, a town of Thrace, near the Hebrus, built by Philip the
father of Alexander. _Livy_, bk. 39, ch. 53.――――Of Thessaly, called
Philippi.

=Philippus I.=, son of Argæus, succeeded his father on the throne of
Macedonia, and reigned 38 years, B.C. 640.――――The second of that
name was the fourth son of Amyntas king of Macedonia. He was sent
to Thebes as a hostage by his father, where he learnt the art of war
under Epaminondas, and studied with the greatest care the manners and
the pursuits of the Greeks. He was recalled to Macedonia, and at the
death of his brother Perdiccas, he ascended the throne as guardian
and protector of the youthful years of his nephew. His ambition,
however, soon discovered itself, and he made himself independent.
The valour of a prudent general, and the policy of an experienced
statesman, seemed requisite to ensure his power. The neighbouring
nations, ridiculing the youth and inexperience of the new king
of Macedonia, appeared in arms, but Philip soon convinced them of
their error. Unable to meet them as yet in the field of battle, he
suspended their fury by presents, and soon turned his arms against
Amphipolis, a colony tributary to the Athenians. Amphipolis was
conquered, and added to the kingdom of Macedonia, and Philip
meditated no less than the destruction of a republic which had
rendered itself so formidable to the rest of Greece, and had even
claimed submission from the princes of Macedonia. His designs,
however, were as yet immature, and before he could make Athens an
object of conquest, the Thracians and the Illyrians demanded his
attention. He made himself master of a Thracian colony, to which he
gave the name of Philippi, and from which he received the greatest
advantages on account of the golden mines in the neighbourhood.
In the midst of his political prosperity, Philip did not neglect
the honour of his family. He married Olympias, the daughter of
Neoptolemus king of the Molossi; and when, some time after he became
father of Alexander, the monarch, conscious of the inestimable
advantages which arise from the lessons, the example, and the
conversation of a learned and virtuous preceptor, wrote a letter
with his own hand to the philosopher Aristotle, and begged him to
retire from his usual pursuits, and to dedicate his whole time to the
instruction of the young prince. Everything seemed now to conspire
to his aggrandizement, and historians have observed, that Philip
received in one day the intelligence of three things which could
gratify the most unbounded ambition, and flatter the hopes of the
most aspiring monarch: the birth of a son, an honourable crown at
the Olympic games, and a victory over the barbarians of Illyricum.
But all these increased rather than satiated his ambition; he
declared his inimical sentiments against the power of Athens, and
the independence of all Greece, by laying siege to Olynthus, a place
which, on account of its situation and consequence, would prove most
injurious to the interests of the Athenians, and most advantageous to
the intrigues and military operations of every Macedonian prince. The
Athenians, roused by the eloquence of Demosthenes, sent 17 vessels
and 2000 men to the assistance of Olynthus, but the money of Philip
prevailed over all their efforts. The greatest part of the citizens
suffered themselves to be bribed by the Macedonian gold, and Olynthus
surrendered to the enemy, and was instantly reduced to ruins. His
successes were as great in every part of Greece; he was declared head
of the Amphictyonic council, and was entrusted with the care of the
sacred temple of Apollo at Delphi. If he was recalled to Macedonia,
it was only to add fresh laurels to his crown, by victories over
his enemies in Illyricum and Thessaly. By assuming the mask of a
moderator and peacemaker he gained confidence, and in attempting to
protect the Peloponnesians against the encroaching power of Sparta,
he rendered his cause popular, and by ridiculing the insults that
were offered to his person as he passed through Corinth, he displayed
to the world his moderation and philosophic virtues. In his attempts
to make himself master of Eubœa, Philip was unsuccessful; and
Phocion, who despised his gold as well as his meanness, obliged him
to evacuate an island whose inhabitants were as insensible to the
charms of money, as they were unmoved at the horrors of war, and
the bold efforts of a vigilant enemy. From Eubœa he turned his arms
against the Scythians, but the advantages which he obtained over
this indigent nation were inconsiderable, and he again made Greece
an object of plunder and rapine. He advanced far into Bœotia, and
a general engagement was fought at Chæronea. The fight was long and
bloody, but Philip obtained the victory. His behaviour after the
battle reflects great disgrace upon him as a man, and as a monarch.
In the hour of festivity, and during the entertainment which he had
given to celebrate the trophies he had won, Philip sallied from his
camp, and with the inhumanity of a brute he insulted the bodies of
the slain, and exulted over the calamities of the prisoners of war.
His insolence, however, was checked when Demades, one of the Athenian
captives, reminded him of his meanness, by exclaiming, “Why do you,
O king, act the part of a Thersites, when you can represent with so
much dignity the elevated character of an Agamemnon?” The reproof
was felt; Demades received his liberty, and Philip learned how to
gain popularity even among his fallen enemies, by relieving their
wants and easing their distresses. At the battle of Chæronea the
independence of Greece was extinguished; and Philip, unable to
find new enemies in Europe, formed new enterprises, and meditated
new conquests. He was nominated general of the Greeks against the
Persians, and was called upon as well from inclination as duty to
revenge those injuries which Greece had suffered from the invasions
of Darius and of Xerxes. But he was stopped in the midst of his
warlike preparations; he was stabbed by Pausanius as he entered the
theatre, at the celebration of the nuptials of his daughter Cleopatra.
This murder has given rise to many reflections upon the causes which
produced it; and many who consider the recent repudiation of Olympias,
and the resentment of Alexander, are apt to investigate the causes
of his death in the bosom of his family. The ridiculous honours which
Olympias paid to her husband’s murderer strengthened the suspicion,
yet Alexander declared that he invaded the kingdom of Persia to
revenge his father’s death upon the Persian satraps and princes,
by whose immediate intrigues the assassination had been committed.
The character of Philip is that of a sagacious, artful, prudent, and
intriguing monarch: he was brave in the field of battle, eloquent and
dissimulating at home; and he possessed the wonderful art of changing
his conduct according to the disposition and caprice of mankind,
without ever altering his purpose, or losing sight of his ambitious
aims. He possessed much perseverance, and in the execution of his
plans he was always vigorous. The hand of an assassin prevented him
from achieving the boldest and the most extensive of his undertakings;
and he might have acquired as many laurels, and conquered as many
nations, as his son Alexander did in the succeeding reign, and the
kingdom of Persia might have been added to the Macedonian empire,
perhaps with greater moderation, with more glory, and with more
lasting advantages. The private character of Philip lies open to
censure, and raises indignation. The admirer of his virtues is
disgusted to find him amongst the most abandoned prostitutes, and
disgracing himself by the most unnatural crimes and lascivious
indulgencies, which can make even the most debauched and the most
profligate to blush. He was murdered in the 47th year of his age,
and the 24th of his reign, about 336 years before the christian era.
His reign is become uncommonly interesting, and his administration a
matter of instruction. He is the first monarch whose life and actions
are described with peculiar accuracy and historical faithfulness.
Philip was the father of Alexander the Great and of Cleopatra by
Olympias; he had also by Audaca, an Illyrian, Cyna, who married
Amyntas the son of Perdiccas, Philip’s elder brother; by Nicasipolis,
a Thessalian, Nicæa, who married Cassander; by Philinna, a Larissæan
dancer, Aridæus, who reigned some time after Alexander’s death;
by Cleopatra the niece of Attalus, Caranus and Europa, who were
both murdered by Olympias; and Ptolemy the first king of Egypt by
Arsinoe, who in the first month of her pregnancy was married to
Lagus. _Demosthenes_, _Philippics_ & _Olynthiacs_.――_Justin_ 7, &c.
――_Diodorus_, bk. 16.――_Plutarch_, _Alexander_, _Demosthenes_, &
_Apophthegmata Laconica_.――_Isocrates_, _ad Philippum_.――_Curtius_,
bk. 1, &c.――_Æschines._――_Pausanias_, _Bœotia_, &c.――――The last king
of Macedonia, of that name, was son of Demetrius. His infancy, at the
death of his father, was protected by Antigonus, one of his friends,
who ascended the throne, and reigned for 12 years, with the title
of independent monarch. When Antigonus died, Philip recovered
his father’s throne, though only 15 years of age, and he early
distinguished himself by his boldness and his ambitious views. His
cruelty, however, to Aratus, soon displayed his character in its true
light; and to the gratification of every vice, and every extravagant
propensity, he had the meanness to sacrifice this faithful and
virtuous Athenian. Not satisfied with the kingdom of Macedonia,
Philip aspired to become the friend of Annibal, and wished to share
with him the spoils which the distresses and continual loss of the
Romans seemed soon to promise. But his expectations were frustrated;
the Romans discovered his intrigues, and though weakened by the
valour and artifice of the Carthaginian, yet they were soon enabled
to meet him in the field of battle. The consul Lævinus entered
without delay his territories of Macedonia, and after he had obtained
a victory over him near Apollonia, and reduced his fleet to ashes,
he compelled him to sue for peace. This peaceful disposition was
not permanent, and when the Romans discovered that he had assisted
their immortal enemy Annibal with men and money they appointed Titus
Quinctius Flaminius to punish his perfidy, and the violation of
the treaty. The Roman consul, with his usual expedition, invaded
Macedonia; and in a general engagement which was fought near
Cynocephale, the hostile army was totally defeated, and the monarch
saved his life with difficulty by flying from the field of battle.
Destitute of resources, without friends either at home or abroad,
Philip was obliged to submit to the mercy of the conqueror, and to
demand peace by his ambassadors. It was granted with difficulty.
The terms were humiliating; but the poverty of Philip obliged him
to accept the conditions, however disadvantageous and degrading
to his dignity. In the midst of these public calamities the peace
of his family was disturbed; and Perses, the eldest of his sons
by a concubine, raised seditions against his brother Demetrius,
whose condescension and humanity had gained popularity among the
Macedonians, and who, from his residence at Rome as a hostage,
had gained the good graces of the senate, and by the modesty
and innocence of his manners, had obtained forgiveness from that
venerable body for the hostilities of his father. Philip listened
with too much avidity to the false accusation of Perses; and when
he heard it asserted that Demetrius wished to rob him of his crown,
he no longer hesitated to punish with death so unworthy and so
ungrateful a son. No sooner was Demetrius sacrificed to credulity,
than Philip became convinced of his cruelty and rashness, and, to
punish the perfidy of Perses, he attempted to make Antigonus, another
son, his successor on the Macedonian throne. But he was prevented
from executing his purpose by death, in the 42nd year of his reign,
179 years before the christian era. The assassin of Demetrius
succeeded his father; and with the same ambition, with the same
rashness and oppression, renewed the war against the Romans till his
empire was destroyed and Macedonia became a Roman province. Philip
has been compared with his great ancestor of the same name; but
though they possessed the same virtues, the same ambition, and were
tainted with the same vices, yet the father of Alexander was more
sagacious and more intriguing, and the son of Demetrius was more
suspicious, more cruel, and more implacable; and according to the
pretended prophecy of one of the Sibyls, Macedonia was indebted to
one Philip for her rise and consequence among nations, and under
another Philip she lamented the loss of her power, her empire,
and her dignity. _Polybius_, bk. 16, &c.――_Justin_, bk. 29, &c.
――_Plutarch_, _Titus Flamininus_.――_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 8.――_Livy_,
bk. 31, &c.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 4, ch. 8.――_Orosius_, bk. 4,
ch. 20.――――Marcus Julius, a Roman emperor, of an obscure family in
Arabia, from which he was surnamed _Arabian_. From the lowest rank
in the army he gradually rose to the highest offices, and when he
was made general of the pretorian guards he assassinated Gordian to
make himself emperor. To establish himself with more certainty on
the imperial throne, he left Mesopotamia a prey to the continual
invasions of the Persians, and hurried to Rome, where his election
was universally approved by the senate and the Roman people. Philip
rendered his cause popular by his liberality and profusion; and it
added much to his splendour and dignity that the Romans during his
reign commemorated the foundation of their city, a solemnity which
was observed but once every 100 years, and which was celebrated with
more pomp and more magnificence than under the preceding reigns. The
people were entertained with games and spectacles, the theatre of
Pompey was successively crowded during three days and three nights,
and 2000 gladiators bled in the circus at once, for the amusement and
pleasure of a gazing populace. His usurpation, however, was short;
Philip was defeated by Decius, who had proclaimed himself emperor in
Pannonia, and he was assassinated by his own soldiers near Verona,
in the 45th year of his age, and the 5th of his reign, A.D. 249. His
son, who bore the same name, and who had shared with him the imperial
dignity, was also massacred in the arms of his mother. Young Philip
was then in the 12th year of his age, and the Romans lamented in
him the loss of rising talents, of natural humanity, and endearing
virtues. _Aurelius Victor._――_Zosimus._――――A native of Acarnania,
physician to Alexander the Great. When the monarch had been suddenly
taken ill, after bathing in the Cydnus, Philip undertook to remove
the complaint when the rest of the physicians believed that all
medical assistance would be ineffectual. But as he was preparing
his medicine, Alexander received a letter from Parmenio, in which he
was advised to beware of his physician Philip, as he had conspired
against his life. The monarch was alarmed; and when Philip presented
him the medicine, he gave him Parmenio’s letter to peruse, and
began to drink the potion. The serenity and composure of Philip’s
countenance, as he read the letter, removed every suspicion from
Alexander’s breast, and he pursued the directions of his physician,
and in a few days recovered. _Plutarch_, _Alexander_.――_Curtius_,
bk. 3.――_Arrian_, bk. 2.――――A son of Alexander the Great, murdered
by order of Olympias.――――A governor of Sparta.――――A son of Cassander.
――――A man who pretended to be the son of Perses, that he might lay
claim to the kingdom of Macedonia. He was called _Pseudophilippus_.
――――A general of Cassander, in Ætolia.――――A Phrygian, made governor
of Jerusalem by Antiochus, &c.――――A son of Herod the Great, in the
reign of Augustus.――――A brother of Alexander the Great, called also
Aridæus. _See:_ Aridæus.――――A freedman of Pompey the Great. He found
his master’s body deserted on the sea-shore, in Egypt, and he gave it
a decent burial, with the assistance of an old Roman soldier, who had
fought under Pompey.――――The father-in-law of the emperor Augustus.
――――A Lacedæmonian who wished to make himself absolute in Thebes.
――――An officer made master of Parthia, after the death of Alexander
the Great.――――A king of part of Syria, son of Antiochus Gryphus.――――A
son of Antipater in the army of Alexander.――――A brother of Lysimachus,
who died suddenly after hard walking and labour.――――An historian of
Amphipolis.――――A Carthaginian, &c.――――A man who wrote a history of
Caria.――――A native of Megara, &c.――――A native of Pamphylia, who wrote
a diffuse history from the creation down to his own time. It was not
much valued. He lived in the age of Theodosius II.

=Philiscus=, a famous sculptor, whose statues of Latona, Venus,
Diana, the Muses, and a naked Apollo, were preserved in the portico
belonging to Octavia.――――A Greek comic poet. _Pliny_, bk. 11, ch. 9.
――――An Athenian who received Cicero when he fled to Macedonia.――――An
officer of Artaxerxes, appointed to make peace with the Greeks.

=Philistion=, a comic poet of Nicæa in the age of Socrates. _Martial_,
bk. 2, ltr. 41.――――A physician of Locris. _Aulus Gellius_, bk. 7,
ch. 12.

=Philistus=, a musician of Miletus.――――A Syracusan, who, during his
banishment from his native country, wrote a history of Sicily, in 12
books, which was commended by some, though condemned for inaccuracy
by Pausanias. He was afterwards sent against the Syracusans by
Dionysius the younger, and he killed himself when overcome by the
enemy, 356 B.C. _Plutarch_, _Dion_.――_Diodorus_, bk. 13.