Chapter L (5)

=Lȳdia=, a celebrated kingdom of Asia Minor, whose boundaries were
different at different times. It was first bounded by Mysia Major,
Caria, Phrygia Major, and Ionia, but in its more flourishing times
it contained the whole country which lies between the Halys and the
Ægean sea. It was anciently called _Mæonia_, and received the name of
Lydia from Lydus, one of its kings. It was governed by monarchs who,
after the fabulous ages, reigned for 249 years in the following order:
Ardysus began to reign 797 B.C.; Alyattes, 761; Meles, 747; Candaules,
735; Gyges, 718; Ardysus II., 680; Sadyattes, 631; Alyattes II., 619;
and Crœsus, 562, who was conquered by Cyrus, B.C. 548, when the
kingdom became a province of the Persian empire. There were three
different races that reigned in Lydia, the Atyadæ, Heraclidæ, and
Mermnadæ. The history of the first is obscure and fabulous; the
Heraclidæ began to reign about the Trojan war, and the crown remained
in their family for about 505 years, and was always transmitted from
father to son. Candaules was the last of the Heraclidæ; and Gyges the
first, and Crœsus the last, of the Mermnadæ. The Lydians were great
warriors in the reign of the Mermnadæ. They invented the art of
coining gold and silver, and were the first who exhibited public
sports, &c. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 6; bk. 3, ch. 90; bk. 7, ch. 74.
――_Strabo_, bks. 2, 5, & 13.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 2.――_Pliny_, bk. 3,
ch. 5.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.
――_Justin_, bk. 13, ch. 4.――――A mistress of Horace, &c., bk. 1, ode 8.

=Lydias=, a river of Macedonia.

=Lȳdius=, an epithet applied to the Tiber, because it passed near
Etruria, whose inhabitants were originally a Lydian colony. _Virgil_,
_Æneid_, bk. 2, li. 781; bk. 8, li. 479.

=Lydus=, a son of Atys and Callithea, king of Mæonia, which from him
received the name of Lydia. His brother Tyrrhenus led a colony to
Italy, and gave the name of Tyrrhenia to the settlement which he made
on the coast of the Mediterranean. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 74.――――A
eunuch, &c.

=Lygdamis=, or =Lygdamus=, a man who made himself absolute at Naxos.
_Polyænus._――――A general of the Cimmerians who passed into Asia Minor,
and took Sardis in the reign of Ardyes king of Lydia. _Callimachus._
――――An athlete of Syracuse, the father of Artemisia the celebrated
queen of Halicarnassus. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 99.――――A servant of
the poet Propertius, or of his mistress Cynthia.

=Lygii=, a nation of Germany. _Tacitus_, _Germania_, ch. 42.

=Lygodesma=, a surname of Diana at Sparta, because her statue
was brought by Orestes from Taurus, shielded round with osiers.
_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 26.

=Lygus.= _See:_ Ligus.

=Lymīre=, a town of Lycia. _Ovid_ _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12.

=Lymax=, a river of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 41.

=Lyncīdes=, a man at the court of Cepheus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_
bk. 4, fable 12.

=Lyncestæ=, a noble family of Macedonia, connected with the royal
family. _Justin_, bk. 11, ch. 2, &c.

=Lyncestes=, a son of Amyntas, in the army of Alexander, &c. _Curtius_,
bk. 7, &c.――――Alexander, a son-in-law of Antipater, who conspired
against Alexander and was put to death. _Curtius_, bk. 7.

=Lyncestius=, a river of Macedonia, whose waters were of an intoxicating
quality. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 17, li. 329.

=Lyncēus=, son of Aphareus, was among the hunters of the Calydonian
boar, and one of the Argonauts. He was so sharp-sighted that, as it
is reported, he could see through the earth, and distinguish objects
at the distance of above nine miles. He stole some oxen with his
brother Idas, and they were both killed by Castor and Pollux, when
they were going to celebrate their nuptials with the daughters of
Leucippus. _Apollodorus_, bks. 1 & 3.――_Hyginus_, fable.――_Pausanias_,
bk. 4, ch. 2.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3, li. 303.――_Apollodorus_,
_Argonautica_, bk. 1.――――A son of Ægyptus, who married Hypermnestra
the daughter of Danaus. His life was spared by the love and humanity
of his wife. _See:_ Danaides. He made war against his father-in-law,
dethroned him, and seized his crown. Some say that Lynceus was
reconciled to Danaus, and that he succeeded him after his death,
and reigned 41 years. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1.――_Pausanias_,
bk. 2, chs. 16, 19, 25.――_Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 14.――――One of the
companions of Æneas, killed by Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9,
li. 768.

=Lyncus=, =Lyncæus=, or =Lynx=, a cruel king of Scythia, or, according
to others, of Sicily. He received, with feigned hospitality,
Triptolemus, whom Ceres had sent all over the world to teach mankind
agriculture; and as he was jealous of his commission, he resolved to
murder this favourite of the gods in his sleep. As he was going to
give the deadly blow to Triptolemus, he was suddenly changed into
a lynx, an animal which is the emblem of perfidy and ingratitude.
_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 657.

=Lyncus=, a town of Macedonia, of which the inhabitants were called
Lyncestæ. _Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 103; bk. 4, ch. 10.

=Lyndus=, a town of Sicily.

=Lyrcæ=, a people of Scythia, who live upon hunting.

=Lyrcæus=, a mountain of Arcadia. _See:_ Lycæus.――――A fountain.
_Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 4, li. 711.

=Lyrcea=, a town of Peloponnesus, formerly called Lyncea. _Pausanias_,
bk. 2, ch. 35.

=Lyrcus=, a king of Caunus in Caria, &c. _Parthenius._

=Lyrnessus=, a city of Cilicia, the native country of Briseis, called
from thence _Lyrnesseis_. It was taken and plundered by Achilles
and the Greeks at the time of the Trojan war, and the booty divided
among the conquerors. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2, li. 197.――_Ovid_,
_Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 108; _Heroides_, poem 3, li. 5;
_Tristia_, bk. 4, poem 1, li. 15.

=Lysander=, a celebrated general of Sparta, in the last years of the
Peloponnesian war. He drew Ephesus from the interest of Athens,
and gained the friendship of Cyrus the younger. He gave battle to
the Athenian fleet, consisting of 120 ships, at Ægospotamos, and
destroyed it all, except three ships, with which the enemy’s general
fled to Evagoras king of Cyprus. In this celebrated battle, which
happened 405 years before the christian era, the Athenians lost 3000
men, and with them their empire and influence among the neighbouring
states. Lysander well knew how to take advantage of his victory, and
the following year Athens, worn out by a long war of 27 years, and
discouraged by its misfortunes, gave itself up to the power of the
enemy, and consented to destroy the Piræus, to deliver up all its
ships, except 12, to recall all those who had been banished, and, in
short, to be submissive in every degree to the power of Lacedæmon.
Besides these humiliating conditions, the government of Athens
was totally changed, and 30 tyrants were set over it by Lysander.
This glorious success, and the honour of having put an end to the
Peloponnesian war, increased the pride of Lysander. He had already
begun to pave his way to universal power by establishing aristocracy
in the Grecian cities of Asia, and now he attempted to make the crown
of Sparta elective. In the pursuit of his ambition he used prudence
and artifice; and as he could not easily abolish a form of government
which ages and popularity had confirmed, he had recourse to the
assistance of the gods. His attempts, however, to corrupt the oracles
of Delphi, Dodona, and Jupiter Ammon, proved ineffectual, and he was
even accused of using bribes by the priests of the Libyan temple.
The sudden declaration of war against the Thebans saved him from
the accusations of his adversaries, and he was sent, together with
Pausanias, against the enemy. The plans of his military operations
were discovered, and the Haliartians, whose ruin he secretly
meditated, attacked him unexpectedly, and he was killed in a bloody
battle, which ended in the defeat of his troops, 394 years before
Christ. His body was recovered by his colleague Pausanias, and
honoured with a magnificent funeral. Lysander has been commended
for his bravery, but his ambition deserves the severest censure, and
his cruelty and his duplicity have greatly stained his character. He
was arrogant and vain in his public as well as private conduct, and
he received and heard with the greatest avidity the hymns which his
courtiers and flatterers sung to his honour. Yet in the midst of all
his pomp, his ambition, and intrigues, he died extremely poor, and
his daughters were rejected by two opulent citizens of Sparta, to
whom they had been betrothed during the life of their father. This
behaviour of the lovers was severely punished by the Lacedæmonians,
who protected from injury the children of a man whom they hated
for his sacrilege, his contempt of religion, and his perfidy. The
father of Lysander, whose name was Aristoclites or Aristocrates,
was descended from Hercules, though not reckoned of the race of the
Heraclidæ. _Plutarch_ & _Cornelius Nepos_, _Lives_.――_Diodorus_,
bk. 13.――――A Trojan chief, wounded by Ajax son of Telamon before
Troy. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 11, li. 491.――――One of the Ephori in the
reign of Agis, &c. _Plutarch._――――A grandson of the great Lysander.
_Pausanias._

=Lysandra=, a daughter of Ptolemy Lagus, who married Agathocles the son
of Lysimachus. She was persecuted by Arsinoe, and fled to Seleucus
for protection. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 9, &c.

=Lysaniax=, a man made king of Ituræa by Antony, &c.

=Lyse=, a daughter of Thespius. _Apollodorus._

=Lysiădes=, an Athenian, son of Phædrus the philosopher, &c.
_Cicero_, _Philippics_, bk. 5.――――An Athenian archon.――――A tyrant of
Megalopolis, who died B.C. 226. _Plutarch._

=Lysianassa=, one of the Nereides. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 2.――――A
daughter of Epaphus, mother of Busiris. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 5.

=Ly̆sias=, a celebrated orator, son of Cephalus, a native of Syracuse.
His father left Sicily and went to Athens, where Lysias was born
and carefully educated. In his 15th year he accompanied the colony
which the Athenians sent to Thurium, and after a long residence there
he returned home in his 47th year. He distinguished himself by his
eloquence, and by the simplicity, correctness, and purity of his
orations, of which he wrote no less than 425 according to Plutarch,
though the number may with more probability be reduced to 230. Of
these 34 are extant, the best editions of which are that of Taylor,
8vo, Cambridge. 1740, and that of Auger, 2 vols., 8vo, Paris, 1783.
He died in the 81st year of his age, 378 years before the christian
era. _Plutarch_, _Lives of the Ten Orators_.――_Cicero_, _Brutus_;
_On Oratory_.――_Quintilian_, bk. 3, &c.――_Diogenes Laërtius_,
bk. 2.――――An Athenian general, &c.――――A town of Phrygia. _Strabo._
――――Another of Syria, now _Berziech_, near Emesa.――――A tyrant of
Tarsus, B.C. 267.

=Lysĭcles=, an Athenian sent with Chares into Bœotia, to stop the
conquests of Philip of Macedonia. He was conquered at Chæronæa, and
sentenced to death for his ill conduct there.

=Lysĭdĭce=, a daughter of Pelops and Hippodamia, who married Mastor
the son of Perseus and Andromeda. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 4.
――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 14.――――A daughter of Thespius.
_Apollodorus._

=Lysimăche=, a daughter of Abas the son of Melampus. _Apollodorus_,
bk. 1, ch. 9.――――A daughter of Priam. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 12.

=Lysimăchia=, now _Hexamili_, a city on the Thracian Chersonesus.
_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――――A town of Ætolia, built by Lysimachus.
_Strabo_, bks. 7 & 10.――――Another in Æolia. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 2.

=Lysimăchus=, a son of Agathocles, who was among the generals of
Alexander. After the death of that monarch, he made himself master
of part of Thrace, where he built a town which he called Lysimachia.
He sided with Cassander and Seleucus against Antigonus and Demetrius,
and fought with them at the celebrated battle of Ipsus. He afterwards
seized Macedonia, after expelling Pyrrhus from the throne, B.C.
286; but his cruelty rendered him odious, and the murder of his
son Agathocles so offended his subjects, that the most opulent and
powerful revolted from him and abandoned the kingdom. He pursued them
to Asia, and declared war against Seleucus, who had given them a kind
reception. He was killed in a bloody battle, 281 years before Christ,
in the 80th year of his age, and his body was found in the heaps
of slain only by the fidelity of a little dog, which had carefully
watched near it. It is said that the love and respect of Lysimachus
for his learned master Callisthenes proved nearly fatal to him. He,
as Justin mentions, was thrown into the den of a hungry lion, by
order of Alexander, for having given Callisthenes poison, to save
his life from ignominy and insult; and when the furious animal darted
upon him, he wrapped his hand in his mantle, and boldly thrust it
into the lion’s mouth, and by twisting his tongue killed an adversary
ready to devour him. This act of courage in his self-defence
recommended him to Alexander. He was pardoned, and ever after
esteemed by the monarch. _Justin_, bk. 15, ch. 3, &c.――_Diodorus_,
bk. 19, &c. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 10.――――An Acarnanian, preceptor
to Alexander the Great. He used to call himself Phœnix, his pupil
Achilles, and Philip Peleus. _Plutarch_, _Alexander_.――_Justin_,
bk. 15, ch. 3.――――An historian of Alexandria.――――A son of Aristides,
rewarded by the Athenians on account of the virtue of his father.
――――A chief priest among the Jews, about 204 years before Christ,
&c. _Josephus._――――A physician greatly attached to the notions of
Hippocrates.――――A governor of Heraclea in Pontus, &c.

=Lysimelia=, a marsh of Sicily near Syracuse.

=Lysinoe=, now _Aglasson_, a city of Asia, near Pamphylia. _Livy_,
bk. 38, ch. 15.

=Lysippe=, a daughter of Prœtus. _See:_ Prœtides.――――A daughter of
Thespius.

=Lysippus=, a famous statuary of Sicyon. He was originally a whitesmith,
and afterwards applied himself to painting, till his talents and
inclination taught him that he was born to excel in sculpture. He
flourished about 325 years before the christian era, in the age of
Alexander the Great. The monarch was so partial to the artist, that
he forbade any sculptor but Lysippus to make his statue. Lysippus
excelled in expressing the hair, and he was the first who made the
head of his statues less large, and the body smaller than usual, that
they might appear taller. This was observed by one of his friends,
and the artist gave for answer, that his predecessors had represented
men in their natural form, but that he represented them such as they
appeared. Lysippus made no less than 600 statues, the most admired
of which were those of Alexander; one of Apollo of Tarentum 40 cubits
high; one of a man coming out of a bath, with which Agrippa adorned
his baths; one of Socrates; and those of the 25 horsemen who were
drowned in the Granicus. These were so valued, that in the age of
Augustus, they were bought for their weight in gold. _Plutarch_,
_Alexander_.――_Cicero_, _Brutus_, ch. 164; _Rhetorica ad Herennium_,
bk. 4, ch. 148.――_Pliny_, bk. 37, ch. 7.――_Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 11.
――_Horace_, bk. 2, ltr. 1, li. 240.――――A comic poet, some of whose
plays are mentioned by Athenæus. _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 37.――――A general
of the Achæan league.

=Lysis=, a Pythagorean philosopher, preceptor to Epaminondas. He
flourished about 388 years before the christian era. He is supposed
by some to be the author of the golden verses which are attributed to
Pythagoras. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Epaminondas_, ch. 2.

=Lysistrătus=, an Athenian parasite.――――A brother of Lysippus. He was
the first artist who ever made a statue with wax. _Pliny_, bk. 34,
ch. 8; bk. 35, ch. 12.

=Lysithous=, a son of Priam. _Apollodorus._

=Lyso=, a friend of Cicero, &c. _Cicero_, bk. 13, _Letters to his
Friends_, ltr. 19,

=Lystra=, a town of Lycaonia.

=Lytæa=, a daughter of Hyacinthus, put to death by the Athenians.
_Apollodorus._

=Lyzanias=, a king of Chalcis, &c.