Chapter IV: Concerning the infallible teaching of the Roman (8)

"The epigraphic texts left us by the Phœnicians are too short
and dry to give us any of those vivid glimpses into the past
that the historian loves. When we wish to make the men of Tyre
and Sidon live again, when we try to see them as they moved in
those seven or eight centuries during which they were supreme
in the Mediterranean, we have to turn to the Greeks, to
Herodotus and Homer, for the details of our picture; it is in
their pages that we are told how these eastern traders made
themselves indispensable to the half-savage races of Europe. …
The Phœnicians carried on their trade in a leisurely way. It
consisted for the most part in exchanging their manufactured
wares for the natural produce of the countries they visited;
it was in conformity with the spirit of the time, and,
although it inspired distrust, it was regular enough in its
methods. Stories told by both Homer and Herodotus show them to
us as abductors of women and children, but in the then state
of the world even deeds like those described would soon be
forgotten, and after a time the faithless traders would be
readmitted for the sake of the wares they brought. … Seeing
how great their services were to the civilization of Greece
and Rome, and how admirable were those virtues of industry,
activity, and splendid courage that they brought to their
work, how is it that the classic writers speak of the
Phœnicians with so little sympathy? and why does the modern
historian, in spite of his breadth and freedom from bias, find
it difficult to treat them even with justice? It is because,
in spite of their long relations with them, the peoples of
Greece and Italy never learnt to really know the Phœnicians or
to understand their language, and, to answer the second
question, because our modern historians are hardly better
informed. Between Greece and Rome on the one hand and Phœnicia
and Carthage on the other, there was a barrier which was never
beaten down. They traded and fought, but they never concluded
a lasting and cordial peace; they made no effort to comprehend
each other's nature, but retained their mutual, ignorant
antipathy to the very end. … That full justice has never been
done to the Phœnicians is partly their own fault. They were
moved neither by the passion for truth nor by that for beauty;
they cared only for gain, and thanks to the condition of the
world at the time they entered upon the scene, they could
satisfy that lust to the full. In the barter trade they
carried on for so many centuries the advantage must always
have been for the more civilized, and the Phœnicians used and
abused that advantage. Tyre and Sidon acquired prodigious
wealth; the minds of their people were exclusively occupied
with the useful; they were thinking always of the immediate
profit to themselves in every transaction; and to such a
people the world readily denies justice, to say nothing of
indulgence. … No doubt it may be said that it was quite
without their goodwill that the Phœnicians helped other
nations to shake off barbarism and to supply themselves with
the material of civilized life. That, of course, is true, but
it does not diminish the importance of the results obtained
through their means. Phœnicia appropriated for herself all the
inventions and recipes of the old eastern civilizations and by
more than one happy discovery, and especially by the invention
of the alphabet, she added to the value of the treasure thus
accumulated. Whether she meant it or not, she did, as a fact,
devote her energies to the dissemination of all this precious
knowledge from the very day on which she entered into
relations with those tribes on the Grecian islands and on the
continent of Europe which were as yet strangers to political
life. …
{2534}
At the time of their greatest expansion, the true Phœnicians
numbered, at the very most, a few hundreds of thousands. It
was with such scanty numbers that they contrived to be present
everywhere, to construct ports of refuge for their ships,
factories for their merchants and warehouses for their goods.
These 'English of antiquity,' as they have been so well
called, upheld their power by means very similar to those
employed by England, who has succeeded for two centuries in
holding together her vast colonial empire by a handful of
soldiers and a huge fleet of ships. The great difference lies
in the fact that Tyre made no attempt to subjugate and govern
the nations she traded with."

_G. Perrot and C. Chipiez,
History of Art in Phœnicia,
volume 2, chapter 6._

The ascendancy among Phœnician cities passed at some early day
from Sidon to Tyre, and the decline of the former has been
ascribed to an attack from the Philistines of Ascalon, which
occurred about 1250 or 1200 B. C. But the explanation seems
questionable.

_G. Rawlinson,
History of Phœnicia,
chapter 14._

See TYRE.

PHŒNICIANS:
Coinage and Money.

See MONEY AND BANKING: PHŒNICIA.

PHŒNICIANS: B. C. 850-538.
Subjection to Assyria and Babylonia.

About 850 B. C. "the military expeditions of the Assyrians
began to reach Southern Syria, and Phœnician independence
seems to have been lost. We cannot be sure that the submission
was continuous; but from the middle of the ninth till past the
middle of the eighth century there occur in the contemporary
monuments of Assyria plain indications of Phœnician
subjection, while there is no evidence of resistance or
revolt. … About B. C. 743 the passive submission of Phœnicia
to the Assyrian yoke began to be exchanged for an impatience
of it, and frequent efforts were made, from this date till
Nineveh fell, to re-establish Phœnician independence. These
efforts for the most part failed; but it is not improbable
that finally, amid the troubles under which the Assyrian
empire succumbed, success crowned the nation's patriotic
exertions, and autonomy was recovered. … Scarcely, however,
had Assyria fallen when a new enemy appeared upon the scene.
Nechoh of Egypt, about B. C. 608, conquered the whole tract
between his own borders and the Euphrates. Phœnicia submitted
or was reduced, and remained for three years an Egyptian
dependency. Nebuchadnezzar, in B. C. 605, after his defeat of
Nechoh at Carchemish, added Phœnicia to Babylon; and, though
Tyre revolted from him eight years later, B. C. 598, and
resisted for thirteen years all his attempts to reduce her,
yet at length she was compelled to submit, and the Babylonian
yoke was firmly fixed on the entire Phœnician people. It is
not quite certain that they did not shake it off upon the
death of the great Babylonian king; but, on the whole,
probability is in favour of their having remained subject till
the conquest of Babylon by Cyrus, B. C. 538."

_G. Rawlinson,
Manual of Ancient History,
book 1, part 1, section 6._

"It appears to have been only a few years after
Nebuchadnezzar's triumphant campaign against Neco that renewed
troubles broke out in Syria. Phœnicia revolted under the
leadership of Tyre; and about the same time Jehoiakim, the
Jewish king, having obtained a promise of aid from the
Egyptians, renounced his allegiance. Upon this, in his seventh
year (B. C. 598), Nebuchadnezzar proceeded once more into
Palestine at the head of a vast army, composed partly of his
allies, the Medes, partly of his own subjects. He first
invested Tyre; but finding that city too strong to be taken by
assault, he left a portion of his army to continue the siege,
while he himself pressed forward against Jerusalem. … The
siege of Tyre was still being pressed at the date of the
second investment of Jerusalem. … Tyre, if it fell at the end
of its thirteen years' siege, must have been taken in the very
year which followed the capture of Jerusalem, B. C. 585. … It
has been questioned whether the real Tyre, the island city,
actually fell on this occasion (Heeren, As. Nat. volume ii.
page 11, E. T.; Kenrick, Phœnicia, page 390), chiefly because
Ezekiel says, about B. C. 570, that Nebuchadnezzar had
'received no wages for the service that he served against it.'
(Ezekiel xxix. 18.) But this passage may be understood to mean
that he had had no sufficient wages. Berosus expressly stated
that Nebuchadnezzar reduced all Phœnicia."

_G. Rawlinson,
Five Great Monarchies: Babylonia,
chapter 8, and footnote._

PHŒNICIANS:
Later commerce.

"The commerce of Phœnicia appears to have reached its greatest
height about the time of the rise of the Chaldæan power at
Babylon. Its monopoly may have been more complete in earlier
times, but the range of its traffic was more confined.
Nebuchadnezzar was impelled to attempt its conquest by a
double motive—to possess himself of its riches and to become
master of its harbours and its navy. The prophet Ezekiel
(chapter 27), foretelling his siege of Tyre, has drawn a
picture of its commerce, which is the most valuable document
for its commercial history that has come down to us. …
Directly or indirectly, the commerce of Tyre, in the beginning
of the sixth century before Christ, thus embraced the whole
known world. By means of the Arabian and the Persian gulfs it
communicated with India and the coast of Africa towards the
equator. On the north its vessels found their way along the
Euxine to the frozen borders of Scythia. Beyond the Straits of
Gibraltar, its ships, or those of its colony of Gades, visited
the British isles for tin, if they did not penetrate into the
Baltic to bring back amber. Ezekiel says nothing of the
voyages of the Tyrians in the Atlantic ocean, which lay beyond
the limits of Jewish geography; but it is probable that they
had several centuries before passed the limits of the Desert
on the western coast of Africa, and by the discovery of one of
the Canaries had given rise to the Greek fable of the Islands
of the Blessed."

_J. Kenrick,
Phœnicia,
chapter 6._

ALSO IN:
_A. H. L. Heeren,
Historical Researches,
volume 1._

_J. Yeats,
Growth and Vicissitudes of Commerce,
chapter 3._

_G. Rawlinson,
History of Phœnicia,
chapters 9, and 14, section 2._

_R. Bosworth Smith,
Carthage and the Carthaginians,
chapter 1._

PHŒNICIANS: B. C. 332, and after.
Final history.

See TYRE.

----------PHŒNICIANS: End--------

PHOENIX CLUBS.

See IRELAND: A. D. 1858-1867.

PHOENIX PARK MURDERS, The.

See IRELAND: A. D. 1882.

{2535}

PHOKIANS, The.

"The Phokians [in ancient Greece] were bounded on the north by
the little territories called Doris and Dryopis, which separated
them from the Malians,—on the northeast, east and south-west
by the different branches of Lokrians,—and on the south-east
by the Bœotians. They touched the Eubœan sea … at Daphnus, the
point where it approaches nearest to their chief town,
Elateia; their territory also comprised most part of the lofty
and bleak range of Parnassus, as far as its southerly
termination, where a lower portion of it, called Kirphis,
projects into the Corinthian Gulf, between the two bays of
Antikyra and Krissa; the latter, with its once fertile plain,
was in proximity to the sacred rock of the Delphian Apollo.
Both Delphi and Krissa originally belonged to the Phokian
race. But the sanctity of the temple, together with
Lacedæmonian aid, enabled the Delphians to set up for
themselves, disavowing their connexion with the Phokian
brotherhood. Territorially speaking, the most valuable part of
Phokis consisted in the valley of the river Kephisus. … It was
on the projecting mountain ledges and rocks on each side of
this river that the numerous little Phokian towns were
situated. Twenty-two of them were destroyed and broken up into
villages by the Amphiktyonic order, after the second Sacred
War."

_G. Grote,
History of Greece,
part 2, chapter 3._

See SACRED WARS.

PHORMIO, and the sea victories of.

See GREECE: B. C. 429-427.

PHRATRIÆ.

See PHYLÆ:
also, ATHENS: B. C. 510-507.

PHRYGIAN CAP OF LIBERTY, The.

See LIBERTY CAP.

PHRYGIAN SIBYL.

See SIBYLS.

PHRYGIANS. MYSIANS.

"When the Assyrians in the thirteenth century [B. C.] advanced
past the springs of the Euphrates into the western peninsula
[of Asia Minor], they found, on the central table-land, a
mighty body of native population—the Phrygians. The remains of
their language tend to show them to have been the central link
between the Greeks and the elder Aryans. They called their
Zeus Bagalus ('baga' in ancient Persian signifying God;
'bhaga,' in Sanscrit, fortune), or Sabazius, from a verb
common to Indian and Greek, and signifying 'to adore.' They
possessed the vowels of the Greeks, and in the terminations of
words changed the 'm' into 'n.' Kept off from the sea, they,
it is true, lagged behind the coast tribes in civilization,
and were regarded by these as men slow of understanding and
only suited for inferior duties in human society. Yet they too
had a great and independent post of their own, which is
mirrored in the native myths of their kings. The home of these
myths is especially in the northern regions of Phrygia, on the
banks of the springs which feed the Sangarius, flowing in
mighty curves through Bithynia into Pontus. Here traditions
survived of the ancient kings of the land, of Gordius and
Midas."

_E. Curtius,
History of Greece,
volume 1, book 1, chapter 3._

"As far us any positive opinion can be formed respecting
nations of whom we know so little, it would appear that the
Mysians and Phrygians are a sort of connecting link between
Lydians and Karians on one side, and Thracians (European as
well as Asiatic) on the other—a remote ethnical affinity
pervading the whole. Ancient migrations are spoken of in both
directions across the Hellespont and the Thracian Bosphorus.
It was the opinion of some that Phrygians, Mysians and
Thracians had immigrated into Asia from Europe. … On the other
hand, Herodotus speaks of a vast body of Teukrians and Mysians
who, before the Trojan war, had crossed the strait from Asia
into Europe. … The Phrygians also are supposed by some to have
originally occupied an European soil on the borders of
Macedonia, … while the Mysians are said to have come from the
northeastern portions of European Thrace south of the Danube,
known under the Roman empire by the name of Mœsia. But with
respect to the Mysians there was also another story, according
to which they were described as colonists emanating from the
Lydians. … And this last opinion was supported by the
character of the Mysian language, half Lydian and half
Phrygian."

_G. Grote,
History of Greece,
part 2, chapter 16._

The Mysians occupied the north-western corner of Asia Minor,
including the region of the Troad. "In the works of the great
Greek writers which have come down to us, notably, in the
histories of Herodotus and Thucydides, the Phrygians figure
but little. To the Greeks generally they were known but as the
race whence most of their slaves were drawn, as a people
branded with the qualities of slaves, idleness, cowardice,
effeminacy. … From the Phrygians came those orgiastic forms of
religious cult which were connected with the worship of
Dionysus and of the Mother of the Gods, orgies which led alike
to sensual excess and to hideous self–mutilations, to
semi-religious frenzy and bestial immoralities, against which
the strong good sense of the better Greeks set itself at all
periods, though it could not deprive them of their attractions
for the lowest of the people. And yet it was to this race sunk
in corruption, except when roused by frenzy, that the warlike
Trojan stock belonged. Hector and Aeneas were Phrygians; and
the most manly race of the ancient world, the Romans, were
proud of their supposed descent from shepherds of Phrygia."

_P. Gardner,
New Chapters in Greek History,
chapter 2._

PHUT.

See LIBYANS.

PHYLÆ. PHRATRIÆ. GENTES.

"In all Greek states, without exception, the people was
divided into tribes or Phylæ, and those again into the smaller
subdivisions of Phratriæ and gentes, and the distribution so
made was employed to a greater or less extent for the common
organisation of the State."

_G. F. Schömann,
Antiquities of Greece: The State,
part 2, chapter 4._

The four Attic tribes were called, during the later period of
that division, the Geleontes, Hopletes, Ægikoreis, and
Argadeis. "It is affirmed, and with some etymological
plausibility, that the denominations of these four tribes must
originally have had reference to the occupations of those who
bore them,—the Hopletes being the warriour-class, the
Ægikoreis goatherds, the Argadeis artisans, and the Geleontes
(Teleontes or Gedeontes) cultivators. Hence some authors have
ascribed to the ancient inhabitants of Attica an actual
primitive distribution into hereditary professions or castes,
similar to that which prevailed in India and Egypt. If we
should even grant that such a division into castes might
originally have prevailed, it must have grown obsolete long
before the time of Solon; but there seem no sufficient grounds
for believing that it ever did prevail. … The four tribes, and
the four names (allowing for some variations of reading), are
therefore historically verified. But neither the time of their
introduction, nor their primitive import, are ascertainable
matters. …
{2536}
These four tribes may be looked at either as religious and
social aggregates, in which capacity each of them comprised
three Phratries and ninety Gentes; or as political aggregates,
in which point of view each included three Trittyes and twelve
Naukraries. Each Phratry contained thirty Gentes; each Trittys
comprised four Naukraries: the total numbers were thus 360
Gentes and 48 Naukraries. Moreover, each gens is said to have
contained thirty heads of families, of whom therefore there
would be a total of 10,800. … That every Phratry contained an
equal number of Gentes, and every Gens an equal number of
families, is a supposition hardly admissible without better
evidence than we possess. But apart from this questionable
precision of numerical scale, the Phratries and Gentes
themselves were real, ancient and durable associations among
the Athenian people, highly important to be understood. The
basis of the whole was the house, hearth or family,—a number
of which, greater or less, composed the Gens, or Genos. This
Gens was therefore a clan, sept, or enlarged, and partly
factitious, brotherhood. … All these phratric and gentile
associations, the larger as well as the smaller, were founded
upon the same principles and tendencies of the Grecian mind—a
coalescence of the idea of worship with that of ancestry, or
of communion in certain special religious rites with communion
of blood, real or supposed. The god, or hero, to whom the
assembled members offered their sacrifices, was conceived as
the primitive ancestor, to whom they owed their origin. … The
revolution of Kleisthenes in 509 B. C. abolished the old
tribes for civil purposes, and created ten new tribes,—leaving
the Phratries and Gentes unaltered, but introducing the local
distribution according to demes or cantons, as the foundation
of his new political tribes. A certain number of demes
belonged to each of the ten Kleisthenean tribes (the demes in
the same tribes were not usually contiguous, so that the tribe
was not coincident with a definite circumscription), and the
deme, in which every individual was then registered, continued
to be that in which his descendants were also registered. …
The different Gentes were very unequal in dignity, arising
chiefly from the religious ceremonies of which each possessed
the hereditary and exclusive administration, and which, being
in some cases considered as of preeminent sanctity in
reference to the whole city, were therefore nationalized. Thus
the Eumolpidæ and Kerykes, who supplied the Hierophant and
superintended the mysteries of the Eleusinian Demeter—and the
Butadæ, who furnished the priestess of Athene Polias as well
as the priest of Poseidon Erechtheus in the acropolis—seem to
have been reverenced above all the other Gentes. When the name
Butadæ was selected in the Kleisthenean arrangement as the
name of a deme, the holy Gens so called adopted the
distinctive denomination of Eteobutadæ, or 'The true Butadæ.'"

_G. Grote,
History of Greece,
part 2, chapter 10._

ALSO IN:
_Fustel de Coulanges,
The Ancient City,
book 3, chapter 1._

PHYLARCH.

See TAXIARCH.

PHYLE.

See ATHENS: B. C. 404-403.

PHYSICIANS, First English College of.

See MEDICAL SCIENCE, 16TH CENTURY.

PIACENZA.

See PLACENTIA.

PIAGNONI, The.

See FLORENCE: A. D. 1490-1498.

PIANKISHAWS, The.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: ALGONQUIAN FAMILY, and SACS, &c.

PIASTS, PIASSES, The.

See POLAND: BEGINNINGS, &c.

PIAVE, Battle on the.

See GERMANY: A. D. 1809 (JANUARY-JUNE).

PI-BESETH.

See BUBASTIS.

PICARDS, The Religions Sect of the.

"The reforming movement of Bohemia [15th century] had drawn
thither persons from other countries whose opinions were
obnoxious to the authorities of the church. Among these, the
most remarkable were known by the name of Picards,—apparently
a form of the word 'beghards' [see BEGUINES], which … was then
widely applied to sectaries. These Picards appear to have come
from the Low Countries."

_J. C. Robertson,
History of the Christian Church,
volume 8, page 24._

See, also, PAULICIANS.

PICARDY. PICARDS.

"Whimsical enough is the origin of the name of Picards, and
from thence of Picardie, which does not date earlier than
A. D. 1200. It was an academical joke, an epithet first
applied to the quarrelsome humour of those students in the
university of Paris who came from the frontier of France and
Flanders."

_E. Gibbon,
Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire,
chapter 58, foot-note 1._

PICENIANS, The.

See SABINES.

PICHEGRU, Campaign and political intrigues of.

See FRANCE; A. D. 1794 (MARCH-JULY);
1794-1795 (OCTOBER-MAY);
1795 (JUNE-DECEMBER);
1797 (SEPTEMBER);
1804-1805.

PICHINCHA, Battle of (1822).

See COLOMBIAN STATES: A. D. 1819-1830.

PICKAWILLANY.

See OHIO (VALLEY): A. D. 1748-1764.

PICTAVI.

See POITIERS: ORIGINAL NAMES.

PICTONES, The.

"The Pictones [of ancient Gaul], whose name is represented by
Poitou, and the Santones (Saintonge) occupied the coast
between the lower Loire and the great aestuary of the
Garonne."

_G. Long,
Decline of the Roman Republic,
volume 4, chapter 6._

PICTS AND SCOTS.

See SCOTLAND: THE PICTS AND SCOTS.

PICTURE-WRITING.

See AZTEC AND MAYA PICTURE-WRITING;
also HIEROGLYPHICS.

PIE-POWDER COURT, The.

"There was one special court [in London, during the Middle
Ages], which met to decide disputes arising on market-days, or
among travellers and men of business, and which reminds us of
the old English tendency to decide quickly and definitely,
without entering into any long written or verbal consideration
of the question at issue; and this was known as the Pie-powder
Court, a corruption of the old French words. 'pieds poudres,'
the Latin 'pedes pulverizati,' in which the complainant and
the accused were supposed not to have shaken the dust from off
their feet."

_R. Pauli,
Pictures of Old England,
chapter 12._

PIECES OF EIGHT.

See SPANISH COINS.

PIEDMONT: Primitive inhabitants.

See LIGURIANS.

PIEDMONT: History.

See SAVOY AND PIEDMONT.

PIEDMONT, VIRGINIA., Battle of.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1864 (MAY-JUNE: VIRGINIA)
THE CAMPAIGNING IN THE SHENANDOAH.

{2537}

PIEGANS.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: BLACKFEET.

PIERCE, Franklin:
Presidential election and administration.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1852, to 1857.

----------PIGNEROL: Start--------

PIGNEROL: A. D. 1630-1631
Siege, capture and purchase by the French.

See ITALY: A. D. 1627-1631.

PIGNEROL: A. D. 1648.
Secured to France in the Peace of Westphalia.

See GERMANY: A. D. 1648.

PIGNEROL: A. D. 1659.
Ceded to France.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1659-1661.

PIGNEROL: A. D. 1697.
Ceded to the Duke of Savoy.

See SAVOY: A. D. 1580-1713.

----------PIGNEROL: End--------

PIGNEROL, Treaty of.

See WALDENSES: A. D. 1655.

PIKE'S PEAK MINING REGION.

See COLORADO: A. D. 1806-1876.

PILATE, Pontius.

See JEWS: B. C. 40-A. D. 44;
and A. D. 26.

PILGRIMAGE OF GRACE, The.

See ENGLAND: A. D. 1535-1539.

PILGRIMS. PILGRIM FATHERS.

In American history, the familiar designation of the little
company of English colonists who sailed for the New World in
the Mayflower, A. D. 1620, seeking religious freedom, and who
landed at Plymouth Rock.

See INDEPENDENTS OR SEPARATISTS,
and MASSACHUSETTS: A. D. 1620.

----------PILLOW, Fort: Start--------

PILLOW, Fort: A. D. 1862.
Evacuated by the Confederates.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1862 (JUNE: ON THE MISSISSIPPI).

PILLOW, Fort: A. D. 1864.
Capture and Massacre.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1864 (APRIL: TENNESSEE).

----------PILLOW, Fort: End--------

PILNITZ, The Declaration of.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1791 (JULY-SEPTEMBER).

PILOT KNOB, Attack on.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1864 (MARCH-OCTOBER: ARKANSAS-MISSOURI).

PILSEN, Capture by Count Ernest of Mansfeld (1618).

See GERMANY: A. D. 1618-1620.

PILUM, The.

The Roman spear was called the pilum. "It was, according to
[Polybius], a spear having a very large iron head or blade,
and this was carried by a socket to receive the shaft. … By
the soldiers of the legions, to whom the use of the pilum was
restricted, this weapon was both hurled from the hand as a
javelin, and grasped firmly, as well for the charge as to
resist and beat down hostile attacks."

_P. Lacombe,
Arms and Armour,
chapter 4._

PIMAN FAMILY, The.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: PIMAN FAMILY.

PIMENTEIRAS, The.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: GUCK on COCO GROUP.

PINDARIS, PINDHARIES, The.

See INDIA: A. D. 1816-1819.

PINE TREE MONEY.

Between 1652 and 1684 the colony of Massachusetts coined
silver shillings and smaller coins, which bore on their faces
the rude figure of a pine tree, and are called "pine tree
money."

See MONEY AND BANKING: 17TH CENTURY.

PINEROLO.

See PIGNEROL.

PINKIE, Battle of (1547).

See SCOTLAND: A. D. 1544-1548.

PIPE ROLLS.

See EXCHEQUER.

PIPPIN, OR PEPIN, of Heristal,
Austrasian Mayor of the Palace, and Duke of the Franks,
A. D. 687-714.

Pippin, or Pepin, the Short,
Duke and Prince of the Franks, 741-752;
King, 752-768.

PIQUETS AND ZINGLINS.

See HAYTI: A. D. 1804-1880.

PIRÆUS, The.

This was the important harbor of Athens, constructed and
fortified during and after the Persian wars; a work which the
Athenians owed to the genius and energy of Themistocles. The
name was sometimes applied to the whole peninsula in which the
Piræus is situated, and which contained two other
harbors—Munychia and Zea. Phalerum, which had previously been
the harbor of Athens, lay to the east. The walls built by
Themistocles "were carried round the whole of the peninsula in
a circumference of seven miles, following the bend of its
rocky rim, and including the three harbour-bays. At the mouths
of each of the harbours a pair of towers rose opposite to one
another at so short a distance that it was possible to connect
them by means of chains: these were the locks of the Piræus.
The walls, about 16 feet thick, were built without mortar, of
rectangular blocks throughout, and were raised to a height of
30 feet by Themistocles, who is said to have originally
intended to give them double that height."

_E. Curtius,
History of Greece,
book 3, chapter 2._

ALSO IN:
_W. M. Leake,
Topography of Athens,
section 10._

See, also, ATHENS: B. C. 489-480.

PIRATES OF CILICIA, The.

See CILICIA, PIRATES OF.

PIRMASENS, Battle of (1793).

See FRANCE: A. D. 1793 (JULY-DECEMBER) PROGRESS OF TUE WAR.

PIRNA, Saxon Surrender at.

See GERMANY: A. D. 1756.

PIRU, CHONTAQUIROS, The.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES:: ANDESIANS.

PISA, Greece.

See ELIS; and OLYMPIC GAMES.

----------PISA, Italy: Start--------

PISA, Italy:
Origin of the city.
Early growth of its commerce and naval power.
Conquest of Sardinia.

Strabo and others have given Pisa a Grecian origin. "Situated
near the sea upon the triangle formed in past ages, by the
confluence of the two rivers, the Arno and the Serchio; she
was highly adapted to commerce and navigation; particularly in
times when these were carried on with small vessels. We
consequently find that she was rich and mercantile in early
times, and frequented by all the barbarous nations. … Down to
the end of the fifteenth century, almost all the navigation of
the nations of Europe, as well as those of Asia and Africa,
which kept a correspondence and commerce with the former, was
limited to the Mediterranean, Adriatic, Archipelago, and
Euxine seas; and the first three Italian republics, Pisa,
Genoa, and Venice, were for a long time mistresses of it.
Pisa, as far back as the year 925, was the principal city of
Tuscany, according to Luitprand. In the beginning of the
eleventh century, that is, in the year 1004, we find in the
Pisan annals, that the latter waged war with the Lucchese and
beat them; this is the first enterprise of one Italian city
against another, which proves that she already acted for
herself, and was in great part, if not wholly, liberated from
the dominion of the Duke of Tuscany.
{2538}
In the Pisan annals, and in other authors, we meet with a
series of enterprises, many of which are obscurely related, or
perhaps exaggerated. Thus we find that in the year 1005, in an
expedition of the Pisans against the maritime city of Reggio,
Pisa being left unprovided with defenders, Musetto, king, or
head, of the Saracens, who occupied Sardinia, seized the
opportunity of making an invasion; and having sacked the city,
departed, or was driven out of it. … It was very natural for
the Pisans and Genoese, who must have been in continual fear
of the piracies and invasions of the barbarians as long as
they occupied Sardinia, to think seriously of exterminating
them from that country: the pope himself sent the Bishop of
Ostia in haste to the Pisans as legate, to encourage them to
the enterprise: who, joining with the Genoese, conquered
Sardinia [1017] by driving out the Saracens; and the pope, by
the right he thought he possessed over all the kingdoms of the
earth, invested the Pisans with the dominion; not however
without exciting the jealousy of the Genoese, who, as they
were less powerful in those times, were obliged to yield to
force. The mutual necessity of defence from the common enemy
kept them united; the barbarians having disembarked in the
year 1020 in Sardinia under the same leader, they were again
repulsed, and all their treasure which remained a booty of the
conquerors, was conceded to the Genoese as an indemnity for
the expense."

_L. Pignotti,
History of Tuscany,
volume 1, chapter 7._

PISA: A. D. 1063-1293.
Architectural development.
Disastrous war with Genoa.
The great defeat at Meloria.
Count Ugolino and his fate.
War with Florence and Lucca.

"The republic of Pisa was one of the first to make known to
the world the riches and power which a small state might
acquire by the aid of commerce and liberty. Pisa had
astonished the shores of the Mediterranean by the number of
vessels and galleys that sailed under her flag, by the succor
she had given the crusaders, by the fear she had inspired at
Constantinople, and by the conquest of Sardinia and the
Balearic Isles. Pisa was the first to introduce into Tuscany
the arts that ennoble wealth: her dome, her baptistery, her
leaning tower, and her Campo Santo, which the traveller's eye
embraces at one glance, but does not weary of beholding, had
been successively built from the year 1063 to the end of the
12th century. These chefs-d'œuvre had animated the genius of
the Pisans; the great architects of the 13th century were, for
the most part, pupils of Nicolas di Pisa. But the moment was
come in which the ruin of this glorious republic was at hand;
a deep-rooted jealousy, to be dated from the conquest of
Sardinia, had frequently, during the last two centuries, armed
against each other the republics of Genoa and Pisa: a new war
between them broke out in 1282. It is difficult to comprehend
how two simple cities could put to sea such prodigious fleets
as those of Pisa and Genoa. In 1282, Ginicel Sismondi
commanded 30 Pisan galleys, of which he lost the half in a
tempest, on the 9th of September; the following year, Rosso
Sismondi commanded 64; in 1284, Guido Jacia commanded 24, and
was vanquished. The Pisans had recourse the same year to a
Venetian admiral, Alberto Morosini, to whom they intrusted 103
galleys: but whatever efforts they made, the Genoese
constantly opposed a superior fleet. This year [1284],
however, all the male population of the two republics seemed
assembled on their vessels; they met on the 6th of August,
1284, once more before the Isle of Meloria, rendered famous 43
years before by the victory of the Pisans over the same
enemies [when the Ghibelline friendship of Pisa for the
Emperor Frederick II. induced her to intercept and attack, on
the 3d of May, 1241, a Genoese fleet which conveyed many
prelates to a great council called by Pope Gregory IX. with
hostile intentions towards the Emperor, and which the latter
desired to prevent]. Valor was still the same, but fortune had
changed sides; and a terrible disaster effaced the memory of
an ancient victory. While the two fleets, almost equal in
number, were engaged, a reinforcement of 30 Genoese galleys,
driven impetuously by the wind, struck the Pisan fleet in
flank: 7 of their vessels were instantly sunk, 28 taken. 5,000
citizens perished in the battle, and 11,000 who were taken
prisoners to Genoa preferred death in captivity rather than
their republic should ransom them, by giving up Sardinia to
the Genoese. This prodigious loss ruined the maritime power of
Pisa; the same nautical knowledge, the same spirit of
enterprise, were not transmitted to the next generation. All
the fishermen of the coast quitted the Pisan galleys for those
of Genoa. The vessels diminished in number, with the means of
manning them; and Pisa could no longer pretend to be more than
the third maritime power in Italy. While the republic was thus
exhausted by this great reverse of fortune, it was attacked by
the league of the Tuscan Guelphs; and a powerful citizen, to
whom it had intrusted itself, betrayed his country to enslave
it. Ugolino was count of the Gherardesca, a mountainous
country situated along the coast, between Leghorn and
Piombino: he was of Ghibeline origin, but had married his
sister to Giovan di Gallura, chief of the Guelphs of Pisa and
of Sardinia. From that time he artfully opposed the Guelphs to
the Ghibelines." The Pisans, thinking him to be the person
best able to reconcile Pisa with the Guelph league "named
Ugolino captain-general for ten years: and the new commander
did, indeed, obtain peace with the Guelph league; but not till
he had caused all the fortresses of the Pisan territory to be
opened by his creatures to the Lucchese and Florentines. …
From that time he sought only to strengthen his own
despotism." In July, 1288, there was a rising of the Pisans
against him; his palace was stormed and burned; and he, his
two sons and two grandsons, were dragged out of the flames, to
be locked in a tower and starved to death—as told in the verse
of Dante. "The victory over count Ugolino, achieved by the
most ardent of the Ghibelines,. redoubled the enthusiasm and
audacity of that party; and soon determined them to renew the
war with the Guelphs of Tuscany. … Guido de Montefeltro was
named captain. He had acquired a high reputation in defending
Forli against the French forces of Charles of Anjou; and the
republic had not to repent of its choice. He recovered by
force of arms all the fortresses which Ugolino had given up to
the Lucchese and Florentines. The Pisan militia, whom
Montefeltro armed with cross-bows, which he had trained them
to use with precision, became the terror of Tuscany. The
Guelphs of Florence and Lucca were glad to make peace in
1293."

_J. C. L. de Sismondi,
History of the Italian Republics,
chapter 5._

{2539}

In 1290, when Pisa was in her greatest distress, Genoa
suddenly joined again in the attack on her ancient rival. She
sent an expedition under Conrad d'Oria which entered the
harbor of Pisa, pulled down its towers, its bridge and its
forts, and carried away the chain which locked the harbor
entrance. The latter trophy was only restored to Pisa in
recent years.

_J. T. Bent,
Genoa,
chapter 4._

ALSO IN:
_H. E. Napier,
Florentine History,
book 1, chapter 12 (volume 1)._

PISA: A. D. 1100-1111.
Participation in the first Crusades.

See CRUSADES: A. D. 1104-1111.

PISA: A. D. 1135-1137.
Destruction of Amalfi.

See AMALFI.

PISA: 13th Century.
Commercial rivalry with Venice and Genoa at Constantinople.

See CONSTANTINOPLE: A. D. 1261-1453.

PISA: A. D. 1311-1313.
Welcome to the Emperor Henry VII.
Aid to his war against Florence.

See ITALY: A. D. 1310-1313.

PISA: A. D. 1313-1328.
Military successes under Uguccione della Faggiuola.
His tyranny and its overthrow.
Subjection to Castruccio Castracani and the deliverance.

See ITALY: A. D. 1313-1330.

PISA: A. D. 1341.
Defeat of the Florentines before Lucca.
Acquisition of that city.

See FLORENCE: A. D. 1341-1343.

PISA: A. D. 1353-1364.
Dealings with the Free Companies.
War with Florence.

See ITALY: A. D. 1343-1393.

PISA: A. D. 1399-1406.
Betrayal to Visconti of Milan.
Sale to the Florentines.
Conquest by them and subsequent decline.

See ITALY: A. D. 1402-1406.

PISA: A. D. 1409.
The General Council of the Church.

See PAPACY: A. D. 1377-1417.

PISA: A. D. 1494-1509.
Delivered by the French.
The faithlessness of Charles VIII.
Thirteen years of struggle against Florence.
Final surrender.

"The Florentine conquest was the beginning of 90 years of
slavery for Pisa —a terrible slavery, heavy with exaggerated
imports, bitter with the tolerated plunder of private
Florentines, humiliating with continual espionage. … Pisa was
the Ireland of Florence, captive and yet unvanquished. … At
last a favourable chance was offered to the Pisans. … In the
autumn of 1494, the armies of Charles VIII. poured into Italy
[see ITALY: A. D. 1494-1496]. It had been the custom of the
Florentines, in times of war and danger, to call the heads of
every Pisan household into Florence, as hostages for the good
behaviour of their families and fellow citizens. But in the
autumn of 1494, Piero de' Medici who forgot everything, who
had forgotten to garrison his frontier, forgot to call the
Pisan hostages to Florence, although the French were steadily
advancing on Tuscany, and the Pisans eager to rebel. … The
French army and the hope of liberty entered the unhappy city
hand in hand [November 8, 1494]. … That night the Florentines
in Pisa—men in office, judges, merchants, and soldiers of the
garrison—were driven at the sword's point out of the
rebellious city. … Twenty-four hours after the entry of the
French, Pisa was a free republic, governed by a Gonfalonier,
six Priors, and a Balia of Ten, with a new militia of its own,
and, for the first time in eight and eighty years, a Pisan
garrison in the ancient citadel." All this was done with the
assent of the King of France and the promise of his
protection. But when he passed on to Florence, and was faced
there by the resolute Capponi, he signed a treaty in which he
promised to give back Pisa to Florence when he returned from
Naples. He returned from Naples the next summer (1495), hard
pressed and retreating from his recent triumphs, and halted
with his army at Pisa. There the tears and distress of the
friendly Pisans moved even his soldiers to cry out in
protestation against the surrender of the city to its former
bondage. Charles compromised by a new treaty with the
Florentines, again agreeing to deliver Pisa to them, but
stipulating that they should place their old rivals on equal
terms with themselves, in commerce and in civil rights. But
Entragues, the French governor whom Charles had left in
command at Pisa, with a small garrison, refused to carry out
the treaty. He assisted the Pisans in expelling a force with
which the Duke of Milan attempted to secure the city, and
then, on the 1st of January, 1496, he delivered the citadel
which he held into the hands of the Pisan signory. "During
thirteen years from this date the shifting fortunes, the
greeds and jealousies of the great Italian cities, fostered an
artificial liberty in Pisa. Thrown like a ball from Milan to
Venice, Venice to Maximilian, Max again to Venice, and thence
to Cæsar Borgia, the unhappy Republic described the whole
circle of desperate hope, agonized courage, misery, poverty,
cunning, and betrayal."

_A. M. F. Robinson,
The End of the Middle Ages: The French at Pisa._

In 1509 the Pisans, reduced to the last extremity by the
obstinate siege which the Florentines had maintained, and sold
by the French and Spaniards, who took pay from Florence (see
VENICE: A. D. 1508-1509) for abandoning their cause, opened
their gates to the Florentine army.

_H. E. Napier,
Florentine History,
book 2, chapter 8 (volume 4)._

ALSO IN:
_T. A. Trollope,
History of the Commonwealth of Florence,
book 8, chapter 6 and book 9, chapters 1-10._

PISA: A. D. 1512.
The attempted convocation of a Council by Louis XII. of France.

See ITALY: A. D. 1510-1513.

----------PISA: End--------

PISISTRATIDÆ, The.

See ATHENS: B. C. 560-510.

PISTICS.

See GNOSTICS.

PIT RIVER INDIANS, The.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: MODOCS, &c.

PITHECUSA.

The ancient name of the island of Ischia.

PITHOM, the store city.

See JEWS: THE ROUTE OF THE EXODUS.

PITT, William (Lord Chatham).
The administration of.

See ENGLAND: A. D. 1757-1760; 1760-1763;
and 1765-1768.

PITT, William (Lord Chatham).
The American Revolution.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1775 (JANUARY-MARCH).

PITT, William (the Younger).
The Administration of.

See ENGLAND: A. D. 1783-1787, to 1801-1806.

PITTI PALACE, The building of the.

See FLORENCE: A. D. 1458-1469.

PITTSBURG LANDING, OR SHILOH, Battle of.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1862 (FEBRUARY-APRIL: TENNESSEE).

{2540}

----------PITTSBURGH: Start--------

PITTSBURGH: A. D. 1754.
Fort Duquesne built by the French.

See OHIO (VALLEY): A. D. 1754.

PITTSBURGH: A. D. 1758.
Fort Duquesne abandoned by the French, occupied by the
English, and named in honor of Pitt.

See CANADA: A. D. 1758.

PITTSBURGH: A. D. 1763.
Siege of Fort Pitt by the Indians.
Bouquet's relieving expedition.

See PONTIAC'S WAR.

PITTSBURGH: A. D. 1794.
The Whiskey Insurrection.

See PENNSYLVANIA: A. D. 1794.

----------PITTSBURGH: End--------

PIUS II., Pope, A. D. 1458-1464.

Pius III., Pope, 1503, September to October.

Pius IV., Pope, 1559-1565.

Pius V., Pope, 1566-1572.

Pius VI., Pope, 1775-1799.

Pius VII., Pope, 1800-1823.

Pius VIII., Pope, 1829-1830.

Pius IX., Pope, 1846-1878.

PIUTES, PAH UTES, &c.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: SHOSHONEAN FAMILY.

PIZARRO, Francisco: Discovery and conquest of Peru.

See AMERICA: A. D. 1524-1528;
and PERU: A. D. 1528-1531, and 1531-1533.

PLACARDS OF CHARLES V., The.

See NETHERLANDS: A. D. 1521-1555.

----------PLACENTIA: Start--------

PLACENTIA (modern Piacenza):
The Roman colony.
Its capture by the Gauls.

See ROME: B. C. 295-191.

PLACENTIA: B. C. 49.
Mutiny of Cæsar's Legions.

See ROME: B. C. 49.

PLACENTIA: A. D. 270.
Defeat of the Alemanni.

See ALEMANNI: A. D. 270.

PLACENTIA: 14th Century.
Under the tyranny of the Visconti.

See MILAN: A. D. 1277-1447.

PLACENTIA: A. D. 1513.
Conquest by Pope Julius II.

See ITALY: A. D. 1510-1513.

PLACENTIA: A. D. 1515.
Restored to the duchy of Milan,
and with it to the king of France.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1515-1518.

PLACENTIA: A. D. 1521.
Retaken by the Pope.
See FRANCE: A. D. 1520-1523.

PLACENTIA: A. D. 1545-1592.
Union with Parma in the duchy created for the House of Farnese.

See PARMA: A. D. 1545-1592.

PLACENTIA: A. D. 1725.
Reversion of the duchy pledged to the Infant of Spain.

See SPAIN: A. D. 1713-1725.

PLACENTIA: A. D. 1735.
Restored to Austria.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1733-1735.

PLACENTIA: A. D. 1746.
Given up by the Spaniards.

See ITALY: A. D. 1746-1747.

PLACENTIA: A. D. 1805.
The duchy declared a dependency of France.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1804-1805.

PLACENTIA: A. D. 1814.
The duchy conferred on Marie Louise,
the ex-empress of Napoleon.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1814 (MARCH-APRIL).

----------PLACENTIA: Start--------

PLACILLA, Battle of (1891).

See CHILE: A. D. 1885-1891.

PLACITUM. PLAID.

See PARLIAMENT OF PARIS.

----------PLAGUE: Start--------

PLAGUE. PESTILENCE. EPIDEMICS:

PLAGUE: B. C. 466-463. At Rome.

See ROME: B. C. 466-463.

PLAGUE: B. C. 431-429. At Athens.

See ATHENS: B. C. 430-429.

PLAGUE: B. C. 405-375.
Among the Carthaginians.

"Within the space of less than thirty years [from B. C. 405]
we read of four distinct epidemic distempers, each of
frightful severity, as having afflicted Carthage and her
armies in Sicily, without touching either Syracuse or the
Sicilian Greeks. Such epidemics were the most irresistible of
all enemies to the Carthaginians. … Upon what physical
conditions the frequent repetition of such a calamity
depended, together with the remarkable fact that it was
confined to Carthage and her armies—we know partially in
respect to the third of the four cases [when it was
attributable in some degree to the situation of the
Carthaginian camp on low, marshy ground, at a season when hot
days alternated with chill nights] but not at all in regard to
the others."

_G. Grote,
History of Greece,
part 2, chapter 83._

PLAGUE: A. D. 78-266.
Plague after the destruction of Herculaneum and Pompeii.
Plagues of Orosius, Antoninus, and Cyprian.

"On the cessation of the eruption of Vesuvius, which began on
the 23d of August, A. D. 78, and which buried Herculaneum,
Stabiæ and Pompeii in ashes, there arose … a destructive
plague, which for many days in succession slew 10,000 men
daily." The plague of Orosius (so called because Orosius, who
wrote in the 5th century, described it most fully) began in
the year A. D. 125. It was attributed to immense masses of
grasshoppers which were swept by the winds, that year, from
Africa into the Mediterranean Sea, and which were cast back by
the waves to putrefy in heaps on the shore. "'In Numidia,
where at that time Micipsa was king, 800,000 men perished,
while in the region which lies most contiguous to the
sea-shore of Carthage and Utica, more than 200,000 are said to
have been cut down. In the city of Utica itself, 80,000
soldiers, who had been ordered here for the defence of all
Africa, were destroyed.' … The plague of Antoninus (A. D.
164-180) visited the whole Roman Empire, from its most eastern
to its extreme western boundaries, beginning at the former,
and spreading thence by means of the troops who returned from
putting down a rebellion in Syria. In the year 166 it broke
out for the first time in Rome, and returned again in the year
168. … The plague depopulated entire cities and districts, so
that forests sprung up in places before inhabited. … In its
last year it appears to have raged again with especial fury,
so that in Rome … 2,000 men often died in a single day. With
regard to the character of this plague, it has been considered
sometimes smallpox, sometimes petechial typhus, and again the
bubo-plague. The third so-called plague, that of Cyprian,
raged about A. D. 251-266. … For a long time 500 died a day in
Rome. … After its disappearance Italy was almost deserted. …
It has been assumed that this plague should be considered
either a true bubo-plague, or smallpox."

_J. H. Baas,
Outlines of the History of Medicine,
pages 189-190._

"Niebuhr has expressed the opinion that 'the ancient world
never recovered from the blow inflicted upon it by the plague
which visited it in the reign of M. Aurelius.'"

_O. Merivale,
History of the Romans,
chapter 68, footnote._

ALSO IN:
_P. B. Watson,
Marcus Aurelius Antoninus,
chapter 4._

{2541}

PLAGUE: A. D. 542-594.
During the reign of Justinian.

"The fatal disease which depopulated the earth in the time of
Justinian and his successors first appeared in the
neighbourhood of Pelusium, between the Serbonian bog and the
eastern channel of the Nile. From thence, tracing as it were a
double path, it spread to the east, over Syria, Persia, and
the Indies, and penetrated to the west, along the coast of
Africa, and over the continent of Europe. In the spring of the
second year, Constantinople, during three or four months, was
visited by the pestilence; and Procopius, who observed its
progress and symptoms with the eyes of a physician, has
emulated the skill and diligence of Thucydides in the
description of the plague of Athens. … The fever was often
accompanied with lethargy or delirium; the bodies of the sick
were covered with black pustules or carbuncles, the symptoms
of immediate death; and in the constitutions too feeble to
produce an eruption, the vomiting of blood was followed by a
mortification of the bowels. … Youth was the most perilous
season; and the female sex was less susceptible than the male.
… It was not till the end of a calamitous period of fifty-two
years [A. D. 542-594] that mankind recovered their health, or
the air resumed its pure and salubrious quality. … During
three months, five and at length ten thousand persons died
each day at Constantinople; … many cities of the east were
left vacant; … in several districts of Italy the harvest and
the vintage withered on the ground. The triple scourge of war,
pestilence, and famine, afflicted the subjects of Justinian;
and his reign is disgraced by a visible decrease of the human
species, which has never been repaired in some of the fairest
countries of the globe."

_E. Gibbon,
Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire,
chapter 43._

ALSO IN:
_T. Hodgkin,
Italy and Her Invaders,
book 5, chapter 17._

_J. B. Bury,
History of the Later Roman Empire,
book 4, chapter 6 (volume 1)._

PLAGUE: 6-13th Centuries.
Spread of Small-pox.

"Nothing is known of the origin of small-pox; but it appears
to have come originally from the East, and to have been known
in China and Hindostan from time immemorial. … 'It seems to
have reached Constantinople by way of Egypt about the year
569.' From Constantinople it spread gradually over the whole
of Europe, reaching England about the middle of the 13th
century."

_R. Rollo,
Epidemics, Plagues, and Fevers,
page 271._

PLAGUE: A. D. 744-748.
The world-wide pestilence.

"One great calamity in the age of Constantine [the Byzantine
emperor Constantine V., called Copronymus], appears to have
travelled over the whole habitable world; this was the great
pestilence, which made its appearance in the Byzantine empire
as early as 745. It had previously carried off a considerable
portion of the population of Syria, and the Caliph Yezid III.
perished of the disease in 744. From Syria it visited Egypt
and Africa, from whence it passed into Sicily. After making
great ravages in Sicily and Calabria, it spread to Greece; and
at last, in the year 747, it broke out with terrible violence
in Constantinople, then probably the most populous city in the
universe. It was supposed to have been introduced, and
dispersed through Christian countries, by the Venetian and
Greek ships employed in carrying on a contraband trade in
slaves with the Mohammedan nations, and it spread wherever
commerce extended. … This plague threatened to exterminate the
Hellenic race." After it had disappeared, at the end of a
year, "the capital required an immense influx of new
inhabitants. To fill up the void caused by the scourge,
Constantine induced many Greek families from the continent and
the islands to emigrate to Constantinople."

_G. Finlay,
History of the Byzantine Empire, from 716 to 1057,
book 1, chapter 1, section 3._

PLAGUE: A. D. 1348-1351.
The Black Death.

See BLACK DEATH;
also, ENGLAND: A. D. 1348-1349.

PLAGUE: A. D. 1360-1363.
The Children's Plague.

"The peace of Bretigni [England and France, A. D. 1360], like
the capture of Calais, was followed by a pestilence that
turned the national rejoicings into mourning. But the
'Children's Plague,' as it was called, from the fact that it
was most deadly to the young, was fortunately not a return of
the Black Death, and did not approach it in its effects. It
numbered, however, three prelates and the Duke of Lancaster
among its victims, and caused such anxiety in London that the
courts of law were adjourned from May to October. France felt
the scourge more severely. It ravaged the country for three
years, and was especially fatal at Paris and at Avignon. In
Ireland, where the pestilence lingered on into the next year,
and proved very deadly, it was mistaken for scrofula, a
circumstance which probably shows that it attacked the glands
and the throat."

_C. H. Pearson,
English History in the 14th Century,
chapter 7._

PLAGUE: A. D. 1374.
The Dancing Mania.