Chapter 3: , page 89 (10)

"The task in which Gilbert had failed was to be undertaken by
one better qualified to carry it out. If any Englishman in
that age seemed to be marked out as the founder of a colonial
empire, it was Raleigh. Like Gilbert, he had studied books;
like Drake he could rule men. … The associations of his
youth, and the training of his early manhood, fitted him to
sympathize with the aims of his half-brother Gilbert, and
there is little reason to doubt that Raleigh had a share in
his undertaking and his failure. In 1584 he obtained a patent
precisely similar to Gilbert's. His first step showed the
thoughtful and well-planned system on which he began his task.
Two ships were sent out, not with any idea of settlement, but
to examine and report upon the country. Their commanders were
Arthur Barlow and Philip Amidas. To the former we owe the
extant record of the voyage: the name of the latter would
suggest that he was a foreigner. Whether by chance or design,
they took a more southerly course than any of their
predecessors. On the 2d of July the presence of shallow water,
and a smell of sweet flowers, warned them that land was near.
The promise thus given was amply fulfilled upon their
approach. The sight before them was far different from that
which had met the eyes of Hore and Gilbert. Instead of the
bleak coast of Newfoundland, Barlow and Amidas looked upon a
scene which might recall the softness of the Mediterranean.
… Coasting along for about 120 miles, the voyagers reached
an inlet and with some difficulty entered. They then solemnly
took possession of the land in the Queen's name, and then
delivered it over to Raleigh according to his patent. They
soon discovered that the land upon which they had touched was
an island about 20 miles long, and not above six broad, named,
as they afterwards learnt, Roanoke. Beyond, separating them
from the mainland, lay an enclosed sea, studded with more than
a hundred fertile and well-wooded islets." The Indians proved
friendly, and were described by Barlow as being "most gentle,
loving and faithful, void of all guile and treason, and such
as live after the manner of the golden age." "The report which
the voyagers took home spoke as favourably of the land itself
as of its inhabitants. … With them they brought two of the
savages, named Wanchese and Manteo. A probable tradition tells
us that the queen herself named the country Virginia, and that
Raleigh's knighthood was the reward and acknowledgment of his
success.
{70}
On the strength of this report Raleigh at once made
preparations for a settlement. A fleet of seven ships was
provided for the conveyance of 108 settlers. The fleet was
under the command of Sir Richard Grenvillle, who was to
establish the settlement and leave it under the charge of
Ralph Lane. … On the 9th of April [1585] the emigrants set
sail." For some reason not well explained, the fleet made a
circuit to the West Indies, and loitered for five weeks at the
island of St. John's and at Hispaniola, reaching Virginia in
the last days of June. Quarrels between the two commanders,
Grenville and Lane, had already begun, and both seemed equally
ready to provoke the enmity of the natives. In August, after
exploring some sixty miles of the coast, Grenville returned to
England, promising to come back the next spring with new
colonists and stores. The settlement, thus left to the care of
Lane, was established "at the north-east corner of the island
of Roanoke, whence the settlers could command the strait.
There, even now, choked by vines and underwood, and here and
there broken by the crumbling remains of an earthen bastion,
may be traced the outlines of the ditch which enclosed the
camp, some forty yards square, the home of the first English
settlers in the New World. Of the doings of the settlers
during the winter nothing is recorded, but by the next spring
their prospects looked gloomy. The Indians were no longer
friends. … The settlers, unable to make fishing weirs, and
without seed corn, were entirely dependent on the Indians for
their daily food. Under these circumstances, one would have
supposed that Lane would have best employed himself in
guarding the settlement and improving its condition. He,
however, thought otherwise, and applied himself to the task of
exploring the neighbouring territory." But a wide combination
of hostile Indian tribes had been formed against the English,
and their situation became from day to day more imperilled. At
the beginning of June, 1586, Lane fought a bold battle with
the savages and routed them; but no sign of Grenville appeared
and the prospect looked hopeless. Just at this juncture, a
great English fleet, sailing homewards from a piratical
expedition to the Spanish Main, under the famous Captain
Drake, came to anchor at Roanoke and offered succor to the
disheartened colonists. With one voice they petitioned to be
taken to England, and Drake received the whole party on board
his ships. "The help of which the colonists had despaired was
in reality close at hand. Scarcely had Drake's fleet left the
coast when a ship well furnished by Raleigh with needful
supplies, reached Virginia, and after searching for the
departed settlers returned to England. About a fortnight later
Grenville himself arrived with three ships. He spent some time in
the country exploring, searching for the settlers, and at last,
unwilling to lose possession of the country, landed fifteen
men at Roanoke well supplied for two years, and then set sail
for England, plundering the Azores, and doing much damage to
the Spaniards."

_J. A. Doyle,
The English in America: Virginia, &c.,
chapter 4_.

"It seems to be generally admitted that, when Lane and his
company went back to England, they carried with them tobacco
as one of the products of the country, which they presented to
Raleigh, as the planter of the colony, and by him it was
brought into use in England, and gradually in other European
countries. The authorities are not entirely agreed upon this
point. Josselyn says: 'Tobacco first brought into England by
Sir John Hawkins, but first brought into use by Sir Walter
Rawleigh many years after.' Again he says: 'Now (say some)
Tobacco was first brought into England by Mr. Ralph Lane, out
of Virginia. Others will have Tobacco to be first brought into
England from Peru, by Sir Francis Drake's Mariners.' Camden
fixes its introduction into England by Ralph Lane and the men
brought back with him in the ships of Drake. He says: 'And
these men which were brought back were the first that I know
of, which brought into England that Indian plant which they
call Tobacco and Nicotia, and use it against crudities, being
taught it by the Indians.' Certainly from that time it began
to be in great request, and to be sold at a high rate. …
Among the 108 men left in the colony with Ralph Lane in 1585
was Mr. Thomas Hariot, a man of a strongly mathematical and
scientific turn, whose services in this connection were
greatly valued. He remained there an entire year, and went
back to England in 1586. He wrote out a full account of his
observations in the New World."

_L. N. Tarbox,
Sir Walter Raleigh and his Colony
(Prince Society 1884)._

ALSO IN
_T. Hariot,
Brief and true Report
(Reprinted in above-named Prince Society Publication)._

_F. L. Hawks,
History of North Carolina, volume 1
(containing reprints of Lane's Account, Hariot's Report, &c.)_

_Original Documents edited by E. E. Hale
(Archæologia Americana,
volume 4)._

AMERICA: A. D. 1587-1590.
The Lost Colony of Roanoke.
End of the Virginia Undertakings of Sir Walter Raleigh.

"Raleigh, undismayed by losses, determined to plant an
agricultural state; to send emigrants with their wives and
families, who should make their homes in the New World; and,
that life and property might be secured, in January, 1587, he
granted a charter for the settlement, and a municipal
government for the city of 'Raleigh.' John White was appointed
its governor; and to him, with eleven assistants, the
administration of the colony was intrusted. Transport ships
were prepared at the expense of the proprietary; 'Queen
Elizabeth, the godmother of Virginia,' declined contributing
'to its education.' Embarking in April, in July they arrived
on the coast of North Carolina; they were saved from the
dangers of Cape Fear; and, passing Cape Hatteras, they
hastened to the isle of Roanoke, to search for the handful of
men whom Grenville had left there as a garrison. They found
the tenements deserted and overgrown with weeds; human bones
lay scattered on the field where wild deer were reposing. The
fort was in ruins. No vestige of surviving life appeared. The
instructions of Raleigh had designated the place for the new
settlement on the bay of Chesapeake. But Fernando, the naval
officer, eager to renew a profitable traffic in the West
Indies, refused his assistance in exploring the coast, and
White was compelled to remain on Roanoke. … It was there
that in July the foundations of the city of Raleigh were laid.
But the colony was doomed to disaster from the beginning,
being quickly involved in warfare with the surrounding
natives. "With the returning ship White embarked for England,
under the excuse of interceding for re-enforcements and
supplies.
{71}
Yet, on the 18th of August, nine days previous to
his departure, his daughter Eleanor Dare, the wife of one of
the assistants, gave birth to a female child, the first
offspring of English parents on the soil of the United States.
The infant was named from the place of its birth. The colony,
now composed of 89 men, 17 women, and two children, whose
names are all preserved, might reasonably hope for the speedy
return of the governor, as he left with them his daughter and
his grandchild, Virginia Dare. The farther history of this
plantation is involved in gloomy uncertainty. The inhabitants
of 'the city of Raleigh,' the emigrants from England and the
first-born of America, awaited death in the land of their
adoption. For, when White reached England, he found its
attention absorbed by the threats of an invasion from Spain.
… Yet Raleigh, whose patriotism did not diminish his
generosity, found means, in April 1588, to despatch White with
supplies in two vessels. But the company, desiring a gainful
voyage rather than a safe one, ran in chase of prizes, till
one of them fell in with men of war from Rochelle, and, after
a bloody fight, was boarded and rifled. Both ships were
compelled to return to England. The delay was fatal: the
English kingdom and the Protestant reformation were in danger;
nor could the poor colonists of Roanoke be again remembered
till after the discomfiture of the Invincible Armada. Even
then Sir Walter Raleigh, who had already incurred a fruitless
expense of £40,000, found his impaired fortune insufficient
for further attempts at colonizing Virginia. He therefore used
the privilege of his patent to endow a company of merchants
and adventurers with large concessions. Among the men who thus
obtained an assignment of the proprietary's rights in Virginia
is found the name of Richard Hakluyt; it connects the first
efforts of England in North Carolina with the final
colonization of Virginia. The colonists at Roanoke had
emigrated with a charter; the instrument of March, 1589, was
not an assignment of Raleigh's patent, but the extension of a
grant, already held under its sanction by increasing the
number to whom the rights of that charter belonged. More than
another year elapsed before White could return to search for
his colony and his daughter; and then the island of Roanoke
was a desert. An inscription on the bark of a tree pointed to
Croatan; but the season of the year and the dangers from
storms were pleaded as an excuse for an immediate return. The
conjecture has been hazarded that the deserted colony,
neglected by their own countrymen, were hospitably adopted
into the tribe [the Croatans] of Hatteras Indians. Raleigh
long cherished the hope of discovering some vestiges of their
existence, and sent at his own charge, and, it is said, at
five several times, to search for his liege men. But
imagination received no help in its attempts to trace the fate
of the colony of Roanoke."

_G. Bancroft,
History of the United States,
part 1, ch.5 (volume 1)_.

"The Croatans of to-day claim descent from the lost colony.
Their habits, disposition and mental characteristics show
traces both of savage and civilized ancestors. Their language
is the English of 300 years ago, and their names are in many
cases the same as those borne by the original colonists. No
other theory of their origin has been advanced."

_S. B. Weeks,
The Lost Colony of Roanoke
(American History Association Papers,
volume 5, part 4)_.

"This last expedition [of White, searching for his lost
colony] was not despatched by Raleigh, but by his successors
in the American patent. And our history is now to take leave
of that illustrious man, with whose schemes and enterprises it
ceases to have any further connexion. The ardour of his mind
was not exhausted, but diverted by a multiplicity of new and
not less arduous undertakings. … Desirous, at the same time,
that a project which he had carried so far should not be
entirely abandoned, and hoping that the spirit of commerce
would preserve an intercourse with Virginia that might
terminate in a colonial establishment, he consented to assign
his patent to Sir Thomas Smith, and a company of merchants in
London, who undertook to establish and maintain a traffic
between England and Virginia. … It appeared very soon that
Raleigh had transferred his patent to bands very different
from his own. … Satisfied with a paltry traffic carried on
by a few small vessels, they made no attempt to take
possession of the country: and at the period of Elizabeth's
death, not a single Englishman was settled in America."

_J. Grahame,
History of the Rise and Progress of the
United States of North America till 1688,
chapter 1._

ALSO IN
_W. Stith,
History of Virginia,
book 1._

_F. L. Hawks,
History of North Carolina,
volume 1, Nos. 7-8._

AMERICA: A. D. 1602-1605.
The Voyages of Gosnold, Pring, and Weymouth.
The First Englishmen In New England.

Bartholomew Gosnold was a West-of-England mariner who had
served in the expeditions of Sir Walter Raleigh to the
Virginia coast. Under his command, in the spring of 1602,
"with the consent of Sir Walter Raleigh, and at the cost,
among others, of Henry Wriothesley, Earl of Southampton, the
accomplished patron of Shakespeare, a small vessel, called the
Concord, was equipped for exploration in 'the north part of
Virginia,' with a view to the establishment of a colony. At
this time, in the last year of the Tudor dynasty, and nineteen
years after the fatal termination of Gilbert's enterprise,
there was no European Inhabitant of North America, except
those of Spanish birth in Florida, and some twenty or thirty
French, the miserable relics of two frustrated attempts to
settle what they called New France. Gosnold sailed from
Falmouth with a company of thirty-two persons, of whom eight
were seamen, and twenty were to become planters. Taking a
straight course across the Atlantic, instead of the indirect
course by the Canaries and the West Indies which had been
hitherto pursued in voyages to Virginia, at the end of seven
weeks he saw land in Massachusetts Bay, probably near what is
now Salem Harbor. Here a boat came off, of Basque build,
manned by eight natives, of whom two or three were dressed in
European clothes, indicating the presence of earlier foreign
voyagers in these waters. Next he stood to the southward, and
his crew took great quantities of codfish by a head land,
called by him for that reason Cape Cod, the name which it
retains. Gosnold, Brereton, and three others, went on shore,
the first Englishmen who are known to have set foot upon the
soil of Massachusetts. … Sounding his way cautiously along,
first in a southerly, and then in a westerly direction, and
probably passing to the south of Nantucket, Gosnold next
landed on a small island, now called No Man's Land.
{72}
To this he gave the name of Martha's Vineyard, since
transferred to the larger island further north. … South of
Buzzard's Bay, and separated on the south by the Vineyard
Sound from Martha's Vineyard, is scattered the group denoted
on modern maps as the Elizabeth Islands. The southwesternmost
of these, now known by the Indian name of Cuttyhunk, was
denominated by Gosnold Elizabeth Island. … Here Gosnold
found a pond two miles in circumference, separated from the
sea on one side by a beach thirty yards wide, and enclosing 'a
rocky islet, containing near an acre of ground, full of wood and
rubbish.' This islet was fixed upon for a settlement. In three
weeks, while a part of the company were absent on a trading
expedition to the mainland, the rest dug and stoned a cellar,
prepared timber and built a house, which they fortified with
palisades, and thatched with sedge. Proceeding to make an
inventory of their provisions, they found that, after
supplying the vessel, which was to take twelve men on the
return voyage, there would be a sufficiency for only six weeks
for the twenty men who would remain. A dispute arose upon the
question whether the party to be left behind would receive a
share in the proceeds of the cargo of cedar, sassafras, furs,
and other commodities which had been collected. A small party,
going out in quest of shell-fish, was attacked by some
Indians. With men having already, it is likely, little stomach
for such cheerless work, these circumstances easily led to the
decision to abandon for the present the scheme of a
settlement, and in the following month the adventurers sailed
for England, and, after a voyage of five weeks, arrived at
Exmouth. … The expedition of Gosnold was pregnant with
consequences, though their development was slow. The accounts
of the hitherto unknown country, which were circulated by his
company on their return, excited an earnest interest." The
next year (April, 1603), Martin Pring or Prynne was sent out,
by several merchants of Bristol, with two small vessels.
seeking cargoes of sassafras, which had acquired a high value
on account of supposed medicinal virtues. Pring coasted from
Maine to Martha's Vineyard, secured his desired cargoes, and
gave a good account of the country. Two years later (March,
1605), Lord Soathampton and Lord Wardour sent a vessel
commanded by George Weymouth to reconnoitre the same coast
with an eye to settlements. Weymouth ascended either the
Kennebec or the Penobscot river some 50 or 60 miles and
kidnapped five natives. "Except for this, and for some
addition to the knowledge of the local geography, the voyage
was fruitless."

_J. G. Palfrey,
History of New England,
volume 1, chapter 2._

ALSO IN
_Massachusetts History Society Collection, 3d Series,
volume 8 (1843)._

_J. McKeen,
On the Voyage of George Weymouth
(Maine History Society Collection,
volume 5)._

AMERICA: A. D. 1603-1608.
The First French Settlements in Acadia.

See CANADA (NEW FRANCE): A. D. 1603-1605, and 1606-1608.

AMERICA: A. D. 1607.
The founding of the English Colony of Virginia, and the
failure in Maine.

See VIRGINIA: A. D. 1606-1607, and after;
and MAINE: A. D. 1607-1608.

AMERICA: A. D. 1607-1608.
The First Voyages of Henry Hudson.

"The first recorded voyage made by Henry Hudson was undertaken
… for the Muscovy or Russia Company [of England]. Departing
from Gravesend the first of May, 1607, with the intention of
sailing straight across the north pole, by the north of what
is now called Greenland, Hudson found that this land stretched
further to the eastward than he had anticipated, and that a
wall of ice, along which he coasted, extended from Greenland
to Spitzbergen. Forced to relinquish the hope of finding a
passage in the latter vicinity, he once more attempted the
entrance of Davis' Straits by the north of Greenland. This
design was also frustrated and he apparently renewed the
attempt in a lower latitude and nearer Greenland on his
homeward voyage. In this cruise Hudson attained a higher
degree of latitude than any previous navigator. … He reached
England on his return on the 15th September of that year
[1607]. … On the 22d of April, 1608, Henry Hudson commenced
his second recorded voyage for the Muscovy or Russia Company,
with the design of 'finding a passage to the East Indies· by
the north-east. … On the 3d of June, 1608, Hudson had
reached the most northern point of Norway, and on the 11th was
in latitude 75° 24', between Spitzbergen and Nova Zembla."
Failing to pass to the north-east beyond Nova Zembla, he
returned to England in August.

_J. M. Read, Jr.,
Historical Inquiry Concerning Henry Hudson,
pages 133-138._

ALSO IN
_G. M. Asher,
Henry Hudson, the Navigator,
(Hakluyt Society, 1860)._

AMERICA: A. D. 1608-1616.
Champlain's Explorations in the Valley of the St. Lawrence and
the Great Lakes.

See CANADA (NEW FRANCE): A. D. 1608-1611, and 1611-1616.

AMERICA: A. D. 1609.
Hudson's Voyage of Discovery for the Dutch.

"The failure of two expeditions daunted the enterprise of
Hudson's employers [the Muscovy Company, in England]; they
could not daunt the courage of the great navigator, who was
destined to become the rival of Smith and of Champlain. He
longed to tempt once more the dangers of the northern sea;
and, repairing to Holland, he offered, in the service of the
Dutch East India Company, to explore the icy wastes in search
of the coveted passage. The voyage of Smith to Virginia
stimulated desire; the Zealanders, fearing the loss of
treasure, objected; but, by the influence of Balthazar
Moucheron, the directors for Amsterdam resolved on equipping a
small vessel of discovery; and, on the 4th day of April, 1609,
the 'Crescent' [or 'Half-Moon' as the name of the little ship
is more commonly translated], commanded by Hudson, and manned
by a mixed crew of Englishmen and Hollanders, his son being of
the number, set sail for the north-western passage. Masses of
ice impeded the navigation towards Nova Zembla; Hudson, who
had examined the maps of John Smith of Virginia, turned to the
west; and passing beyond Greenland and Newfoundland, and
running down the coast of Acadia, he anchored, probably, in
the mouth of the Penobscot. Then, following the track of
Gosnold, he came upon the promontory of Cape Cod, and,
believing himself its first discoverer, gave it the name of
New Holland. Long afterwards, it was claimed as the
north-eastern boundary of New Netherlands. From the sands of
Cape Cod, he steered a southerly course till he was opposite
the entrance into the bay of Virginia, where Hudson remembered
that his countrymen were planted.
{73}
Then, turning again to the north, he discovered the Delaware
Bay, examined its currents and its soundings, and, without
going on shore, took note of the aspect of the country. On the
3d day of September, almost at the time when Champlain was
invading New York from the north, less than five months after
the truce with Spain, which gave the Netherlands a diplomatic
existence as a state, the 'Crescent' anchored within Sandy
Hook, and from the neighboring shores, that were crowned with
'goodly oakes,' attracted frequent visits from the natives.
After a week's delay, Hudson sailed through the Narrows, and
at the mouth of the river anchored in a harbor which was
pronounced to be very good for all winds. … Ten days were
employed in exploring the river; the first of Europeans,
Hudson went sounding his way above the Highlands, till at last
the 'Crescent' had sailed some miles beyond the city of
Hudson, and a boat had advanced a little beyond Albany.
Frequent intercourse was held with the astonished natives [and
two battles fought with them]. … Having completed his
discovery, Hudson descended the stream to which time has given
his name, and on the 4th day of October, about the season of
the return of John Smith to England, he set sail for Europe.
… A happy return voyage brought the 'Crescent' into
Dartmouth. Hudson forwarded to his Dutch employers a brilliant
account of his discoveries; but he never revisited the lands
which he eulogized: and the Dutch East-India Company refused
to search further for the north-western passage."

_G. Bancroft,
History of the United States,
chapter 15
(or part 2, chapter 12 of "Author's Last Revision")_.

ALSO IN
_H. R. Cleveland,
Life of Henry Hudson
(Library of American Biographies, volume 10),
chapters 3-4_.

_R. Juet,
Journal of Hudson's Voyage
(New York History Society Collection,
Second Series, volume 1)._

_J. V. N. Yates and J. W. Moulton,
History of the State of New York,
part 1._

AMERICA: A. D. 1610-1614.
The Dutch occupation of New Netherland, and Block's coasting
exploration.

See NEW YORK: A. D. 1610-1614.

AMERICA: A. D. 1614-1615.
The Voyages of Capt. John Smith to North Virginia.
The Naming of the country New England.

"From the time of Capt. Smith's departure from Virginia [see
VIRGINIA: A. D. 1607-1610], till the year 1614, there is a
chasm in his biography. … In 1614, probably by his advice
and at his suggestion, an expedition was fitted out by some
London merchants, in the expense of which he also shared, for
the purposes of trade and discovery in New England, or, as it
was then called, North Virginia. … In March, 1614, he set
sail from London with two ships, one commanded by himself, and
the other by Captain Thomas Hunt. They arrived, April 30th, at
the island of Manhegin, on the coast of Maine, where they
built seven boats. The purposes for which they were sent were
to capture whales and to search for mines of gold or copper,
which were said to be there, and, if these failed, to make up
a cargo of fish and furs. Of mines, they found no indications,
and they found whale-fishing a 'costly conclusion;' for,
although they saw many, and chased them too, they succeeded in
taking none. They thus lost the best part of the fishing
season; but, after giving up their gigantic game, they
diligently employed the months of July and August in taking
and curing codfish, an humble, but more certain prey. While
the crew were thus employed, Captain Smith, with eight men in
a small boat, surveyed and examined the whole coast, from
Penobscot to Cape Cod, trafficking with the Indians for furs,
and twice fighting with them, and taking such observations of
the prominent points as enabled him to construct a map of the
country. He then sailed for England, where he arrived in
August, within six months after his departure. He left Captain
Hunt behind him, with orders to dispose of his cargo of fish
in Spain. Unfortunately, Hunt was a sordid and unprincipled
miscreant, who resolved to make his countrymen odious to the
Indians, and thus prevent the establishment of a permanent
colony, which would diminish the large gains he and a few
others derived by monopolizing a lucrative traffic. For this
purpose, having decoyed 24 of the natives on board his ship,
he carried them off and sold them as slaves in the port of
Malaga. … Captain Smith, upon his return, presented his
map of the country between Penobscot and Cape Cod to Prince
Charles (afterwards Charles I.), with a request that he would
substitute others, instead of the 'barbarous names' which had
been given to particular places. Smith himself gave to the
country the name of New England, as he expressly states, and
not Prince Charles, as is commonly supposed. … The first
port into which Captain Smith put on his return to England was
Plymouth. There he related his adventures to some of his
friends, 'who,' he says, 'as I supposed, were interested in
the dead patent of this unregarded country.' The Plymouth
Company of adventurers to North Virginia, by flattering hopes
and large promises, induced him to engage his services to
them." Accordingly in March, 1615, he sailed from Plymouth,
with two vessels under his command, bearing 16 settlers,
besides their crew. A storm dismasted Smith's ship and drove
her back to Plymouth. "His consort, commanded by Thomas
Dermer, meanwhile proceeded on her voyage, and returned with a
profitable cargo in August; but the object, which was to
effect a permanent settlement, was frustrated. Captain Smith's
vessel was probably found to be so much shattered as to render
it inexpedient to repair her; for we find that he set sail a
second time from Plymouth, on the 24th of June, in a small
bark of 60 tons, manned by 30 men, and carrying with him the
same 16 settlers he had taken before. But an evil destiny
seemed to hang over this enterprise, and to make the voyage a
succession of disasters and disappointments." It ended in
Smith's capture by a piratical French fleet and his detention
for some months, until he made a daring escape in a small
boat. "While he had been detained on board the French pirate,
in order, as he says, 'to keep my perplexed thoughts from too
much meditation of my miserable estate,' he employed himself
in writing a narrative of his two voyages to New England, and
an account of the country. This was published in a quarto form
in June, 1616. … Captain Smith's work on New England was the
first to recommend that country as a place of settlement."

_G. S. Hillard,
Life of Captain John Smith
(chapters 14-15)._

ALSO IN
_Captain John Smith,
Description of New England._

{74}

AMERICA: A. D. 1619.
Introduction of negro slavery into Virginia.

See VIRGINIA: A. D. 1619.

AMERICA: A. D. 1620.
The Planting of the Pilgrim Colony at Plymouth, and the
Chartering of the Council for New England.

See MASSACHUSETTS (PLYMOUTH COLONY): A. D. 1620;
and NEW ENGLAND: A. D. 1620-1623.

AMERICA: A. D. 1620.
Formation of the Government of Rio de La Plata.

See ARGENTINE REPUBLIC: A. D. 1580-1777.

AMERICA: A. D. 1621.
Conflicting claims of England and France on the North-eastern coast.
Naming and granting of Nova Scotia.

See NEW ENGLAND: A. D. 1621-1631.

AMERICA: A. D. 1629.
The Carolina grant to Sir Robert Heath.

"Sir Robert Heath, attorney-general to Charles I., obtained a
grant of the lands between the 38th [36th?] degree of north
latitude to the river St. Matheo. His charter bears date of
October 5, 1629. … The tenure is declared to be as ample as
any bishop of Durham [Palatine], in the kingdom of England,
ever held and enjoyed, or ought or could of right have held
and enjoyed. Sir Robert, his heirs and assigns, are
constituted the true and absolute lords and proprietors, and
the country is erected into a province by the name of Carolina
[or Carolana] and the islands are to be called the Carolina
islands. Sir Robert conveyed his right some time after to the
earl of Arundel. This nobleman, it is said, planted several
parts of his acquisition, but his attempt to colonize was
checked by the war with Scotland, and afterwards the civil
war. Lord Maltravers, who soon after, on his father's death,
became earl of Arundel and Sussex … made no attempt to avail
himself of the grant. … Sir Robert Heath's grant of land, to
the southward of Virginia, perhaps the most extensive
possession ever owned by an individual, remained for a long
time almost absolutely waste and uncultivated. This vast
extent of territory occupied all the country between the 30th
and 36th degrees of northern latitude, which embraces the
present states of North and South Carolina, Georgia,
[Alabama], Tennessee, Mississippi, and, with very little
exceptions, the whole state of Louisiana, and the territory of
East and West Florida, a considerable part of the state of
Missouri, the Mexican provinces of Texas, Chiuhaha, &c. The
grantee had taken possession of the country, soon after he had
obtained his title, which he afterwards had conveyed to the
earl of Arundel. Henry lord Maltravers appears to have
obtained some aid from the province of Virginia in 1639, at
the desire of Charles I., for the settlement of Carolana, and
the country had since become the property of a Dr. Cox; yet,
at this time, there were two points only in which incipient
English settlements could be discerned; the one on the
northern shore of Albemarle Sound and the streams that flow
into it. The population of it was very thin, and the greatest
portion of it was on the north-east bank of Chowan river. The
settlers had come from that part of Virginia now known as the
County of Nansemond. … They had been joined by a number of
Quakers and other sectaries, whom the spirit of intolerance
had driven from New England, and some emigrants from Bermudas.
… The other settlement of the English was at the mouth of
Cape Fear river; … those who composed it had come thither
from New England in 1659. Their attention was confined to
rearing cattle. It cannot now be ascertained whether the
assignees of Carolina ever surrendered the charter under which
it was held, nor whether it was considered as having become
vacated or obsolete by non-user, or by any other means."

_F. X. Martin,
History of North Carolina,
volume 1, chapter 5 and 7._

AMERICA: A. D. 1629.
The Royal Charter to the Governor and Company of Massachusetts Bay.

See MASSACHUSETTS: A. D. 1623-1629, THE DORCHESTER COMPANY.

AMERICA: A. D. 1629-1631.
The Dutch occupation of the Delaware.

See DELAWARE: A. D. 1629-1631.

AMERICA: A. D. 1629-1632.
English Conquest and brief occupation of New France.

See CANADA (NEW FRANCE): A. D. 1628-1632.

AMERICA: A. D. 1632.
The Charter to Lord Baltimore and the founding of Maryland.

See MARYLAND: A. D. 1632, and A. D. 1633-1637.

AMERICA: A. D. 1638.
The planting of a Swedish Colony on the Delaware.

See DELAWARE: A. D. 1638-1640.

AMERICA: A. D. 1639-1700.
The Buccaneers and their piratical warfare with Spain.

"The 17th century gave birth to a class of rovers wholly
distinct from any of their predecessors in the annals of the
world, differing as widely in their plans, organization and
exploits as in the principles that governed their actions. …
After the native inhabitants of Haiti had been exterminated,
and the Spaniards had sailed farther west, a few adventurous
men from Normandy settled on the shores of the island, for the
purpose of hunting the wild bulls and hogs which roamed at
will through the forests. The small island of Tortugas was
their market; thither they repaired with their salted and
smoked meat, their hides, &c., and disposed of them in
exchange for powder, lead, and other necessaries. The places
where these semi-wild hunters prepared the slaughtered
carcases were called 'boucans,' and they themselves became
known as Buccaneers. Probably the world has never before or
since witnessed such an extraordinary association as theirs.
Unburdened by women-folk or children, these men lived in
couples, reciprocally rendering each other services, and
having entire community of property—a condition termed by
them matelotage, from the word 'matelot,' by which they
addressed one another. … A man on joining the fraternity
completely merged his identity. Each member received a
nickname, and no attempt was ever made to inquire into his
antecedents. When one of their number married, he ceased to be
a buccaneer, having forfeited his membership by so civilized a
proceeding. He might continue to dwell on the coast, and to
hunt cattle, but he was no longer a 'matelot'—as a Benedick
he had degenerated to a 'colonist.' … Uncouth and lawless
though the buccaneers were, the sinister signification now
attaching to their name would never have been merited had it
not been for the unreasoning jealousy of the Spaniards. The
hunters were actually a source of profit to that nation, yet
from an insane antipathy to strangers the dominant race
resolved on exterminating the settlers. Attacked whilst
dispersed in pursuance of their avocations, the latter fell
easy victims; many of them were wantonly massacred, others
dragged into slavery. … Breathing hatred and vengeance, 'the
brethren of the coast' united their scattered forces, and a
war of horrible reprisals commenced.
{75}
Fresh troops arrived from Spain, whilst the ranks of the
buccaneers were filled by adventurers of all nations, allured
by love of plunder, and fired with indignation at the
cruelties of the aggressors. … The Spaniards, utterly
failing to oust their opponents, hit upon a new expedient, so
short-sighted that it reflects but little credit on their
statesmanship. This was the extermination of the horned
cattle, by which the buccaneers derived their means of
subsistence; a general slaughter took place, and the breed was
almost extirpated. … The puffed up arrogance of the Spaniard
was curbed by no prudential consideration; calling upon every
saint in his calendar, and raining curses on the heretical
buccaneers, he deprived them of their legitimate occupation,
and created wilfully a set of desperate enemies, who harassed
the colonial trade of an empire already betraying signs of
feebleness with the pertinacity of wolves, and who only
desisted when her commerce had been reduced to insignificance.
… Devoured by an undying hatred of their assailants, the
buccaneers developed into a new association—the freebooters."

_C. H. Eden,
The West Indies,
chapter 3._

"The monarchs both of England and France, but especially the
former, connived at and even encouraged the freebooters [a
name which the pronunciation of French sailors transformed
into 'flibustiers,' while that corruption became Anglicized in
its turn and produced the word filibusters], whose services
could be obtained in time of war, and whose actions could be
disavowed in time of peace. Thus buccaneer, filibuster, and
sea-rover, were for the most part at leisure to hunt wild
cattle, and to pillage and massacre the Spaniards wherever
they found an opportunity. When not on some marauding
expedition, they followed the chase." The piratical buccaneers
were first organized under a leader in 1639, the islet of
Tortuga being their favorite rendezvous. "So rapid was the
growth of their settlements that in 1641 we find governors
appointed, and at San Christobal a governor-general named De
Poincy, in charge of the French filibusters in the Indies.
During that year Tortuga was garrisoned by French troops, and
the English were driven out, both from that islet and from
Santo Domingo, securing harborage elsewhere in the islands.
Nevertheless corsairs of both nations often made common cause.
… In [1654] Tortuga was again recaptured by the Spaniards,
but in 1660 fell once more into the hands of the French; and
in their conquest of Jamaica in 1655 the British troops were
reenforced by a large party of buccaneers." The first of the
more famous buccaneers, and apparently the most ferocious
among them all, was a Frenchman called François L'Olonnois,
who harried the coast of Central America between 1660-1665
with six ships and 700 men. At the same time another buccaneer
named Mansvelt, was rising in fame, and with him, as second in
command, a Welshman, Henry Morgan, who became the most
notorious of all. In 1668, Morgan attacked and captured the
strong town of Portobello, on the Isthmus, committing
indescribable atrocities. In 1671 he crossed the Isthmus,
defeated the Spaniards in battle and gained possession of the
great and wealthy city of Panama—the largest and richest in
the New World, containing at the time 30,000 inhabitants. The
city was pillaged, fired and totally destroyed. The exploits
of this ruffian and the stolen riches which he carried home to
England soon afterward, gained the honors of knighthood for
him, from the worthy hands of Charles II. In 1680, the
buccaneers under one Coxon again crossed the Isthmus, seized
Panama, which had been considerably rebuilt, and captured
there a Spanish fleet of four ships, in which they launched
themselves upon the Pacific. From that time their plundering
operations were chiefly directed against the Pacific coast.
Towards the close of the 17th century, the war between England
and France, and the Bourbon alliance of Spain with France,
brought about the discouragement, the decline and finally the
extinction of the buccaneer organization.

_H. H. Bancroft,
History of the Pacific States: Central America,
volume 2, chapter 26-30._

ALSO IN
_W. Thornbury,
The Buccaneers._

_A. O. Exquemelin,
History of the Buccaneers._

_J. Burney,
History of the Buccaneers of America._

See, also, JAMAICA: A. D. 1655-1796.

AMERICA: A. D. 1655.
Submission of the Swedes on the Delaware to the Dutch.

See DELAWARE: A. D. 1640-1656.

AMERICA: A. D. 1663.
The grant of the Carolinas to Monk, Clarendon, Shaftesbury,
and others.

See NORTH CAROLINA: A. D. 1663-1670.

AMERICA: A. D. 1664.
English conquest of New Netherland.

See NEW YORK: A. D.1664.

AMERICA: A. D. 1673.
The Dutch reconquest of New Netherland.

See NEW YORK: A. D. 1673.

AMERICA: A. D. 1673-1682.
Discovery and exploration of the Mississippi, by Marquette and
La Salle.
Louisiana named and possessed by the French.

See CANADA (NEW FRANCE): A. D. 1634-1673, and 1669-1687.

AMERICA: A. D. 1674.
Final surrender of New Netherland to the English.

See NETHERLANDS (HOLLAND): A. D. 1674.

AMERICA: A. D. 1681.
The proprietary grant to William Penn.

See PENNSYLVANIA: A. D. 1681.

AMERICA: A. D. 1689-1697.
The first Inter-Colonial War: King Williams's War (The war of
the League of Augsburg).

See CANADA (NEW FRANCE): A. D. 1689-1690; 1692-1697;
also, NEWFOUNDLAND: A. D. 1694-1697.

AMERICA: A. D. 1690.
The first Colonial Congress.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1690;
also, CANADA (NEW FRANCE): A. D. 1689-1690.

AMERICA: A. D. 1698-1712.
The French colonization of Louisiana.
Broad claims of France to the whole Valley of the Mississippi.

See LOUISIANA: A. D. 1698-1712.

AMERICA: A. D. 1700-1735.
The Spread of French occupation in the Mississippi Valley and
on the Lakes.

See CANADA (NEW FRANCE): A. D. 1700-1735.

AMERICA: A. D. 1702.
Union of the two Jerseys as a royal province.

See NEW JERSEY: A. D. 1688-1738.

AMERICA: A. D. 1702-1713.
The Second Inter-Colonial War: Queen Anne's War (The War of
the Spanish Succession).
Final acquisition of Nova Scotia by the English.

See NEW ENGLAND: A. D. 1702-1710;
CANADA (NEW FRANCE): A. D. 1711-1713.

AMERICA: A. D. 1713.
Division of territory between England and France by the Treaty
of Utrecht.

See CANADA (NEW FRANCE) A. D. 1711-1713.

{76}

AMERICA: A. D. 1729.
End of the proprietary government in North Carolina.

See NORTH CAROLINA: A. D. 1688-1729.

AMERICA: A. D. 1732.
The colonization of Georgia by General Oglethrope.

See GEORGIA: A. D. 1732-1739.

AMERICA: A. D. 1744-1748.
The Third Inter-Colonial War: King George's War (The War of
the Austrian Succession).

See NEW ENGLAND: A. D. 1744; 1745; and 1745-1748.

AMERICA: A. D. 1748-1760.
Unsettled boundary disputes of England and France.

The fourth and last inter-colonial war, called the French and
Indian War (The Seven Years War of Europe).

English Conquest of Canada.

See CANADA (NEW FRANCE): A. D. 1750-1753; 1760;
NOVA SCOTIA: A. D.1749-1755; 1755;
OHIO (VALLEY): A. D. 1748-1754; 1754; 1755;
CAPE BRETON ISLAND: A. D. 1758-1760.

AMERICA: A. D. 1749.
Introduction of negro slavery into Georgia.

See GEORGIA: A. D. 1735-1749.

AMERICA: A. D. 1750-1753:
Dissensions among the English Colonies on the eve of the great
French War.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1750-1753.

AMERICA: A. D. 1754.
The Colonial Congress at Albany.
Franklin's Plan of Union.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1754.

AMERICA: A. D. 1763.
The Peace of Paris.

Canada, Cape Breton, Newfoundland, and Louisiana east of the
Mississippi (except New Orleans) ceded by France to Great
Britain.

West of the Mississippi and New Orleans to Spain.

Florida by Spain to Great Britain.

See SEVEN YEARS WAR.

AMERICA: A. D. 1763-1764.
Pontiac's War.

See PONTIAC'S WAR.

AMERICA: A. D. 1763-1766.
Growing discontent of the English Colonies.
The question of taxation.
The Stamp Act and its repeal.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1760-1775, to 1766.

AMERICA: A. D. 1766-1769.
Spanish occupation of New Orleans and Western Louisiana, and
the revolt against it.

See LOUISIANA: A. D. 1766-1768, and 1769.

AMERICA: A. D. 1775-1783.
Independence of the English colonies achieved.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1775 (APRIL) to 1783 (SEPTEMBER).

AMERICA: A. D. 1776.
Erection of the Spanish Vice-royalty of Buenos Ayres.

See ARGENTINE REPUBLIC: A. D. 1580-1777.

AMERICA: A. D. 1810-1816.
Revolt, independence and Confederation of the Argentine
Provinces.

See ARGENTINE REPUBLIC: A. D. 1806-1820.

AMERICA: A. D. 1818.
Chilean independence achieved.

See CHILE: A. D. 1810-1818.

AMERICA: A. D. 1820-1821.
Independence Acquired by Mexico and the Central American
States.

See MEXICO: A. D. 1820-1826,
and CENTRAL AMERICA: A. D. 1821-1871.

AMERICA: A. D. 1824.
Peruvian independence won at Ayacucho.

See PERU: A. D. 1820-1826.

----------AMERICA: End----------

AMERICAN ABORIGINES.
Linguistic Classification.

In the Seventh Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology (for
1885-86, published in 1891), Major J. W. Powell, the Director
of the Bureau, has given a classification of the languages of
the North American aborigines based upon the most recent
investigations. The following is a list of families of speech,
or linguistic stocks, which are defined and named:

"Adaizan [identified since the publication of this list as
being but part of the Caddoan stock].
Algonquian.
Athapascan.
Attacapan.
Beothukan.
Caddoan.
Chimakuan.
Chimarikan.
Chimmesyan.
Chinookan.
Chitimachan.
Chumashan.
Coahuiltecan.
Copehan.
Costanoan.
Eskimauan.
Esselenian.
Iroquoian.
Kalapooian.
Karankawan.
Keresan.
Kiowan.
Kituanahan.
Koluschan.
Kulanapan.
Kusan.
Lutuamian.
Mariposan.
Moquelumnan.
Muskhogean.
Natchesan.
Palaihnihan.
Piman.
Pujunan.
Quoratean.
Salinan.
Salishan.
Sastean.
Shahaptian.
Shoshonean.
Siouan.
Skittagetan.
Takilman.
Tañoan.
Timuquanan.
Tonikan.
Tonkawan.
Uchean.
Waiilatpuan.
Wakashan.
Washoan.
Weitspekan.
Wishoskan.
Yokonan.
Yanan.
Yukian.
Yuman.
Zufiian."

These families are severally defined in the summary of
information given below, and the relations to them of all
tribes having any historical importance are shown by
cross-references and otherwise; but many other groupings and
associations, and many tribal names not scientifically
recognized, are likewise exhibited here, for the reason that
they have a significance in history and are the subjects of
frequent allusion in literature.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES: Abipones.

See below: PAMPAS TRIBES.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES: Abnakis, or Abenaques, or Taranteens.

"The Abnakis were called Taranteens by the English, and
Owenagungas by the New Yorkers. … We must admit that a large
portion of the North American Indians were called Abnakis, if
not by themselves, at least by others. This word Abnaki is
found spelt Abenaques, Abenaki, Wapanachki, and Wabenakies by
different writers of various nations, each adopting the manner
of spelling according to the rules of pronunciation of their
respective native languages. … The word generally received
is spelled thus, Abnaki, but it should be 'Wanbanaghi,' from
the Indian word 'wanbanban,' designating the people of the
Aurora Borealis, or in general, of the place where the sky
commences to appear white at the breaking of the day. … It
has been difficult for different writers to determine the
number of nations or tribes comprehended under this word
Abnaki. It being a general word, by itself designates the
people of the east or northeast. … We find that the word
Abnaki was applied in general, more or less, to all the
Indians of the East, by persons who were not much acquainted
with the aborigines of the country. On the contrary, the early
writers and others well acquainted with the natives of New
France and Acadia, and the Indians themselves, by Abnakis
always pointed out a particular nation existing north-west and
south of the Kennebec river, and they never designated any
other people of the Atlantic shore, from Cape Hatteras to
Newfoundland. … The Abnakis had five great villages, two
amongst the French colonies, which must be the village of St.
Joseph or Sillery, and that of St. Francis de Sales, both in
Canada, three on the head waters, or along three rivers,
between Acadia and New England. These three rivers are the
Kennebec, the Androscoggin, and the Saco. … The nation of
the Abnakis bear evident marks of having been an original
people in their name, manners, and language. They show a kind
of civilization which must be the effect of antiquity, and of
a past flourishing age."

_E. Vetromile,
The Abnaki Indians
(Maine Historical Society Collection, volume 6)_.

See, also, below:
ALGONQUIAN FAMILY.

{77}

For some account of the wars of the Abnakis, with the New
England colonies,

See
CANADA (NEW FRANCE): A. D. 1689-1690, and 1692-1697;
NEW ENGLAND: A. D. 1675 (JULY-SEPT.); 1702-1710, 1711-1713;
and NOVA SCOTIA: A. D. 1713-1730.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES: Absarokas, Upsarokas, or Crows.

See below: SIOUAN FAMILY.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES: Acawoios.

See below: CARIBS AND THEIR KINDRED.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES: Acolhuas.

See MEXICO, A. D. 1325-1502.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES: Adais.

[Footnote: See Note, Appendix E.]

These Indians were a "tribe who, according to Dr. Sibley,
lived about the year 1800 near the old Spanish fort or mission
of Adaize, 'about 40 miles from Natchitoches, below the
Yattassees, on a lake called Lac Macdon, which communicates
with the division of Red River that passes by Bayou Pierre'
[Lewis and Clarke]. A vocabulary of about 250 words is all
that remains to us of their language, which according to the
collector, Dr. Sibley, 'differs from all others, and is so
difficult to speak or understand that no nation can speak ten
words of it. … A recent comparison of this vocabulary by Mr.
Gatschet, with several Caddoan dialects, has led to the
discovery that a considerable percentage of the Adái words
have a more or less remote affinity with Caddoan, and he
regards it as a Caddoan dialect."

_J. W. Powell,
Seventh Annual Report, Bureau of Ethnology,
pages 45-46._

See preceding page.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Adirondacks.

"This is a term bestowed by the Iroquois, in derision, on the
tribes who appear, at an early day, to have descended the
Utawas river, and occupied the left banks of the St. Lawrence,
above the present site of Quebec, about the close of the 15th
century. It is said to signify men who eat trees, in allusion
to their using the bark of certain trees for food, when
reduced to straits, in their war excursions. The French, who
entered the St. Lawrence from the gulf, called the same people
Algonquins—a generic appellation, which has been long
employed and come into universal use, among historians and
philologists. According to early accounts, the Adirondacks had
preceded the Iroquois in arts and attainments."

_H. R. Schoolcraft,
Notes on the Iroquois,
chapter 5._

See, also, below: IROQUOIS CONFEDERACY: THEIR CONQUESTS, &c.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Æsopus Indians.

See below: ALGONQUIAN FAMILY.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES: Agniers.
Among several names which the Mohawks (see below: IROQUOIS)
bore in early colonial history was that of the Agniers.

_F. Parkman,
The Conspiracy of Pontiac,
volume 1, page 9, foot-note._

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Albaias.

See below: PAMPAS TRIBES.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Aleuts.

See below: ESKIMAUAN FAMILY.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
Algonquian (Algonkin) Family.

"About the period 1500-1600, those related tribes whom we now
know by the name of Algonkins were at the height of their
prosperity. They occupied the Atlantic coast from the Savannah
river on the south to the strait of Belle Isle on the north.
… The dialects of all these were related, and evidently at
some distant day had been derived from the same primitive
tongue. Which of them had preserved the ancient forms most
closely, it may be premature to decide positively, but the
tendency of modern studies has been to assign that place to
the Cree—the northernmost of all. We cannot erect a
genealogical tree of these dialects. … We may, however,
group them in such a manner as roughly to indicate their
relationship. This I do"—in the following list:

"Cree.
Old Algonkin.
Montagnais.
Chipeway, Ottawa, Pottawattomie, Miami, Peoria, Pea,
Piankishaw, Kaskaskia, Menominee, Sac, Fox, Kikapoo.
Sheshatapoosh, Secoffee, Micmac, Melisceet, Etchemin, Abnaki.
Mohegan, Massachusetts, Shawnee, Minsi, Unami, Unalachtigo
[the last three named forming, together, the nation of the
Lenape or Delawares], Nanticoke, Powhatan, Pampticoke.
Blackfoot, Gros Ventre, Sheyenne.
… All the Algonkin nations who dwelt north of the Potomac,
on the east shore of Chesapeake Bay, and in the basins of the
Delaware and Hudson rivers, claimed near kinship and an
identical origin, and were at times united into a loose,
defensive confederacy. By the western and southern tribes they
were collectively known as Wapanachkik—'those of the eastern
region'—which in the form Abnaki is now confined to the
remnant of a tribe in Maine. … The members of the
confederacy were the Mohegans (Mahicanni) of the Hudson, who
occupied the valley of that river to the falls above the site
of Albany, the various New Jersey tribes, the Delawares proper
on the Delaware river and its branches, including the Minsi or
Monseys, among the mountains, the Nanticokes, between
Chesapeake Bay and the Atlantic, and the small tribe called
Canai, Kanawhas or Ganawese, whose towns were on tributaries
of the Potomac and Patuxent. … Linguistically, the Mohegans
were more closely allied to the tribes of New England than to
those of the Delaware Valley. Evidently, most of the tribes of
Massachusetts and Connecticut were comparatively recent
offshoots of the parent stem on the Hudson, supposing the
course of migration had been eastward. … The Nanticokes
occupied the territory between Chesapeake Bay and the ocean,
except its southern extremity, which appears to have been
under the control of the Powhatan tribe of Virginia."

_D. G. Brinton,
The Lenape and their Legends.
chapters 1-2._