Chapter C (1)

=Caanthus=, a son of Oceanus and Tethys. He was ordered by his father
to seek his sister Malia, whom Apollo had carried away, and he burnt
in revenge the ravisher’s temple near the ♦Isthmus. He was killed
for this impiety by the god, and a monument was raised to his memory.
_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 10.

♦ ‘Ithmus’ replaced with ‘Isthmus’

=Cabades=, a king of Persia, &c.

=Cabăla=, a place of Sicily where the Carthaginians were conquered by
Dionysius. _Diodorus_, bk. 15.

=Cabāles=, a people of Africa. _Herodotus._

=Cabalii=, a people of Asia Minor. _Herodotus._

=Caballīnus=, a clear fountain on mount Helicon, sacred to the muses,
and called also _Hippocrene_, as raised from the ground by the foot
of Pegasus. _Persius._

=Caballīnum=, a town of the Ædui, now _Chalons_, on the Saone. _Cæsar_,
_Gallic War_, ch. 42.

=Caballio=, a town of Gaul.

=Cabarnos=, a deity worshipped at Paros. His priests were called
Cabarni.

=Cabassus=, a town of Cappadocia.――――A village near Tarsus.

=Cabīra=, a wife of Vulcan, by whom she had three sons.――――A town of
Paphlagonia.

=Cabīri=, certain deities held in the greatest veneration at Thebes,
Lemnos, Macedonia, and Phrygia, but more particularly in the islands
of Samothrace and Imbros. The number of these deities is uncertain.
Some say there were only two, Jupiter and Bacchus; others mention
three, and some four, Aschieros, Achiochersa, Achiochersus, and
Camillus. It is unknown where their worship was first established;
yet Phœnicia seems to be the place according to the authority of
Sanchoniathon, and from thence it was introduced into Greece by the
Pelasgi. The festivals or mysteries of the Cabiri were celebrated
with the greatest solemnity at Samothrace, where all the ancient
heroes and princes were generally initiated, as their power seemed
to be great in protecting persons from shipwreck and storms. The
obscenities which prevailed in the celebration have obliged the
authors of every country to pass over them in silence, and say that
it was unlawful to reveal them. These deities are often confounded
with the Corybantes, Anaces, Dioscuri, &c., and, according to
Herodotus, Vulcan was their father. This author mentions the
sacrilege which Cambyses committed in entering their temple, and
turning to ridicule their sacred mysteries. They were supposed to
preside over metals. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 51.――_Strabo_, bk. 10,
&c.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 22, &c.――_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_,
bk. 1.

=Cabiria=, a surname of Ceres.――――The festivals of the Cabiri. _See:_
Cabiri.

=Cabūra=, a fountain of Mesopotamia, where Juno bathed. _Pliny_,
bk. 31, ch. 3.

=Cabūrus=, a chief of the Helvii. _Cæsar._

=Caca=, a goddess among the Romans, sister to Cacus, who is said to
have discovered to Hercules where her brother had concealed his oxen.
She presided over the excrements of the body. The vestals offered
sacrifices in her temple. _Lactantius [Placidus]_, bk. 1, ch. 20.

=Cachăles=, a river of Phocis. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 32.

=Cacus=, a famous robber, son of Vulcan and Medusa, represented as a
three-headed monster, and as vomiting flames. He resided in Italy,
and the avenues of his cave were covered with human bones. He
plundered the neighbouring country; and when Hercules returned
from the conquest of Geryon, Cacus stole some of his cows, and
dragged them backwards into his cave to prevent discovery. Hercules
departed without perceiving the theft; but his oxen having lowed,
were answered by the cows in the cave of Cacus, and the hero became
acquainted with the loss he had sustained. He ran to the place,
attacked Cacus, squeezed and strangled him in his arms, though
vomiting fire and smoke. Hercules erected an altar to Jupiter
Servator, in commemoration of his victory; and an annual festival
was instituted by the inhabitants in honour of the hero, who had
delivered them from such a public calamity. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 1,
li. 551.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 194.――_Propertius_, bk. 4,
poem 10.――_Juvenal_, satire 5, li. 125.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 7.
――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.

=Cacūthis=, a river of India, flowing into the Ganges. _Arrian_,
_Indica_.

=Cacyparis=, a river of Sicily.

=Cadi=, a town of Phrygia. _Strabo_, bk. 12.――――Of Lydia. _Propertius_,
bk. 4, poem 6, li. 7.

=Cadmēa=, a citadel of Thebes, built by Cadmus. It is generally
taken for Thebes itself, and the Thebans are often called Cadmeans.
_Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 8, li. 601.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 5.

=Cadmēis=, an ancient name of Bœotia.

=Cadmus=, son of Agenor king of Phœnicia by Telephassa or Agriope,
was ordered by his father to go in quest of his sister Europa, whom
Jupiter had carried away, and he was never to return to Phœnicia
if he did not bring her back. As his search proved fruitless, he
consulted the oracle of Apollo, and was ordered to build a city
where he should see a young heifer stop in the grass, and to call
the country Bœotia. He found the heifer according to the directions
of the oracle; and as he wished to thank the god by a sacrifice, he
sent his companions to fetch water from a neighbouring grove. The
waters were sacred to Mars, and guarded by a dragon, which devoured
all the Phœnician’s attendants. Cadmus, tired of their seeming delay,
went to the place, and saw the monster still feeding on their flesh.
He attacked the dragon, and overcame it by the assistance of Minerva,
and sowed the teeth in a plain, upon which armed men suddenly rose
up from the ground. He threw a stone in the midst of them, and they
instantly turned their arms one against another, till all perished
except five, who assisted him in building his city. Soon after he
married Hermione the daughter of Venus, with whom he lived in the
greatest cordiality, and by whom he had a son Polydorus, and four
daughters, Ino, Agave, Autonoe, and Semele. Juno persecuted these
children; and their well-known misfortunes so distracted Cadmus
and Hermione, that they retired to Illyricum, loaded with grief and
infirm with age. They intreated the gods to remove them from the
misfortunes of life, and they were immediately changed into serpents.
Some explain the dragon’s fable, by supposing that it was a king of
the country whom Cadmus conquered by war; and the armed men rising
from the field, is no more than men armed with brass, according
to the ambiguous signification of a Phœnician word. Cadmus was
the first who introduced the use of letters into Greece; but some
maintain, that the alphabet which he brought from Phœnicia, was
only different from that which was used by the ancient inhabitants
of Greece. This alphabet consisted only of 16 letters, to which
Palamedes afterwards added four, and Simonides of Melos the same
number. The worship of many of the Egyptian and Phœnician deities
was also introduced by Cadmus, who is supposed to have come into
Greece 1493 years before the christian era, and to have died 61
years after. According to those who believe that Thebes was built
at the sound of Amphion’s lyre, Cadmus built only a small citadel
which he called Cadmea, and laid the foundations of a city which
was finished by one of his successors. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
bk. 3, fables 1, 2, &c.――_Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 49; bk. 4, ch.
147.――_Hyginus_, fables 6, 76, 155, &c.――_Diodorus_, bk. 1, &c.
――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 5, &c.――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 937,
&c.――――A son of Pandion of Miletus, celebrated as an historian
in the age of Crœsus, and as the writer of an account of some
cities of Ionia, in four books. He is called the _ancient_, in
contradistinction from another of the same name and place, son of
Archelaus, who wrote a history of Attica in 16 books, and a treatise
on love in 14 books. _Diodorus_, bk. 1.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_,
bk. 2.――_Clement of Alexandria_, bk. 3.――_Strabo_, bk. 1.――_Pliny_,
bk. 5, ch. 29.――――A Roman executioner, mentioned _Horace_, bk. 1,
satire 5, li. 39.

=Cadra=, a hill of Asia Minor. _Tacitus._

=Cadūceus=, a rod entwined at one end by two serpents, in the form
of two equal semi-circles. It was the attribute of Mercury and
the emblem of power, and it had been given him by Apollo in return
for the lyre. Various interpretations have been put upon the two
serpents round it. Some suppose them to be a symbol of Jupiter’s
amours with Rhea, when these two deities transformed themselves into
snakes. Others say that it originates from Mercury’s having appeased
the fury of two serpents that were fighting, by touching them
with his rod. Prudence is generally supposed to be represented by
these two serpents, and the wings are the symbol of diligence; both
necessary in the pursuit of business and commerce, which Mercury
patronized. With it Mercury conducted to the infernal regions the
souls of the dead, and could lull to sleep, and even raise to life
a dead person. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 242.――_Horace_, bk. 1,
ode 10.

=Cadurci=, a people of Gaul, at the east of the Garonne. _Cæsar._

=Cadusci=, a people near the Caspian sea. _Plutarch._

=Cadytis=, a town of Syria. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 159.

=Cæa=, an island of the Ægean sea among the Cyclades, called also
_Ceos_ and _Cea_, from Ceus the son of Titan. _Ovid_, poem 20.
_Heroides_.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 14.

=Cæcias=, a wind blowing from the north.

=Cæcĭlia=, the wife of Sylla. _Plutarch_, _Sulla_.――――The mother of
Lucullus. _Plutarch_, _Lucullus_.――――A daughter of Atticus.

=Cæcilia Caia=, or =Tanaquil=. _See:_ Tanaquil.

=Cæcilia lex=, was proposed A.U.C. 693, by Cæcilius Metellus Nepos,
to remove taxes from all the Italian states, and to give them free
exportation.――――Another, called also Didia, A.U.C. 656, by the
consul Quintus Cæcilius Metellus and Titus Didius. It required that
no more than one single matter should be proposed to the people in
one question, lest by one word they should give their assent to a
whole bill, which might contain clauses worthy to be approved, and
others unworthy. It required that every law, before it was preferred,
should be exposed to public view on three market-days.――――Another,
enacted by Cæcilius Metellus the censor, concerning fullers. _Pliny_,
bk. 35, ch. 17.――――Another, A.U.C. 701, to restore to the censors
their original rights and privileges, which had been lessened by
Publius Clodius the tribune.――――Another, called also Gabinia, A.U.C.
685, against usury.

=Cæciliānus=, a Latin writer before the age of Cicero.

=Cæcĭlii=, a plebeian family at Rome, descended from Cæcas, one of the
companions of Æneas, or from Cæculus the son of Vulcan, who built
Præneste. This family gave birth to many illustrious generals and
patriots.

=Cæcĭlius Claudius Isidorus=, a man who left in his will to his heirs,
4116 slaves, 3600 yokes of oxen, 257,000 small cattle, 600,000
pounds of silver. _Pliny_, bk. 33, ch. 10.――――Epirus, a freedman
of Atticus, who opened a school at Rome, and is said to have first
taught reading to Virgil and some other growing poets.――――A Sicilian
orator in the age of Augustus, who wrote on the Servile wars, a
comparison between Demosthenes and Cicero, and an account of the
orations of Demosthenes.――――Metellus. _See:_ Metellus.――――Statius,
a comic poet, deservedly commended by Cicero and Quintilian, though
the orator, _Letters to Atticus_, calls him _Malum Latinitatis
auctorem_. Above 30 of his comedies are mentioned by ancient
historians, among which are his Nauclerus, Phocius, Epiclerus,
Syracusæ, Fœnerator, Fallacia, Pausimachus, &c. He was a native of
Gaul, and died at Rome 168 B.C., and was buried on the Janiculum.
_Horace_, bk. 2, ltr. 1.

=Cæcīna Tuscus=, a son of Nero’s nurse, made governor of Egypt.
_Suetonius_, _Nero_.――――A Roman who wrote some physical treatises.
――――A citizen of Volaterræ defended by Cicero.

=Cæcŭbum=, a town of Campania in Italy, near the bay of Caieta,
famous for the excellence and plenty of its wines. _Strabo_, bk. 5.
――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 20; bk. 2, ode 14, &c.

=Cæcŭlus=, a son of Vulcan, conceived, as some say, by his mother,
when a spark of fire fell into her bosom. He was called Cæculus
because his eyes were small. After a life spent in plundering and
rapine, he built Præneste; but being unable to find inhabitants, he
implored Vulcan to show whether he really was his father. Upon this
a flame suddenly shone among a multitude who were assembled to see
some spectacle, and they were immediately persuaded to become the
subjects of Cæculus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 680, says that
he was found in fire by shepherds, and on that account called son
of Vulcan, who is the god of fire.

=Quintus Cædicius=, a consul, A.U.C. 498.――――Another, A.U.C. 465.――――A
military tribune in Sicily, who bravely devoted himself to rescue
the Roman army from the Carthaginians, B.C. 254. He escaped with his
life.――――A rich person, &c. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 362.――――A
friend of Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, lis. 7, 47.

=Cælia lex=, was enacted, A.U.C. 635, by Cælius, a tribune. It ordained,
that in judicial proceedings before the people, in cases of treason,
the votes should be given upon tablets contrary to the exception of
the Cassian law.

=Cælius=, an orator, disciple to Cicero. He died very young. Cicero
defended him when he was accused by Clodius of being accessary to
Catiline’s conspiracy, and of having murdered some ambassadors from
Alexandria, and carried on an illicit amour with Clodia the wife
of Metellus. _Pro Cælio_.――_Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1.――――A man
of Tarracina, found murdered in his bed. His sons were suspected
of the murder, but acquitted. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 8, ch. 1.
――――Aurelianus, a writer about 300 years after Christ, the best
edition of whose works is that of Almeloveen, Amsterdam, 1722 and
1755.――――Lucius Antipater, wrote a history of Rome, which Marcus
Brutus epitomized, and which Adrian preferred to the histories of
Sallust. Cælius flourished 120 years B.C. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 1,
ch. 7.――_Cicero_, bk. 13, _Letters to Atticus_, ltr. 8.――――Tubero, a
man who came to life after he had been carried to the burning pile.
_Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 52.――――Vibienus, a king of Etruria, who assisted
Romulus against the Cæninenses, &c.――――Sabinus, a writer in the age
of Vespasian, who composed a treatise on the edicts of the curule
ediles.――――One of the seven hills on which Rome was built. Romulus
surrounded it with a ditch and rampart, and it was enclosed by
walls by the succeeding kings. It received its name from Cælius,
who assisted Romulus against the Sabines.

=Cæmaro=, a Greek, who wrote an account of India.

=Cæne=, a small island in the Sicilian sea.――――A town on the coast
of Laconia, whence Jupiter is called Cænius. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 5.
――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 136.

=Cæneus=, one of the Argonauts. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――――A
Trojan killed by Turnus. _Virgil._

=Cænides=, a patronymic of Eetion, as descended from Cæneus.
_Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 92.

=Cænīna=, a town of Latium near Rome. The inhabitants, called
_Cæninenses_, made war against the Romans when their virgins had
been stolen away. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 2, li. 135.――_Propertius_,
bk. 4, poem 11, li. 9.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 9.

=Cænis=, a promontory of Italy, opposite to Pelorus in Sicily, a
distance of about one mile and a half.

=Cænis=, a Thessalian woman, daughter of Elatus, who, being forcibly
ravished by Neptune, obtained from the god the power to change her
sex, and to become invulnerable. She also changed her name, and was
called _Cæneus_. In the wars of the Lapithæ against the Centaurs,
she offended Jupiter, and was overwhelmed with a huge pile of wood,
and changed into a bird. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, lis. 172
& 479.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 448, says that she returned
again to her pristine form.

=Quintus Servilius Cæpio=, a Roman consul, A.U.C. 648, in the Cimbrian
war. He plundered a temple at Tolossa, for which he was punished by
divine vengeance, &c. _Justin_, bk. 32, ch. 3.――_Paterculus_, bk. 2,
ch. 12.――――A questor who opposed Saturninus. _Cicero_, _Rhetorica ad
Herennium_.

=Cæratus=, a town of Crete. _Strabo._――――A river.

=Cære=, =Cæres=, anciently _Agylla_, now _Cerveteri_, a city of
Etruria, once the capital of the whole country. It was in being in
the age of Strabo. When Æneas came to Italy, Mezentius was king over
the inhabitants, called _Cæretes_ or _Cærites_; but they banished
their prince, and assisted the Trojans. The people of Cære received
with all possible hospitality the Romans who fled with the fire
of Vesta, when the city was besieged by the Gauls, and for this
humanity they were made citizens of Rome, but without the privilege
of voting; whence _Cærites tabulæ_ was applied to those who had no
suffrage, and _Cærites cera_ appropriated as a mark of contempt.
_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bks. 8 & 10.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 2.――_Strabo_,
bk. 5.

=Cæresi=, a people of Germany. _Cæsar._

=Cæsar=, a surname given to the Julian family at Rome, either because
one of them kept an _elephant_, which bears the same name in the
Punic tongue, or because one was born with a thick _head of hair_.
This name, after it had been dignified in the person of Julius
Cæsar and of his successors, was given to the apparent heir of
the empire, in the age of the Roman emperors. The 12 first Roman
emperors were distinguished by the surname of _Cæsar_. They reigned
in the following order: Julius Cæsar, Augustus, Tiberius, Caligula,
Claudius, Nero, Galba, Otho, Vitellius, Vespasian, Titus, and
Domitian. In Domitian, or rather in Nero, the family of Julius Cæsar
was extinguished. But after such a lapse of time, the appellation
of Cæsar seemed inseparable from the imperial dignity, and therefore
it was assumed by the successors of the Julian family. Suetonious
has written an account of these 12 characters, in an extensive and
impartial manner.――――Caius Julius Cæsar, the first emperor of Rome,
was son of ♦Caius Cæsar and Aurelia the daughter of Cotta. He was
descended, according to some accounts, from Julus the son of Æneas.
When he reached his 15th year he lost his father, and the year after
he was made priest of Jupiter. Sylla was aware of his ambition, and
endeavoured to remove him; but Cæsar understood his intentions, and
to avoid discovery changed every day his lodgings. He was received
into Sylla’s friendship some time after; and the dictator told those
who solicited the advancement of young Cæsar, that they were warm
in the interest of a man who would prove some day or other the ruin
of their country and of their liberty. When Cæsar went to finish his
studies at Rhodes, under Apollonius Molo, he was seized by pirates,
who offered him his liberty for 30 talents. He gave them 40, and
threatened to revenge their insults; and he no sooner was out of
their power, than he armed a ship, pursued them, and crucified them
all. His eloquence procured him friends at Rome; and the generous
manner in which he lived equally served to promote his interest.
He obtained the office of high priest at the death of Metellus; and
after he had passed through the inferior employments of the state,
he was appointed over Spain, where he signalized himself by his
valour and intrigues. At his return to Rome, he was made consul, and
soon after he effected a reconciliation between Crassus and Pompey.
He was appointed for the space of five years over the Gauls, by
the interest of Pompey, to whom he had given his daughter Julia in
marriage. Here he enlarged the boundaries of the Roman empire by
conquest, and invaded Britain, which was then unknown to the Roman
people. He checked the Germans, and soon after had his government
over Gaul prolonged to five other years, by means of his friends
at Rome. The death of Julia and of Crassus, the corrupted state of
the Roman senate, and the ambition of Cæsar and Pompey, soon became
the causes of a civil war. Neither of these celebrated Romans would
suffer a superior, and the smallest matters were sufficient ground
for unsheathing the sword. Cæsar’s petitions were received with
coldness or indifference by the Roman senate; and, by the influence
of Pompey, a decree was passed to strip him of his power. Antony,
who opposed it as tribune, fled to Cæsar’s camp with the news; and
the ambitious general no sooner heard this, than he made it a plea
of resistance. On pretence of avenging the violence which had been
offered to the sacred office of tribune in the person of Antony,
he crossed the Rubicon, which was the boundary of his province. The
passage of the Rubicon was a declaration of war, and Cæsar entered
Italy sword in hand. Upon this, Pompey, with all the friends of
liberty, left Rome, and retired to Dyrrachium; and Cæsar, after
he had subdued all Italy, in 60 days, entered Rome, and provided
himself with money from the public treasury. He went to Spain, where
he conquered the partisans of Pompey, under Petreius, Afranius,
and Varro; and, at his return to Rome, was declared dictator, and
soon after consul. When he left Rome he went in quest of Pompey,
observing that he was marching against a general without troops,
after having defeated troops without a general in Spain. In the
plains of Pharsalia, B.C. 48, the two hostile generals engaged.
Pompey was conquered, and fled into Egypt, where he was murdered.
Cæsar, after he had made a noble use of victory, pursued his
adversary into Egypt, where he for some time forgot his fame and
character in the arms of Cleopatra, by whom he had a son. His
danger was great while at Alexandria; but he extricated himself
with wonderful success, and made Egypt tributary to his power. After
several conquests in Africa, the defeat of Cato, Scipio, and Juba,
and that of Pompey’s sons in Spain, he entered Rome, and triumphed
over five different nations, Gaul, Alexandria, Pontus, Africa, and
Spain, and was created perpetual dictator. But now his glory was at
an end, his uncommon success created him enemies, and the chiefest
of the senators, among whom was Brutus his most intimate friend,
conspired against him, and stabbed him in the senate house on the
ides of March. He died, pierced with 23 wounds, the 15th of March,
B.C. 44, in the 56th year of his age. Casca gave him the first blow,
and immediately he attempted to make some resistance; but when he
saw Brutus among the conspirators, he submitted to his fate, and
fell down at their feet, muffling up his mantle, and exclaiming, _Tu
quoque Brute_! Cæsar might have escaped the sword of the conspirators
if he had listened to the advice of his wife, whose dreams on the
night previous to the day of his murder were alarming. He also
received, as he went to the senate house, a paper from Artemidorus,
which discovered the whole conspiracy to him; but he neglected the
reading of what might have saved his life. When he was in his first
campaign in Spain, he was observed to gaze at a statue of Alexander,
and even shed tears at the recollection that that hero had conquered
the world at an age in which he himself had done nothing. The
learning of Cæsar deserves commendation, as well as his military
character. He reformed the calendar. He wrote his commentaries
on the Gallic wars, on the spot where he fought his battles; and
the composition has been admired for the elegance as well as the
correctness of its style. This valuable book was nearly lost; and
when Cæsar saved his life in the bay of Alexandria, he was obliged
to swim from his ship, with his arms in one hand and his commentaries
in the other. Besides the Gallic and civil wars, he wrote other
pieces, which are now lost. The history of the war in Alexandria and
Spain is attributed to him by some, and by others to Hirtius. Cæsar
has been blamed for his debaucheries and expenses; and the first
year he had a public office, his debts were rated at 830 talents,
which his friends discharged: yet, in his public character, he must
be reckoned one of the few heroes that rarely make their appearance
among mankind. His qualities were such that in every battle he could
not but be conqueror, and in every republic, master; and to his
sense of his superiority over the rest of the world, or to his
ambition, we are to attribute his saying, that he wished rather
to be first in a little village, than second at Rome. It was after
his conquest over Pharnaces in one day, that he made use of these
remarkable words, to express the celerity of his operations: _Veni,
vidi, vici_. Conscious of the services of a man who in the intervals
of peace, beautified and enriched the capital of his country with
public buildings, libraries, and porticoes, the senate permitted
the dictator to wear a laurel crown on his bald head; and it is said
that, to reward his benevolence, they were going to give him the
title of authority of king all over the Roman empire, except Italy,
when he was murdered. In his private character, Cæsar has been
accused of seducing one of the vestal virgins, and suspected of
being privy to Catiline’s conspiracy; and it was his fondness for
dissipated pleasures which made his countrymen say, that he was the
husband of all the women at Rome, and the woman of all men. It is
said that he conquered 300 nations, took 800 cities, and defeated
three millions of men, one of which fell in the field of battle.
_Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 25, says that he could employ at the same time,
his ears to listen, his eyes to read, his hand to write, and his
mind to dictate. His death was preceded, as many authors mention, by
uncommon prodigies; and immediately after his death, a large comet
made its appearance. The best editions of Cæsar’s commentaries,
are the magnificent one by Dr. Clarke, folio, London, 1712; that of
Cambridge, with a Greek translation, 4to, 1727; that of Oudendorp,
2 vols., 4to, Leiden, 1737; and that of Elzevir, 8vo, Leiden, 1635.
_Suetonius_ & _Plutarch_, _Lives_.――_Dio Cassius._――_Appian._
――_Orosius._――_Diodorus_, bk. 16 & fragments of bks. 31 & 37.
――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 466.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
bk. 15, li. 782.――_Marcellinus._――_Florus_, bks. 3 & 4.――――Lucius
was father to the dictator. He died suddenly, when putting on his
shoes.――――Octavianus. _See:_ Augustus.――――Caius, a tragic poet
and orator, commended by _Cicero_, _Brutus_. His brother C. Lucius
was consul, and followed, as well as himself, the party of Sylla.
They were both put to death by order of Marius.――――Lucius, an uncle
of Marcus Antony, who followed the interest of Pompey, and was
proscribed by Augustus, for which Antony proscribed Cicero the
friend of Augustus. His son Lucius was put to death by Julius Cæsar
in his youth.――――Two sons of Agrippa bore also the name of Cæsar,
Caius and Lucius. _See:_ Agrippa.――――Augusta, a town of Spain, built
by Augustus, on the Iberus, and now called _Saragossa_.

♦ ‘L.’ replaced with ‘Caius’

=Cæsarēa=, a city of Cappadocia,――――of Bithynia,――――of Mauritania,
――――of Palestine. There are many small insignificant towns of that
name, either built by the emperors, or called by their name, in
compliment to them.

=Cæsarion=, the son of Julius Cæsar by queen Cleopatra, was, at the
age of 13, proclaimed by Antony and his mother, king of Cyprus,
Egypt, and Cœlosyria. He was put to death five years after by
Augustus. _Suetonius_, _Augustus_, ch. 17, & _Cæsar_, ch. 52.

=Cæsennius Pætus=, a general sent by Nero to Armenia, &c. _Tacitus_,
_Annals_, bk. 15, chs. 6 & 25.

=Cæsetius=, a Roman who protected his children against Cæsar.
_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 5, ch. 7.

=Cæsia=, a surname of Minerva.――――A wood in Germany. _Tacitus_,
_Annals_, bk. 1, ch. 50.

=Cæsius=, a Latin poet, whose talents were not of uncommon brilliancy.
_Catullus_, poem 14.――――A lyric and heroic poet in the reign of Nero.
_Persius._

=Cæso=, a son of Quinctius Cincinnatus, who revolted to the Volsci.

=Cæsonia=, a lascivious woman who married Caligula, and was murdered
at the same time with her daughter Julia. _Suetonius_, _Caligula_,
ch. 59.

=Cæsonius Maximus=, was banished from Italy by Nero, on account of his
friendship with Seneca, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 15, ch. 71.

=Cætŭlum=, a town of Spain. _Strabo_, bk. 2.

=Cagāco=, a fountain of Laconia. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 24.

=Caicīnus=, a river of Locris. _Thucydides_, bk. 3, ch. 103.

=Caīcus=, a companion of Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 187;
bk. 9, li. 35.――――A river of Mysia, falling into the Ægean sea,
opposite Lesbos. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 370.――_Ovid_,
_Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 243.

=Caiēta=, a town, promontory, and harbour of Campania, which received
its name from Caieta the nurse of Æneas, who was buried there.
_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 1.

=Caius= and =Caia=, a prænomen very common at Rome to both sexes. C,
in its natural position, denoted the man’s name, and when reversed Ↄ
it implied Cais. _Quintilian_, bk. 1, ch. 7.

=Caius=, a son of Agrippa by Julia. _See:_ Agrippa.

=Quintus Calăber=, called also Smyrnæus, wrote a Greek poem in 14
books, as a continuation of Homer’s Iliad, about the beginning of
the third century. The best editions of this elegant and well-written
book are that of Rhodoman, 12mo, Hanover, 1604, with the notes of
Dausqueius; and that of Pauw, 8vo, Leiden, 1734.

=Calābria=, a country of Italy in Magna Græcia. It has been called
Messapia, Japygia, Salentinia, and Peucetia. The poet Ennius was
born there. The country was fertile, and produced a variety of
fruits, much cattle, and excellent honey. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk.
3, li. 425.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 31; _Epodes_, poem 1, li. 27; bk.
1, ltr. 7, li. 14.――_Strabo_, bk. 6.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Pliny_,
bk. 8, ch. 48.

=Calăbrus=, a river of Calabria. _Pausanias_, bk. 6.

=Calagurritāni=, a people of Spain, who ate their wives and children
rather than yield to Pompey. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 7, ch. 6.

=Calais= and =Zethes=. _See:_ Zethes.

=Calagutis=, a river of Spain. _Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 22.

=Calămis=, an excellent carver. _Propertius_, bk. 3, poem 9, li. 10.

=Calămīsa=, a place of Samos. _Herodotus_, bk. 9.

=Calămos=, a town of Asia, near mount Libanus. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 20.
――――A town of Phœnicia.――――Another of Babylonia.

=Calămus=, a son of the river Mæander, who was tenderly attached to
Carpo, &c. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 35.

=Calānus=, a celebrated Indian philosopher, one of the gymnosophists.
He followed Alexander in his Indian expedition, and being sick,
in his 83rd year, he ordered a pile to be raised, upon which he
mounted, decked with flowers and garlands, to the astonishment of
the king and of the army. When the pile was fired, Alexander asked
him whether he had anything to say. “No,” said he, “I shall meet you
again in a very short time.” Alexander died three months after in
Babylon. _Strabo_, bk. 15.――_Cicero_, _de Divinatione_, bk. 1, ch.
23.――_Arrian_ & _Plutarch_, _Alexander_.――_Ælian_, bk. 2, ch. 41;
bk. 5, ch. 6.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 1, ch. 8.

=Calaon=, a river of Asia, near Colophon. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 3.

=Calăris=, a city of Sardinia. _Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 6.

=Calathāna=, a town of Macedonia. _Livy_, bk. 32, ch. 13.

=Calathes=, a town of Thrace near Tomus, on the Euxine sea. _Strabo_,
bk. 7.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 2.

=Calathion=, a mountain of Laconia. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 26.

=Calathus=, a son of Jupiter and Antiope.

=Calātia=, a town of Campania, on the Appian way. It was made a Roman
colony in the age of Julius Cæsar. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 543.

=Calatiæ=, a people of India, who ate the flesh of their parents.
_Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 38.

=Calavii=, a people of Campania. _Livy_, bk. 26, ch. 27.

=Calavius=, a magistrate of Capua, who rescued some Roman senators
from death, &c. _Livy_, bk. 23, chs. 2 & 3.

=Calaurēa= and =Calaurīa=, an island near Trœzene in the bay of Argos.
Apollo, and afterwards Neptune, was the chief deity of the place.
The tomb of Demosthenes was seen there, who poisoned himself to fly
from the persecutions of Antipater. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7,
li. 384.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 8, &c.――_Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Mela_,
bk. 2, ch. 7.

=Calbis=, a river of Caria. _Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 16.

=Calce=, a city of Campania. _Strabo_, bk. 5.

=Calchas=, a celebrated soothsayer, son of Thestor. He accompanied
the Greeks to Troy, in the office of high priest; and he informed
them that the city could not be taken without the aid of Achilles,
that their fleet could not sail from Aulis before Iphigenia was
sacrificed to Diana, and that the plague could not be stopped in the
Grecian army before the restoration of Chryseis to her father. He
told them also that Troy could not be taken before 10 years’ siege.
He had received the power of divination from Apollo. Calchas was
informed that as soon as he found a man more skilled than himself in
divination, he must perish; and this happened near Colophon, after
the Trojan war. He was unable to tell how many figs were in the
branches of a certain fig tree; and when Mopsus mentioned the exact
number, Calchas died through grief. _See:_ Mopsus. _Homer_, _Iliad_,
bk. 1, li. 69.――_Aeschylus_, _Agamemnon_.――_Euripides_, _Iphigeneia_.
――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 43.

=Calchedonia.= _See:_ Chalcedon.

=Calchinia=, a daughter of Leucippus. She had a son by Neptune, who
inherited his grandfather’s kingdom of Sicyon. _Pausanias_, bk. 2,
ch. 5.

=Caldus Cælius=, a Roman who killed himself when detained by the
Germans. _Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 120.

=Cale= (es), =Cales= (ium), and =Calēnum=, now _Calvi_, a town of
Campania. _Horace_, bk. 4, ode 12.――_Juvenal_, satire 1, li. 69.
――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 413.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7,
li. 728.

=Calēdonia=, a country at the north of Britain, now called Scotland.
The reddish hair and lofty stature of its inhabitants seemed
to denote a German extraction, according to _Tacitus_, _Life of
Agricola_. It was so little known to the Romans, and its inhabitants
so little civilized, that they called it _Britannia Barbara_, and
they never penetrated into the country either for curiosity or
conquest. _Martial_, bk. 10, ltr. 44.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 3,
li. 598.

=Calēntum=, a place of Spain, where it is said they made bricks so
light that they swam on the surface of the water. _Pliny_, bk. 35,
ch. 14.

=Calēnus=, a famous soothsayer of Etruria in the age of Tarquin.
_Pliny_, bk. 28, ch. 2.――――A lieutenant of Cæsar’s army. After
Cæsar’s murder, he concealed some that had been proscribed by
the triumvirs, and behaved with great honour to them. _Plutarch_,
_Cæsar_.

=Cales.= _See:_ Cale.――――A city of Bithynia on the Euxine. _Arrian._

=Calesius=, a charioteer of Axylus, killed by Diomedes in the Trojan
war. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 16, li. 16.

=Calētæ=, a people of Belgic Gaul, now _Pays de Caux_, in Normandy.
_Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 2, ch. 4. Their town was called Caletum.

=Caletor=, a Trojan prince, slain by Ajax as he was going to set fire
to the ship of Protesilaus. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 15, li. 419.

=Calex=, a river of Asia Minor, falling into the Euxine sea.
_Thucydides_, bk. 4, ch. 75.

=Caliadne=, the wife of Ægyptus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1.

=Calicēni=, a people of Macedonia.

=Marcus Calidius=, an orator and pretorian who died in the civil wars,
&c. _Cæsar_, _Civil War_, bk. 1, ch. 2.――――Lucius Julius, a man
remarkable for his riches, the excellency of his character, his
learning and poetical abilities. He was proscribed by Volumnius,
but delivered by Atticus. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Atticus_, ch. 12.

=Caius Calĭgŭla=, the emperor, received this surname from his wearing
in the camp the _Caliga_, a military covering for the leg. He was
son of Germanicus by Agrippina, and grandson to Tiberius. During
the first eight months of his reign, Rome experienced universal
prosperity, the exiles were recalled, taxes were remitted, and
profligates dismissed; but Caligula soon became proud, wanton,
and cruel. He built a temple to himself, and ordered his head to
be placed on the images of the gods, while he wished to imitate
the thunders and powers of Jupiter. The statues of all great men
were removed, as if Rome would sooner forget their virtues in their
absence; and the emperor appeared in public places in the most
indecent manner, encouraged roguery, committed incest with his three
sisters, and established public places of prostitution. He often
amused himself with putting innocent people to death; he attempted
to famish Rome by a monopoly of corn; and as he was pleased with
the greatest disasters which befel his subjects, he often wished
the Romans had but one head, that he might have the gratification
to strike it off. Wild beasts were constantly fed in his palace with
human victims, and a favourite horse was made high priest and consul,
and kept in marble apartments, and adorned with the most valuable
trappings and pearls which the Roman empire could furnish. Caligula
built a bridge upwards of three miles in the sea; and would perhaps
have shown himself more tyrannical had not Chæreas, one of his
servants, formed a conspiracy against his life, with others equally
tired with the cruelties and the insults that were offered with
impunity to the persons and feelings of the Romans. In consequence
of this, the tyrant was murdered January 24th, in his 29th year,
after a reign of three years and ten months, A.D. 41. It has been
said that Caligula wrote a treatise on rhetoric; but his love of
learning is better understood from his attempts to destroy the
writings of Homer and of Virgil. _Dio Cassius._――_Suetonius_, _Lives
of the Twelve Caesars_.――_Tacitus_, _Annals_.

=Calĭpus=, a mathematician of Cyzicus, B.C. 330.

=Calis=, a man in Alexander’s army, tortured for conspiring against
the king. _Curtius_, bk. 6, ch. 11.

=Callæscherus=, the father of Critias. _Plutarch_, _Alcibiades_.

=Callaĭci=, a people of Lusitania, now _Gallicia_, at the north of
Spain. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 6, li. 461.

=Callas=, a general of Alexander. _Diodorus_, bk. 17.――――Of Cassander
against Polyperchon. _Diodorus_, bk. 19.――――A river of Eubœa.

=Callatēbus=, a town of Caria. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 32.

=Calle=, a town of ancient Spain, now _Oporto_, at the mouth of the
Douro in Portugal.

=Calleteria=, a town of Campania.

=Callēni=, a people of Campania.

=Callia=, a town of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 27.

=Calliădes=, a magistrate of Athens when Xerxes invaded Greece.
_Herodotus_, bk. 8, ch. 51.

=Callias=, an Athenian appointed to make peace between Artaxerxes and
his country. _Diodorus_, bk. 12.――――A son of Temenus, who murdered
his father with the assistance of his brothers. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2,
ch. 6.――――A Greek poet, son of Lysimachus. His compositions are lost.
He was surnamed Schœnion, from his twisting ropes (σχοινος), through
poverty. _Athenæus_, bk. 10.――――A partial historian of Syracuse.
He wrote an account of the Sicilian wars, and was well rewarded
by Agathocles, because he had shown him in a favourable view.
_Athenæus_, bk. 12.――_Dionysius._――――An Athenian greatly revered
for his patriotism. _Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 121.――――A soothsayer.
――――An Athenian commander of a fleet against Philip, whose ships
he took, &c.――――A rich Athenian, who liberated Cimon from prison,
on condition of marrying his sister and wife Elpinice. _Cornelius
Nepos_ & _Plutarch_, _Cimon_.――――An historian, who wrote an
explanation of the poems of Alcæus and Sappho.

=Callibius=, a general in the war between Mantinea and Sparta.
_Xenophon_, _Hellenica_.

=Callicērus=, a Greek poet, some of whose epigrams are preserved in
the Anthologia.

=Callichŏrus=, a place of Phocis, where the orgies of Bacchus were
yearly celebrated.

=Callĭcles=, an Athenian, whose house was not searched on account of
his recent marriage, when an inquiry was made after the money given
by Harpalus, &c. _Plutarch_, _Demosthenes_.――――A statuary of Megara.

=Callicolōna=, a place of Troy, near the Simois.

=Callicrătes=, an Athenian, who seized upon the sovereignty of
Syracuse, by imposing upon Dion when he had lost his popularity.
He was expelled by the sons of Dionysius, after reigning 13 months.
He is called _Calippus_ by some authors. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Dion_.
――――An officer entrusted with the care of the treasures of Susa by
Alexander. _Curtius_, bk. 5, ch. 2.――――An artist, who made, with
ivory, ants and other insects, so small that they could scarcely
be seen. It is said that he engraved some of Homer’s verses upon a
grain of millet. _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 21.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_,
bk. 1, ch. 17.――――An Athenian, who, by his perfidy, constrained the
Athenians to submit to Rome. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 10.――――A Syrian,
who wrote an account of Aurelian’s life.――――A brave Athenian, killed
at the battle of Platæa. _Herodotus_, bk. 9, ch. 72.

=Callicratĭdas=, a Spartan, who succeeded Lysander in the command of
the fleet. He took Methymna, and routed the Athenian fleet under
Conon. He was defeated and killed near the Arginusæ, in a naval
battle, B.C. 406. _Diodorus_, bk. 13.――_Xenophon_, _Hellenica_.
――――One of the four ambassadors sent by the Lacedæmonians to Darius,
upon the rupture of their alliance with Alexander. _Curtius_, bk. 3,
ch. 13.――――A Pythagorean writer.

=Callidius=, a celebrated Roman orator, contemporary with Cicero,
who speaks of his abilities with commendation. _Cicero_, _Brutus_,
ch. 274.――_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 36.

=Callidrŏmus=, a place near Thermopylæ. _Thucydides_, bk. 8, ch. 6.

=Calligētus=, a man of Megara, received in his banishment by
Pharnabazus. _Thucydides_, bk. 8, ch. 6.

=Callĭmăchus=, an historian and poet of Cyrene, son of Battus and
Mesatma, and pupil to Hermocrates the grammarian. He had, in the
age of Ptolemy Philadelphus, kept a school at Alexandria, and had
Apollonius of Rhodes among his pupils, whose ingratitude obliged
Callimachus to lash him severely in a satirical poem, under the name
of _Ibis_. _See:_ Apollonius. The Ibis of Ovid is in imitation of
this piece. He wrote a work, in 120 books, on famous men, besides
treatises on birds; but of all his numerous compositions, only 31
epigrams, an elegy, and some hymns on the gods, are extant; the
best editions of which are that of Ernestus, 2 vols., 8vo, Leiden,
1761, and that of Vulcanius, 12mo, Antwerp, 1584. Propertius styled
himself the _Roman Callimachus_. The precise time of his death, as
well as of his birth, is unknown. _Propertius_, bk. 4, poem 1, li.
65.――_Cicero_, _Tusculanæ Disputations_, bk. 1, ch. 84.――_Horace_,
bk. 2, ltr. 2, li. 109.――_Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1.――――An Athenian
general killed in the battle of Marathon. His body was found in an
erect posture, all covered with wounds. _Plutarch._――――A Colophonian,
who wrote the life of Homer. _Plutarch._

=Callimĕdon=, a partisan of Phocion, at Athens, condemned by the
populace.

=Callimĕles=, a youth ordered to be killed and served up as meat by
Apollodorus of Cassandrea. _Polyænus_, bk. 6, ch. 7.

=Callinus=, an orator, who is said to have first invented elegiac
poetry, B.C. 776. Some of his verses are to be found in Stobæus.
_Athenæus._――_Strabo_, bk. 13.

=Calliŏpe=, one of the Muses, daughter of Jupiter and Mnemosyne, who
presided over eloquence and heroic poetry. She is said to be the
mother of Orpheus by Apollo, and Horace supposes her able to play
on any musical instrument. She was represented with a trumpet in her
right hand, and with books in the other, which signified that her
office was to take notice of the famous actions of heroes, as Clio
was employed in celebrating them; and she held the three most famous
epic poems of antiquity, and appeared generally crowned with laurels.
She settled the dispute between Venus and Proserpine, concerning
Adonis, whose company these two goddesses wished both perpetually to
enjoy. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 3.――_Horace_,
_Odes_.

=Callipatīra=, daughter of Diagoras and wife of Callianax the athlete,
went disguised in man’s clothes with her son Pisidorus to the
Olympic games. When Pisidorus was declared victor, she discovered
her sex through excess of joy, and was arrested, as women were not
permitted to appear there on pain of death. The victory of her son
obtained her release; and a law was instantly made, which forbade
any wrestlers to appear but naked. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 6; bk. 6,
ch. 7.

=Callĭphon=, a painter of Samos, famous for his historical pieces.
_Pliny_, bk. 10, ch. 26.――――A philosopher who made the _summum
bonum_ consist in pleasure joined to the love of honesty. This
system was opposed by _Cicero_. _Academic Questions_, bk. 4, chs.
131 & 139; _De Officiis_, bk. 3, ch. 119.

=Callĭphron=, a celebrated dancing master, who had Epaminondas among
his pupils. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Epaminondas_.

=Callipĭdæ=, a people of Scythia. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 17.

=Callipŏlis=, a city of Thrace on the Hellespont. _Silius Italicus_,
bk. 14, li. 250.――――A town of Sicily near Ætna.――――A city of
Calabria on the coast of Tarentum, on a rocky island, joined by a
bridge to the continent. It is now called _Gallipoli_, and contains
6000 inhabitants, who trade in oil and cotton.

=Callĭpus=, or =Calippus=, an Athenian, disciple to Plato. He
destroyed Dion, &c. _See:_ Callicrates. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Dion_.
――――A Corinthian, who wrote a history of Orchomenos. _Pausanias_,
bk. 6, ch. 20.――――A philosopher. _Diogenes Laërtius_, _Zeno_.
――――A general of the Athenians, when the Gauls invaded Greece by
Thermopylæ. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 3.

=Callipyges=, a surname of Venus.

=Callirhoe=, a daughter of the Scamander, who married Tros, by whom
she had Ilus, Ganymede, and Assaracus.――――A fountain of Attica
where Callirhoe killed herself. _See:_ Coresus. _Pausanias_, bk. 7,
ch. 21.――_Statius_, bk. 12, _Thebiad_, li. 629.――――A daughter of
Oceanus and Tethys, mother of Echidna, Orthus, and Cerberus by
Chrysaor. _Hesiod._――――A daughter of Lycus tyrant of Libya, who
kindly received Diomedes at his return from Troy. He abandoned her,
upon which she killed herself.――――A daughter of the Achelous, who
married Alcmæon. _See:_ Alcmæon. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 24.――――A
daughter of Phocus the Bœotian, whose beauty procured her many
admirers. Her father behaved with such coldness to her lovers that
they murdered him. Callirhoe avenged his death with the assistance
of the Bœotians. _Plutarch_, _Amatoriæ narrationes_.――――A daughter
of Piras and Niobe. _Hyginus_, fable 145.

=Calliste=, an island of the Ægean sea, called afterwards _Thera_.
_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.――_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 1.――Its chief town
was founded 1150 years before the christian era, by Theras.

=Callisteia=, a festival at Lesbos, during which all the women
presented themselves in the temple of Juno, and the fairest was
rewarded in a public manner. There was also an institution of the
same kind among the Parrhasians, first made by Cypselus, whose wife
was honoured with the first prize. The Eleans had one also, in which
the fairest man received as a prize a complete suit of armour, which
he dedicated to Minerva.

=Callisthĕnes=, a Greek who wrote a history of his own country in 10
books, beginning from the peace between Artaxerxes and Greece, down
to the plundering of the temple of Delphi by Philomelus. _Diodorus_,
bk. 14.――――A man who with others attempted to expel the garrison of
Demetrius from Athens. _Polyænus_, bk. 5, ch. 17.――――A philosopher
of Olynthus, intimate with Alexander, whom he accompanied in his
oriental expedition in the capacity of a preceptor, and to whom he
had been recommended by his friend and master Aristotle. He refused
to pay divine honours to the king, for which he was accused of
conspiracy, mutilated and exposed to wild beasts, dragged about
in chains, till Lysimachus gave him poison, which ended together
his tortures and his life, B.C. 328. None of his compositions are
extant. _Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 6.――_Plutarch_, _Alexander_.――_Arrian_,
bk. 4.――_Justin_, bk. 12, chs. 6 & 7.――――A writer of Sybaris.――――A
freedman of Lucullus. It is said that he gave poison to his master.
_Plutarch_, _Lucullus_.

=Callisto= and =Calisto=, called also Helice, was daughter of Lycaon
king of Arcadia, and one of Diana’s attendants. Jupiter saw her, and
seduced her after he had assumed the shape of Diana. Her pregnancy
was discovered as she bathed with Diana; and the fruit of her amour
with Jupiter called Arcas, was hid in the woods and preserved. Juno,
who was jealous of Jupiter, changed Calisto into a bear; but the
god, apprehensive of her being hurt by the huntsmen, made her a
constellation of heaven, with her son Arcas, under the name of the
bear. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, fable 4, &c.――_Apollodorus_,
bk. 3, ch. 8.――_Hyginus_, fable 176 & 177.――_Pausanias_, bk. 8,
ch. 3.

=Callistonicus=, a celebrated statuary at Thebes. _Pausanias_, bk. 9,
ch. 16.

=Callistrătus=, an Athenian, appointed general with Timotheus and
Chabrias against Lacedæmon. _Diodorus_, bk. 15.――――An orator of
Aphidna, in the time of Epaminondas, the most eloquent of his
age.――――An Athenian orator with whom Demosthenes made an intimate
acquaintance after he had heard him plead. _Xenophon._――――A Greek
historian praised by _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_.――――A comic poet,
rival of Aristophanes.――――A statuary. _Pliny_, bk. 34, ch. 8.――――A
secretary of Mithridates. _Plutarch_, _Lucullus_.――――A grammarian,
who made the alphabet of the Samians consist of 24 letters. Some
suppose that he wrote a treatise on courtesans.

=Callixĕna=, a courtesan of Thessaly, whose company Alexander refused,
though requested by his mother Olympias. This was attributed by the
Athenians to other causes than chastity, and therefore the prince’s
ambition was ridiculed.

=Callixĕnus=, a general who perished by famine.――――An Athenian
imprisoned for passing sentence of death upon some prisoners.
_Diodorus_, bk. 13.

=Calon=, a statuary. _Quintilian_, bk. 12, ch. 10.――_Pliny_, bk. 34,
ch. 8.

=Calor=, now _Calore_, a river in Italy near Beneventum. _Livy_,
bk. 24, ch. 14.

=Calpe=, a lofty mountain in the most southern parts of Spain, opposite
to mount Abyla on the African coast. These two mountains were called
the pillars of Hercules. Calpe is now called Gibraltar.

=Calphurnia=, a daughter of Lucius Piso, who was Julius Cæsar’s fourth
wife. The night previous to her husband’s murder, she dreamed that
the roof of her house had fallen, and that he had been stabbed in
her arms; and on that account she attempted, but in vain, to detain
him at home. After Cæsar’s murder she placed herself under the
patronage of Marcus Antony. _Suetonius_, _Julius_.

=Calphurnius Bestia=, a noble Roman bribed by Jugurtha. It is said
that he murdered his wives when asleep. _Pliny_, bk. 27, ch. 2.
――――Crassus, a patrician who went with Regulus against the Massyli.
He was seized by the enemy as he attempted to plunder one of their
towns, and he was ordered to be sacrificed to Neptune. Bisaltia the
king’s daughter fell in love with him, and gave him an opportunity
of escaping and conquering her father. Calphurnius returned
victorious, and Bisaltia destroyed herself.――――A man who conspired
against the emperor Nerva.――――Galerianus, son of Piso, put to death,
&c. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 4, ch. 11.――――Piso, condemned for
using seditious words against Tiberius. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk.
4, ch. 21.――――Another, famous for his abstinence. _Valerius Maximus_,
bk. 4, ch. 3.――――Titus, a Latin poet, born in Sicily in the age
of Diocletian, seven of whose eclogues are extant, and generally
found with the works of the poets who have written on hunting.
Though abounding in many beautiful lines, they are, however, greatly
inferior to the elegance and simplicity of Virgil. The best edition
is that of Kempher, 4to, Leiden, 1728.――――A man surnamed Frugi, who
composed annals, B.C. 130.

=Calpurnia=, or =Calphurnia=, a noble family in Rome, derived from
Calpus son of Numa. It branched into the families of the Pisones,
Bibuli, Flammæ, Cæsennini, Asprenates, &c. ♦_Plutarch_, _Numa_.

♦ ‘Pliny’ replaced with ‘Plutarch’

=Calpurnia= and =Calphurnia lex=, was enacted A.U.C. 604, severely
to punish such as were guilty of using bribes, &c. _Cicero_, _De
Officiis_, bk. 2.――――A daughter of Marius, sacrificed to the gods
by her father, who was advised to do it, in a dream, if he wished
to conquer the Cimbri. _Plutarch_, _Parallela minora_.――――A woman
who killed herself when she heard that her husband was murdered in
the civil wars of Marius. _Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 26.――――The wife
of Julius Cæsar. _See:_ Calphurnia.――――A favourite of the emperor
Claudius, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_.――――A woman ruined by Agrippina
on account of her beauty, &c. _Tacitus._

=Calvia=, a female minister of Nero’s lusts. _Tacitus_, _Histories_,
bk. 1, ch. 3.

=Calvīna=, a prostitute in Juvenal’s age. Bk. 3, li. 133.

=Calvisius=, a friend of Augustus. _Plutarch_, _Antonius_.――――An
officer whose wife prostituted herself in his camp by night, &c.
_Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 1, ch. 48.

=Calumnia= and =Impudentia=, two deities worshipped at Athens. Calumnia
was ingeniously represented in a painting by Apelles.

=Calusidius=, a soldier in the army of Germanicus. When this general
wished to stab ♦himself with his own sword, Calusidius offered him
his own, observing that it was sharper. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 1,
ch. 35.

♦ ‘himslf’ replaced with ‘himself’

=Calusium=, a town of Etruria.

=Calvus Cornelius Licinius=, a famous orator, equally known for
writing iambics. As he was both factious and satirical, he did not
fail to excite attention by his animadversions upon Cæsar and Pompey,
and, from his eloquence, to dispute the palm of eloquence with
Cicero. _Cicero_, _Letters_.――_Horace_, bk. 1, satire 10, li. 19.

=Caly̆be=, a town of Thrace. _Strabo_, bk. 17.――――The mother of
Bucolion by Laomedon. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 12.――――An old woman,
priestess in the temple which Juno had at Ardea. _Virgil_, _Æneid_,
bk. 7, li. 419.

=Calycadnus=, a river of Cilicia.

=Caly̆ce=, a daughter of Æolus son of Helenus and Enaretta, daughter
of Deimachus. She had Endymion king of Elis, by Æthlius the son of
Jupiter. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 7.――_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 1.
――――A Grecian girl, who fell in love with a youth called Evathlus.
As she was unable to gain the object of her love, she threw herself
from a precipice. This tragical story was made into a song by
Stesichorus, and was still extant in the age of _Athenæus_, bk. 14.
――――A daughter of Hecaton mother of Cycnus. _Hyginus_, fable 157.

=Calydium=, a town on the Appian way.

=Calydna=, an island in the Myrtoan sea. Some suppose it to be near
Rhodes, others near Tenedos. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, li. 205.